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Ketosis, the buildup of ketones in the blood, can be caused by dietary insufficiency of _________________.
carbohydrates
Food that absorbs water, resulting in increased % moisture without an increase in water activity are called_______.
hygroscopic
What percentage of the water on Earth is potable and accessible for consumption?
0.5%. While nearly 70 percent of the world is covered by water, only 2.5 percent of it is fresh. The rest is saline and ocean-based. Even then, less than 1 percent of our freshwater is easily accessible, with much of it trapped in glaciers and snowfields.
What does URP stand for?
unique radiolytic product
The equation which relates electrochemical cell potentials to the concentrations of the oxidation/reduction reactants, is called what?
The Nernst Equation
What does MS stand for?
Mass Spectrometry
What is the difference between thermoplastics materials and thermosets materials?
Thermoplastics are uncrosslinked polymers with amorphous or semi-crystalline structures; thermosets are crosslinked polymers.
Who is more sensitive to sour tastes, men or women?
Men.
What is Furfural?
off-flavor compound associated w/ascorbic acid browning
Of the four options, which would be the most versatile piece of equipment which can be used for both dry and moist heat cooking in foodservice operation? a) convection steamer (pressureless steamer); b) tilting skillet (tilting brazier); c) Steam Jacketed Kettle; d) Conveyor oven with infra-red impingers
b) tilting skillet (tilting brazier)
What nut is traditionally on the Waldorf salad?
Walnut
Which statement is False about food irradiation: A.destroys harmful bacteria that cause food spoilage/human disease, B.foods are better preserved during storage, C. makes food radioactive, or D.involves exposing food to 1 of 3 types of ionizing energy.
C. makes food radioactive
What is the purpose of corrugations or ripples?
Used to increase the surface area, causes turbulence which causes the boundary film of lower thickness on the solid surface, heat transfer coefficient is increased
Focaccia al rosmario has what herb added to focaccia?
Rosemary
The major action of proteolytic enzyme rennet on milk proteins is the cleavage of k-casein yielding glycomacropeptide and an insoluble portion called what?
Para-κ-casein
What are three important reasons for curing?
Color, antibacterial, water holding
Which are the 2 essential fatty acids?
Linoleic acid (Omega 6) and Linolenic Acid (Omega 3).
What is the pH of the acid made in the stomach most likely to be?
pH 1-2
What animal do we eat before it’s born and also after it’s dead?
Chicken
What is the process in which enzymes are inactivated by heat to prevent degradation of product during storage?
Blanching
What is the Ohm Law?
V = iR
What is IFT's address?
525 West Van Buren St, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL 60607.
Where are the lipovitellins and livetins found?
Plasma proteins of egg yolk
What is the term used to describe the process of using biological processes to solve environmental problems?
Bioremediation
What vitamin contains cobalt?
Vitamin B12
What is pK?
the negative log of equilibrium constant
What is the term for noises made by fluid and gas movement in the intestines?
Borborygmus
Forms of Horizontal Gene transfer:
(1) Transformation = Bacteria can acquire new genetic material by taking up free DNA (often plasmids) from their surroundings. (2) Conjugation = Genetic material is transferred directly from one bacterium (the donor) to another (the recipient) through a physical connection (a pilus). (3) Transduction (viral) = A bacteriophage (a virus that infects bacteria) acts as a vector, transferring DNA from one bacterium to another.
What vitamin is required to activate pyruvate carboxylase?
Biotin (B7)
What is the primary role of leaves on a plant?
Food production
In the 2022 Food Code by FDA what term is used for items that usually relate to general sanitation, operational controls, sanitation standard operating procedures (SSOPs), facilities or structures, equipment design, or general maintenance?
Core Item.
what will occur in a sample of milk at 20 degrees C when the pH is lowered to 4.6?
the casein will precipitate OR it will curdle
What is the product from vegetable oil and acetic acid?
Mayonnaise
True/False: a fresh egg has a high percentage of thick egg white next to the yolk and a small amount of thin egg white beyond the thick white.
True
Vit E (tocopherols, tocotrienols) deficiency can cause what condition in infants?
Mild hemolytic anemia (infants)
What is the optimum % of moisture for ready-to-eat breakfast cereal?
3-5% (need to stay crunchy in milk)
What is the name of the italian flatbread orignating from the latin word "focus"?
Focaccia
What are two factors that determine meat quality grade?
Degree of maturity, degree of marbling
What are 4 limitations of IR heating?
IR radiation has limited penetration power, penetrative radiation energy does not make significant contribution to internal heating (need to combine IR with other heating methods for best result), maily efficient for solid products only, risks of infrared energy hazard to eyes and skin
What does GMP stand for with respect to nucleotides?
Guanosine Monophosphate
According to the NLEA, what health claim can be made regarding dietary fat?
dietary fat and cancer
Name the Latin names of following cereal grains: rye, wheat, rice, oats, corn
Rye: Secale cereale Wheat: Triticum durum Rice: Oryza sativa Oats: Avena sativa Corn: Zea mays
What does commercial sterilization refer to?
The use of a thermal process to achieve a shelf-stable food product.
What does the USDA recommend as the safe cooking temperature of all poultry products?
165°F (74°C)
what term describes the process of surgically de-sexing male livestock?
castration
What do the initials A.S.T.M. stand for?
American Society for Testing and Materials
What are the two types of affective testing in sensory analysis?
preference tests (which sample is preferred) and acceptability tests (how much sample is preferred)
What are the 5 major classes of microorganisms based on temperature?
Psychrophiles, psychrotrophs, mesophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles
What is the only edible fruit to have its seeds located on the outside surface?
strawberries
Food-borne parasites in pork ,fish and fecal contamination
Trichinella spirosis (pork) Parasitic worm (fish) Entamoeba histolytica (fecal contamination)
What does NAFTA stand for?
North American Free Trade Agreement
How would you convert kinematic viscosity to absolute viscosity?
kinematic x density= absolute viscosity
Eutectic point
Lowest point on the freezing point depression curve
Name two types of flow in pipes
Laminar and Turbulent
Trichinosis is caused by Trichinella spiralis; what type of organism is this?
a nematode
What is the name for the absolute temp scale in the English System that is based on the Fahrenheit scale?
Rankin
The results of what sensory test are often plotted to give a flavor profile, with the resulting graph being referred to as a spiderweb plot?
Quantitative Descriptive Analysis
What does PMO stand for?
Pasteurized Milk Ordinance
Name six of the dirty dozen foods.
Strawberries, spinach, (kale, collard and mustard greens), grapes, peaches, pears, nectarines, apples, bell and hot peppers, cherries, blueberries, green beans
What are the IFTSA Competitions?
Developing solutions for developing countries Smart snacks for kids product development IFTSA & MARS product development competition Undergraduate research competition Thesis video competition College bowl
What are two methods for producing a vacuum in a canned food?
Hot fill, vacuum sealer, steam in headspace
What is Thermal conductivity (k)?
Thermal conductivity (k): refers to how heat penetrates the food when freezing the food. It takes into consideration Mw, solids, fat, general composition of the food product.
What is the pI of casein?
4.6
In the German brewing process, what constituents are mixed to create the mash?
Malted grain and water
With which cooking method would you obtain the greatest non-enzymatic browning?
Braising.
Define heat capacity.
The amount of heat required to change an object's temperature by a given amount (°C, K, or °F).
During protein synthesis, the limiting amino acid is?
The one present in the least amount compared to the need
Under the Food Safety Modernization Act, "Small businesses" will have two years to meet compliance rules. What constitutes a "Small business"?
A business with fewer than 500 full-time equivalent employees but more than $1 million in sales and held-without-sale food products annually
Is fermentation considered chemical preservation?
No
What part of the plant does ginger come from?
Root
The most expensive cheese in the world is made from milk from what animal?
Moose
What are 4 applications that use spray drying?
powdered cheese, cream powders, egg powers, milk products
What is the term given to the process of kneading and aerating melting masses of chocolate to develop smoothness, viscosity, and flavor?
Conching
Give three reasons for adding starch to food.
coating and glazing agent, thickening agent, colloidal stabilizer, moisture retention, gel forming, binding
What type of electronic radiation is emitted by Cobalt-60 and used to irradiate foods?
Gamma rays
Imported to Europe for the first time by Dutch traders around 1610. It was sold for the first time in England around 1660. What is it?
Tea
One of the main characters from the popular sitcom 'Sex and the City', Carrie Bradshaw, always orders this drink on her frequent nightclub visits with girlfriends. Name the drink and its four components.
Cosmopolitan cocktail; made with vodka, triple sec, lime juice/lime, cranberry juice
What is the fish most commonly used for making Surimi?
