Severe copper Deficiency can be caused by which genetic disorder?
Menkes Disease
"Enriched" grains do NOT have what substance added back?
Dietary fiber
What lipoprotein is often called “good cholesterol�
High-density lipoprotein (HDL).
What does ADI stand for?
Acceptable Daily Intake
Give an example of a probiotic bacterium.
Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, or Lactobacillus casei
Which of the following may help prevent a niacin deficiency?
Tryptophan
What is vitamin B1 also called?
Thiamine
Which of the following food has a highest amount of zinc per gram: a. ground beef, b. chickpeas, c. oysters, d. milk?
c. oysters
What is the recommended amount of sodium for adults based on a 2000 cal diet according to FDA?
Less than 2300 mg per day
Hyperuricemia or the buildup of excessive uric acid results in what?
Gout
Which was the 1st food product used as the reference protein (standard which to measure the quality of other proteins)?
the egg
Which vitamin acts as a coenzyme in amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis?
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
A traditional mediterranean dish is hummus and tahini. What is the major nutritional benefit from this dish?
It has a complete amino acid profile
Wilson's Disease involves which mineral?
copper
True/False: vitamin B12 is not synthesized by bacteria and molds and is a commercial by-product of antibiotic production.
False
What is the largest source of silicon in the body?
Beer
Which is the most abundant amino acid?
lysine
Among US and Canadian children, what is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency? a. iron b. folate c. protein d. vitD
Iron
Copper is part of what enzyme that is needed for the conversion of tyrosine to melanin, which is the dark pigment of hair and skin?
Tyrosinase
Name three blood plasma lipid classes?
VLDL, LDL, HDL, IDL, chylomicrons
A high intake of which vitamin can mask a vitamin B12 deficiency?
Folate
Which food provides the most absorbable iron: A. 1 apple B. 1c milk C. 3 oz steak D. 1/2 c spinach
3 oz steak
What is the term for noises made by fluid and gas movement in the intestines?
Borborygmus
What is Favism?
a metabolic disorder arising from the consumption of fava beans. Sufferers develop a type of anemia due to a lack of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
What is vitamin B3 also called?
Niacin
Gall stones are composed primarily of what compound?
Cholesterol
Due to its high amounts of potassium, noni berry is not advised to be consumed by which individuals?
Kidney issues
Describe the metabolic fate of dietary carbohydrates during the fed state.
Carbohydrates are digested to glucose, absorbed, used for immediate energy, stored as glycogen, or converted to fat via de novo lipogenesis when excess.
What is resistant starch resistant to?
digestion by pancreatic enzymes
On average, about what % of dietary vitamin C is obtained from fruits and vegetables?
about 90%
What are three positive results of aerobic exercise?
1. Improved muscle tone
2. Burns calories
3. Enjoy more restful sleep
4. Reduce stress
5. Feel more energetic
6. Increases self-esteem
7. Increases self-control
8. Improves the cardiovascular system
Which vitamin helps prevent neural tube defects during pregnancy?
Folate (Vitamin B9)
Vitamin B2 is chemically known as?
Riboflavin; Made into FAD/FADH2
What are 2 sources of cholesterol in human blood?
your diet and your liver (endogenous synthesis)
How is fat mentioned on nutrition label?
Cal from fat, sat fat, total fat
What is the pH of chyme in human stomach?
1.5-2.5
what is another name for the large intestine?
Colon
Which of the following fruits is highest in dietary fiber: A.1/2 of a grapefruit, B.1 cup fresh raspberries, C.1 whole papaya, or D.1 cup sweet cherries
B. 1 cup of fresh raspberries
what is the only major vitamin the human body that is known to be capable of manufacturing but may not be synthesized in adequate amounts?
Vitamin D
In addition to calcium and phosphorus, what mineral is associated with bones and teeth?
Magnesium
What is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius?
Calorie
What organelle serves as the primary packaging area for molecules to be distributed throughout the cell?
Golgi apparatus
What is the definition of PER?
Protein efficiency ratio: weight gain by subject / g protein consumed
Which of the following statements about aspartame is/are true: A.is stable at high temps, B.is a carbohydrate, C.people with PKU must avoid its consumption, D.it contains about 4 kcals per gram
C and D are true
Naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids in foods are in which conformation?
Cis
Which B Vitamins are found in meat? A.B18, B.B10, C.B28, or D.B12
D. B 12 is found in meat
Brazil Nuts are rich in what mineral?
Selenium
Lysine, an essential amino acid is commercially produced by which genus of bacterium for use as a food additive?
Brevibacterium
Vitamins commonly used as antioxidants:
Vitamin E (tocopherols) and Vitamin C
Vitamin B3 is chemically known as?
Niacin; Made into NAD/NADH and NADP/NADPH2
In a single serving of 100g of food containing 23 grams of fat and 400 total calories, what percent of the calories come from fat?
51.75
What is a measurement based on weight gain of a test subject divided by its intake of a particular food protein during the test period?
Protein efficiency ratio (PER)
What are good sources of riboflavin?
liver,Eggs,& Milk
What is the conversion of protein to glucose called?
Gluconeogenesis
What is the conversion factor of kilocalories to kilo joules?
4.184 kilojoules per kilo calorie
what is the common name of hexaphosphate inositol and what does this compound do?
phytic acid: it chelates minerals
In what order do food labels list ingredients?
Descending order by weight.
Beriberi is caused by a deficiency of what vitamin?
B1
How many kilocalories does 1g of alcohol provide?
7 kcal/g
Explain the difference between RDA, AI, and UL.
RDA is the recommended intake for most individuals, AI is used when RDA cannot be established, and UL is the maximum intake unlikely to cause adverse effects.
In order to combat BeriBeri, what was added to rice?
Thiamin (B1)
What chronic health condition can result from low calcium intake?
Osteoporosis
In the summer of 2011, the United States, Department of Agriculture created new food guildline, which shows the daily recommendation of the food groups in a diagram. What is the name of that new diagram?
Choose My Plate (No longer My Pyramid)
Table salt is fortified with iodine to prevent which disorder?
Goiter
Name the amino acids with the one-letter codes: I, F, T, S, A.
Name 7 of the 14 mandatory dietary components that must appear on the nutrition facts panel as stated in the Nutrition labeling and education act of 1990.
total calories, dietary fiber, trans fat, sugars, total fat, Vitamin A, Cholesterol, Vitamin C, saturated fat, sodium, iron, calcium, total carbohydrate, protein
This compound is a polymer of glucose. The adult human body usually contains less than a pound. Most of it is found in the liver and muscle.
Glycogen
Vitamin B9 Deficiency can cause?
Megaloblastic anemia; associated with neural tube defects, may mask B12 deficiency
Long-term antibiotic therapy can lead to a deficiency of what vitamin?
Vitamin K
Olive oil can act as a mild laxative to help relieve constipation.
True. It lubricates the digestive system, making it easier for stools to pass through. It also helps stools retain water, keeping them softer.
Which of the following is considered the strongest muscle in the human body?
A. Biceps brachii
B. Triceps brachii
C. Gluteus maximus
D. Rectus abdominis
C. Gluteus maximus
Hunger, as opposed to appetite, can be described by what?
Chemical changes in the body
What is the thermic effect of an 800-kcalorie meal?
About 80 kcalories
What are 3 folic acid rich foods?
leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits and juices, beans lentils, fortified breakfast cereals, broccoli
What is the definition of essential amino acid?
Obtained from the diet and cannot be produced in the body
What does GDA stand for on nutrient labels?
Guideline Daily Amount
There are how many essential minerals in human nutrition: A.12, B.30, C.50, or D.16?
D. 16
Glycemic index refers to what?
How fast a food raises blood glucose
Generally, to lose 1 pound a week, you must either decrease your calorie intake by __ calories a day or burn up that number of calories by increasing physical activity.
500 calories.
In 2025, how many calories are in a McDonald's' Big Mac?
