This compound is a polymer of glucose. The adult human body usually contains less than a pound. Most of it is found in the liver and muscle.
Glycogen
What is the vitamin most associated with antioxidant activity in PUFAs?
vitamin E
Vitamin B2 is chemically known as?
Riboflavin; Made into FAD/FADH2
Thiamine deficiency first became a problem with the advent of what?
Polished rice
What was the name of the nutritional guideline system established in 1940 and phased out in 1968?
Minimum Daily Requirement (MDR).
Give 3 methods for assessing protein quality.
BV, per, net protein utilization, amino acid score, net protein ratio, relative protein value, PDCAAS
What protein supplement was discovered to mimic the effects of exercise on the body without actual physical activity?
Sestrin
Vitamin B6 Deficiency can cause?
Anemia, peripheral neuropathy
Plants contain no vitamin A but contain its precursor called what?
Beta Carotene
What two agencies publish updated dietary guidelines in US every five years?
USDA and HHS
What is the meaning of the term 'nutrient dense' food?
Nutrient density compares the amounts of essential nutrients to the amount of calories that a food contains; the greater the nutrient contribution of a food relative to the calorie content, the more nutrient dense it is.
Which of the following vitamins are unstable to heat?
Vitamin C and D
The amino acid that provides the least of what the body needs is called the what?
Limiting amino acid.
What is the name of a vitamin B2 deficiency?
Ariboflavinosis
Which enzyme is found in saliva and promotes the digestion of the breakdown of starch in the mouth?
Amylase
What metabolic disorder prevents conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine by normal metabolic pathways?
Phenylketonuria
What is vitamin B1 also called?
Thiamine
What is resistant starch resistant to?
digestion by pancreatic enzymes
What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?
anabolism = synthesis; catabolism = breakdown
How many times higher is the fiber percentage in whole grain bread compared to white bread?
4 times
A high intake of which vitamin can mask a vitamin B12 deficiency?
Folate
What is a "Zen Macrobiotic Diet?"
A vegetarian diet that places great emphasis on grains and avoidance of fluids, a cure-all diet
What is the enzyme from pineapple that has medicinal uses?
Bromelain
what are the good sources of the Vitamin B complex?
yeast,liver,bran of cereal grains
Give an example of a probiotic bacterium.
Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, or Lactobacillus casei
Which important vitamin is produced in the body when you are exposed to sunlight?
Vitamin D
what enzyme is found in gastric juice promotes digestion of protein?
Pepsin
Define a calorie and specify the number of calories obtained from the consumption of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat
a calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by one degree centigrade. Carbohydrates and proteins: 4 kCal/g and fat 9 kcal/g. Remember that one food calorie is one kilocalorie in physics.
Cells that can use glucose without the presence of insulin are?
Brain cells
What is the recommended amount of sodium for adults based on a 2000 cal diet according to FDA?
Less than 2300 mg per day
Which of the following may help prevent a niacin deficiency?
Tryptophan
Milk is an excellent source of vitamins and minerals expect for what 2 items?
Vitamin C and Iron
(True/False) One gram of vinegar has more than one gram of protein
True
"Enriched" grains do NOT have what substance added back?
Dietary fiber
What are good sources of Vitamin K?
green vegetables such as spinach and cabbage
Why is sodium content put on a food label?
Excessive consumption of sodium chloride can lead to hypertension
Why are phytates considered to be anti-nutritional?
phytates bind/complex with metal ions and make the metals less bioavailable, most commonly with divalent ions (Ca, Fe, etc)
What is vitamin B2 also called?
Riboflavin
Which of the following contains more saturated fat? a) 1 egg white b) 4 oz. cottage cheese c) 1 tablespoon peanut butter
b) 4 oz cottage cheese (6.4g) > 1 tablespoon peanut butter (1.5g) > 1 egg white (0g)
Vitamin B12 Deficiency can cause?
Megaloblastic anemia
How much sugar is in a standard serving of cotton candy?
28 g
What organ converts lactic acid to glucose?
Liver; Cori cycle
Vitamin B3 Deficiency can cause?
Pellagra
What vitamin contains cobalt?
Vitamin B12
Monounsaturated fats will decrease the blood cholesterol level. In which oils can monounsaturated fats be found in large concentrations?
Olive oil, canola oil and peanut oil
Which food has the highest fiber content? Five prunes, ½ cup cooked lentils, 2 cups iceberg lettuce, or ¾ cup bran flakes
1/2 cup cooked lentils
Identify one function of Vitamin D: A.prevents scurvy, B.acts as an antioxidant, C.necessary for glucose metabolism, or D.aids in the absorption of calcium
D. aids in the absorption of calcium
The addition of nutrients to achieve concentrations specified in SOIs is referred to as: A.enrichment, B.restoration, C.fortification, or D.identification?
A. enrichment
Calorie free on a label means that a product has fewer than 5 calories per serving.
True
Which sugar is stored as glycogen in the liver?
Glucose
What is nutrient density?
ratio of nutrient content/ energy from carb, fat, protein (in grams) to the total food energy content
(in kcal/joules)
Ketosis, the buildup of ketones in the blood, can be caused by dietary insufficiency of _________________.
carbohydrates
What is miltone?
Nutrition formula for fighting protein-calorie malnutrition
What is the name given to zinc deficiency?
There is no named deficiency for zinc
What vitamin is a strong antioxidant and probably functions as such in human metabolism?
Vitamin E
Which are the 2 essential fatty acids?
Linoleic acid (Omega 6) and Linolenic Acid (Omega 3).
Where are the following lipoproteins sythesized? HDL, LDL, VLDL, chylomicrons
Chylomicrons: small intestine; LDL, HDL, VLDL: liver
Vitamin B12 is chemically known as?
Cobalamin
What are the chief deficiencies of Calcium and Phosphorus?
Bone and Teeth Disease
what is the common name of hexaphosphate inositol and what does this compound do?
phytic acid: it chelates minerals
What is the chemical precursor of vitamin D3?
7-dehydrocholesterol
The four major minerals present in the body are_.
Calcium, phosphorous, potassium, and magnesium
Vitamin D enhances the absorption of what two minerals?
phosphorus and calcium
what compounds that are produced in the manufacture of hydrogenated oils have been implicated in causing increased serum cholesterol levels, and thus heart disease?
trans-fatty acids
What is an important function of the stomach?
Secretion of acids
Plant substances which are resistant to hydrolysis by the endogenous enzymes of the human digestive tract are more commonly known as___
Dietary fiber
Why can goats eat grass and paper while humans cannot?
Bacteria present in their stomachs break down the cellulose
What does FNS stand for?
Food and Nutrition Service
What is the Recommended Daily Allowance for Calcium?
1000 mg for adults
What does ADAF stand for?
American Dietetic Association Foundation
What are prebiotics?
Non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or more species of bacteria in the gut. A non-starch polysaccharide, such as inulin or fructo-oligosaccharides, that promotes commensal microflora growth.
Why are fibers called resistant starches?
They escape digestion and absorption in the small intestine.
Name two cellular function of iron in microbes.
Oxygen transport, electron transfer in enzymes, and acting as a cofactor for various enzymes
What deficiency disease is associated w/the consumption of a diet high in polished rice?
Beriberi (thiamin, or B1 deficiency)
What amino acid has the greatest molecular weight?
Tryptophan
What are the units for basal metabolic rate?
