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social norms

societal rules about how people "should" behave

collectivist society

put emphasis on the family or group; you do things for the benefit of the group; the "us" culture…discourages public display of emotion (Japan, China, India are examples)

gambler's fallacy or predictable world bias

assuming that the odds of a streak continuing goes up/down, when in fact the odds do not change (Ex. A woman had 4 girls, thefore she believes that her next child "has to be" a boy, even though the odds of it being a boy are still 50:50.)

social desirability bias

when participants (mostly in surveys) do not answer truthfully; mostly due to societal pressure to give "socially appropriate" responses

out-group homogeneity

the belief that those not in your in-group are MORE ALIKE than they actually are (All (insert group name here) are all the same)

interpersonal attraction

proxmitiy, similarity, physical attractiveness are the "three keys"

Cognitive psychology

branch of psychology that focuses on how humans think and solve problems

epigenetic

influence of environment on physical expression of genes

stereotype threat

THREE PRONGED TERM: 1) when members of a group are made aware of a negative stereotype of that group, 2) they change their behavior, and 3) resultingly they tend to perform worse and cause the stereotype to come true

group polarization

tendency for members of a group discussing an issue to move toward a more extreme version of the positions they held before the discussion began

out-group bias

the "others"; those that are not part of your in-group

peripheral route to persuasion

attempting to change someone's attitude by using arguments that are not content specific (i.e. celebrity endoresment of product, speaker has a nice voice,etc.)

community psychology

specialize in the prevention of psychological disorders

Display rules (Paul Ekman)

cultures have an impact on how much emotion on our faces can be shown in public (Japanese girls cover their mouths while laughing)

pluristic ignorance

when a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but go along with it because they incorrectly assume that most others publically accept it.

reciprocity norm

if someone helps you, you help them; if someone hurts you, you hurt them

situational attributes

the impact of environmental factors on behavior

social trap

satisfying short-term goals which lead to more complicated problems in the long-term (not wearing a mask or getting a vaccine, so the pandemic goes on longer)

prisoner's dilemma

seeks to understand why people who should work together for their own benefit often do not work together

gender schemas

based on individual experiences, it is how one views what it means to be "male" or "female"

passionate love

type of love that contains intense feelings and sexual attraction; quick to develop but typically short lasting type of love

prejudice

negative THOUGHTS directed against a person or group

superordinate goals

a task that requires joint effort by opposing groups to complete; leads to better cooperation between the groups

contact theory

the belief that working with or exposure to members of minority groups, leads to a decreased level of prejudice towards those groups

halo effect

tendency to ascribe positive personality characteristics (kindness, humor, caring, etc.) to attractive people

stereotype boost

when members of a group are made aware of a positive stereotype of that group, they tend to perform better because of stereotype

representative heuristic

using STEREOTYPES to draw conclusions about people, objects, or situations (Ex. "She's a woman, therefore she must be a bad driver.")

ethnocentrism

the belief that your culture (language, traditions, religion) is SUPERIOR to other cultures

belief perserverance

THREE PRONGED TERM: 1) you hold a belief, 2) that belief is proven wrong, 3) and you still believe it (Ex. Gary believes that women cause the most traffic accident, but when he is shown evidence from the NTSB that men actually cause more traffic accidents, he still believes that women cause more traffic accidents.)

informational social influence

individuals conform because they believe others possess knowledge that they do not

just-world hypothesis

the belief that people get what they deserve, the belief that the world is "fair"

bystander effect

people are less likely to offer assistance in an emergency situation if there are people around

instrumental aggression

planned aggression towards a goal; (Ex. Defensive lineman pushing people down to get to quarterback)

self-fulfilling prophecy

THREE PRONGED: 1) You hold a belief or expectation about ANOTHER person or group 2) You perform an action towards that person/group that is consistent with that belief/expectation 3) that action you take leads to the expected outcome in that person or group

groupthink

when well-intentioned people make irrational or “non-optimal” decisions spurred by the urge to conform or the belief that dissent is not possible or allowed

social responsibility norm

it is our duty to help people who cannot or will not help themselves

discrimination

negative ACTIONS directed against a person or group

external locus of control

the belief that events in ones life are determined by outside factors (luck, circumstance, divine intervention, etc.) (DO NOT USE THE WORD "BLAME")

instinct theory (evolutionary psychology)

humans motivated to stay alive and pass on genes to future generations

Industrial-organizational psychology

psychologists who attempt to improve the workings of companies or groups to make them operate more efficiently

prototype

when given a concept, it is the first example that comes to mind (similar to availability heuristic)

gender roles

cultural assumptions on what the different genders are supposed to do (i.e. men "work" and women "cook")

in-group bias

the "us"; people that you share a common identity with

self-serving bias

when something bad happens, blame external forces (I got a 1 on the AP exam because my teacher sucks); when something good happens, blame internal forces (I got a 5 on the AP exam because I'm really smart)…tends to be absent in depressed individuals

companionate love

type of love that contains intimacy and commitment; slow to develop but enduring type of love

Perceptual set

the influence of expectations (use this one as an example first on FRQs), experience(schemas), context, or culture on current perceptions

social inhibition

an audience tends to hinder your performance if it is a difficult task

social facilitation

an audience tends to enhance your performance if it is an easy task

scapegoat theory

when majority groups place "blame" for something on a "minority" group

diffusion of responsibility

the belief that "someone else will do it"…seen in social loafing and bystander effect

Humanistic psychology

branch of psychology that focuses on positive, growth seeking aspects of human nature (Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow)

social loafing

the tendency for individuals in groups to exert less individual effort towards a common goal.

deindividuation

when an individual (1)loses their sense of individuality (anonymity) while part of a group, which makes them (2) more likely to commit an anti-social act (impunity)

self-efficacy

the belief that one can accomplish a task (I believe that I can get a 5 on this AP exam!)

schemas

past experiences or expectations that have a tremendous influence on our current perceptions (top-down processing)

normative social influence

individuals conform to gain approval or avoid disapproval from the group

internal locus of control

the belief that events in ones life are determined by personal choices and free will (DO NOT USE THE WORD "BLAME")

false consensus effect

the tendency to overestimate the number of people who agree with you in a group

central route to persuasion

attempting to change someone's attitude by using arguments that are content specific (i.e. agreeing with someone on an issue, safety features of a car, etc.)

individualistic society

put emphasis on individual expression; you do things for the benefit of you; the "me" culture…encourages public display of emotion (the US and western Europe are examples)

hostile aggression

unplanned aggression typically associated with anger (Ex. Punching a wall)

elaboration likelihood model

two "routes" used to change someone's attitude (central and peripheral)

Flashcard Info

Psych