580
What are the 2 main functions of the pancreas?
Exocrine function: aids in digestion, endocrine function: regulates blood sugar levels
Which disease caused by niacin deficiency is designated by dermatitis?
Pellagra
What term describes the increase in the number of fat cells to accommodate storage of fat?
Hyperplasia
Which mineral is essential for oxygen transport in blood?
Which fat-soluble vitamin is essential for blood clotting?
Vitamin K
The average American consumes how many pounds of refined sugar per year: A.65, B.85, C.100, or D.120?
A. 65 lbs
A deficiency in what vitamin can result in hypochromic, microcytic anemia?
pyridoxine
True/False: a complete protein is one that contains all of the essential amino acids in amounts and proportions to maintain life and support growth when used as the sole source of protein.
True
What is amino acid score (uncorrected)?
The ratio of mg of amino acids in 1g of test protein to the mg of amino acid in 1g of reference protein.
What B vitamin is called the anti-pernicious anemia factor and is important in nucleic acid formation and in fat and Carbohydrate metabolism?
B12
The INQ or "index of nutritional quality" for a nutrient in a food is ...
a ratio between the amount of nutrient in food/calorie and the human need or allowance for that nutrient/calorie
What is the US RDA for protein?
46 grams per day for adult women and 56 grams per day for adult men
Vitamin B12 Deficiency can cause?
Megaloblastic anemia
Name the two B vitamins involved with cell division.
Folic acid and cobalamine
Cholesterol is a sterol that: a) Comes only from the diet b) Is produced in the liver as a precursor to hormones c) Is the major cause of heart disease d) Combines with fatty acids to form triglycerides e) Causes cancer of the liver
b) Is produced in the liver as a precursor to hormones
Adult onset diabetes usually occurs as a result of?
Obesity
Which statement is false about cholesterol: A.Ch is a sterol found in all animal tissue, B.is a saturated animal fat that clogs arteries, C. is used by the body to make bile salts to aid in fat digestion, or D.is used by the body to make hormones?
B. cholesterol is a saturated animal fat that clogs arteries.
Which food component is used to accurately determine digestibility? Lipid, amino acid, fiber
Fiber
What does the acronym PDCAAS stand for?
Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (compares the amino acid content of a protein with human amino acid requirement and corrects for digestibility)
What is the function of Vitamin E?
Antioxidant
Werniche-Korsakoff syndrome is a disease mainly found in people w/alcoholism, resulting from a deficiency of what vitamin?
Thiamin (B1)
How many different amino acids are there?
20
Manganese is a trace element that is an essential nutrient for humans. List 5 foods that are good sources of manganese.
raisin bran cereals, brown rice, oatmeal, spinach, pineapple, nuts
Plant substances which are resistant to hydrolysis by the endogenous enzymes of the human digestive tract are more commonly known as___
Dietary fiber
Name a binding agent that inhibits calcium absorption.
Oxalic acid and phytic acid
How many teaspoons of sugar does the average North American consume every day: A.9tsp, B.19tsp, C.22tsp, or D.39tsp?
C. 22tsp
Parathyroid hormone regulates the absorption of what mineral?
Calcium
What is the best way for diabetics to prepare sweet potatoes?
Boiling or steaming
The amino acid that provides the least of what the body needs is called the what?
Limiting amino acid.
What hormone reduces calcium concentration in blood?
Calcitonin
Name, a non digestible food ingredient that may affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and or activity of one or limited number of beneficial bacteria in the colon.
Prebiotics
Why is sodium content put on a food label?
Excessive consumption of sodium chloride can lead to hypertension
What are the nitrogen-bearing compounds that form the structural units of protein?
Amino acids
What vitamin contains cobalt?
Vitamin B12
What can deficiency of iron, folate, or Vit B12 cause?
Anemia
What compound is formed during glycolysis in the absence of oxygen?
lactic acid
Which of the following contains more saturated fat? a) 1 egg white b) 4 oz. cottage cheese c) 1 tablespoon peanut butter
b) 4 oz cottage cheese (6.4g) > 1 tablespoon peanut butter (1.5g) > 1 egg white (0g)
What disease is associated with immune response to gluten?
Celiac disease
What two minerals are most essential in the human diet?
Calcium and phosphorus
Canned sardines, dark leafy vegetables, tofu and milk products are sources of what mineral?
Calcium
What are the units for basal metabolic rate?
J/hkg bodymass
Why is skim milk fortified with Vitamin A?
Vitamin A is lost during processing.
How many vitamins are there in all?
13
How many calories do you consume every time you lick a stamp?
1/10th of a calorie
Which of the statements about dietary fats is NOT true? A. consumption of fat should be <30% of daily calories. B. the healthiest diet contains no meat. C. moderate amounts of fat are essential for fat-soluble vitamin absorption or D. Fat adds flavor
B. Healthiest diet contains no meat.
What is vitamin B2 also called?
Riboflavin
How can protein quality of plant-based meals be improved?
By combining different plant protein sources in a meal
Name two adaptogens and their flavor notes.
Ashwagandha root: Bitter and Astingent
Cordyceps: Savory umami and deep earthy-nutty flavor
Ginseng: Bitter and earthy
Holy Basil (Tulsi): Astringent and peppery spiciness
What is the reason for lactose intolerance in humans?
Inability to hydrolyze lactose due to lack of lactase enzyme
Which of the following is the most thermally labile vitamin: A.vitamin K, B.Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), C.Vitamin C, or D.Vitamin A?
C.Vitamin C
How many Calories are in 5 g fat, 10 g sugar and 5 g protein?
45, 40, 20
Explain the role of antioxidants in the human body and provide two examples.
Antioxidants neutralize free radicals to prevent oxidative damage; examples include Vitamin E and Vitamin C.
Fat digestion in the body requires which compounds secreted by gall bladder?
Bile salts
What enzyme is lacking in people suffering from the metabolic disorder Favism, which causes a type of anemia?
lack of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
What does DV stand for?
Daily Value
Although limiting fat intake may help prevent excess weight gain in children, fat should not be restricted for children younger than __ years old.
2
What are chylomicrons and what do they do?
A type of lipoprotein that delivers triacylglycerol to cells in the body
True/False: the adult Recommended Daily Allowance is 13-20mg/day for niacin, depending on age and gender.
True
Recommended RDA for iron for a woman age 19-50?
18 mg
Vitamin B9 is chemically known as?
Folic acid
What are the 2 main components of Vit C?
Ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid
Our bodies are composed of the following nutrients put them in order of least concentrated to most concentrated carbohydrates, vitamins, protein, water, minerals and fat.
vitamin, carbohydrates, minerals, protein, fat, water
Name five trace minerals needed in the diet.
Iron – Essential for oxygen transport in the blood (hemoglobin) and energy production.
Zinc – Important for immune function, protein synthesis, and wound healing.
Copper – Needed for iron absorption, red blood cell production, and antioxidant functions.
Manganese – Plays a role in bone formation, blood clotting, and metabolism.
Iodine – Essential for thyroid hormone production, which regulates metabolism.
Selenium – Acts as an antioxidant and supports immune function.
Chromium – Important for regulating blood sugar and insulin function.
Molybdenum – Plays a role in enzyme functions and the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids.
Fluoride – Helps in the formation of bone and teeth, and prevents dental cavities.
What is a detrimental effect of phytic acid?
It chelates minerals, preventing absorption of minerals such as iron and zinc.
What is the difference between prebiotic and probiotic?
Probiotic are living microbials that promote health; prebiotic are indigestible foods that promote growth of microbials to promote health.
Which macronutrient provides 4 kcal per gram and is the primary source of energy in most human diets?
Carbohydrates.
What is the definition of essential amino acids?
Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be present in the diet
Vitamin D increases the absorption ___________ and ____________ from the intestinal tract and is necessary for their efficient utilization.
Calcium and Phosphorous
Vitamin B6 supplement contain the chemical form of which vitamin?