J/hkg bodymass
What is the definition of PER?
Protein efficiency ratio: weight gain by subject / g protein consumed
A deficiency of what vitamin adversely affects tissue respiration and oxidation of glucose and results in the disease known as pellegra in humans?
Niacin
% protein in nuts: chest nut, hazel nuts, peanuts, pecan, pistachios
Lysine, an essential amino acid is commercially produced by which genus of bacterium for use as a food additive?
Brevibacterium
Cholesterol may be a source of what vitamin?
D
How many kilocalories does 1g of carbohydrates provide?
4 kcal/g
True/False: Thiamin is not stable to heat in acid foods, but less so in neutral and alkaline foods.
False, thiamin is heat stable
What is the integrating part of the entire nervous system?
Central nervous system
What is the term that describes food where an ingredient, such as a vitamin or mineral, has been added for dietary purposes only?
Fortified
Why is raw soybean meal not as good a source of essential proteins as cooked or heat processed soybean meal?
soybeans contain trypsin inhibitors which reduce digestibility of soy protein; heating denatures the inhibitors
Ingestion of high levels of mercury (or mercury intoxication) interferes with the function of which essential mineral in the brain?
Selenium
What is the only essential vitamin not found in the white potato?
Vit D
give the scientific name for vitamin K1.
phenylquininone
How many kilocalories does 1g of fat provide?
9 kcal/g
Which of the statements about dietary fats is NOT true? A. consumption of fat should be <30% of daily calories. B. the healthiest diet contains no meat. C. moderate amounts of fat are essential for fat-soluble vitamin absorption or D. Fat adds flavor
B. Healthiest diet contains no meat.
Brazil Nuts are rich in what mineral?
Selenium
Table salt is fortified with iodine to prevent which disorder?
Goiter
The levels of intake of essential nutrient considered adequate for meeting the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy persons is called what?
RDA
What mineral is a major challenge in the fortification of many foods and beverages because of its poor taste and large daily value of 3.5 grams per day?
potassium.
What is the nutritional claim on a bottle of regular Coca-Cola?
very low sodium 35 mg or less per 240mL
What is 'margarine disease' (AKA Planta Disease)?
Allergic reaction to the emulsifier 'ME18', which is added to margarine to keep fat from spattering during frying.
What will the Recommended Dietary Allowance provide for?
The known nutritional needs of almost all healthy people
What is the caloric value of aspartame?
4 kcal/g
Although limiting fat intake may help prevent excess weight gain in children, fat should not be restricted for children younger than __ years old.
2
In the islet of Langerhans, there are alpha and beta cells, which produce two different hormones. Which cells produce which hormones?
Alpha cells produce glucagon and beta cells produce insulin
What is vitamin B12 also called?
Cobalamin
What is a blood condition characterized by a decreased number of circulating RBCs, hemoglobin, or both?
Anemia
What two minerals are most essential in the human diet?
Calcium and phosphorus
What is the function of Vitamin E?
Antioxidant
Recommended RDA for iron for a woman age 19-50?
18 mg
The best Vitamin A precursor that occurs in food is called?
B-carotene
What is the thermic effect of an 800-kcalorie meal?
About 80 kcalories
What is the sum of all the various biochemical and physiologic processes by which the body grows and maintains itself (anabolism) and breaks down and reshapes tissue (catabolism)?
Metabolism
What is the function of the pancreas?
It secretes digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon
FAO Mg supplement should have what % of RDA minimum?
0.15
Which disease is caused by niacin deficiency, characterized by diarrhea, dementia and dermatitis?
Pellagra
When should babies begin to eat solid food?
4-6 months old (American Academy of Pediatrics)
What is the peritoneum?
A hollow space near the stomach
What is the amount of energy to raise the temperature of 2 grams of water from 14.5 deg C to 15.5 deg C?
2 cal
What is the name of the childhood disease that results from a deficiency in vitamin D?
Rickets
To the nearest percentage, what will be the percent of calories from fat in a product that contains four grams of fat, four grams of protein and five grams of carbohydrate?
Fat 9 kcal, CHO 4kcal, protein 4kcal; fat calories = (4*4+4*5+4*9 = 72), (4*5/72 = 50%)
About what % zinc is absorbed from a meal?
~25% absorbed; this is not very efficient
Cholesterol is a sterol that: a) Comes only from the diet b) Is produced in the liver as a precursor to hormones c) Is the major cause of heart disease d) Combines with fatty acids to form triglycerides e) Causes cancer of the liver
b) Is produced in the liver as a precursor to hormones
How many calories do you consume every time you lick a stamp?
1/10th of a calorie
Proteins missing in essential amino acids are called?
Incomplete proteins
How many calories are produced from a meal containing 100g carbohydrate, 10g fat, and 20g protein?
570
Which food provides the most absorbable iron: A. 1 apple B. 1c milk C. 3 oz steak D. 1/2 c spinach
3 oz steak
What is the reason for lactose intolerance in humans?
Inability to hydrolyze lactose due to lack of lactase enzyme
Beta carotene is a precursor to what?
Vitamin A
What is amino acid score (uncorrected)?
The ratio of mg of amino acids in 1g of test protein to the mg of amino acid in 1g of reference protein.
What are the major antibodies present in the primary and secondary antibody responses?
For primary response that is IgM and for secondary response that is IgG
What common food preservative chemical destroys the vitamin activity and should not be used to preserve foods that are major sources of thiamin?
Sulfur Dioxide
What vitamin deficiencies caused the following deficiencies: scurvy, Berry, Berry and pellagra?
what vitamin is formed in the skin of humans and animals by activation of sterols by UV light from the sun or by UV activation of sterols artificially?
Vit D
what foods are good sources of zinc?
oysters (best). Also meat, eggs, dairy, and legumes
What B vitamin is called the anti-pernicious anemia factor and is important in nucleic acid formation and in fat and Carbohydrate metabolism?
B12
A traditional mediterranean dish is hummus and tahini. What is the major nutritional benefit from this dish?
It has a complete amino acid profile
Which is the most bioavailable precursor to vitamin A?
True/False: Vitamins function in enzyme systems, which facilitate the metabolism of proteins, Carbohydrates, & fats.
True
Lacto ovo vegetarians avoid which of the following groups of foods:
a) Eggs, milk, and red meat
b) Fish, poultry, meat, and eggs
c) Fish, poultry, and red meat
d) Eggs and milk
Fish, poultry, and red meat
What are the four fat-soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
What are the nitrogen-bearing compounds that form the structural units of protein?
Amino acids
What is the difference between folate and folic acid?
Folate is a naturally occuring B vitamin. Folic acid is the synthetic form of this vitamin.
What are any of the conducting cells of the nervous system called?
Neurons
What does DV stand for?
Daily Value
What is the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes?
Type I: The person produces no insulin at all. Type II: Fat cells resist insulin or the body cannot use insulin.
What are the 2 main functions of the pancreas?
Exocrine function: aids in digestion, endocrine function: regulates blood sugar levels
What are the synthetic and natural sources of Vitamin K?
True or false: BeriBeri is caused by Vitamin K deficiency.
False
What is the cholesterol content of peanuts?
0
Within 3%, what percentage of world population has lactose intolerance according to NIH?
0.0068
In addition to calcium and phosphorus, what mineral is associated with bones and teeth?
Magnesium
What organ stores bile for release?
