Carbohydrates

Describe the three main anatomical components of a cereal grain kernel (caryopsis) and provide one primary nutrient found in each.

1. Endosperm: Primarily starch (and protein); 2. Germ (Embryo): Primarily lipids (and Vitamin E/B); 3. Bran (Pericarp): Primarily dietary fiber (cellulose/hemicellulose) and minerals.

Name four advantages of fructose over glucose in food processing.

1) 1.5 times sweeter than glucose; smaller amounts needed. 2) More slowly absorbed, does not stimulate insulin or increase blood triglycerides. 3) Less cariogenic. 4) Readily soluble in water, sweetest in cold water, enhances flavor. 5) Undergoes Maillard browning at lower temperatures.

On average, what is the % water, % protein, % carbohydrate and % oil content of raw soybeans? (Accept +-3%)

7-8% water, 31-32% carbohydrate (9% fiber), 40% protein, 21% oil

Name the sweetener the following products contain: Ace-K, Sunett, Sweet One, Sweet n Low, Equal Saccharin, Sugar Twin, Necta Sweet, NutraSweet, Equal, Splenda, Equal Sucralose, Equal Naturals, Splenda Stevia, Pure Via, Truvia, Enliten, Splenda Monkfruit, Nectresse, Monkfruit In The Raw, Swanson PureLo, Newtame, Talin

Ace-K, Sunett, Sweet One: Acesulfame potassium Sweet n Low, Equal Saccharin, Sugar Twin, Necta Sweet: Saccharin NutraSweet: Aspartame Equal: Aspartame, Ace-K Splenda, Equal Sucralose: Sucralose Equal Naturals, Splenda Stevia, Pure Via, Truvia, Enliten: Stevia Splenda Monkfruit, Nectresse, Monkfruit In The Raw, Swanson PureLo: Monkfruit Newtame: Neotame Talin: Thaumatin

How much sweeter are the following sweeteners compared to sucrose? Aspartame, Acesulfame Potassium, Sucralose, Neotame, Advantame, Saccharin, Monkfruit extract, Stevia, Thaumatin

Acesulfame Potassium: 200X Aspartame: 200X Monkfruit: 100-250X Steviol glycosides: 200-400X Sucralose: 600X Saccharin: 200-700X Thaumatin: 2000-3000X Neotame: 7000-13000X Advantame: 20000X

Name three types of gels that set with addition of cations.

Alginate, Carrageenan, Low Methoxyl Pectin

Name 3 amylytic enzymes that react with starch and give the end product for each enzymatic reaction.

Alpha amylase: Oligosaccharides Beta amylase: Disaccharides Gamma amylase/Glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase: Glucose, maltose Pullulanase: Maltose, glucose Salivary amylase (Ptyalin): Maltose Pancreatic amylase: Maltose, dextrins Amyloglucosidase/Glucoamylase: Glucose

Name the 5 structures that D-Glucose may be present as in water.

Alpha and beta glucofuranose, alpha and beta glucopyranose, and open-chain aldehyde

What three enzymes are used in the process of converting corn starch slurry to high fructose corn syrup?

Alpha-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase

What region are the following grains from: Amaranth, Kasha, Quinoa, and Spelt?

Amaranth: Mexico, Kasha: Central Europe, Quinoa: South America, Spelt: Central Europe

Explain the differences between amylose and amylopectin in starch structure and functionality.

Amylose is mostly linear with α-1,4 bonds, less soluble, and contributes to gel formation; amylopectin is highly branched with α-1,6 linkages, more soluble, and contributes to viscosity and thickening properties.

Give 3 examples of cool season cereals.

Barley, Rye, Oats, Wheat, Triticale (a hybrid of wheat and rye)

Name the three glycosidic bonds that can be found in beta-glucans.

Beta-glucans primarily consist of β-(1,3) and β-(1,4) bonds, but can also include β-(1,6) bonds in some cases, particularly in fungal and yeast glucans.

Name 3 forms of non-digestible polysaccharides found in foods.

Cellulose, inulin, hemicellulose, pectin, beta-glucan, lignin, resistant starch, gums, mucilage, fructooligosaccharides

Match geographic regions to products: Amaranth, guava, Kosha, spelt; South america, central america, central europe, middle east

Central America: Amaranth; South america: Guava; Middle east: Kosha; Central Europe: spelt

What's the difference between cereal grains and pseudo grains/pseudocereal? List 5 pseudocereals.

Cereal grains are the seeds of grasses and belong to a group called monocots. In contrast, pseudograins/pseudocereals are the seeds of broadleaf plants and belong to a different group called dicots. Examples of pseudocereals: Chia Seeds, Quinoa, Buckwheat, Amaranth, Wattleseed.

Which 3 countries in the world produce the most wheat?

China, India, Russia

What are the main protein types in: corn, oats, rice?

Corn-prolamins, oats-globulins, rice-globulin

What are the 8 principal cereal grains grown in the U.S.?

Corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, rice, sorghum, buckwheat/millets

What prolamines and glutelins are in corn, wheat, barley, rye?

Corn: (zein, zeinin); wheat: (gliadin, glutenin); barley: (hordein, hordeinin); rye: (secalin, secalinin)