Pyridoxine
What is a "Zen Macrobiotic Diet?"
A vegetarian diet that places great emphasis on grains and avoidance of fluids, a cure-all diet
Define a calorie and specify the number of calories obtained from the consumption of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat
a calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by one degree centigrade. Carbohydrates and proteins: 4 kCal/g and fat 9 kcal/g. Remember that one food calorie is one kilocalorie in physics.
What mineral deficiency causes goiter?
Iodine
In a 100g serving : 5g fat, 4g protein, 3g carbs. What is the caloric value?
73
What is a probiotic?
Bacteria that promote intestinal health and desirable intestinal microflora
True/False: Riboflavin is quite resistant to heat but very sensitive to light and this is why brown milk bottles have seen limited use in the past.
True
Where does the portal vein carry blood?
The liver
What vitamin needs an intrinsic factor for effectiveness?
B12
Which statement is NOT correct about meat fats:A.it adds flavor & makes meat seem juicy, B.help in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, C.all animal fat is saturated, or D.moderate amounts of fat are essential in human diets?
C. all animal fat is saturated
"What is the best source of meat to meet thiamin requirements: A.chicken, B.fish, C.beef, or D.pork?"
"D.Pork (other good sources of thiamin are grain products, ham, and fortified meat substitutes)"
What are the four fat-soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
what vitamin is formed in the skin of humans and animals by activation of sterols by UV light from the sun or by UV activation of sterols artificially?
Vit D
The semi-liquid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum is called what?
Chyme
What is the enzyme from pineapple that has medicinal uses?
Bromelain
Which fat-soluble vitamin functions as an antioxidant in biological membranes?
Vitamin E (tocopherol).
What is the term defined as, "any substance that may be considered a food or part of a food and provides medical or health benefits including the prevention and treatment of disease?"
Nutraceutical
Corn is used as the main food component in many Latin American countries. What is the main nutrient deficiency of corn?
Lysine
What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?
anabolism = synthesis; catabolism = breakdown
The levels of intake of essential nutrient considered adequate for meeting the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy persons is called what?
RDA
How do you calculated amount of protein a person needs per day?
0.8*kg body weight
Why can dehydration develop quickly in infants?
Much of their body water is extracellular.
What is the limiting amino acid of most cereal grains?
lysine
Name the yeast used as probiotic.
Saccharomyces boulardii
What does FNS stand for?
Food and Nutrition Service
Which enzyme is found in saliva and promotes the digestion of the breakdown of starch in the mouth?
Amylase
What is the daily nutritional value of protein for women 19-50 yrs old?
46 g
What may happen in the lower aesophagal sphincter if not closed tight enough after eating?
Acid reflux
Dietary fiber has several physiological effects except: A.increase fecal bulk, B.increase nutrient availability, C.reduce cholesterol, or D.improve large bowel function?
B. increasing nutrient availability
In asia, to prevent the occurrence of Beriberi, rice is fortified with what nutrient?
thiamine (Vitamin B1)
What is the name of the eating disorder that involves an irrational fear of gaining weight?
Anorexia
Which minerals interfere with each other's absorption in the gastrointestinal tract?
calcium and phosphorus
what enzyme is found in gastric juice promotes digestion of protein?
Pepsin
What is the RDA of potassium for adult men and women according to FDA?
3400 mg/day for men, 2600 mg/day for women
What vitamin, also known as cobalamin, is unique because it contains a cobalt ion at the center of a corrin ring and is primarily found in animal-sourced foods?
Vitamin B12
Where is 25 hydroxycholecalciferol hydroxylated to produce the active form of vitamin D?
kidney
what compounds that are produced in the manufacture of hydrogenated oils have been implicated in causing increased serum cholesterol levels, and thus heart disease?
trans-fatty acids
What are the water-soluble vitamins?
B, C
Linoleic acid is a precursor for a certain hormones that determine platelet or blood clot aggregation. What are these hormones called?
Prostaglandins
What organ stores bile for release?
Gall bladder
The four major minerals present in the body are_.
Calcium, phosphorous, potassium, and magnesium
Give two dicarboxylic amino acids.
Glutamic acid and aspartic acid
Which is the protein responsible for oxygen transport?
Hemoglobin
What is ageusia?
The inability to taste
Which lipoprotein is considered “good cholesterol�
HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein)
What is the daily value for protein for adults based on a 2000 cal diet according to FDA?
50 g
What is the function of erythromycin?
Antibiotic
Proteins missing in essential amino acids are called?
Incomplete proteins
Golden rice is enriched with what nutrient?
Vitamin A
What vitamin is a strong antioxidant and probably functions as such in human metabolism?
Vitamin E
What term refers to microorganisms added to the diet in order to provide health benefits beyond basic nutritive value?
probiotics
Discuss protein digestion from ingestion to absorption, including key enzymes.
Protein digestion begins in the stomach with pepsin, continues in the small intestine with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and peptidases, producing amino acids and small peptides that are absorbed via specific transporters.
What is the recommended protein intake for adult men and women according to FDA?
56 g for men, 46 g for women
According to the FAO, a serving a magnesium supplement must contain a minimum of what percentage of the recommended daily intake?
15%.
In what chemical form is glucose stored in the liver and muscles?
Glycogen
The B vitamin deficiency that can result in pernicious anemia is?
Vitamin B12
What two agencies publish updated dietary guidelines in US every five years?
USDA and HHS
Which of the following foods are considered a source of complete protein?
A. chicken B. soybean C. yogurt D. A & C E. all of the above
E
What is the Recommended Daily Allowance for thiamin (depends on age and gender)?
1-1.5 mg/day
What is the theoretical retinol value for b-carotene and a-carotene?
b-carotene: 2, a-carotene: 1
There are 20 standard amino acids. Name four non-standard amino acids.
The waste product of protein catabolism is urea. What happens to urea once it enters the blood?
It is diluted with water by the kidneys and excreted in urine
To the nearest percentage, what will be the percent of calories from fat in a product that contains four grams of fat, four grams of protein and five grams of carbohydrate?
Fat 9 kcal, CHO 4kcal, protein 4kcal; fat calories = (4*4+4*5+4*9 = 72), (4*5/72 = 50%)
True/False: riboflavin functions in the oxidative processes of living cells and is essential for cellular growth and tissue maintenance.
True
Calculate the total calories in a meal containing 15 g fat, 25 g protein, and 50 g carbohydrate.
What are the chief deficiencies of Calcium and Phosphorus?
Bone and Teeth Disease
Vitamin E Deficiency can cause?
Rare- hemolytic anemia in newborns
Thiamine deficiency first became a problem with the advent of what?
Polished rice
What is the chemical precursor of vitamin D3?
7-dehydrocholesterol
What is the sum of all the various biochemical and physiologic processes by which the body grows and maintains itself (anabolism) and breaks down and reshapes tissue (catabolism)?
Metabolism
What is the definition of a functional food?
Foods that provide health benefits beyond their nutrient contributions
Hitting the wall is a term runner sometimes uses to describe A. dehydration, B. competition, C. indigestion, D glucose depletion
D. Glucose depletion
What enzyme is responsible for amine formation of tyramine from tyrosine?
Tyrosine decarboxylase
From the innermost to outermost side, arrange the tissue layers surrounding the lumen of the GI track: mucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
Which amino acid is exceptionally high in nuts?
Arginine
What is the common name for 4-amino-2-methyl-1-napthol?
Vitamin K (other names include menadiol acetate, menadiol sodium phosphate, and phylloquinone)
Vit B6;pyridoxine, pyridoxal, or pyridoxamine, or pyridoxine hydrochloride; deficiency can cause?
Sideroblastic Anemia
One of the important functions of Vitamin D is?
Calcium absorption
What are the fat percentages in skim milk, low-fat milk, and reduced-fat milk?
Less than 0.5%, 1%, 2%
Deficiency of what vitamin is associated with neural tube defects?