Gall bladder
Active people need to take salt tablets to replaces the body's sodium that is lost in perspiration.
False
The caloric content of a large egg is A- 50, B-70, C - 100, D - 125
b. 70
Name five trace minerals needed in the diet.
Iron – Essential for oxygen transport in the blood (hemoglobin) and energy production.
Zinc – Important for immune function, protein synthesis, and wound healing.
Copper – Needed for iron absorption, red blood cell production, and antioxidant functions.
Manganese – Plays a role in bone formation, blood clotting, and metabolism.
Iodine – Essential for thyroid hormone production, which regulates metabolism.
Selenium – Acts as an antioxidant and supports immune function.
Chromium – Important for regulating blood sugar and insulin function.
Molybdenum – Plays a role in enzyme functions and the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids.
Fluoride – Helps in the formation of bone and teeth, and prevents dental cavities.
The semi-liquid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum is called what?
Chyme
What is Favism?
a metabolic disorder arising from the consumption of fava beans. Sufferers develop a type of anemia due to a lack of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Classify the dietary fibers as soluble or insoluble: cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, inulin, lignin, microcrystalline cellulose
How many essential amino acids are required by adults?
9
Vitamin E Deficiency can cause?
Rare- hemolytic anemia in newborns
Name the nutritional disorder and the nutritional deficiency characterized by four "D's": diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death
Pellagra, niacin deficiency
What is common chemical name for vit B12?
Cobalamine
In areas where corn was introduced as a staple crop a new disease soon developed. What is the disease and what causes it?
Pellagra, Niacin deficiency (50-80% of corn's niacin is unavailable)
Which vitamins are antioxidants?
C, E, A
Which hormones increase appetite?
Ghrelin (Leptin suppresses it)
What are the 4 basic tissues in the body basic in the body?
Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, Muscle
What is the limiting amino acid of most cereal grains?
lysine
Probiotic & prebiotic combined are called?
synbiotic
Which polysaccharide can humans not digest, but is the chief constituent of all plant tissues?
Cellulose
There are two major carriers of cholesterol in the blood stream; what are they?
High density lipoproteins (HDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL); VLDL and IDL are minor carriers
What is the conversion of protein to glucose called?
Gluconeogenesis
Which B Vitamins are found in meat? A.B18, B.B10, C.B28, or D.B12
D. B 12 is found in meat
What is the measure of protein quality using weight gain in experimental animals when fed test item?
protein efficiency ratio(PER)
Copper is part of what enzyme that is needed for the conversion of tyrosine to melanin, which is the dark pigment of hair and skin?
Tyrosinase
Name 7 of the 14 mandatory dietary components that must appear on the nutrition facts panel as stated in the Nutrition labeling and education act of 1990.
total calories, dietary fiber, trans fat, sugars, total fat, Vitamin A, Cholesterol, Vitamin C, saturated fat, sodium, iron, calcium, total carbohydrate, protein
Put the following foods in order from least to greatest based on the grams of carbs per serving. 5-inch pancake, 8 oz flavored yogurt, 10 oz skim milk, 1 cup of bean chili, ½ cup applesauce
½ cup applesauce (5)
5-inch pancake (15)
10 oz skim milk (15)
1 cup chilli with beans (30)
8 oz flavored yogurt (45)
Vitamin deficiencies cause many diseases. For each of the following give the vitamin deficiency it is associated with. Xerophthalmia, Korsakoff’s syndrome, scurvy, pellagra, Wernicke’s encephalopathy, rickets
Xerophthalmia – vitamin A
Korsakoff’s syndrome – thiamine (or vitamin B-1)
Scurvy – vitamin C
Wernicke’s encephalopathy – vitamin B (vitamin B1 is also acceptable)
Rickets – vitamin D
Night Blindness, Hyperkeratosis, Keratomalacia, Xeropthalmia
True/False: Niacin is very stable to heat, light, and oxidation, but like other water-soluble vitamins, it can be leached from foods during processing and cooking.
True
Give two dicarboxylic amino acids.
Glutamic acid and aspartic acid
What is Kwashiorkor?
Severe protein malnutrition in the presence of adequate calories
Nutritionist refer to beta – carotene as ...
Pro – vitamin A
Pineapple contains digestive enzymes such as bromelain and papain. What benefits do they offer?
Easier protein digestion
In a single serving of 100g of food containing 23 grams of fat and 400 total calories, what percent of the calories come from fat?
51.75
How does Alka-Seltzer relieve heartburn?
Sodium Citrate (a weak base) neutralizes stomach acid.
Vitamin B1 is chemically known as?
Thiamine
What happens if an essential amino acid is unavailable to make a protein?
Cells break down proteins to obtain the missing amino acid.
During protein synthesis, the limiting amino acid is?
The one present in the least amount compared to the need
Which minerals interfere with each other's absorption in the gastrointestinal tract?
calcium and phosphorus
True/False: cyanocobalamin is the largest vitamin molecule and contains cobalt in its structure, giving rise to an essential requirement for the mineral cobalt in nutrient.
True
Vitamins commonly used as antioxidants:
Vitamin E (tocopherols) and Vitamin C
In asia, to prevent the occurrence of Beriberi, rice is fortified with what nutrient?
thiamine (Vitamin B1)
Which disorder is associated with too little or poor-quality dietary protein?
Kwashiorkor
What is the major lipid in the skin bilayer?
Ceramide
What is the main function of bile in digestion and absorption?
Emulsify fats
Name the three positively charged amino acids.
Lysine, Arginine, and Histidine
What compound is formed during glycolysis in the absence of oxygen?
lactic acid
The chemical name for vitamin E is ___.
Tocopherol
Typical caloric value of gram of caramel color?
4 Cal
Name two adaptogens and their flavor notes.
Ashwagandha root: Bitter and Astingent
Cordyceps: Savory umami and deep earthy-nutty flavor
Ginseng: Bitter and earthy
Holy Basil (Tulsi): Astringent and peppery spiciness
What is the name of vitamin C deficiency disease?
Scurvy
What is the common name for acetylsalicylic acid?
Aspirin
Why is skim milk fortified with Vitamin A?
Vitamin A is lost during processing.
What is the nutritional claim that can be made when a product serving is less than 140 mg of sodium?
Low sodium
What are the deficiency and toxicity symptoms of vitamin D?
What part of the brain regulates body temperature?
Hypothalamus
What is the green leafy vegetable that contains about 1200 mg minerals per 100 g fresh weight?
Parsley
What is the daily value of dietary fiber for adults based on a 2000 cal diet according to FDA?
28 g
What vitamin deficiencies result in beri beri and rickets?
B1 and D
What does ADI stand for?
Acceptable Daily Intake
On what proteins are zinc transported in the plasma?
66% bound/carried by albumin, 33% carried by alpha-2-macroglobulin
What is catabolism and anabolism?
catabolism is breakdown of complex organic molecules releasing energy. Anabolism is synthesis of cell constituents from simpler molecules, usually requiring energy.
Name one method of cholesterol removal.
Exercise
what is the only major vitamin the human body that is known to be capable of manufacturing but may not be synthesized in adequate amounts?
Vitamin D
Which heavy metal is generally the most toxic to humans?
Lead
Name the disease resulting from copper toxicity.
Wilson's disease (inborn err of metabolism)
Rickets is caused by the deficiency of which vitamin?