Alaskan Pollock
Thiobarbituric acid number or value indicates what?
Thiobarbituric acid– lipid oxidation
Define the 'hurdle concept' as it pertains to foods.
preservation technique that involves using multibarrier methods in order to prevent microbial spoilage of foods: ex. combination of salt, water activity, pH, and temperature on the inhibition of bacterial growth
What is the log reduction required for milk and what pathogen are they controlling for? What about egg shells?
Milk - 12D process and they are controlling for Coxiella burnetti. Eggs - 5D process and they are controlling for Salmonella seftenberg
Color Additives Amendment (includes Delaney Clause)
1960
What are the units for the following: pressure, force, and energy?
pressure: pascal, force: newton, energy: joule
Which of the following companies is NOT headquartered in Minnesota: A.General Mills, B.Cargill, C.the Schwan Food Company, or D.Kraft Foods?
D. Kraft Foods (Northfield, Illinois)
What are the three main types of proteins in meat?
Myofibrillar, Sarcoplasmic, Stroma
Cow's milk normally contains how much lactose?
5% by weight.
What is the name of the toxin family responsible for the majority of seafood illnesses?
Phycotoxins
What is phenolphthalein used for?
pH indicator, acid=colorless, base=red violet
Describe two kinds of fluids that require yield stress before flow occurs.
1) Bingham liquids: Newtonian response after yield stress, straight line not through origin 2) Plastics: Shear-thinning behavior after yield stress, curve not through origin.
What muscle enzyme catalyzes the formation of glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen?
Phosphorylase
What is the clotted protein formed when fresh milk is treated with rennet?
Curd
Where does isoamylase attack on amylopectin?
breaks the alpha 1, 6 bond between two glucose molecules
What is the name of a polypeptide antibiotic produced by some streptococcus lactis strains?
Nisin
During postmortem aging of meat, the pH declines from 7.2 to approximately 5.5. Considering the biochemical pathways associated with this observation identify the primary acid that accumulates during this process.
Lactic acid
in a recent outbreak of foodborne illness in RTE meats by Bil Mar Foods resulted in a recall of 76 million pounds of product. Name the causitive agent and rare strain that was found in these products.
Listeria monocytogenes type E
Tapioca starch comes from?
cassava
What is Racking and testing wrt breweries?
Pulling off the clearer liquid above the lees in the barrels or containers
How does ultraviolet light affect fat oxidation?
Accelerates
According to the NLEA, what health claim can be made regarding calcium?
calcium and osteoporosis
How many flowers are stamped on the oreo?
12
What are proteolytic enzymes?
Enzymes that denature proteins into peptide components.
What is the requirement for the inner layer of a retortable pouch?
Heat sealable, inert
What are the five types of bonds found in proteins?
Peptide, Ionic, disulfide, Hydrogen, hydrophobic interactions
Who wrote the book Mindless Eating?
Brian Wansink
Define percent overrun in ice cream.
A. The volume of frozen, finished ice cream in excess of the volume of the liquid mix; Percent increase in volume in ice cream due to air incorporation
What is oleostearin?
the solid portion of beef fat after removal of oleo oil
Name three types of freezers.
air blast freezer, contact or plate freezer, spray or imersion freezer
How many flavors of fruit loops come in a typical box?
One
Why does honey lose its sweetness w/increasing temp?
fructose is found either as pyranose or furanose; increasing the temp shifts the equilibrium toward the furanose form (which is less sweet)
Which is the major fatty acid in soybean?
Linoleic
In Planck Distribution, At a given wavelength, what happens to the emissive power as the temperature increases?
emissive power also increases
What type of flask is used for the flotation, separation and analysis of extraneous matter?
wildman trap flask
Tortilla azul, or blue tortillas, get their color due to which compound?
Anthocyanins from blue corn
What is the effect of the thermal and physical properties of food on processing time for in-container sterilization?
The physical state may change during heat sterilization, ie/gel starch. Thermal and physical properties - solid food, thermal conductivity, Cp, density, ; liquid food, thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, Cp
What is the function of the Bostwick consistometer?
Measures consistency of tomato products
What does the Peroxide Value indicate?
Amount of autoxidation in fats
What is the normality of a 1 M solution of citric acid?
3 N.
(Bonus) For fluids, flowing through a pipe. Name the four parameters included in the calculation of Reynolds number.
viscosity, pipe diameter, velocity, density (Re: Dv(rho)/(nu))
According to the U.S. government, food irradiation is regulated as which of the following? (a) a process; (b) an additive; (c) a unit operation
(b) an additive
Poultry thigh is classified as what type of meat?
Dark Meat
What is the toughest beef cut, used in stews and soups?
Foreshank, Shank
Where in the US are C. botulinum type A, B, and type E generally found?
type B toxin causes most cases of botulism in horses in the midwestern and mid-Atlantic states of the U.S., while type A is usually responsible for equine cases in the western states. . Type E-producing C. botulinum strains tend to occur in coastal areas and other aquatic environments
the legalization of what chemical compound allowed the development of aseptic processing?
Hydrogen Peroxide
When tomatoes and avocados are eaten together, they have a synergistic effect. Explain their synergism.
Tomatoes are rich in lycopene, a pigment-rich antioxidant known as carotenoid, which reduces cancer risk and cardiovascular disease. Fats, from the avocado, make carotenoids more bioavailable
High fructose corn syrup is metabolized like what?
Sucrose
Which proteins in milk are coagulated and precipitated by boiling?
Lactalbumin and serum globulin.
Symptoms from this organism (genus and ssp) are often mis-diagnosed as appendicitis, and have resulted in many unnecessary appendectomies.
Yersinnia enterocolitica
What does FDAMA stand for?
Foods and Drug Administration Modernization Act
Which fruit can be added without destroying the gel: pineapple, papaya, kiwi, strawberry, fig
Strawberry (no proteolytic enzyme)
What organism is responsible for Q fever and is more heat resistant that Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Coxiella burnetii
What are 5 items that must be found on the nutritional facts label found on a food?
Serving size, Servings per container, Calories per serving, calories from fat, Total fat, Saturated fat, Trans fat, Cholesterol, Sodium, Total carbs, Dietary fiber, Sugars, Proteins, Vitamin A, Vitamin C
What makes red wine red?
Anthocyanins (from grapes)
what percentage does lactose take up in whole milk?
4.8%
What does GMO stand for?
Genetically Modified Organism
Name the 2 types of milling used for corn?
dry and wet
In mammals, what is the process by which eggs or ova are produced?
Oogenesis
Does volume increase or decrease when a liquid goes to a gas?
Increases
The type of chromatography used to separate color pigments is A) GC, B) Thin layer, C) HPLC and D) Paper
Paper
In order to slow the deterioration process of fruits and vegetables in storage, this gas is added to the environment of the storage facility:
Carbon dioxide
What is Reynolds number?
A dimensionless number used to predict flow patterns in different fluid flow situations. Small (<2100): laminar or streamline flow; High (>4000): turbulent flow.
The basic chemical structure of flavonoids has how many rings?
Three
What is the most heat resistant pathogen found in milk?
Coxiella burnetii
Name 2 ways lactose is commonly isolated from whey.
crystallization or nanofiltration
the critical events of infection by ingested virus appear to occur in: A.esophagus, B.stomach, C.small intestine, or D. large intestine
C.small intestine
what are the 4 primary grains used in US breakfast cereals?
CROW (corn, rye, oats, wheat)
The TBA method (thiobarbituric acid) is used to monitor oxidative rancidity. What does the method actually measure?
concentration of malonaldehyde
What is the relationship between temperature and sweetness?
Decreases temperature, increase sweetness
The USDA grades beef for which specific purpose?
As a guide for the untrained consumer
Does enzymatic browning involve carbohydrates?
No, it is oxygen plus a phenolic substrate. Catalyzed by polyphenol oxidase.
What university built a food irradiation facility that became operational in 1992?
Iowa State University (Ames, IA).
Name 2 parameters affecting the temperature during the thermal processing of canned foods.
1) Surface heat transfer coefficient 2) Heat transfer properties of food and can
What is the function of MSG in food products?
Flavor potentiator or enhancer
What are the four core sciences of IFT?
Food Chemistry, Food Engineering, Food Microbiology, Sensory Science
What are the major antibodies present in the primary and secondary antibody responses?
for primary response that is IgM and for secondary response that is IgG
Beta-glucans have been identified w/beneficial and detrimental traits. Name a nutritional benefit and a processing detriment.
reduces colon cancer, and causes viscosity and filtering problems in brewing
How should tomato soup be processed?