Folate (B9)
What are the units of basal metabolic rate?
Joule/hour/kilogram body mass or watt (joule/second) to ml O2/min
What is the protein efficiency ratio (PER) of casein?
2.5
Ingestion of high levels of mercury (or mercury intoxication) interferes with the function of which essential mineral in the brain?
Selenium
Excess intake of Folic Acid (Folate) masks what deficiency?
B12
Why are linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids considered essential fatty acids?
n-6 and n-3 cannot be synthesized in the human body
Where are the following lipoproteins sythesized? HDL, LDL, VLDL, chylomicrons
Chylomicrons: small intestine; LDL, HDL, VLDL: liver
Give the names of the essential fatty acids for human nutrition.
Linoleic and a-Linolenic acids
What are 3 sources of sodium?
Sea water, salt mines, salt springs
Under what conditions can a product be claimed as a good source of a nutrient?
Provide 10-19% of the Daily Value for a given nutrient per serving.
Monounsaturated fats will decrease the blood cholesterol level. In which oils can monounsaturated fats be found in large concentrations?
Olive oil, canola oil and peanut oil
What is the RDA of iron for adult men and women according to FDA?
8 mg/day for men, 18 mg/day for women
What is the nutritional claim on a bottle of regular Coca-Cola?
very low sodium 35 mg or less per 240mL
Which polysaccharide can humans not digest, but is the chief constituent of all plant tissues?
Cellulose
What proteolytic enzyme is a component of pancreatic juice?
Chymotrypsin
What are the small protrusions from the surface of a membrane: finger-like projections covering mucosal surfaces of the small intestine?
Villi
Nutritional diseases resulting from a deficiency of niacin (B3) and cobalamine (B12) are ______.
which of the water-soluble vitamins has the largest and most complex molecular structure?
B12
Insufficient intake of what 2 primary nutrients during childhood and youth may lead to osteoporosis later in life?
Calcium and Vitamin D
What are the organic chemicals, other than essential amino acids and fatty acids, that must be supplied to an animal in small amounts to maintain health?
Vitamins
What B vitamin's main responsibility is in the utilization of CHO to supply energy, where it functions as the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate, or cocarboxylase, in glucose oxidation?
Thiamin
A kilocalorie-free food has how many kilocalories per serving?
<5 kcal/serving
Which mineral is best known for its role as an antioxidant?
Selenium
Aspartame contains which 2 amino acids?
Phenylalanine and aspartic acid
Name one of the two hormones known as the hunger hormones.
Leptin, ghrelin
True or false: BeriBeri is caused by Vitamin K deficiency.
False
What water-soluble vitamin deficiency historically caused the disease Pellagra?
Niacin (or Vitamin B3)
What is the disease caused by the inability to digest phenylalanine?
Phenylketonuria
State the caloric content per gram for the three main macronutrients, and name the two essential fatty acids.
Protein: 4 kcal/g; Carbohydrates: 4 kcal/g; Fat: 9 kcal/g. The two essential fatty acids are Linoleic acid omega-6 and Alpha-linolenic acid omega-3.
Aspartame, an artificial sweetener, should not be consumed by people with what metabolic condition?
PKU
What food groups are the richest natural sources of dietary potassium?
Fruits and vegetables
What compound is abundant in banana?
Potassium
What is the integrating part of the entire nervous system?
Central nervous system
Which vitamin acts as a coenzyme in transamination reactions?
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Vitamin B1 is chemically known as?
Thiamine
What is an important function of the stomach?
Secretion of acids
What term describes the state of chemical and metabolic equilibrium?
homeostasis
Lacto ovo vegetarians avoid which of the following groups of foods:
a) Eggs, milk, and red meat
b) Fish, poultry, meat, and eggs
c) Fish, poultry, and red meat
d) Eggs and milk
Fish, poultry, and red meat
What is common chemical name for vit B12?
Cobalamine
Plants contain no vitamin A but contain its precursor called what?
Beta Carotene
What vitamin can be synthesized from tryptophan, and what disease does its deficiency cause?
niacin, pellagra
How many kcal are in 1 pound of body fat?
3500 kcal
What elements does glutathione transferase require?
selenium
Which part of the digestive system involves the highest amount of nutrient absorption?
Small intestine
Name the three positively charged amino acids.
Lysine, Arginine, and Histidine
What fat-soluble vitamin is essential for vision and is commonly found in large amounts as beta-carotene in carrots?
Vitamin A
When should babies begin to eat solid food?
4-6 months old (American Academy of Pediatrics)
What organ produces and secretes the major fat digesting enzymes?
Pancreas
What is vitamin B6 also called?
Pyridoxine
What usually causes anemia?
Iron deficiency
From what amino acid is serotonin derived?
L-tryptophan
The addition of nutrients to achieve concentrations specified in SOIs is referred to as: A.enrichment, B.restoration, C.fortification, or D.identification?
A. enrichment
What does ADAF stand for?
American Dietetic Association Foundation
What is the term for the ratio of carbon dioxide evolved to oxygen consumed?
respiratory quotient
Give the names of the fat soluble vitamin produced by bacteria in the large intestine.
Vitamin K, Biotin
During protein synthesis, the limiting amino acid is?
The one present in the least amount compared to the need
How does Alka-Seltzer relieve heartburn?
Sodium Citrate (a weak base) neutralizes stomach acid.
Name two cellular function of iron in microbes.
Oxygen transport, electron transfer in enzymes, and acting as a cofactor for various enzymes
What is the name of a vitamin B2 deficiency?
Ariboflavinosis
How many essential amino acids are required by adults?
9
why are sulfides prohibited from use in foods that are recognized sources of thiamin?
because sulfides destroy thiamin, which could lead to deficiencies
Why is raw soybean meal not as good a source of essential proteins as cooked or heat processed soybean meal?
soybeans contain trypsin inhibitors which reduce digestibility of soy protein; heating denatures the inhibitors
What is the recommended intake of sodium for adult men and women according to FDA?
Less than 2300 mg/day
What is the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes?
Type I: The person produces no insulin at all. Type II: Fat cells resist insulin or the body cannot use insulin.
What is the main difference between a food intolerance and a food allergy?
Food intolerance deals with the digestive system and food allergy with the immune system
What is the bioactive compound in soy?
Genistein
Which pigment in tomatoes has disease-preventing characteristics?
lycopene
Minamata disease was caused by the consumption of fish containing what?
Mercury.
Phytic acid has what detrimental effect?
Chelates minerals
How many calories are produced from a meal containing 100g carbohydrate, 10g fat, and 20g protein?
570
Which macronutrient has the highest thermic effect of food (TEF)?
Protein.
What is the nutritional claim that can be made when a product serving is less than 140 mg of sodium?
Low sodium
what are the good sources of the Vitamin B complex?
yeast,liver,bran of cereal grains
Give 3 methods for assessing protein quality.
BV, per, net protein utilization, amino acid score, net protein ratio, relative protein value, PDCAAS
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by a genetic inability to metabolize what?
Phenylalanine
Compare LDL and HDL cholesterol in terms of function.
LDL (low-density lipoprotein) delivers cholesterol to tissues, associated with plaque buildup (“bad cholesterolâ€); HDL (high-density lipoprotein) removes cholesterol from tissues to the liver for excretion (“good cholesterolâ€).
What must lipids always be combined with to travel in the blood?
Proteins
Name 2 saturated plant lipids that have been singled out by consumer groups being unhealthy.
palm oil, coconut oil
Vitamin B7 Deficiency can cause?
Dermatitis, enteritis
What amino acid has the greatest molecular weight?
Tryptophan
Which carbohydrate is NOT a good source of energy?
Cellulose
What is the definition of a non-essential amino acid?
An amino acid that can be made by the body, ant are therefore not required by the diet
Explain megarexia in terms of nutrition.