Vit D deficiency
What vitamin deficiency causes Beriberi?
Thiamin (vitamin B1)
What does GDA stand for on nutrient labels?
Guideline Daily Amount
Name one of the two hormones known as the hunger hormones.
Leptin, ghrelin
What happens to carbohydrates if eaten in excess?
If eaten in excess, they are stored as fat
What term describes the increase in the number of fat cells to accommodate storage of fat?
Hyperplasia
Beriberi is caused by a deficiency of what vitamin?
B1
Vitamin B7 is chemically known as?
Biotin
What vitamin can be synthesized from tryptophan, and what disease does its deficiency cause?
niacin, pellagra
What is the daily nutritional value of protein for women 19-50 yrs old?
46 g
What is the purpose of catabolic processes?
Break down complex compounds to release energy
Name five items that must be on a food label.
Name (statement of identity), weight (Net contents of the package), nutritional label, contact information, List of ingredients
According to the FAO, a serving a magnesium supplement must contain a minimum of what percentage of the recommended daily intake?
What hormone reduces calcium concentration in blood?
Calcitonin
How many kilocalories does 1g of protein provide?
4 kcal/g
There are how many essential minerals in human nutrition: A.12, B.30, C.50, or D.16?
D. 16
Which lipoprotein is most associated with a high risk of heart disease?
LDL
what is another name for the large intestine?
Colon
Vitamin B9 is chemically known as?
Folic acid
A major factor in changing one's BMR would be to?
Eat more
What is the term for the ratio of carbon dioxide evolved to oxygen consumed?
respiratory quotient
Pernicious anemia is the Vitamin _____ deficiency disease and results from a lack of _________
B12; intrinsic factor
What is the difference between prebiotic and probiotic?
Probiotic are living microbials that promote health; prebiotic are indigestible foods that promote growth of microbials to promote health.
Among US and Canadian children, what is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency? a. iron b. folate c. protein d. vitD
Iron
Vitamin B7 Deficiency can cause?
Dermatitis, enteritis
What is vitamin B5 also called?
Pantothenic acid
What is the daily value of vitamin D for adults based on a 2000 cal diet according to FDA?
20 mcg
Which mineral enhances insulin activity? A. zinc b. iodine c. chromium d. manganese
Chromium
TRUE or FALSE: Lactose intolerant people lack the ability to digest high molecular weight compounds.
False
What respiratory condition might cause someone to be allergic to cysteine?
Asthmatics
Why are linoleic and linolenic acid considered essential fatty acids?
They are omega 3 fatty acids taken through diet, because they cannot be synthesized by humans (N six and N three fatty acids cannot be synthesized in vivo)
What compound is abundant in banana?
Potassium
In general, red meat is a good source of what three minerals?
Iron, phosphorus, and zinc
Name the nutraceutical component of following: Green tea, ginger, wine, turmeric
Green tea: catechin, Ginger: gingerol , Wine: resveratrol, turmeric: curcumin
Which disease caused by niacin deficiency is designated by dermatitis?
Pellagra
Which amino acid is part of hemoglobin?
histidine
What are 3 folic acid rich foods?
leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits and juices, beans lentils, fortified breakfast cereals, broccoli
True/False: a complete protein is one that contains all of the essential amino acids in amounts and proportions to maintain life and support growth when used as the sole source of protein.
True
What vitamin is a necessary cofactor for transamination reactions?
pyridoxine (vitamine b6)
Which mineral is important in nerve excitation, muscle contraction, and pH balance of blood?
Calcium
Name the two B vitamins involved with cell division.
Folic acid and cobalamine
If a healthy individual eats a large amount of cholesterol in a particular day, what happens?
The body will make less
What elements does glutathione transferase require?
selenium
Which 2 elements increase Vitamin D adsorption?
Calcium and Phosphorous
What group of people are potentially at risk when consuming bisulfites?
Asthmatics
Naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids in foods are in which conformation?
Cis
Name the vitamin associated with: Pellagra, Beriberi, Scurvy, Ricktes
Pellagra: Niacin, Beriberi: Thiamine, Scurvy: Vit C, Rickets: Vit D
What disease is associated with immune response to gluten?
Celiac disease
What is an isomer that is cheaper than Vitamin C?
Erythorbic Acid
Name the 3 macronutrients.
Carbohydrates, Fats, and proteins
What may happen in the lower aesophagal sphincter if not closed tight enough after eating?
Acid reflux
What 2 vitamins are required for cell division?
Folacin and B12 (cobalamin)
What is the different between puppy, adult, and senior foods?
Protein and fat levels (Due to their constant growth, dog and cat nutritional needs change a little in different stages. Puppies benefit from a higher fat/protein content until they have finished growing (at ~1 to 1.5 years). At this point they have reached their adult body and these levels are slightly reduced to maintain a healthy body weight. Once your dog has become a senior (between age 7-9) the levels are reduced again due to their inability to be as active in their old age, and their higher risk of becoming overweight. Other beneficial ingredients can also be added to help promote healthy growth and maintainance at different stages such as DHA/EPA for puppies and glucosamine for seniors.)
Vit B6;pyridoxine, pyridoxal, or pyridoxamine, or pyridoxine hydrochloride; deficiency can cause?
Sideroblastic Anemia
What does the acronym PDCAAS stand for?
Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (compares the amino acid content of a protein with human amino acid requirement and corrects for digestibility)
What is the major ingredient in your dog/ cat's food? a. Grains b. Meat. C. Starch (potato) d. Corn.
Meat (because they are naturally meat eaters)
Name 2 proteins that have antinutritional effects upon consumption.
Lectins, trypsin inhibitor, amylase inhibitor
What food groups are the richest natural sources of dietary potassium?
Fruits and vegetables
1000 to 10,000-angstrom droplets of triglyceride stabilized by a membrane and transported by the blood to various organs of the body are called what?
Chylomicrons
Most fats in the body are in the form of what?
Triglycerides
Foods with high protein digestibility scores have the optimum level of what component?
Amino acids
What is the pH of chyme in human stomach?
1.5-2.5
Parathyroid hormone regulates the absorption of what mineral?
Calcium
Products of starch hydrolysis having little to no sweetness (D.E. value <20), and commonly used as cryoprotectants and fat replacers are known as: ___________?
maltodextrins
How many different vitamins are there? A.20, B.25, C.17, or D.13
D. 13
What does RDA stand for?
Recommended Daily Allowance
What drink was developed in 1767 to help mariners stay healthy on long sea voyages?
Tonic water/ carbonated water
What is the daily value of iron for adults based on a 2000 cal diet according to FDA?
18 mg
Due to its high amounts of potassium, noni berry is not advised to be consumed by which individuals?
Kidney issues
What is a functional food?
a typical food that has had specific nutrients added to it.
Which of the following would be best for an athlete to eat before a race? a) A cheese sandwich b) A high protein bar c) A high carbohydrate bar d) A hamburger
c) A high carbohydrate bar
Which acid is produced in the stomach?
Hydrochloric acid
Hyperkeratinization, xerosis, bitot's spots, keratomalacia, and hyperkeratosis are symptoms of a deficiency of ________?
vitamin A
Under what conditions can a product be claimed as a good source of a nutrient?
Provide 10-19% of the Daily Value for a given nutrient per serving.
Name the protein responsible for oxygen transport.
Hemoglobin
What vitamin is essential for normal blood clotting?