High Temperature Processing
What are some disadvantages of a scraped surface heat exchanger?
high cost per units area, high operating costs, large floor space requirement vs other heat exchangers, disintegration of fragile particles
How does altitude affect boiling point?
the air pressure decreases so the boiling point lowers.
What are some advantages of a scraped surface heat exchanger?
process any pumpable product, adding surface area, low pressure drops, can process at high temps without burn-on
What hydrocolloid is used primarily as a stabilizer in chocolate milk and ice cream?
Carrageenan
Name the USDA grades for Lamb.
Prime, Choice, Good, Utility, and Cull.
With which food product are apiaries associated?
Honey
What is the heat requirement to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree C?
One kilocalorie
What is the lipid source in commerical danish products?
Hydrogenated sunflower oil
Where does the wine Vin Jaune originate?
France
explain D value.
the decimal reduction time, or the time required to destroy 90% of microorganisms
Does volume increase or decrease when a solid goes to a liquid?
increases
The IFT award that recognizes contributions to food technology resulting in improved public health through nutrition is called what?
Babcock-Hart Award.
Whenever ATP generation is coupled directly with a specific reaction in a metabolic pathway, it is referred to as what type of phosphorylation?
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Which country is known for poutine?
Canada
What is the name of clarified butter that is simmered?
Ghee
What is the major fatty acid in soybeans?
linoleic acid
What are the factors that affect the selectivity of membrane separation?
size, shape, electrostatic charge, diffusivity, physiochemical interactions, volatility, polarity/solubility
What is a monosaccharide. A) polyalcohol b) poly acid c) polyether d) all of the above
A
What are the applications of spray drying?
powdered cheese, cream powders, egg powder, milk products
What is freeze drying?
Process of removing water from a product by sublimation and desorption.
What two organizations were primarily responsible for the development of the HACCP concept, the preventive system of control particularly with regard to microbiological hazards?
Pillsbury and NASA
Classifying the following into either primary, secondary, or tertiary types of packaging. Cartons, boxes, trays, wrappers, pallets, bags
Primary – trays, bags, wrappers Secondary – cartons, boxes Tertiary – pallets
What is the NLEA
Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (1990)
Chlorophyll would be an initiator of what type of oxidation pathway? Enzymatic, photosynthesized, autoxidation, hydrolytic
Photosynthesized
Botswick measures what?
Popular for measuring consistency, flow rate and viscosity in a variety of viscous materials.
What does the saponification value tell about a fat and what is the difference between high and low SAP value?
The saponification number indicates the average molecular weight of the sample; mg KOH required to saponify 1 g fat; lower values indicate longer fatty acid chains.
Give an example of cross potentiation.
Observer perceives more bitterness in the test sample because of the tasting of sucrose has heightened his sensitivity to bitterness
What is mRNA?
Messenger RNA
What class of microorganisms is commonly used for making tempeh, soy sauce, and sake?
Fungi
name the bacteria that the following selective media select for: Oxford, Baird-Parker, and Bismuth-Sulfite
Oxford= Listeria;Baird-Parker= Staphylococcus aureus;Bismuth-Sulfite= Salmonella
Name 5 objectives established by IFT founders in original constitution.
1. Facilitate the interchange of ideas among its members 2. Stimulate scientific investigations into technical problems dealing with the manufacture and distribution of food 3. Promulgate the results of research in food technology 4. Offer a forum for discussion 5. Plan, organize, and administer projects for the advancement of food science
define the following acronyms relating to government agencies USDA, TTB, DHHS, FDA,USDA
United States Department of Agriculture, Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, Department of Health and human Services, Food and Drug Administration
What was the first thing to be pasteurized?
Wine (milk was not pasteurized until 1886)
Which hormone activates phosphoprotein phosphatase?
Insulin.
What are the three different types of plant cells?
Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
What pH distinguishes low-acid and high-acid foods?
pH 4.5
Vit D, Ergocalciferol, Cholecalciferol, deficiency can cause?
Osteomalacia, Rickets
What does beurrage stand for in puff pastry?
Solid Fat
What is the common name obtained from laurel tree often used to flavor soups, sauces?
Bay leaves
What molecular components are responsible for the emulsifying properties of egg yolk?
Lipoproteins and phospholipids (particularly LDLs and lecithin).
what 2 divalent cations are important promoters of gel formation in foods?
Calcium and Magnesium
Which detection method can not be used with gradient elution in HPLC? a. RID b. DAD c. FLD
a. RID
What are the 2 main proteins in gluten?
Glutenin and gliadin
What are the disadvantages of osmotic dehydration?
longer drying times, leaching of natural acids, floating of food pieces and necessity for agitation, disposal of used osmotic medium high of BOD, lack of knowledge of microbial development in medium and products, reduction in acidity levels of fruits, substantial modification of original product composition (flavor)
Describe the flow behavior of a Bingham plastic material.
Bingham Plastic= yield stress
What NYC pastry combines croissant and doughnut?
Cronut
What is the scientific name for the enzyme lacking in individuals with lactose intolerance?
β-galactosidase (Lactase not accepted)
What is strike fermentation?
Separate fermentation from the same fermenter at the same time
Name the 5 structures that D-Glucose may be present as in water.
alpha and beta glucofuranose, alpha and beta glucopyranose, and open-chain aldehyde
What does Reichert-Meissert Number measure?
The Reichert-Meissl (RM) Number (or Reichert-Meissl Value) measures the amount of water-soluble, volatile fatty acids (mainly short-chain fatty acids like butyric acid and caproic acid) present in fats and oils.
Which Aflatoxin is the most carcinogenic? a. B1, b. G1, c. G2, d. M1
a. B1
Which of the following are not nuts? Cashews, almonds, brazil nuts, peanuts
peanuts (legumes), cashews (drupes)
What is one of the most bitter natural compounds known?
Amarogentin
Chicken breeds with what color of feathers and ear lobes lay white and brown eggs?
Breeds with white feathers and ear lobes lay white eggs and breeds with red feathers and ear lobes lay brown eggs
myoglobin in living tissues contain what metal ion within its molecular core?
Fe2+ or iron type II
What is the definition of a gel?
a liquid dispersed in a solid.
Which of the following is a Class III dairy product: cottage cheese, cheddar cheese, yogurt, or ice cream?
Cottage Cheese
What is the compound that causes the hot sensation in red pepper?
Capsaicin
What are good sources of Vitamin D?
Fish oil, liver,dairy products, eggs
Name the six items that must be present on the label of meat products?
Name, Net Weight, Ingredient Statement, Company, Storage Instructions, & Inspection Legend.
In which dairy products is acetaldehyde a problem or defect?
Yogurt
What is the name of the frog mascot for honey smacks?
Dig 'em Frog
Lecithins are structurally like fats but contain what?
phosphoric acid
Give the genus and species of the microorganism used in the fermentation of tequila?
Zymomonas mobilis
What type of starch would be best for a gravy in an entree that is to be produced in a cook chill system:
waxy corn
Name five steps for sauerkraut production.
-Shredding the cabbage -transfer to container -add salt brine to the shreds and let it stand -wilt the shreds with compaction -weigh down on the top of container -store and ferment
What are 3 sections of extrusion screw?
Feed, compression, metering
What fat substitute was recently confirmed as GRAS when used in frozen desserts?
Simplesse
What is the term that describes food where an ingredient, such as a vitamin or mineral, has been added for dietary purposes only?
fortified
What compound and color are formed when the Mg ion is removed from chlorophyll?
Pheophytin (dull olive green).
If the pressure on a fixed volume of an ideal gas is increased, what will happen to the temperature?
It must increase (PV = nRT).
The IFT strategic plan contains 7 critical objectives for the organization to accomplish its mission to support improvement of the food supply and its use through science, technology, and education. What are the 7 critical objectives?
1) To be the preeminent, multidisciplinary scientific society for food science and technology. 2) To be the authoritative source of science-based information on food science and technology. 3) To provide publications, programs, & services to fulfill the diverse professional needs of members. 4) To support the undergraduate education & continued professional development of food scientists & technologists 5) To support basic and applied research & foster the interface among industry, academia, government, media, & the public on food science and technology issues. 6) To attract & actively involve a culturally & professionally diverse membership. 7) To provide the organizational structure, administration, and financial capability to accomplish IFT's mission.
Food radiation is capable of destroying all the following in foods except, A. microrganisms, B. bacteria, C. viruses, D. insects, E. prion
Prion
What are the advantages of spray drying?