In muscle dysmorphia, which is sometimes called "bigorexia", "megarexia", or "reverse anorexia", the delusional or exaggerated belief is that one's own body is too small, too skinny, insufficiently muscular, or insufficiently lean, although in most cases, the individual's build is normal or even exceptionally large and muscular already.
What are the deficiency and toxicity symptoms of vitamin D?
Which mineral enhances insulin activity? A. zinc b. iodine c. chromium d. manganese
Chromium
What is the daily value of iron for adults based on a 2000 cal diet according to FDA?
18 mg
What trace mineral helps with the metabolism and movement of glucose?
Chromium
What 3 foods contain a high availability of Silicon?
Meat, milk, and beer
What is the term that describes food where an ingredient, such as a vitamin or mineral, has been added for dietary purposes only?
Fortified
Describe the difference between water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, including absorption and storage.
Water-soluble: (B-complex, C) absorbed directly into bloodstream, not stored, excreted in urine.
Fat-soluble: (A, D, E, K) absorbed with dietary fats, stored in liver and adipose tissue.
What is the major ingredient in your dog/ cat's food? a. Grains b. Meat. C. Starch (potato) d. Corn.
Meat (because they are naturally meat eaters)
Vitamin D enhances the absorption of what two minerals?
phosphorus and calcium
Those that contain biologically active components for health promotion are called what?
Nutraceuticals
What common food preservative chemical destroys the vitamin activity and should not be used to preserve foods that are major sources of thiamin?
Sulfur Dioxide
Typical caloric value of gram of caramel color?
4 Cal
What is catabolism and anabolism?
catabolism is breakdown of complex organic molecules releasing energy. Anabolism is synthesis of cell constituents from simpler molecules, usually requiring energy.
Rank the following lipoproteins by size: HDL, VLDL, LDL, IDL, chylomicrons
chylomicrons>VLDL>IDL>LDL>HDL
How much sugar is in a standard serving of cotton candy?
28 g
What is the daily value of vitamin D for adults based on a 2000 cal diet according to FDA?
20 mcg
What essential nutrient is required for thyroid hormone synthesis?
Iodine.
Which mineral is important in nerve excitation, muscle contraction, and pH balance of blood?
Calcium
Ketosis, the buildup of ketones in the blood, can be caused by dietary insufficiency of _________________.
carbohydrates
What are 3 functions of phosphorus in the human body?
bone deposition, membrane components, atp
What part of the brain regulates body temperature?
Hypothalamus
Name the three parts of small intestine.
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Calculate the total kcal in a food containing 12 g fat, 18 g carbohydrate, and 10 g protein.
Give the numerical factor for converting %N to %crude protein to one decimal point for: soybeans, dairy products, meat products.
soy = 5.7, dairy = 6.4, meat = 6.3
If a food label states it is a rich source of calcium, what does that mean?
20% or more of the daily value
How many kilocalories does 1g of fat provide?
9 kcal/g
What amino acid requires cats to be obligate carnivores? Cysteine, tryptophan, taurine, alanine
Taurine
Name the protein responsible for oxygen transport.
Hemoglobin
What drink was developed in 1767 to help mariners stay healthy on long sea voyages?
Tonic water/ carbonated water
folic acid; B9 deficiency causes?
Folate Deficiency Anemia
Marasmus is a type of PEM disease. What does PEM stand for?
Protein Energy Malnutrition
Pineapple contains digestive enzymes such as bromelain and papain. What benefits do they offer?
Easier protein digestion
Amino acid found exclusively in animal based protein and milk is considered essential to cats and infants?
Taurine
What is vitamin B12 also called?
Cobalamin
What is the different between puppy, adult, and senior foods?
Protein and fat levels (Due to their constant growth, dog and cat nutritional needs change a little in different stages. Puppies benefit from a higher fat/protein content until they have finished growing (at ~1 to 1.5 years). At this point they have reached their adult body and these levels are slightly reduced to maintain a healthy body weight. Once your dog has become a senior (between age 7-9) the levels are reduced again due to their inability to be as active in their old age, and their higher risk of becoming overweight. Other beneficial ingredients can also be added to help promote healthy growth and maintainance at different stages such as DHA/EPA for puppies and glucosamine for seniors.)
Name 5 essential macrominerals.
Calcium – Essential for bone and teeth health, muscle function, and nerve transmission.
Phosphorus – Important for bone and teeth structure, and energy metabolism.
Magnesium – Involved in muscle and nerve function, energy production, and bone health.
Sodium – Crucial for fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction.
Potassium – Helps maintain proper cell function, fluid balance, and nerve signaling.
Chloride – Works with sodium to maintain fluid balance and is part of digestive acids.
Sulfur – Found in amino acids and vitamins, important for protein structure and metabolism.
Which mineral deficiency causes goiter?
Iodine deficiency
Vitamin B1 Deficiency can cause which two diseases?
Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate from glycolysis goes to what cycle in the mitochondria?
Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs Cycle/ TCA
Which vitamin contains cobalt?
vitamin B12 or cyanocobalamin
Which vitamin deficiency causes pellagra?
Niacin (Vitamin B3).
What is dehydroalanine? Which amino acids may form dehydroalanine? What is the significance of dehydroalanine in food?
Dehydroalanine is a highly reactive product of the heating or alkaline treatment of protein; it arises via a post translational modification of serine or cysteine.; dehydroalanine may produce protein cross links from its reaction with other amino acids decreasing that protein's nutritive value
What type of fatty acid is omega-3 linolenic acid?
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Cells that can use glucose without the presence of insulin are?
Brain cells
What is the unit of energy commonly used for food?
Cal/ kcal
True/False: Vitamins function in enzyme systems, which facilitate the metabolism of proteins, Carbohydrates, & fats.
True
What sterol synthesized by plant upon exposure to UV convert to Vit D
Ergosterol
Vitamin B7 is chemically known as?
Biotin
Which vitamin deficiency is associated with night blindness?
Vitamin A.
What was the name of the nutritional guideline system established in 1940 and phased out in 1968?
Minimum Daily Requirement (MDR).
Egg yolks are one of the few food that naturally contain which vitamin?
Vit D
What vitamin is essential for normal blood clotting?
Vit K
If you take a vitamin/mineral supplement every morning and exceed your RDA, what would help determine if you are consuming too much of a nutrient?
Tolerable upper limit
Which sugar is stored as glycogen in the liver?
Glucose
Within 3%, what percentage of world population has lactose intolerance according to NIH?
0.0068
In general, red meat is a good source of what three minerals?
Iron, phosphorus, and zinc
What enzyme is found in liver that promotes breakdown of fats?
Lipase
Starvation due to lack of food is called what?
Marasmus.
Which of the following foods should a sulfite-sensitive individual avoid? wine, frozen hash brown potatoes, fruit cocktail with maraschino cherries, sauerkraut
All
TRUE or FALSE: Organically grown fruits and vegetables are more nutritious and have better flavor than products grown with mineral fertilizers.
False
What is the serum transport protein for copper?
Ceruloplasmin
Why can goats eat grass and paper while humans cannot?
Bacteria present in their stomachs break down the cellulose
There are two major carriers of cholesterol in the blood stream; what are they?
High density lipoproteins (HDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL); VLDL and IDL are minor carriers
What hormone regulates the absorption of dietary calcium?
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
what foods are good sources of zinc?
oysters (best). Also meat, eggs, dairy, and legumes
Maple syrup urine disease are advised to have a diet free of:
Branched chain amino acids, Medium chain fatty acids, short chain fatty acids, monosaccharides
BCAAs
What is a function of dietary protein?
Enzymes, structural, tissue repair
Rickets is caused by the deficiency of which vitamin?
Vit D deficiency
What are prebiotics?
Non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or more species of bacteria in the gut. A non-starch polysaccharide, such as inulin or fructo-oligosaccharides, that promotes commensal microflora growth.
How many oxygen molecules can bind to hemoglobin?
4
The absence of what enzyme causes lactose intolerance?
Lactase
What is the common name for acetylsalicylic acid?