Vit K
Vit D, Ergocalciferol, Cholecalciferol, deficiency can cause?
Osteomalacia, Rickets
TRUE or FALSE: Shellfish contain more cholesterol than fin fish.
True
Why are people with PKU advised to not consume aspartame?
Contains phenylalanine
Which food component is used to accurately determine digestibility? Lipid, amino acid, fiber
Fiber
What vitamin needs an intrinsic factor for effectiveness?
B12
Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate from glycolysis goes to what cycle in the mitochondria?
Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs Cycle/ TCA
What is the number one disease-related cause of death in the United States: A.Heart Disease, B.Lung Disease, C.cancer, or D.stroke?
A. Heart disease
Name a binding agent that inhibits calcium absorption.
Oxalic acid and phytic acid
What is the definition of a non-essential amino acid?
An amino acid that can be made by the body, ant are therefore not required by the diet
Gall stones are composed primarily of what compound?
Cholesterol
What is the brand of seasonings/spices most often used in the US?
McCormick
What is the term for noises made by fluid and gas movement in the intestines?
Borborygmus
What is dehydroalanine? Which amino acids may form dehydroalanine? What is the significance of dehydroalanine in food?
Dehydroalanine is a highly reactive product of the heating or alkaline treatment of protein; it arises via a post translational modification of serine or cysteine.; dehydroalanine may produce protein cross links from its reaction with other amino acids decreasing that protein's nutritive value
Certain polysaccharides, which are not digestible by mammalian enzymes, may nevertheless be the source of some energy as a consequence of the action of the gut microflora. In what form can these microbial digestion products be absorbed in the colon?
As volatile fatty acids
What is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide?
Iron deficiency is the most common and widespread nutritional disorder in the world.
Which of the following are micronutrients and which are macronutrients: calcium, iron, zinc, and sulfur.
Sulfur and calcium are macronutrients. Iron and zinc are micronutrients.
What is the approximate fat content(in %) of the following foods? 1 serving of each, Chicken breast, no skin (4 ounces), salmon, king crab, leg of lamb
Chicken breast, no skin, 4%
Salmon, 10%
King crab~2%
Leg of lamb – 21%
Hitting the wall is a term runner sometimes uses to describe A. dehydration, B. competition, C. indigestion, D glucose depletion
D. Glucose depletion
The majority of stored energy in the body is in the form of A.glucose, B.ATP, C.amino acids, or D.triglycerides?
D. triglycerides
Which was the 1st food product used as the reference protein (standard which to measure the quality of other proteins)?
the egg
Why is iron from meat so important? A.provides necessary nutrients, B.recommended by National Academy of Sciences, C.enhances taste of meat, or D.best source of iron in the form of heme iron
D. iron from meat is the best source of iron in the form of heme iron
Which of the following is the most thermally labile vitamin: A.vitamin K, B.Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), C.Vitamin C, or D.Vitamin A?
C.Vitamin C
Severe copper Deficiency can be caused by which genetic disorder?
Menkes Disease
What is the disease caused by a deficiency of thiamin, and is common where polished rice is a major dietary item?
Beriberi
Our bodies are composed of the following nutrients put them in order of least concentrated to most concentrated carbohydrates, vitamins, protein, water, minerals and fat.
vitamin, carbohydrates, minerals, protein, fat, water
Glycemic index refers to what?
How fast a food raises blood glucose
Which of the following fruits is highest in dietary fiber: A.1/2 of a grapefruit, B.1 cup fresh raspberries, C.1 whole papaya, or D.1 cup sweet cherries
Name, a non digestible food ingredient that may affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and or activity of one or limited number of beneficial bacteria in the colon.
Prebiotics
What are the organic chemicals, other than essential amino acids and fatty acids, that must be supplied to an animal in small amounts to maintain health?
Vitamins
Vitamin D increases the absorption ___________ and ____________ from the intestinal tract and is necessary for their efficient utilization.
Calcium and Phosphorous
why are sulfides prohibited from use in foods that are recognized sources of thiamin?
because sulfides destroy thiamin, which could lead to deficiencies
What chronic health condition can result from low calcium intake?
Osteoporosis
What amino acid is essential for new born, especially premature born?
Arginine
Which analytical instrument would be best for the simultaneous analysis of several trace metals?
Hyperuricemia or the buildup of excessive uric acid results in what?
Gout
What B vitamin's main responsibility is in the utilization of CHO to supply energy, where it functions as the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate, or cocarboxylase, in glucose oxidation?
Thiamin
this vitamin is injected into newborn infants.
vitamin K
What are three symptoms of vit A toxicity?
Fatigue, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, joint or bone pain, loss of appetite, blurred vision, liver damage
Which statement is false about cholesterol: A.Ch is a sterol found in all animal tissue, B.is a saturated animal fat that clogs arteries, C. is used by the body to make bile salts to aid in fat digestion, or D.is used by the body to make hormones?
B. cholesterol is a saturated animal fat that clogs arteries.
TRUE or FALSE: Organically grown fruits and vegetables are more nutritious and have better flavor than products grown with mineral fertilizers.
False
Which digestive organ has the highest concentration of lactase enzyme?
Small intestine
What type of water can be used as a substitute for blood plasma?
Coconut water
What vitamin naturally occurs only in animal materials such as meat, milk, eggs, and the like?
Vitamin A
What proteolytic enzyme is a component of pancreatic juice?
Chymotrypsin
What is the limiting amino acid in green peas?
Methionine
Cow's milk is considered to be an ideal food for human health being rich in vitamins and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus however milk lacks one very important mineral. Which one is that?
Iron
Name the compounds in legumes that are non-nutritive.
Lectins, trypsin inhibitors, growth inhibitors.
Egg yolks are one of the few food that naturally contain which vitamin?
Vit D
What hormone regulates the absorption of dietary calcium?
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
What is the difference in metabolism between β- and α-carotene?
Beta yields two molecules of vitamin A, whereas alpha only yields one molecule
folic acid; B9 deficiency causes?
Folate Deficiency Anemia
Which section of the gastrointestinal tract is the major area of adsorption of nutrients?
small intestine
Selenium Deficiency can cause?
Keshan Disease
Kashin Beck
Meat should be included in the diet because: A.it provides high quality protein and iron, B.is high in cholesterol, C.rates low as a nutrient-dense food, or D.all of the above?
A.meat provides high quality protein and iron
In what chemical form is glucose stored in the liver and muscles?
Glycogen
What hormone stimulates the sensation of hunger?
Ghrelin
How many different amino acids are there?
20
Explain megarexia in terms of nutrition.
In muscle dysmorphia, which is sometimes called "bigorexia", "megarexia", or "reverse anorexia", the delusional or exaggerated belief is that one's own body is too small, too skinny, insufficiently muscular, or insufficiently lean, although in most cases, the individual's build is normal or even exceptionally large and muscular already.
What is a detrimental effect of phytic acid?
It chelates minerals, preventing absorption of minerals such as iron and zinc.
The Dietary Guidelines recommend that Americans should limit the fat in their diet to what percentage of their calories?
30
Long-term antibiotic therapy can lead to a deficiency of what vitamin?
Vitamin K
The corticosteroids secreted by the adrenal cortex are derived from what?
Cholesterol
From what amino acid is serotonin derived?
