Internal Credit

Describe the typical finding in blood cell count and biochemistry lab in irondeficiency anemia

CBC: low Hb, low Hct, low MCV, low MCH, high RDW. IRON PROFILE: low serum iron, low serum ferritin, low transferrin saturation, high transferrin and transferrin binding capacity, high soluble transferrin receptor (sTfr)

Describe the typical finding in blood cell count and biochemistry lab in anemia of chronic disease

CBC: low Hb, Low Hct, MCV - N/Low, MCH: N/Low, low reticulocytes. IRON PROFILE: low serum iron, low iron saturation, low total iron binding capacity (TIBC), serum ferritin N/High,

Describe the typical finding in blood cell count and biochemistry lab in pernicious anemia

CBC: low Hb, high MCV, high MCH, high RDW, low reticulocytes, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Low B12.

List the classification of anemias according to their development mechanism

1.     Blood loss 2.     Decreased synthesis of RBCs 3.     Increased destruction of RBCs 4.     Combined causes 

List basic groups of anticoagulation drugs according to their effect mechanism (4)

1.     Antiplatelets  2.     Coagulation factor inhibitors: Vit-K antagonists (Coumarins); DOACs (direct oral anticoagulants) 3.     Anti-factor Xa: Heparins

What is the mechanism of warfarin effect?

Inhibition of vit K epoxide reductase -> decreased hepatic synthesis of active form of VitK -> decreased y-carboxylation of glutamate residues on coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X, protein C and protein S -> decreased activation of coagulation factors in the liver

Define uremic syndrome ?

SYNDROME WITH INCREASED NITROGENEOUS SUBSTANCES IN URINE (ACCOMPANYING RENAL FAILURE)

What laboratory parameter is most important for classification of chronic kidney diseases ?

GFR

Could we evaluate glomerular filtration rate without performing any clearance methods (clearance of creatinin, inulin, DTPA )?

IDK

We are able to classify chronic kidney disease (CKD) according to calculated GFR and albuminuria. How the CKD stages are marked ?

IDK

Explane CKD stage G4A3

IDK. KDOQI classificatio - decreased GFR (15-30 ml) and albuminuria (>300mg/dl)??

What clinical and laboratory parametr are specific for pyelonephritis ?

complicated and uncomplicated / upper and lower. Lab parameter?

When asymptomatic bacteriuria must be treated ?

no treatment required except during pregnancy (fosfomycin p.o. - single dose)

What does the term "complicated infection of urinary tract" mean?

CYSTITIS OR PYELONEPHRITIS IN PATIENTS WITH INCREASED RISK FOR UTIs

Define chronic kidney disease

defined as the presence of kidney damage (microalbuminuria > 30mg/day) or decreased kidney function (eGFR <1ml/s or <60ml/min) for at least 3 months.?

We are able to classify acute kidney injury. What parameter are used ?

KDIGO (combination of RIFLE and AKIN criteria) plotting S-Crea and diuresis?

What factors contribute very often to lithogenesis? List at least two of them.

DECREASED FLUIDS INTAKE, INCREASED NaCl AND PROTEINS INTAKE

What does the term "ischemic kidney disease" mean?

DECREASED GFR CAUSED BY RENAL ISCHEMIA DUE TO ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN RENAL VESSELS

What is the most frequent form of vascular nephropathy in population?

HYPERTENSIVE NEPHROSCLEROSIS

What are predisposing factors for vascular nephropathy?

GENETICS, ATHEROSCLEROSIS, CHOLESTEROL, ENDOTHELIUM DYSFUNCTION, HT, DM, AGE