Huge capacity(15000lb/hr), cost of maintenance low, purity of product maintained since particles do not contact with surface of equipment until dried, simple operation and cleaning condition contributes to low labor cost, low bulk density of product can be obtained, particle size is very small 10-500mm
by whom and with what products was the 1st commercial canning operation begun in the US?
William Underwood 1st canned fish
What temperature does the FDA recommend for the final internal temperature of chicken?
165°F.
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 required processors to do which of the following? (a) Test to safety of their additives (b) Disclose the additives used (c) Not use injurious substances in food (d) Prove the efficacy of the additives used
(c) Not use injurious substances in food
Give two examples of fillings used in Samosas.
Spiced potatoes, Onion, Meat, Fish, Peas
UHT
Ultra high temperature
What is the term for any bacterial or viral material used for inoculation against a specific disease?
Vaccine
Thermal destruction of microorganisms obeys zero order, first order, or second order kinetics?
first order
Mustard greens botanical name?
Brassica juncea [Brassicaceae (Mustard)]
Grapefruit botanical name?
Citrus × paradisi [Rutaceae (Citrus)]
Is evaporation endothermic or exothermic?
evaporation is endothermic
A measurement of what fluid flow property can be made with a Pitot tube?
Velocity head due to flow (just velocity is acceptable)
According to the 21 CFR, what is the maximum amount of fat allowed in pork sausage?
50%
Term for %age increase in volume of ice cream after incorporation of air
Overrun
At which frequency, 915 or 2450 MHz will the penetration depth be larger?
915 MHz
Which of the following changes occur during the climacteric rise of fruits?
b) Increase in cyanide-resistant mitochondrial respiration; c) Increased enzyme activities.
Which term refers to the practice of raising and taking care of animals? A. Animal husbandry B. Animal Welfare C. Animal Family D. Animal Upbringing
Animal Husbandry
What is the enzyme that reacts with phospholipids?
Phospholipases
Which was the 1st food product used as the reference protein (standard which to measure the quality of other proteins)?
the egg
To prevent the reoccurence of Staphylococcus food poisonings through spray-dried nonfat milk, the USDA incorporated DMCC levels as a quality factor in the US Standards for Grades of Nonfat Dry Milk. What does DMCC stand for?
Direct Microscopic Clump Count
which of the following foods contain the highest content of water: A.fresh carrots, B.fresh tomatoes, C.whole milk, or D.fresh celery?
D. fresh celery (contains 94.1% water).whole milk contains 87.2% water, Carrots contain 88.2% water, and fresh tomatoes contain 93.5% water
What makes for stronger paper, long fibers or short fibers?
Long fibers
What are common food monosaccharides?
Glucose, Galatose, and Fructose
With fermented cucumbers or cabbage, why is salt added?
to discourage the growth of Pseudomonas and enterobacteria
for the sugar-free jellies, pectin used needs to have a degree of esterification of: A.99, B.67, C.55, or D.35?
D. 35
What happens during Single Effect Evaporation?
Single Stage: a lot of energy is left in the hot condensate.
The levels of intake of essential nutrient considered adequate for meeting the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy persons is called what?
RDA
By what federal government agency was the 1906 Food and Drug Act first administered?
USDA
Turbulent flow is characterized by NRE = _______________
pvD (p = density, v = flow velocity, D = orifice diameter)
what is the collective term for a group of chickens?
a brood or clutch
What is Carboxy-methyl cellulose often used for?
Thickener in foods
What does the term 'water added' on a ham label mean?
'water added' means that the cured ham returns to within 10% above the original weight of the ham during the curing process.
Shortening is defined as any ______ used in baked products.
fat or oil
What is the difference between X-ray and gamma-ray? They have the same energy level.
X-ray is generated from a shift of electron of the orbital of an atom whereas gamma-ray is generated by shifting of energy levels in a radioactive nucleus
What are descriptions of routine tasks in a food processing operation?
Standard operating procedures
Lack of proper handwashing is commonly associated with:
Shigella
Name the two main methods of preserving food involving the application of thermal energy.
1) Pasteurization 2) Sterilization
What is the difference between zero order reaction and 1st order reaction?
in zero order reaction, rate is independent of the concentration of reactant(s). 1st order reaction has a rate proportional to the concentration of one of the reactant(s).
Where was the first College Bowl Competition, and when?
Atlanta, 1985
What is the name of the main carotenoid pigment responsible for the color of annatto?
Bixin.
What does BLT stand for?
Bacon Lettuce Tomato
On average how many eggs do wild chickens lay each year?
15
What instrument is used to measure soluble solids in foods?
refractometer
Mercene, Limonene, and Pinene all belong to what family of hydrocarbons?
Terpenes
What grain is used as the substrate in the production of sake?
Rice
Which of the following four choices is considered the least severe thermal processing method for foods? a. sterilization; b. pasteurization; c. commercial sterilization; d. blanching
d. blanching
What is the Calvert L. Award presented for?
distinguished service to IFT
Most cuisines have some form of a stuffed dumpling, where a filling is enclosed by a doughy wrapper. One popular Chinese dumpling is fried and then steamed, and its name suggests a challenge that they can present to the cook. What are these dumplings called?
Potstickers
What extraction technique involves the heating or cooking of raw materials to liquefy the fat?
Rendering.
What is a food infestation?
the consumption of a food containing a parasite
Fat deposited in the epimysial connective tissue of meat is called ___.
Seam or intermuscular fat (or subcutaneous fat)
What is activation energy?
Energy required to start a chemical/enzymatic reaction
What protein supplement was recently discovered that may mimic the effects on exercise on the body without the body having to actually exercise?
Sestrin
Postmortem pH change in meat
7.2 to 5.5, lactic acid formation
Which has a higher thermal conductivity - ice at 32 F or water at 32 F?
Ice (thermal conductivity of 1.28 BTU/(hr-ft-degrees F) compared to 0.314 for water).
Which sugar alcohol used as a sugar substitute in human food products is extremely toxic to dogs?
Xylitol
Name 4 colligative properties of water.
Freezing point, boiling point, vapor pressure, osmotic pressure; properties that depend on the number of solute molecules in water.
What is the effective date for nutritional labeling of meat and poultry products?
7/6/1994 12:00:00 AM
What is described by two all-beef patties, special sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles, onions on a sesame seed bun?
McDonald's Big Mac
Copper is part of what enzyme that is needed for the conversion of tyrosine to melanin, which is the dark pigment of hair and skin?
Tyrosinase
Name the 8 major cereal grains of commerce?
Oats, Rye, Corn, Wheat, Rice, Barley, Sorghum, Millet
The S/N ratio, important to all chromatographers, is the signal to noise ratio. Name two types of noise.
Statistical noise (which includes shot noise and Johnson noise), 1/f noise, and environmental noise
On a food label what words have replaced "nutrition information per serving"?
Nutrition facts
Name 2 food ingredients that are used as flavor enhancers
MSG, inosine phosphate, guava nectar, maltitol, neotame, yeast extract, etc.
What are the 4 purposes of evaporation industry?
reduce the volume of a product Preconcentrate a liquid Increase solid content in food Reduce the microbial load
How many coffee beans does each coffee cherry normally contain?
2
What's the meaning of salting in and salting out?
Salting out decreases solubility (precipitating proteins), salting in increases solubility.
Other than water, what component is present in the highest percentage in milk? What is the only disaccharide that mammals are able to synthesize? What disaccharide typically accounts for approximately 70% of whey solids and is of major commercial significance? What is the main sugar in whey?
Lactose (5%) - Lactose intolerant people lack the ability to digest high molecular weight compounds.
The color of an anthocyanin pigment is pH dependent. What is the color of cyanidin at pH 2 and pH 5?
At pH 2: red pH 5: blue
in predictive food micro, growth rate is calculated by linear or non-linear regression on 'log of counts vs. time plot'. which model cannot be used for calculating growth rate: A.logistic model, B. Arrhenius model, C.Gompertz model, D.baranyi model?
Arrhenius model
According to the U.S. government, food irradiation is regulated as which: a process, an additive, or a unit operation?
An additive
Define fecal coliforms and indicate the reason that they are often evaluated in foods.
facultative anaerobes (organisms which can survive in the absence of oxygen), gram-negative, non-spore forming, rod-shaped bacteria that ferment lactose (a type of sugar), producing gas and acid within 48 hours when cultured at 35oC. Their lack of ability to form spores makes them more susceptible to destruction by environmental conditions.they are used as indicators of fecal contamination
What does PLA stand for?
Polylactic Acid
How are alcoholic and soft drink root beer made differently?
Soft drink root beer uses extracts or flavored syrups in carbonated water. Alcoholic root beer is bottle-fermented with yeast.