L-tryptophan
On average, about what % of dietary vitamin C is obtained from fruits and vegetables?
about 90%
Which of the following foods are considered a source of complete protein?
A. chicken B. soybean C. yogurt D. A & C E. all of the above
E
What is the largest source of silicon in the body?
Beer
How can olive oil help relieve constipation?
It lubricates the digestive system, making it easier for stools to pass through. It also helps stools retain water, keeping them softer.
The vitamin made by intestinal bacteria and associated with blood clotting is?
Vitamin K
What is the primary lipoprotein for the transport of dietary fats absorbed from the intestine and delivered to the liver?
Chylomicrons
What term describes the state of chemical and metabolic equilibrium?
homeostasis
What trace mineral helps with the metabolism and movement of glucose?
Chromium
What 3 foods contain a high availability of Silicon?
Meat, milk, and beer
Olive oil can act as a mild laxative to help relieve constipation.
True. It lubricates the digestive system, making it easier for stools to pass through. It also helps stools retain water, keeping them softer.
What is vitamin B6 also called?
Pyridoxine
Linoleic acid is a precursor for a certain hormones that determine platelet or blood clot aggregation. What are these hormones called?
Prostaglandins
Why are linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids considered essential fatty acids?
n-6 and n-3 cannot be synthesized in the human body
What must lipids always be combined with to travel in the blood?
Proteins
What is the term defined as, "any substance that may be considered a food or part of a food and provides medical or health benefits including the prevention and treatment of disease?"
Nutraceutical
Those that contain biologically active components for health promotion are called what?
Nutraceuticals
State the 1-letter abbreviations for the following amino acids: Arginine, Asparagine, Alanine, Aspartic Acid, and Phenylalanine
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by a genetic inability to metabolize what?
Phenylalanine
A nutrient which is needed by the body but is not produced by the body is called what?
An essential nutrient
What gives the light blue color to milk?
The light blue color of milk is primarily due to the scattering of light by casein micelles and the presence of riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
What vitamin is responsible for the prevention of certain kinds of anemias, is involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids, and is synthesized by microorganisms?
Folacin (or folate/folic acid)
What is the recommended amount of added sugars for adults based on a 2000 cal diet according to FDA?
Less than 50g per day
Name the three parts of small intestine.
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Vitamin B1 Deficiency can cause which two diseases?
Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Aspartame, an artificial sweetener, should not be consumed by people with what metabolic condition?
PKU
What is the concentration of casein and whey in the protein fraciton of cow's milk?
~82% of milk protein is casein & 18% is serum, or whey protein
Insufficient intake of what 2 primary nutrients during childhood and youth may lead to osteoporosis later in life?
Calcium and Vitamin D
According to the NLEA, which of the following food components is NOT associated w/ risk or prevention of certain types of cancer: A.dietary fat, B.fruits & vegetables, C.dietary sat fat/cholesterol, or D.none of the above?
C. dietary saturated fat and cholesterol
What protein is universally considered to be nutritionally complete?
casein
Vitamin B9 Deficiency can cause?
Megaloblastic anemia; associated with neural tube defects, may mask B12 deficiency
Name the amino acids with the one-letter codes: I, F, T, S, A.
Does 1 cup of spinach have more, the same or less calcium than 1 cup of ice cream?
more (spinach = 244 mg, ice cream = 176mg)
What two essential amino acids contain Sulfur?
Cysteine, methionine
What is the common name for 4-amino-2-methyl-1-napthol?
Vitamin K (other names include menadiol acetate, menadiol sodium phosphate, and phylloquinone)
What serum protein carries dietary fat?
Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)
From the innermost to outermost side, arrange the tissue layers surrounding the lumen of the GI track: mucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
What are 2 sources of cholesterol in human blood?
your diet and your liver (endogenous synthesis)
What is the function of erythromycin?
Antibiotic
Which vitamin contains cobalt?
vitamin B12 or cyanocobalamin
What is the definition of a functional food?
Foods that provide health benefits beyond their nutrient contributions
What is a measurement based on weight gain of a test subject divided by its intake of a particular food protein during the test period?
Protein efficiency ratio (PER)
Isohumulone is the precursor compound that reacts with light to what vitamin to cause skunky flavor in beer?
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
What is the hardest substance in the human body?
Enamel
The diet and health recommendations advise limiting salt to less than 6 grams per day: it emphasizes moderation, not adequacy. What are the symptoms of sodium toxicity and chlorine toxicity?
Na: edema, acute hypertension. Cl: vomiting
Marasmus is a type of PEM disease. What does PEM stand for?
Protein Energy Malnutrition
What health benefit is attributed to oat bran?
It lowers serum cholesterol levels.
Which of the following food has a highest amount of zinc per gram: a. ground beef, b. chickpeas, c. oysters, d. milk?
c. oysters
How can protein quality of plant-based meals be improved?
By combining different plant protein sources in a meal
If a food label states it is a rich source of calcium, what does that mean?
20% or more of the daily value
Too much iron can cause:
Hemochromatosis
The Cory cycle is the metabolic pathway that transports what compound from muscles to blood to liver?
Lactate
What is the US RDA for protein?
46 grams per day for adult women and 56 grams per day for adult men
which of the water-soluble vitamins has the largest and most complex molecular structure?
B12
Where does the portal vein carry blood?
The liver
What is the name of the eating disorder that involves an irrational fear of gaining weight?
Anorexia
What is the main difference between a food intolerance and a food allergy?
Food intolerance deals with the digestive system and food allergy with the immune system
cobalamin; B12 deficiency causes?
Pernicious Anemia
Name the 4 fat-soluble vitamins.
A, D, E, and K
Chocolate prevents dental caries.
True
Which are the 2 essential fatty acids for human beings?
Linoleic (omega 6) and linolenic (omega 3)
Name the two sources of cholesterol.
Animal products and human body.
What is the theoretical retinol value for b-carotene and a-carotene?
b-carotene: 2, a-carotene: 1
True/False: vitamin B12 is not synthesized by bacteria and molds and is a commercial by-product of antibiotic production.
False
Wilson's Disease involves which mineral?
copper
How many Calories are in 5 g fat, 10 g sugar and 5 g protein?
45, 40, 20
In the 2024 Academy award nominated movie 'The Holdovers', one of the central characters suffers from Trimethylaminuria, What is the main characteristic, symptom, or effect of Trimethylaminuria condition?
The person's body cannot breakdown TMA and smells like rotten fishes.
What is the pH of the acid made in the stomach most likely to be?
pH 1-2
What is the daily value for protein for adults based on a 2000 cal diet according to FDA?
50 g
Excess intake of Folic Acid (Folate) masks what deficiency?
B12
Explain the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
Anorexia nervosa: Self-starvation
Bulimia nervosa: Repeatitive cycles of binge eating alternating with self-induced vomiting or starvation
Which of the following is considered the strongest muscle in the human body?
A. Biceps brachii
B. Triceps brachii
C. Gluteus maximus
D. Rectus abdominis
C. Gluteus maximus
What are three positive effects of thermal processing on the nutritive value of foods?
Inactivation of degradative enzymes (destruction of anti-nutrients) increased bioavailability of nutrients, reduction of microbes
A diet and training program that allows an endurance athlete to store one to one-half the normal amount of glycogen is called?
Carbohydrate loading or glycogen loading
What is the only yeast that is currently used as a probiotic?