Aspirin
What compounds found in many brassicas can be both cancer-protective and goitrogenic?
Glucosinolates
Chocolate prevents dental caries.
True
Protein deficiency can lead to buildup of fluids around organs. This outcome is primarily due to insufficient amount of which protein?
Albumin
The human stomach empties its contents into what 10-inch long part of the GI tract?
Duodenum section of the small intestine
What is the number one disease-related cause of death in the United States: A.Heart Disease, B.Lung Disease, C.cancer, or D.stroke?
A. Heart disease
What vitamin deficiency causes Beriberi?
Thiamin (vitamin B1)
What is the Recommended Daily Allowance for Calcium?
1000 mg for adults
Name one method of cholesterol removal.
Exercise
What is the peritoneum?
A hollow space near the stomach
Name a substance that enhances absorption of calcium.
Vitamin D, acid, and lactose
Name and give the corresponding numbers of all B vitamins.
Which nutrient enhances iron absorption from the intestinal tract?
Vitamin C
Meat should be included in the diet because: A.it provides high quality protein and iron, B.is high in cholesterol, C.rates low as a nutrient-dense food, or D.all of the above?
A.meat provides high quality protein and iron
Name the three major branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs).
Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine
Which vitamin needs an intrinsic co-factor?
Cobalamin (B12)
What is 'margarine disease' (AKA Planta Disease)?
Allergic reaction to the emulsifier 'ME18', which is added to margarine to keep fat from spattering during frying.
What is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide?
Iron deficiency is the most common and widespread nutritional disorder in the world.
What health benefit is attributed to oat bran?
It lowers serum cholesterol levels.
Certain lactic acid bacteria and yeast can colonize in the gut and assist in the body's naturally occurring microflora to reestablish. What are these organisms called?
Probiotics
What is the compound in rhubarb, spinach and beets that result in kidney stone formation?
Calcium oxalate
What is the unit commonly used in expressing energy values of foods?
Kilocalorie
Why are linoleic and linolenic acid considered essential fatty acids?
They are omega 3 fatty acids taken through diet, because they cannot be synthesized by humans (N six and N three fatty acids cannot be synthesized in vivo)
The pancreas secretes what?
Digestive enzymes
What is the function of the pancreas?
It secretes digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon
A vitamin that is a 6-carbon compound with a very similar structure to glucose and is found in fruits and vegetables is what?
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
What is the main function of bile in digestion and absorption?
Emulsify fats
What is the recommended amount of added sugars for adults based on a 2000 cal diet according to FDA?
Less than 50g per day
Name the 3 macronutrients.
Carbohydrates, Fats, and proteins
Which of the following would be best for an athlete to eat before a race? a) A cheese sandwich b) A high protein bar c) A high carbohydrate bar d) A hamburger
c) A high carbohydrate bar
What is an isomer that is cheaper than Vitamin C?
Erythorbic Acid
A nutrient which is needed by the body but is not produced by the body is called what?
An essential nutrient
What is the RDA of vit D for adult men and women according to FDA?
15 ug/day
Vitamin deficiencies cause many diseases. For each of the following give the vitamin deficiency it is associated with. Xerophthalmia, Korsakoff’s syndrome, scurvy, pellagra, Wernicke’s encephalopathy, rickets
Xerophthalmia – vitamin A
Korsakoff’s syndrome – thiamine (or vitamin B-1)
Scurvy – vitamin C
Wernicke’s encephalopathy – vitamin B (vitamin B1 is also acceptable)
Rickets – vitamin D
Which vit increases Ca absorption?
Vit D
Which are the 2 essential fatty acids for human beings?
Linoleic (omega 6) and linolenic (omega 3)
What are designer foods?
Foods fortified with health promoting ingredients
What does PKU stand for?
Phenylketonuria
Which vitamin increases calcium and phosphorus absorption and promotes healthy bones?
Vitamin D
Lipoproteins transport lipids through the bloodstream. Identify the four main classes of lipoproteins and rank them from lowest density to highest density.
In the islet of Langerhans, there are alpha and beta cells, which produce two different hormones. Which cells produce which hormones?
Alpha cells produce glucagon and beta cells produce insulin
The majority of stored energy in the body is in the form of A.glucose, B.ATP, C.amino acids, or D.triglycerides?
D. triglycerides
Name the water-soluble vitamin deficiency that historically caused the disease Pellagra.
Niacin (or Vitamin B3)
What is the green leafy vegetable that contains about 1200 mg of minerals per 100 g fresh?
Parsley
The caloric content of a large egg is A- 50, B-70, C - 100, D - 125
b. 70
Identify one function of Vitamin D: A.prevents scurvy, B.acts as an antioxidant, C.necessary for glucose metabolism, or D.aids in the absorption of calcium
D. aids in the absorption of calcium
What is the daily value of potassium for adults based on a 2000 cal diet according to FDA?
4700 mg
What is the process of turning carbs to lipids?
Lipogenesis
What are the 4 basic tissues in the body basic in the body?
Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, Muscle
Too much iron can cause:
Hemochromatosis
What is the green leafy vegetable that contains about 1200 mg minerals per 100 g fresh weight?
Parsley
The best Vitamin A precursor that occurs in food is called?
B-carotene
Which digestive organ has the highest concentration of lactase enzyme?
Small intestine
Trans fatty acids occur in what animal?
Ruminant animals like cow
A deficiency in which fat-soluble vitamin is the leading cause of preventable blindness in children worldwide?
Vitamin A
Which disease is caused by niacin deficiency, characterized by diarrhea, dementia and dermatitis?
Pellagra
What protein is universally considered to be nutritionally complete?
What is the vitamin most associated with antioxidant activity in PUFAs?
vitamin E
Which vitamin is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight?
Vitamin D.
Which heavy metal is generally the most toxic to humans?
Lead
How many miligrams of sodium does 1 level teaspoon of salt contain?
2300 mg
What is the difference between folate and folic acid?
Folate is a naturally occuring B vitamin. Folic acid is the synthetic form of this vitamin.
What is the meaning of the term 'nutrient dense' food?
Nutrient density compares the amounts of essential nutrients to the amount of calories that a food contains; the greater the nutrient contribution of a food relative to the calorie content, the more nutrient dense it is.
Which is the most bioavailable precursor to vitamin A?
beta carotene
% protein in nuts: chest nut, hazel nuts, peanuts, pecan, pistachios
ratio of nutrient content/ energy from carb, fat, protein (in grams) to the total food energy content
(in kcal/joules)
A major factor in changing one's BMR would be to?
Eat more
Vitamin B12 is chemically known as?
Cobalamin
Which amino acid is part of hemoglobin?
histidine
In the 2024 Academy award nominated movie 'The Holdovers', one of the central characters suffers from Trimethylaminuria, What is the main characteristic, symptom, or effect of Trimethylaminuria condition?
The person's body cannot breakdown TMA and smells like rotten fishes.
Which vitamins are antioxidants?
C, E, A
Certain polysaccharides, which are not digestible by mammalian enzymes, may nevertheless be the source of some energy as a consequence of the action of the gut microflora. In what form can these microbial digestion products be absorbed in the colon?
As volatile fatty acids
Milk is an excellent source of vitamins and minerals expect for what 2 items?
Vitamin C and Iron
What is the retinol equivalent?
a unit used for quantifying the vitamin A value of sources of vitamin A, includingboth preformed retinoids in animal foods and precursor carotenoids in plantfoods. RE is defined as 3.3 International Units of vitamin A. 1 retinol equivalent = 6 μg β-carotene or 1 μg retinol.
What respiratory condition might cause someone to be allergic to cysteine?
Asthmatics
The C-PER or Calculated Protein Efficiency Ratio is determined using a computer program and two pieces of information about the protein of interest. What are these two things?
The protein's essential amino acid profile and digestibility coefficient
Which 2 elements increase Vitamin D adsorption?