What are the proteins of egg yolk?
Lipovitellin and phosvitin (complexed, HDL) in the granules; livetin in the plasma.
Each amylopectin has how many reducing ends?
1
which legume has the highest percent weight crude protein per weight dry matter: A.peanuts, B.chickpeas, C.soybeans, or D.lentils?
C. soybeans
Which protein in milk has a higher denaturation temperature?
Alpha-lactalbumin
What are some advantages of a liquid-in-glass thermometer?
easy portability, independence of auxiliary equipment, low cost, compatible with most environments, moderate ruggedness, wide range of temperatures
A mathematical expression of the principle of conservation of energy, as it relates to fluid flow, was discovered by a Swiss mathematician in 1738. Today this expression is one of the foundations of fluid mechanics. What is the name of the equation?
The Bernouilli equation
The addition of sulfite to an anthocyanin-pigmented fruit will result in the loss of red color. Why?
Sulfite forms an adduct with the anthocyanin at position 2 or 4 forming a stable, but colorless adduct.
Measurement of temperature using thermocouples involves two wires of dissimilar metals. What is produced and measured when these two wires are joined and the junctions placed at different temperatures?
A (small) voltage or potential (mV)
Q: Who was the first executive committee secretary?
A: Col. Charles S. Lawrence
This packaging material can be made by heating soda ash and sand.
glass
Define a calorie and specify the number of calories obtained from the consumption of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat
a calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by one degree centigrade. Carbohydrates and proteins: 4 kCal/g and fat 9 kcal/g. Remember that one food calorie is one kilocalorie in physics.
In addition to standards of identity, the FDCA also provides for the establishment of standards of _________ and ______________
Standard of Quality and Standard of Fill
Give three examples of prebiotics.
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS), xylooligosaccharides (XOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS), and chitin
What is vacuum pressure?
Negative difference between atmospheric pressure and absolute pressure, measures pressure less than atmospheric pressure
Why must be the pH of the custard neutral during heating?
Protect the egg protein from aggregation
What french doughnut translates to "nun's fart", made from pate a choux?
Beignets
Which nut is the main ingredient in Nutella?
Hazelnut
Vitamin B6 Deficiency can cause?
Anemia, peripheral neuropathy
What do the Grashof number, Nusselt number, Prandtl number, Biot number, and Fourier number all have in common?
they are all dimensionless
What is a 'baker's percentage'?
a scale where the amount of flour is set to 100%, and other ingredients are expressed as a weight percentage of flour
What temperature (F) should water in sterilizers at meat processing facilities be kept?
180
Why is having excess flour particulates in a milling plant hazardous?
Fire hazard
Does IR spectroscopy measure electronic, vibrational, or rotational energy level transitions?
Vibrational energy levels.
What equipment is preferable to sterilize canned soups?
rotary retort
Name 5 common chemical food additives for food preservation.
BHA, BHT, TBHQ, benzoates, calcium propionate (inhibits molds), sodium bisulfate, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite
C18:2n6 represents which fatty acid?
(unsaturated FA that has 18C, 2 double bonds, and omega 6) Linoleic Acid
What is a PERT chart and how are they used by food companies?
PERT - Program Evaluation Review Technique Used as an organization tool for food product development
Why is AL layer used in retort pouches?
keep out light and for gas impermeability
what is the maximum amount of sulfites legally permitted by FDA in wines?
350 ppm
Name the predominant organic acids in the following products. Grape Fruit, grapes, oranges, apples, vinegar, tomatoes, spinach, cranberries, blackberries, cherries,
Grapefruit: citric acid, Grape: tartaric acid, Orange: citric acid, Vinegar: acetic acid, Apple: malic acid, tomatoes: citric acid, spinach: oxalic acid, Cranberries: quinic acid, Blackberries: citric/malic acid, Cherries: malic acid
Balancing cost, speed, and ease of use, which rapid quality control for syrup is used by the industry? a. forced draft oven b. reflux distillation c. hydrometer d. NIR
c. hydrometer
Near and Mid-IR can both be used to analyze foods. Which is most commonly used for quantitative analysis?
Quantitative - Near-IR; Qualitative - Mid-IR.
How can bloom be delayed in chocolate?
Proper solidification and tempering processes create stable crystals, preventing bloom.
Of a whole egg, 58% of its weight comes from what portion: shell, egg white, or egg yolk?
Egg white or albumen
Eureka and Lisbon are the two most common varieties of what fruit?
Lemon
What is the practical storage life (PSL) of frozen foods?
Practical storage life (PSL): defined as the duration of frozen-food storage when the product remains acceptable for human consumption or any defined purpose.
How can olive oil help relieve constipation?
It lubricates the digestive system, making it easier for stools to pass through. It also helps stools retain water, keeping them softer.
What are two reasons for adding salt in vegetable fermentations?
Leach out nutrients, inhibit competitive bacteria, inhibit degradative enzymes
Name the major group of natural pigment molecules found in animals?
-Myoglobin (water-soluble)
Name a dielectric material that is composed of weakly bonded molecules that reorient so their symmetry axis aligns to the field.
glass is dielectric
The modern name walnut comes from the German word Walnuss, which means what?
Foreign nut
(True/False) California produces more wine than Italy
False
Which country leads the global olive oil production?
Spain (70% of European Union consumption and 45% of that of the entire world)
What animal has been called "the poor man's cow"?
The goat
Please define water activity.
the ratio between the vapor pressure of the food itself and the vapor pressure of distilled water under identical conditions.
In some cities, the shortbread flavor of Girl Scout Cookies is named what: A.Trefoils, B.Tagalongs, C.Samoas, or D.Shorties?
A. Trefoils
What is humidity (absolute humidity)?
H= (mass water (kg))/(mass dry air (kg))
What are two advantages of using a water spray to chill beef carcasses?
1) Decrease cooler shrink losses 2) Increase chill rate.
Name 3 methods of food preservation.
Drying, salt addition, heat, freezing
What are the essential ingredients for a fruit preserve?
sugar, fruit, pectin, and acid
What is 30% of 180 bushels?
54 bushels
Media and what they are used for: MYP, BHI, XLD
MYP (mannitol egg yolk polymyxin): bacillus cereus BHI (Brain heart infusion): listeria XLD (xylose lisine deoxycholate): salmonella
Name two non-enzymatic browning reactions.
Caramelization and Maillard
What is a layer of connective tissue, which ensheaths the entire muscle?
Epimysium
What does HEPA stand for?
High Efficiency Particulate Air (filter)
What is the function of Lohmann reaction which uses ATP creatine phosphotransferase?
To replenish ATP
There are many types of ISM bands available for dielectric heating, what does ISM stand for?
Industrial Scientific Medical
What two pieces of information must be shown on the principal display panel of a food package over 0.5 ounces?
Weight declaration and the name of the product
Define climacteric fruits and name 5 of these fruits.
Fruit ripening associated with ethylene production and cell respiration rise: Apples, Bananas, Melons, Apricots, Tomatoes, Blackberries, Kiwi, Peaches, Pears, Breadfruit, Jackfruit, Pawpaw, Papayas, Figs, Plantains, Passion fruit, Guavas, plum, avocado
In 1993, KSU food scientists were granted a patent for a rapid detection method applied to a foodborne pathogen. Name the enzyme which hastens detection and the organism.
(1) Oxyrase TM (2) E. coli O157:H7
Does UV/Vis spectroscopy measure electronic, vibrational, or rotational energy level transitions?
Electronic energy levels.
What color are anothcyanins at acidic pH?
Red
What is the name of the machine that packs butter?
Butter Printers
Name two examples of birds found in the ratite family.
Emus, rheas, and ostriches
What is the act of intentionally debasing the quality of food offered for sale, either from the addition or substitution that is either from addition or substitution of inferior substances or by the removal of some valuable ingredient.
Adulteration
Spinach botanical name?
Spinacia oleracea [Amaranthaceae (Amaranth)]
The internal friction which tends to bring to rest portions of the fluid which are moving relative to one another is called what?
Viscosity
What are the shapes of following divisions of bacteria? cocci, bacilli, spirilla, vibrios, spirochaetes
spherical (cocci), rod (bacilli), spiral (spirilla), comma (vibrios) and corkscrew (spirochaetes)
A difference of ___ BCU is estimated to be a visual difference in a product
0.1
Is a high post-harvest respiration rate in vegetables an indication of a long storage life or a short storage life?
Short.
The deadly red tide caused by dinoflagellates can result in what disease?
Paralytic shellfish poisoning.