Saccharomyces boulardii
What are the limiting amino acids in corn, potato, and green peas?
Corn - Lysine, Potato - Methionine, Green Peas - Methionine
Which are the 2 ketogenic amino acids?
lysine, leucine
The first set of dietary recommendations to attract widespread attention was formulated by which committee?
U.S. Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs; they are called dietary goals.
What nutrient in bacon may be good for pregnant women to eat?
Choline is an essential nutrient that plays a role in the normal development of the brain. Pregnancy and lactation are periods when maternal reserves of choline are depleted.
The C-PER or Calculated Protein Efficiency Ratio is determined using a computer program and two pieces of information about the protein of interest. What are these two things?
The protein's essential amino acid profile and digestibility coefficient
What is the daily value of potassium for adults based on a 2000 cal diet according to FDA?
4700 mg
What are chylomicrons and what do they do?
A type of lipoprotein that delivers triacylglycerol to cells in the body
What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency?
neuropsychiatric symptoms (irritability, depression, lethargy, sleepiness, slurred speech, tremors), keratinization of the eye, dermatitis (around orifices), Diarrhea
In order to combat BeriBeri, what was added to rice?
Thiamin (B1)
What vitamin is prevented from being absorbed by raw egg white?
Biotin
The absence of what enzyme causes lactose intolerance?
Lactase
How do you calculated amount of protein a person needs per day?
0.8*kg body weight
Which vitamins are destroyed by alcohol?
B complex vitamins
Fat digestion in the body requires which compounds secreted by gall bladder?
Bile salts
Which is the protein responsible for oxygen transport?
Hemoglobin
What is the compound in rhubarb, spinach and beets that result in kidney stone formation?
Calcium oxalate
Name a substance that enhances absorption of calcium.
Vitamin D, acid, and lactose
Vit E (tocopherols, tocotrienols) deficiency can cause what condition in infants?
Mild hemolytic anemia (infants)
The prevalence of lactose intolerance is highest among Caucasians than other ethnic and racial groups. T/F
False
What can deficiency of iron, folate, or Vit B12 cause?
Anemia
What health benefit is attributable to oat bran?
Lowers the level of serum cholesterol
What is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius?
Calorie
Which statement is NOT correct about meat fats:A.it adds flavor & makes meat seem juicy, B.help in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, C.all animal fat is saturated, or D.moderate amounts of fat are essential in human diets?
C. all animal fat is saturated
Meat is considered a complete protein because it: A.lacks the essential amino acids, B.tastes good, C.supplies all of the essential amino acids, or D.provides iron in the diet
C. meat supplies all of the essential amino acids
A deficiency in what vitamin can result in hypochromic, microcytic anemia?
In the summer of 2011, the United States, Department of Agriculture created new food guildline, which shows the daily recommendation of the food groups in a diagram. What is the name of that new diagram?
Choose My Plate (No longer My Pyramid)
What is the serum transport protein for copper?
Ceruloplasmin
Protein deficiency can lead to buildup of fluids around organs. This outcome is primarily due to insufficient amount of which protein?
Albumin
What is the unit of energy commonly used for food?
Cal/ kcal
Maple syrup urine disease are advised to have a diet free of:
Branched chain amino acids, Medium chain fatty acids, short chain fatty acids, monosaccharides
BCAAs
What is the protein efficiency ratio (PER) of casein?
2.5
What are the units of basal metabolic rate?
Joule/hour/kilogram body mass or watt (joule/second) to ml O2/min
Give the names of the essential fatty acids for human nutrition.
Linoleic and a-Linolenic acids
What is the process of turning carbs to lipids?
Lipogenesis
Manganese is a trace element that is an essential nutrient for humans. List 5 foods that are good sources of manganese.
raisin bran cereals, brown rice, oatmeal, spinach, pineapple, nuts
What term refers to microorganisms added to the diet in order to provide health benefits beyond basic nutritive value?
probiotics
Which part of the seed of a grain contains oil?
Germ
Which of the following amino acids are essential for someone with PKU: A.tyrosine, B.isoleucine, C.phenylalanine, D.A and C, or E.all of the above?,E.all of the above.
A. Tyrosie, because it becomes essential in someone with PKU because they are not effective at metabolizing phenylalanine and limit their intake. The other 2 are essential for everyone.
Trans fatty acids occur in what animal?
Ruminant animals like cow
Which vit increases Ca absorption?
Vit D
What is the bioactive compound in soy?
Genistein
How many kcal are in 1 pound of body fat?
3500 kcal
What organ produces and secretes the major fat digesting enzymes?
Pancreas
There are 20 standard amino acids. Name four non-standard amino acids.
How many miligrams of sodium does 1 level teaspoon of salt contain?
2300 mg
Rank sweetness from least to most of the following compounds: sucralose, Acesulfame K, neotame, saccahrine
AceK, saccharin, sucralose, neotame
Which of the following statements about aspartame is/are true: A.is stable at high temps, B.is a carbohydrate, C.people with PKU must avoid its consumption, D.it contains about 4 kcals per gram
C and D are true
Which of the following foods should a sulfite-sensitive individual avoid? wine, frozen hash brown potatoes, fruit cocktail with maraschino cherries, sauerkraut
All
A kilocalorie-free food has how many kilocalories per serving?
<5 kcal/serving
List the following grains from high to low based on their glycemic index.
Rye, barley, buckwheat, white rice and quinoa
What sterol synthesized by plant upon exposure to UV convert to Vit D
Ergosterol
Certain lactic acid bacteria and yeast can colonize in the gut and assist in the body's naturally occurring microflora to reestablish. What are these organisms called?
Probiotics
"What is the best source of meat to meet thiamin requirements: A.chicken, B.fish, C.beef, or D.pork?"
"D.Pork (other good sources of thiamin are grain products, ham, and fortified meat substitutes)"
What term is used to describe the swelling of fat cells to accommodate fat?
Hypertrophy
The human stomach empties its contents into what 10-inch long part of the GI tract?
Duodenum section of the small intestine
Adult onset diabetes usually occurs as a result of?
Obesity
Prostaglandins are chemical regulators derived from what?
Fatty acids.
Minamata disease was caused by the consumption of fish containing what?
Mercury.
Which mineral is best known for its role as an antioxidant?
Selenium
the protein efficiency ratio (PER) is based on the comparison of the weight gain of rats fed a test protein to those fed what controlled protein?
casein
What enzyme is responsible for amine formation of tyramine from tyrosine?
Tyrosine decarboxylase
Canned sardines, dark leafy vegetables, tofu and milk products are sources of what mineral?
Calcium
What is the retinol equivalent?
a unit used for quantifying the vitamin A value of sources of vitamin A, includingboth preformed retinoids in animal foods and precursor carotenoids in plantfoods. RE is defined as 3.3 International Units of vitamin A. 1 retinol equivalent = 6 μg β-carotene or 1 μg retinol.
What does DRV stand for?
Dietary Reference Value
The B vitamin deficiency that can result in pernicious anemia is?
Vitamin B12
Vitamins B and C's absorption by the body depends on the normal absorption of fat from the diet.
False
True/False: Riboflavin is quite resistant to heat but very sensitive to light and this is why brown milk bottles have seen limited use in the past.
True
Which of the following contains the greatest mass of sugar: A.10 dates, B.12 oz. Coke, C.1 cup Vanilla ice cream, or D.1 medium orange?