Calcium and Phosphorous
The diet and health recommendations advise limiting salt to less than 6 grams per day: it emphasizes moderation, not adequacy. What are the symptoms of sodium toxicity and chlorine toxicity?
Na: edema, acute hypertension. Cl: vomiting
Vit A, retinol, deficiency can cause?
Night Blindness, Hyperkeratosis, Keratomalacia, Xeropthalmia
In areas where corn was introduced as a staple crop a new disease soon developed. What is the disease and what causes it?
Pellagra, Niacin deficiency (50-80% of corn's niacin is unavailable)
What is the recommended amount of saturated fats for adults based on a 2000 cal diet according to FDA?
Less than 10% of calories per day/ less than 20 g per day
True/False: Thiamin is not stable to heat in acid foods, but less so in neutral and alkaline foods.
False, thiamin is heat stable
Cow's milk is considered to be an ideal food for human health being rich in vitamins and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus however milk lacks one very important mineral. Which one is that?
Iron
List the following grains from high to low based on their glycemic index.
Rye, barley, buckwheat, white rice and quinoa
What amino acid is essential for new born, especially premature born?
Arginine
FAO Mg supplement should have what % of RDA minimum?
0.15
Products of starch hydrolysis having little to no sweetness (D.E. value <20), and commonly used as cryoprotectants and fat replacers are known as: ___________?
maltodextrins
Which disorder is associated with too little or poor-quality dietary protein?
Kwashiorkor
Which mineral is essential for oxygen transport in the blood?
Iron.
(True/False) One gram of vinegar has more than one gram of protein
True
TRUE or FALSE: Lactose intolerant people lack the ability to digest high molecular weight compounds.
False
Which of the following vitamins are unstable to heat?
Vitamin C and D
What is the disease caused by a deficiency of thiamin, and is common where polished rice is a major dietary item?
Beriberi
Which mineral deficiency is associated with goiter?
Iodine
What is the deficiency disease associated with niacin?
Pellagra
Iron can be found in 2 different forms in food. What are these 2 forms and what types of foods are they found in?
Heme – animals
Non-heme - plants
Cholesterol may be a source of what vitamin?
D
What is the hardest substance in the human body?
Enamel
Pernicious anemia is the Vitamin _____ deficiency disease and results from a lack of _________
B12; intrinsic factor
What mineral is a major challenge in the fortification of many foods and beverages because of its poor taste and large daily value of 3.5 grams per day?
potassium.
What essential amino acid is deficient in corn protein?
Lysine
How much bread, cereals, and grains are recommended daily by the MyPlate nutrition scheme?
5-8 oz. equivalents (5-6 oz for women, 6-8 oz for men)
What is the primary energy source for the brain under normal conditions?
Glucose.
Vit D, Ergocalciferol, Cholecalciferol, deficiency can cause?
Osteomalacia, Rickets
Vitamins B and C's absorption by the body depends on the normal absorption of fat from the diet.
False
Most fats in the body are in the form of what?
Triglycerides
The first set of dietary recommendations to attract widespread attention was formulated by which committee?
U.S. Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs; they are called dietary goals.
What term is used to describe the swelling of fat cells to accommodate fat?
Hypertrophy
What is the major lipid in the skin bilayer?
Ceramide
What is the name of vitamin C deficiency disease?
Scurvy
Why are people with PKU advised to not consume aspartame?
Contains phenylalanine
What is miltone?
Nutrition formula for fighting protein-calorie malnutrition
What is a functional food?
a typical food that has had specific nutrients added to it.
What are the 3 positively charged amino acids?
lysine, arginine and histidine
What vitamin naturally occurs only in animal materials such as meat, milk, eggs, and the like?
Vitamin A
Which section of the gastrointestinal tract is the major area of adsorption of nutrients?
small intestine
What is the measure of protein quality using weight gain in experimental animals when fed test item?
protein efficiency ratio(PER)
If a healthy individual eats a large amount of cholesterol in a particular day, what happens?
What vitamin is responsible for the prevention of certain kinds of anemias, is involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids, and is synthesized by microorganisms?
Folacin (or folate/folic acid)
Vitamin B5, pantothenic acid, deficiency can cause?
Paresthesia
Plasmalogens are a unique group of phospholipids that occur in small amounts in muscle tissue and milk. The 1 position of glycerol is linked to a 16 or 18 carbon what functional group?
Aldehyde
What are the synthetic and natural sources of Vitamin K?
Which nutrients are enriched grain products fortified with? Name five.
Iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate
TRUE or FALSE: Shellfish contain more cholesterol than fin fish.
True
What is the fat-soluble vitamin primarily associated with blood clotting?
Vitamin K
A deficiency of what vitamin adversely affects tissue respiration and oxidation of glucose and results in the disease known as pellegra in humans?
Niacin
Selenium Deficiency can cause?
Keshan Disease
Kashin Beck
How many different vitamins are there? A.20, B.25, C.17, or D.13
D. 13
Which important vitamin is produced in the body when you are exposed to sunlight?
Vitamin D
Name the compounds in legumes that are non-nutritive.
Lectins, trypsin inhibitors, growth inhibitors.
According to the NLEA, which of the following food components is NOT associated w/ risk or prevention of certain types of cancer: A.dietary fat, B.fruits & vegetables, C.dietary sat fat/cholesterol, or D.none of the above?
C. dietary saturated fat and cholesterol
Compared to soluble fiber, insoluble fiber is more effective at?
Decreasing constipation and binding water
What is the pH of the acid made in the stomach most likely to be?
pH 1-2
Give the order of sweetness for sucrose, maltose, trehalose, and fructose.
Trehalose
What 4 seeds are considered to be the richest iron source with 1.3-4.3 mg per 2 tablespoons?
Pumpkin seeds, sesame, flax and hemp
Put the following foods in order from least to greatest based on the grams of carbs per serving. 5-inch pancake, 8 oz flavored yogurt, 10 oz skim milk, 1 cup of bean chili, ½ cup applesauce
½ cup applesauce (5)
5-inch pancake (15)
10 oz skim milk (15)
1 cup chilli with beans (30)
8 oz flavored yogurt (45)
What has the least number of calories: raw potatoes or potatoes boiled in their skin?
raw potatoes
What polysaccharide from crustecean shells lowers cholesterol?
Chitin
Give an example of an essential fatty acid.
Linoleic Acid
A diet and training program that allows an endurance athlete to store one to one-half the normal amount of glycogen is called?
Carbohydrate loading or glycogen loading
What two essential amino acids contain Sulfur?
Cysteine, methionine
What is the difference in metabolism between β- and α-carotene?
Beta yields two molecules of vitamin A, whereas alpha only yields one molecule
Explain the role of dietary fiber in human digestion and metabolic health.
Dietary fiber improves gut motility, supports beneficial microbiota, reduces cholesterol absorption, moderates postprandial glucose response, and is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.
Which part of the seed of a grain contains oil?
Germ
What fat soluble vitamin has a well-known role as an antioxidant?
Vitamin E
Answer the following about dietary fiber: Distinguish between soluble and insoluble fiber. List three physiological benefits of dietary fiber. Name two food sources high in soluble fiber.
Soluble vs. insoluble fiber:
Soluble fiber: Dissolves in water; forms gels; fermentable
Insoluble fiber: Does not dissolve; adds bulk to stool
Three physiological benefits: Improved gut health, Lower blood cholesterol, Improved glycemic control, Increased satiety
Two food sources high in soluble fiber: Oats, Barley, Legumes, Apples
Which amino acid has the greatest molecular weight: tryptophan or tyrosine?
Tryptophan
Explain the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
Anorexia nervosa: Self-starvation
Bulimia nervosa: Repeatitive cycles of binge eating alternating with self-induced vomiting or starvation
Isohumulone is the precursor compound that reacts with light to what vitamin to cause skunky flavor in beer?
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
this vitamin is injected into newborn infants.
vitamin K
About what % zinc is absorbed from a meal?