What is the difference between commercial sterilization and pasteurization?
sterilization: processed at temps higher than 100 C, mainly for canning (retorting), destroys all microbes that may cause spoilage (may contain heat resistant bacteria spores such as endospores or thermophiles or flat sour bacteria), shelf life of 2+ years at room temperature, pasteurization: processed at temps lover than 100 C, typically high temperature for short time (HTST), destroys pathogenic microbes, reduces spoilage microbes, inactivates enzymes
Deoxynivalenol is a toxin produced in foods which causes foodborne illnesses associated w/cereals, wheat, and cornbread. Give the genus and species of the organism that produces this toxin.
Fusarium graminaerian
What makes "slow" catsup different from "fast" catsup?
"Slow" catsup = higher processing temps inactivate polygalacturonase "Fast" catsup = lower processing temps, therefore polygalacturonase is able to break more pectin down, causing a runnier product
Give 5 examples of fatty fish.
Salmon, Mackerel,Tuna (especially bluefin or albacore), Sardines, Herring, Trout (especially lake trout), Anchovies, Eel, Swordfish, Black Cod (also known as Sablefish)
What type of flour contains the most ash?
White whole wheat
What are the 2 species of vanilla beans used in the US food industry?
Vanilla planifolia and vanilla tahitensis
Which two amino acids is the aspartame derived from?
Aspartic Acid and Phenylalanine
Who developed the first formula to determine lethality during thermal processing?
Ball and Olsen.
which of the following denotes the correct way to type the name of a bacteria genus and species: A.genus name and species name capitalized, B.genus name capitalized and species lower-case, C.genus and species both lower-case, or D.none of the above?
B. genus name capitalized, species name lower-case
How is the freshness of fresh fish done by first look?
appearance of gills
What is the protein coat of a virus call?
Capsids
Which one of a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid from animal fats with the same number of carbons have a higher melting point?
Saturated fat
What is the difference between single acting and double acting baking powder?
it has one acid whereas double acting has two acids; In a single action product, such as baking soda, once exposed to moisture, it reacts once. In a double action product, such as baking powder, the products reacts once when it is exposed to moisture and then again when exposed to heat
Scotch bonnet, habanero botanical name?
Capsicum chinense [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]
Both glycogenesis and glycogenolysis are controlled primarily by the interplay between the two hormones insulin and ______.
Glucagon.
Which positions are committee chairs in IFTSA?
Operations, Finance, Information Systems, Membership, General Editor, Global Relations, Nominations and elections, Development and communications
What is Conduction Heating?
Uniform heating of the product from all directions with the slowest or coldest location at or near the center of the container.
What is the major constituent of cellophane?
Cellulose
What 2 pieces of info must be shown on the principle display panel of a package containing > .5oz of a food product?
weight declaration and product name
What is the term introduced by the Japanese that refers to certain chemicals enhancing food palatability?
Kokumi
What are the applications of microencapsulation?
Carbonless paper, flavors and essences, pesticides and herbicides, pharmaceuticals, adhesives etc.
(True/false) The enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus can withstand boiling
True
The Codex general standards for labeling, what is the only situation that ingredient list is not needed?
if it is single ingredient
What limits the possibility of making a rye bread from 100% rye flour?
Protein is too weak to support the bread structure.
Cavatappi, Conchglie, and Mararoni are examples of what type of pasta?
Short
What type of botulism is mainly involved in seafood?
type e
What is the maximum % of fat that you can legally have in a cooked sausage product?
30%
What two types of heating are dielectric heating?
microwave and radio frequency
In 1994, Title 21 section 104.20a of CFR was amended by FDA, commonly referred to as jellybean rule. How does it affect food companies?
It prevents companies from fortifying junk or snack food and marketing it as healthy.
As animals age, what happens to the physico-chemical characteristics of collagen?
Collagen becomes more insoluble, more cross-linked, and less heat labile.
What is the term for determining the microwave absorptivity of a material and absorbed microwave energy determines the amount of energy converted to heat?
dielectric loss factor
Name three tropical fruits grown commercially in the continental US.
Avocado, banana/plantain, carambola/star fruit, dragon fruit/pitaya, guava, jackfruit, longan, lychee, mamey sapote, mango, papaya, sapodilla
name 4 bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria and state the most thoroughly studied.
Nicin, pediocin, diplocoxin, helveticin, and lactacin (nicin most thoroughly studied)
What is the chemical nature of anthocyanins?
Glycosides of anthocyanidins
What is the name of the cocktail made of cognac, orange liqueur, and lemon juice that was invented around the end of World War I and is named for a motorcycle attachment?
Sidecar
When beta amylase attacks starch what products are formed?
maltose, and limit dextrins
What effect does the type, size and shape of the container have on processing time?
smaller container = greater heat transfer, effects conduction and convection - tall cylinder promote convection currents, faster transfer metal containers compared to glass or plastic
Passing an oil through Fuller's earth is a process called _____.
Bleaching.
What year was the tea bag invented and who was the inventor?
1903, Roberta Lawson and Mary McLaren 1908, Thomas Sullivan (Both answers acceptable)
What were the 3 original flavors of Fruit Loops breakfast cereal?
Orange, Lemon, and Cherry
What is the scientific name for European wine grapes and American wine grapes and provide 2 specific wine grapes for each.
Vitis vinifera (Cabernet Sauvignon, Riesling, Merlot ….) Vitis labrusca – Concord, Catawba, Niagara, Delaware, Isabella.
Name the microorganism responsible for tequila fermentation.
zymomonas mobilis
The process known as agglomeration for instantized products is used for which type of powdered product? Freeze or spray dried?
Spray dried
what is the largest dairy farmer cooperative and what does it stand for?
DFA= Dairy Farmer's of America
Proteins missing in essential amino acids are called?
Incomplete proteins
Certain polysaccharides, which are not digestible by mammalian enzymes, may nevertheless be the source of some energy as a consequence of the action of the gut microflora. In what form can these microbial digestion products be absorbed in the colon?
As volatile fatty acids
Name the three components of a Mierpoix?
Carrots, celery, onions
This term describes the dose required to kill half the members of a tested population after a specified test duration?
LD50
What is a food intoxication?
An intoxication results when a person eats food containing toxins that cause illness
What is the sweetener found in some peanut butter that may be toxic to dogs?
Xylitol
What is the artificial color number for Indigotine?
FD&C Blue No.2
To what genus does the kumquat belong? a) Citrus b) Fortunella c) Allium d) Lactuca
Fortunella
What is the correct placement of the main or timing pump for the pasteurization of milk with respect to the regeneration and heating sections?
The main pump must be placed after the generation section, but before the heating section
Measurement of protein content of food uses specific factors based on the type of food, to convert nitrogen to protein content. What is the name of these specific factors?
Jones factor
What position of κ-casein does the enzyme rennet cleave?
Phenylalanine (105) - Methionine (106)
What single kind of restructured meats represents the most volume and value and involves finding meat pieces into a single piece?
Sectioned and Formed
The USDA Meat Inspection Act was signed into law by this president.
Theodore Roosevelt
What are the plate type evaporators that are used?
Rising film, falling, parvap (similar to wiped film) and paraflash (similar to forced circulation)
What is the name of rotating screw technology?
Extruder
Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate from glycolysis goes to what cycle in the mitochondria?
Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs Cycle/ TCA
what is the range of visible light in nanometers?
400-800 nm
What is AAS and what is the principle of its use?
atomic absorption spectroscopy; it is an analytical method for determination of elements based on absorption of radiation from a light source by the free atoms
what off-flavor compound is associated w/ascorbic acid browning?
furfural
What three parameters determine hold tube length?
residence time, system flow rate, hold tube internal diameter
How is MacConkey agar differential?
MacConkey agar contains lactose, which allows differentiation based on the organsim's ability to ferment lactose. If an organism can ferment lactose, the agar will turn pink
Vitamins B and C's absorption by the body depends on the normal absorption of fat from the diet.
False
What are the three most commonly used additives?
sugar, salt, corn syrup
What biochemical polymer found in plants is the most abundant bichemical on earth?
Cellulose
How many carbon atoms do 2 glucose molecules have?
12
Sneeze guards are placed on salad bars to protect the food from which of the following:
Staphylococcus aureus
How does adding a bit of salt change the taste of tonic water (with quinine)?
decreases bitterness
Choke berries are high in polyphenols, procyanidins, anthocyanins, and other antioxidants. What are choke berries also known as?
Aronia berries
What kind of fruit were the golden apples of Greek mythology? What fruit pit does Laetrile, a proposed cancer-fighting agent, come from?
Apricots
Where are most of the vitamins in the egg found?