A. 10 dates
Where is 25 hydroxycholecalciferol hydroxylated to produce the active form of vitamin D?
kidney
What is ageusia?
The inability to taste
What are good sources of Vitamin D?
Fish oil, liver,dairy products, eggs
Why can dehydration develop quickly in infants?
Much of their body water is extracellular.
In what order do food labels list ingredients?
Descending order by weight.
What is the recommended amount of saturated fats for adults based on a 2000 cal diet according to FDA?
Less than 10% of calories per day/ less than 20 g per day
Vitamin B5, pantothenic acid, deficiency can cause?
Paresthesia
The average American consumes how many pounds of refined sugar per year: A.65, B.85, C.100, or D.120?
A. 65 lbs
How many kcals are provided in 1 gram of protein, of fat, and of alcohol?
Protein=4kcal/g; Fat=9kcal/g; Alcohol=7kcal/g
What are good sources of riboflavin?
liver,Eggs,& Milk
Give the names of the fat soluble vitamin produced by bacteria in the large intestine.
Vitamin K, Biotin
What is the definition of essential amino acid?
Obtained from the diet and cannot be produced in the body
What enzyme is found in liver that promotes breakdown of fats?
Lipase
What polysaccharide from crustecean shells lowers cholesterol?
Chitin
Which part of the digestive system involves the highest amount of nutrient absorption?
Small intestine
Is cholesterol an essential nutrient?
No
What compound can be smelled on a person's breath during ketosis?
Acetone
What compounds found in many brassicas can be both cancer-protective and goitrogenic?
Glucosinolates
Excess vitamin A is a concern for pregnant women because it causes?
Birth defects
What amino acid requires cats to be obligate carnivores? Cysteine, tryptophan, taurine, alanine
Taurine
What is a function of dietary protein?
Enzymes, structural, tissue repair
The waste product of protein catabolism is urea. What happens to urea once it enters the blood?
It is diluted with water by the kidneys and excreted in urine
Which nutrient enhances iron absorption from the intestinal tract?
Vitamin C
How many kilocalories does 1g of alcohol provide?
7 kcal/g
What mineral deficiencies are responsible for the following diseases: Goiter, anemia, osteoporosis?
Corn is used as the main food component in many Latin American countries. What is the main nutrient deficiency of corn?
Lysine
Soy protein isolates have at least what percent protein?
90
Which amino acid has the greatest molecular weight: tryptophan or tyrosine?
Tryptophan
One of the important functions of Vitamin D is?
Calcium absorption
What is the daily value of calcium for adults based on a 2000 cal diet according to FDA?
1300 mg
What is a probiotic?
Bacteria that promote intestinal health and desirable intestinal microflora
Which carbohydrate is NOT a good source of energy?
Cellulose
Vitamin B6 supplement contain the chemical form of which vitamin?
Pyridoxine
Deficiency of Vit K, phylloquinone and menaquinone, causes?
Bleeding diathesis
Hunger, as opposed to appetite, can be described by what?
Chemical changes in the body
What are the health benefits attributed to inulin?
May lower blood cholesterol and glucose or serve as a food source for gut microflora.
How many teaspoons of sugar does the average North American consume every day: A.9tsp, B.19tsp, C.22tsp, or D.39tsp?
C. 22tsp
What are the 3 positively charged amino acids?
lysine, arginine and histidine
What is vitamin B3 also called?
Niacin
Sodium and potassium are necessary in the body to retain proper electrical, fluid, and chemical balances. What is the desired ratio of Na to K?
12/31/1899 1:01:00 AM
What does PKU stand for?
Phenylketonuria
In Canada, what is the minimum protein rating as a source of protein?
20
What are the 2 main components of Vit C?
Ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid
True/False: riboflavin functions in the oxidative processes of living cells and is essential for cellular growth and tissue maintenance.
True
Plasmalogens are a unique group of phospholipids that occur in small amounts in muscle tissue and milk. The 1 position of glycerol is linked to a 16 or 18 carbon what functional group?
Aldehyde
Nutritional diseases resulting from a deficiency of niacin (B3) and cobalamine (B12) are ______.
What has the least number of calories: raw potatoes or potatoes boiled in their skin?
raw potatoes
The INQ or "index of nutritional quality" for a nutrient in a food is ...
a ratio between the amount of nutrient in food/calorie and the human need or allowance for that nutrient/calorie
What are the water-soluble vitamins?
B, C
High fructose corn syrup is metabolized like what?
Sucrose
What is the Recommended Daily Allowance for thiamin (depends on age and gender)?
1-1.5 mg/day
Compared to soluble fiber, insoluble fiber is more effective at?
Decreasing constipation and binding water
Amino acid found exclusively in animal based protein and milk is considered essential to cats and infants?
Taurine
Dietary fiber has several physiological effects except: A.increase fecal bulk, B.increase nutrient availability, C.reduce cholesterol, or D.improve large bowel function?
B. increasing nutrient availability
Phytic acid has what detrimental effect?
Chelates minerals
What usually causes anemia?
Iron deficiency
Give the numerical factor for converting %N to %crude protein to one decimal point for: soybeans, dairy products, meat products.
soy = 5.7, dairy = 6.4, meat = 6.3
What organelle serves as the primary packaging area for molecules to be distributed throughout the cell?
Golgi apparatus
Name 5 food components as identified by “proximate” analysis.
Deficiency of what vitamin is associated with neural tube defects?
Folate (B9)
Aspartame contains which 2 amino acids?
Phenylalanine and aspartic acid
Rank the following lipoproteins by size: HDL, VLDL, LDL, IDL, chylomicrons
chylomicrons>VLDL>IDL>LDL>HDL
Name 5 essential macrominerals.
Calcium – Essential for bone and teeth health, muscle function, and nerve transmission.
Phosphorus – Important for bone and teeth structure, and energy metabolism.
Magnesium – Involved in muscle and nerve function, energy production, and bone health.
Sodium – Crucial for fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction.
Potassium – Helps maintain proper cell function, fluid balance, and nerve signaling.
Chloride – Works with sodium to maintain fluid balance and is part of digestive acids.
Sulfur – Found in amino acids and vitamins, important for protein structure and metabolism.
What are the main natural antioxidants found in foods?
What are the four macronutrient sources of calories?
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins and alcohol
What enzyme is lacking in people suffering from the metabolic disorder Favism, which causes a type of anemia?
lack of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
The pancreas secretes what?
Digestive enzymes
What 4 seeds are considered to be the richest iron source with 1.3-4.3 mg per 2 tablespoons?
Pumpkin seeds, sesame, flax and hemp
The deficiency of what mineral results in a goiter?
Iodine
Which nutrients are enriched grain products fortified with? Name five.
Iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate
Which pigment in tomatoes has disease-preventing characteristics?
lycopene
Generally, to lose 1 pound a week, you must either decrease your calorie intake by __ calories a day or burn up that number of calories by increasing physical activity.
500 calories.
In 2025, how many calories are in a McDonald's' Big Mac?
580
True/False: the adult Recommended Daily Allowance is 13-20mg/day for niacin, depending on age and gender.
True
What is food intolerance?
a person has difficulty digesting a particular food.
Iron can be found in 2 different forms in food. What are these 2 forms and what types of foods are they found in?
Heme – animals
Non-heme - plants
What vitamin is produced from cholesterol in the body?
47
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2
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