~25% absorbed; this is not very efficient
What vitamin deficiencies result in beri beri and rickets?
B1 and D
What compound can be smelled on a person's breath during ketosis?
What vitamin is prevented from being absorbed by raw egg white?
Biotin
A food contains 8 g protein, 12 g fat, and 20 g carbohydrate per serving. Calculate the total caloric value per serving.
Protein: 8 g × 4 kcal/g = 32 kcal
Fat: 12 g × 9 kcal/g = 108 kcal
Carbohydrate: 20 g × 4 kcal/g = 80 kcal
Total = 220 kcal per serving
What deficiency disease is associated w/the consumption of a diet high in polished rice?
Beriberi (thiamin, or B1 deficiency)
What is the daily value of dietary fiber for adults based on a 2000 cal diet according to FDA?
28 g
What nutrient in bacon may be good for pregnant women to eat?
Choline is an essential nutrient that plays a role in the normal development of the brain. Pregnancy and lactation are periods when maternal reserves of choline are depleted.
What is the RDA of calcium for adult men and women according to FDA?
1000 mg/day
Vitamin B6 Deficiency can cause?
Anemia, peripheral neuropathy
Deficiency of Vit K, phylloquinone and menaquinone, causes?
Bleeding diathesis
Prostaglandins are chemical regulators derived from what?
Fatty acids.
Which of the following contains the greatest mass of sugar: A.10 dates, B.12 oz. Coke, C.1 cup Vanilla ice cream, or D.1 medium orange?
A. 10 dates
Why are fibers called resistant starches?
They escape digestion and absorption in the small intestine.
Sodium and potassium are necessary in the body to retain proper electrical, fluid, and chemical balances. What is the desired ratio of Na to K?
12/31/1899 1:01:00 AM
What is the primary lipoprotein for the transport of dietary fats absorbed from the intestine and delivered to the liver?
Chylomicrons
Which are the conditionally essential amino acids?
Arginine, cysteine, glutamine, tyrosine, glycine, proline, and serine.
SCAG GPT
What is the recommended intake of added sugars for adult men and women according to FDA?
Less than 10% of total daily calories (~50 g for 2000 cal)
The Dietary Guidelines recommend that Americans should limit the fat in their diet to what percentage of their calories?
30
What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency?
neuropsychiatric symptoms (irritability, depression, lethargy, sleepiness, slurred speech, tremors), keratinization of the eye, dermatitis (around orifices), Diarrhea
Hyperkeratinization, xerosis, bitot's spots, keratomalacia, and hyperkeratosis are symptoms of a deficiency of ________?
vitamin A
What will the Recommended Dietary Allowance provide for?
The known nutritional needs of almost all healthy people
Which of the following amino acids are essential for someone with PKU: A.tyrosine, B.isoleucine, C.phenylalanine, D.A and C, or E.all of the above?,E.all of the above.
A. Tyrosie, because it becomes essential in someone with PKU because they are not effective at metabolizing phenylalanine and limit their intake. The other 2 are essential for everyone.
Meat is considered a complete protein because it: A.lacks the essential amino acids, B.tastes good, C.supplies all of the essential amino acids, or D.provides iron in the diet
C. meat supplies all of the essential amino acids
Probiotic & prebiotic combined are called?
synbiotic
What are three symptoms of vit A toxicity?
Fatigue, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, joint or bone pain, loss of appetite, blurred vision, liver damage
What group of people are potentially at risk when consuming bisulfites?
Asthmatics
What is the approximate fat content(in %) of the following foods? 1 serving of each, Chicken breast, no skin (4 ounces), salmon, king crab, leg of lamb
Chicken breast, no skin, 4%
Salmon, 10%
King crab~2%
Leg of lamb – 21%
Is cholesterol an essential nutrient?
No
What is the daily value of calcium for adults based on a 2000 cal diet according to FDA?
1300 mg
What happens if an essential amino acid is unavailable to make a protein?
Cells break down proteins to obtain the missing amino acid.
Which organ is responsible for the secretion of insulin?
Pancreas
What vitamin is a necessary cofactor for transamination reactions?
pyridoxine (vitamine b6)
What is the limiting amino acid in green peas?
Methionine
Soy protein isolates have at least what percent protein?
90
Which of the following are micronutrients and which are macronutrients: calcium, iron, zinc, and sulfur.
Sulfur and calcium are macronutrients. Iron and zinc are micronutrients.
give the scientific name for vitamin K1.
phenylquininone
Does 1 cup of spinach have more, the same or less calcium than 1 cup of ice cream?
more (spinach = 244 mg, ice cream = 176mg)
The deficiency of what mineral results in a goiter?
Iodine
Vit E (tocopherols, tocotrienols) deficiency can cause what condition in infants?
Mild hemolytic anemia (infants)
How many kcals are provided in 1 gram of protein, of fat, and of alcohol?
Protein=4kcal/g; Fat=9kcal/g; Alcohol=7kcal/g
Which are the 2 essential fatty acids?
Linoleic acid (Omega 6) and Linolenic Acid (Omega 3).
the protein efficiency ratio (PER) is based on the comparison of the weight gain of rats fed a test protein to those fed what controlled protein?
casein
Which acid is produced in the stomach?
Hydrochloric acid
What is a blood condition characterized by a decreased number of circulating RBCs, hemoglobin, or both?
Anemia
How many times higher is the fiber percentage in whole grain bread compared to white bread?
4 times
Which vitamin deficiency causes pellagra?
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
What vitamin is produced from cholesterol in the body?
vitamin D
True/False: Niacin is very stable to heat, light, and oxidation, but like other water-soluble vitamins, it can be leached from foods during processing and cooking.
True
Foods with high protein digestibility scores have the optimum level of what component?
Amino acids
What is the only essential vitamin not found in the white potato?
Vit D
What is the name given to zinc deficiency?
There is no named deficiency for zinc
what vitamin is NOT found in potatoes?
Vitamin E
What type of water can be used as a substitute for blood plasma?
Coconut water
What is the predominant amino acids in peanuts?
Arginine
What metabolic disorder prevents conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine by normal metabolic pathways?
Phenylketonuria
Which vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis and prevents scurvy?
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid).
What 2 vitamins are required for cell division?
Folacin and B12 (cobalamin)
What are good sources of Vitamin K?
green vegetables such as spinach and cabbage
Name the two sources of cholesterol.
Animal products and human body.
cobalamin; B12 deficiency causes?
Pernicious Anemia
What are the limiting amino acids in corn, potato, and green peas?
Corn - Lysine, Potato - Methionine, Green Peas - Methionine
In Canada, what is the minimum protein rating as a source of protein?
20
Why is iron from meat so important? A.provides necessary nutrients, B.recommended by National Academy of Sciences, C.enhances taste of meat, or D.best source of iron in the form of heme iron
D. iron from meat is the best source of iron in the form of heme iron
The vitamin made by intestinal bacteria and associated with blood clotting is?
Vitamin K
What protein supplement was discovered to mimic the effects of exercise on the body without actual physical activity?
Sestrin
Which hormone secreted by adipose tissue plays a key role in appetite suppression and energy homeostasis?
Leptin.
The prevalence of lactose intolerance is highest among Caucasians than other ethnic and racial groups. T/F
False
Which lipoprotein carries cholesterol from tissues back to the liver?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL).
Name the 4 fat-soluble vitamins.
A, D, E, and K
Name the sections of the large intestines.
Cecum, colon, and rectum
Name the nutritional disorder and the nutritional deficiency characterized by four "D's": diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death
Pellagra, niacin deficiency
True/False: cyanocobalamin is the largest vitamin molecule and contains cobalt in its structure, giving rise to an essential requirement for the mineral cobalt in nutrient.
True
Which vitamin acts as a coenzyme in carboxylation reactions?
Biotin
What is vitamin B5 also called?
Pantothenic acid
Name 5 food components as identified by “proximate†analysis.
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