Egg yolk
Name three gelling food proteins?
egg white, whey, casein, soy
which of the following acids is NOT an organic acid: A.phosphoric acid, B.citric acid, C.nitric acid, or D.benzoic acid?
C. nitric acid
What has the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms recently required to be listed on the labels of alcoholic beverages?
A health warning
The cake was left standing for an hour before being placed in the oven. The result was a cake that was about half the normal height. What should have been done?
Mix and bake promptly
What are the 3 regions of IR radiation?
near-IR, mid-IR, and far-IR
What term describes the process of matting and subsequent handling of matted curd in the production of Cheddar-type cheese?
A. Cheddaring
What are the highest ethanol concentrations yeast can withstand during fermentation?
12-15% ethanol by volume
Which of the following foods contain the lowest content of water: A.fresh carrots, B.fresh tomatoes, C.whole milk, or D.fresh celery?
Carrots contain 88.2% water, fresh tomatoes contain 93.5% water, and fresh celery contains 94.1% water, whole milk (87.2% water)
What FDA publication serves as a model that assists food control jurisdictions at all levels of government by providing them with a scientifically sound technical and legal basis for regulating the retail and food service segment of the industry?
Food Code
What compound is the cause of the bitterness in orange juice?
Limonin
Name two phospholipids found in eggs. What are the phospholipids in egg yolk?
Phosphatidyl choline (lecithin) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine
Peanut botanical name?
Arachis hypogaea [Fabaceae (Bean/Legume)]
MC: A monosaccharide is defined as: a. polyalcohol b. polyether c. acid d. all of the above
a. polyalcohol
What percentage of US food sales are organic foods?
4-5%
Which of the following is not considered an offal? a. Trotters b. Lights c. Tripe d. Rounds
d. Rounds Trotters: hooves, Lights: lungs, tripe: stomach lining, Rounds: rear leg cut
Q: Raw milk is still sold in some states but the FDA has recently taken a firm position on its interstate shipment. What action did the FDA take?
A: They banned interstate shipment of final package form for human consumption.
What are muffins classified in England?
Leavened Bread
What yeast is in soy sauce production?
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and Torulopsis spp
Monounsaturated fats will decrease the blood cholesterol level. In which oils can monounsaturated fats be found in large concentrations?
Olive oil, canola oil and peanut oil
Introducing multiple copies of a gene in a host is called what?
Gene amplification.
What are feeding methods?
applying product to drum surface, depends on drum arrangement & solid concentration
A non-substrate molecule binds to an enzyme, which enables it to bind to a substrate it previously could not. What likely is that molecule? A. Non-competitive inhibitor B. Competitive inhibitor C. Activator
Activator
How many times more acidic is something with a pH of 2 than a substance with a pH of 5?
1000x more
What GMO fruit has been researched or created to not brown after cutting by Okanagan Specialty Fruits by genetically engineering the polyphenol oxidase enzyme?
Granny Smith Apple; called arctic apples since it does not brown
Name three common additives in meat
Polyphosphates, Nitrates, Nitrites, Antioxidants
What are the 4 basic types of peanuts currently used in the food market?
Runner, Virginia, Spanish, and Valencia
What is the common name for a 10 carbon saturated fatty acid?
Capric
Name 3 fruits or veggies that contains lycopene.
tomatoes, watermelon, guava, red/pink grapefruit, papaya, red cabbage, mango
Name three breeds of chicken that lay brown shell eggs.
Rhode Island Red, New Hampshire and Plymouth Rock
Name 5 artificial sweeteners approved for use in the US.
Saccharin Apartame Acesulfame potassium (Ace-K) Sucralose Neotame Advantame Steviol glycosides Luo Han Guo fruit extracts
In August of 2020, there was a multi-state outbreak of Salmonella enterititis in which fruit?
peaches
What is the name given to substances that may come into contact with food as part of packaging or processing equipment, but are not intended to be added directly to food by the FDA?
Indirect Additive
Rank the following pulse waveforms used in pulsed electric field processing in order of increasing electrical efficiency: oscillatory, square wave, exponentially decaying
exponentially decaying, square wave, bipolar, oscillatory
What is vitamin B6 also called?
Pyridoxine
What is the most widely used microbe for wine fermentation?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
In what type of processing is H2O2 used as a residual sterilant?
Aseptic Packaging
What is economic feasibility?
capital investment (equipment, construction, installation) operational cost (utilities: water/energy, labor, depreciation)
Humans taste with their tongues, what do butterflies taste with?
their feet
What is another name for industrial evaporation?
boiling
Name types of drying.
1) Air convection 2) Drum or roller driers 3) Vacuum driers.
What is polyphenol oxidase?
the enzyme that causes browning of many fruits and vegetables
What 5 pieces of information are required by the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act to be included on a package?
1. Name of food 2. Name and place of business 3. Net contents (weight) 4. Number of servings 5. Ingredient declaration.
What is the state mushroom of Oregon?
Pacific Golden Chanterelle
Because some cooking oils turn cloudy when refrigerated oils intended for salad dressing are treated by:
winterization
Why is quality of food better in flexible retort pouches than in conventional cans?
Thinner profile means the less time to reach sterilizing treatment at center of pouch.
From which type of starch is a starch sponge made?
Amylpectin
What is the scientific name of the honeybee?
Apis mellifera
What is the main purpose of aging meat? A.to lower the incidence of food borne illness, B.to develop additional tenderness and a characteristic flavor, C.to dry it out, or D.all of the above
B.meat is aged to develop additional tenderness and a characteristic flavor
What was the first ever breakfast cereal?
shredded wheat
What is the standard texture scale used in sensory analysis?
General Foods Texture Profile method
Define the Biot number.
dimensionless quantity used for heat transfer calculations. The ratio of the heat transfer resistance inside of and at the surface of the body.
What is vitamin B1 also called?
Thiamine
What is the most heat-resistant bacteria in milk?
Coxiella burnetti
which of the water-soluble vitamins has the largest and most complex molecular structure?
B12
What are three purposes of adding salt to milled, cheddared cheese curd?
A. To further draw whey out of the curd by osmosis, act as a preservative, add flavor, and cause bacterial cells to rupture, which releases enzymes for ripening
Rank cheeses from highest to lowest protein content. Cheddar, swiss, cottage, feta.
Swiss>Cheddar>Feta>Cottage
Which food provides the most absorbable iron: A. 1 apple B. 1c milk C. 3 oz steak D. 1/2 c spinach
3 oz steak
What does the acronym associated w/food analysis techniques 'SDS-PAGE' stand for?
SDS-PAGE= sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
What is the culinary term for split opening the bird carcass and flattening?
Spatch cocking (also accepted butterflying)
What legume accounts for one sixth of the worlds vegetable oil production?
Peanut
At what temperature are bacterial spores destroyed?
250 F
What is the most commonly used food packaging material in the world?
tin can
What is the name of the process that is used for high-acid foods? The food is held at 170-190 deg for 25-30 minutes.
hot, fill, hold
What vitamin is a strong antioxidant and probably functions as such in human metabolism?
Vitamin E
Roux is used for?
thickening of sauces
What is the term that describes polymeric crosslinking that entraps the solvents between junction zones?
Gelation
What is the structural difference between cellulose and amylose? Cellulose and amylose are both composed of glucose units bound by a 1,4 linkage. What is the difference between these molecules?
Cellulose has β-1,4-glycosidic linkages, and amylose has α-1,4-glycosidic linkages
With respect to defects in meat, what does PSS stand for and what causes it?
Porcine Stress Syndrome, it is a genetic condition
Extremophilic microbes are found in various environments. Name the extreme conditions associate with each types of microbes: Barophile; Halophile; Thermophile
Barophile: High pressure; Halophile - High Salt content; Thermophile: High heat/temperatures
This fermented cheese is named for a city in England. a. Applewood b. Cheddar c. Mozarella d. Yarg
a. Cheddar
What is the common name for rigidity of plant cells as a result of being filled with an aqueous solution?
turgor
What device is a high-powered vacuum tube that generates microwaves using the interaction of a stream of electrons with a magnetic field?
Magnetron
(True/false) Bacteria have both sexual and asexual cycles
False
the Munsell System is based on the use of what 3 color attributes?
Hue, L-value, and Chroma
What is the SI unit for force/unit area?
Pascal
Indicate the type of whey produced during the manufacture of the following cheeses: Cottage, Cheddar, Swiss, and Ricotta.
Cottage= acid whey; Cheddar= sweet whey; Swiss= sweet whey; Ricotta= acid whey
from what plant is linseed oil derived?
flax
Roquefort cheese is made from the milk of what animal?
Sheep
upon the metabolic breakdown of aspartame, what are the 3 main products?
phenylalanine, aspartic acid, and methanol
In 2017, IFT launched an initiative to look at how ingenuity will feed the world. What is the name of that initiative's documentary?
Food evolution
How do you convert F to Rankine?
R=F+459.67
FAO Mg supplement should have what % of RDA minimum?
0.15
Lamb meat from March through October is known by what?
Spring Lamb
Which branches of the federal government are involved in regulation of the u.s. food supply?
all 3 (FDA,USDA,EPA)
The increase in kinetic energy of a flowing fluid is at the expense of what? a) pressure drop b) Reynolds number c) viscosity
a) pressure drop
What is Irradiation considered to be?
Food additive
What does a sling psychrometer do?
Determines the ratio of wet bulb temperature and dry bulb temperature to get the relative humidity
what do the acronyms BSE and CJD stand for, what is the causitive agents for these diseases, and what animals do these 2 diseases afflict?
Both are prions;BSE=Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy(cattle);CJD= Creuztfeld-Jakob Disease(humans)
What vitamin is permitted as a food color in milk?
Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
Nutritionist refer to beta – carotene as ...
Pro – vitamin A
Tabasco, Thai peppers botanical name?
Capsicum frutescens [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]
What does AAFCO stand for? a. All Animal Food Control Officials B. All Animal Food Coalition in Ontario C. American Animal Feed Control Organization D. Association of Animal Feed Control Officials
C
What are the 2 types of direct heating?
steam injection and steam infusion
What compounds must be added to bacon for it to be considered "cured"?
Synthetic Nitrate/Nitrite
In the 2022 Food Code by FDA what term is used for the cleaning and sanitizing of utensils and food-contact surfaces of equipment.
Warewashing.
What constituent or property of food does the iodine value measure?
degree of unsaturation of fats or oils
What is the leavening agent in sponge cakes?
Eggs
Barley, Rye, and Oats are examples of what grain type?
Cool season cereals
IGTC stands for?
International global traceability center
What is the temperature for HTST?
280-300F for 15-45 seconds
What British dessert shares name with atomic model?
Plum pudding
Meringue is not supposed to be mixed in a bowl made of what type of metal and why?
Copper, because it combines with proteins and is difficult to work with.
What are 3 reasons for piling blocks of curd during the cheddaring process?
Acid development, texture development, uniform heating
What is the function of 1-MCP used in post-harvest fruit?
bind the ethylene receptor to block the effect of ethylene so that to delay the ripening and extend shelf life.
How many carbon atoms and how many double bonds are there in arachidonic acid?
20 carbons and 4 double bonds
Name a fruit or vegetable susceptible to chilling injury.
Banana and most tropical fruits
What is the pH of fresh whole egg?
7.6-7.9 (some say up to 8.5)
In 1953, General Mills released its 1st pre-sweetened cereal; what was its name?
Sugar Smiles
What is F0 value?
Converted to a reference temperature and z-value which is Z-value of 10°C and temp of 121°C.
What is the part in a milk pasteurizer where hot milk is in contact with cold milk?
Regenerator (regeneration section or part; holding tube is incorrect)
Name the inorganic chemical additive that is often included in brines to minimize softening of vegetables during thermal processing.
CaCl2
Name 5 ingredients used in chai, a preparation of tea popular in Indian subcontinent.
Black Tea, Cardamon Seeds, Cinnamon, Nutmeg, Cloves, Vanilla, ginger, holy basil (basil unacceptable), turmeric, honey, milk, sugar, jaggery
À la mode designates what complementary food when applied to desserts?
Ice cream
what variety of grape is the unfermented grape products industry in the US based on?
Concord
How many glucose units in beta cyclodextrin?
7
How many amino acids are found in one turn of an alpha helix in DNA?
3.6
In the equation E = mc², what is C?
Speed of light.
Name 6 substrates that can be used for gluconeogenesis.
Pyruvate, Lactate, Glycerol, Amino Acids, Citrate, Isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, Succinyl-coA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate
What causes ropy in yogurt?
Exopolysaccharides
Clostridium botulinum growth can be inhibited under what pH?
4.6
Cooking lobster, crab, or shrimp can cause a color change from brown/blue-green to bright red. What causes this?
Denaturation of pigments other than astaxanthin
What is the genus and species of the chocolate tree?
Theobroma cacao
In mayonnaise, eggs impart what functional property to the product?
Emulsification
Q: At what level is a food a reduced calorie food?
A: One-third reduction in calories
What scientist won a nobel prize for being the first to deduce the amino acid sequence of insulin and second for being the first to sequence DNA?
frederick sanger
What cut of beef is the boneless section of rib meat?
Ribeye
What is the function of gelatin in an ice cream mix?
A. Stabilization. It retards ice crystal formation during frozen storage of the finished product by binding water.
Mageirocophobia is a fear of what?
Cooking
What is the "F" value?
Minutes required to destroy a given number of microbes at a given temperature
What is the most common way to avoid a foodborne illness?
Wash hands
Identify the two federal government publications you would use to find the most recent changes in FDA regulations.
Code of Federal Regulations, Federal Register
How much fat does skim milk have?
0.5% or less
How many valence electrons does oxygen have, and what orbitals are they hybridized to?
6, 4 sp3 orbitals
Explain the differences between the reactions which turn the purple muscle pigment myoglobin brown and red.
red -- oxymyoglobin (oxygenation rx., oxygen adds to open ligand site on Fe brown -- metmyoglobin (oxidation rx, Fe++ converted to Fe+++, and H2O ----> -OH)
What is the number of equivalent minutes at 121 C delivered to a container of product calculated using a z value of 10 C known as?
F or sterilization process equivalent time
Which will be coldest at its freezing point: 1M dispersion of amylose, 1M solution of NaCl, distilled water, or 1M solution of sucrose?
NaCl (it dissociated to a 2M solution)
The local Health Department reported salmonella. Which one of the following is a practice that could result in an outbreak of salmonella?
Cooked chicken is cut on the same board used to cut the raw chicken.
The fifth taste response, whose substance are often called flavor potentiators like MSG is called
Umami
What is the indicator organism used for thermal processing?
Bacillus stearothermophilus
The Food and Drug Administration categorizes recalls into three categories, Class I, Class II, and Class III. Which of these classes describes the routine recall of a product which is not likely to cause adverse health consequences?
Class III
Which of the following do not require pre-market approval?
structure function claims
what is the difference between the envelopes (everything outside the plasma membrane) of gram positive and gram negative cells?
Gram positive cells have a single thick peptidoglycan or murein layer, while gram negative cells have a thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by an outer membrane
Name the orange coloring agent or dye allowed in the production of oranges? What is the food dye allowed to dye the skin of oranges?
Citrus Red 2
What is the single most important phase of a sterile canning operation?
retorting
Name 3 methods to determine water activity.
Bithermal equilibration, Vapor pressure manometer, Hair hygrometer, Isopeistic hygrometry, Psychrometry, Dew point, Freezing-point depression
Freeze drying
Lyophilization, freezes food then puts it through a vacuum, this evaporates solid frozen food, sublimation dries the food.
Which medium is used to detect and enumerate Staphylococcus aureus directly in foods? A. apt agar, B. Baird-Parker agar, C. Potatoe dextrose Agar, D. Violet red bile agar
B. Baird-Parker Agar
Define hemicellulose.
Alternating xylose and glucose units.
What product consists of pasteurized milk or low-fat milk coagulated to a custard-like consistency with a mixed lactic acid culture containing Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus? What milk product did the U.S. Agriculture Department propose as a substitute for meat in school lunches in 1996?
A. Yogurt
Botanical name of wheat.
Triticum
What vegetables can be irradiated?
Iceberg lettuce and Spinach
What pseudo natural material with antioxidant properties is derived from the shells of crustaceans?
Chitosan
What are the four main requirements in an aseptic system?
aseptic processing and equipment, aseptic packaging and sealing hermetically in an aseptic environment, monitoring, and proper handling of finished products
adverse reaction to a food or food component that occurs through unknown mechanisms even including psychosomatic illnesses is called: A.food anaphylaxis, B.food idiosyncrasy, or C.metabolic reaction?
B.food idiosyncrasy
Name one of the two hormones known as the hunger hormones.
Leptin, ghrelin
What does "COP" stand for?
Possible answers: Clean Out of Place, Coefficient of Performance
2 cups equal to how many pints?
one pint
Legend has it that the baguette originated with which emperor?
Napolean I
What is the full form of QE?
Quality Evaluation
What do the following microbiological acronyms mean? REA, MPN, SPC
REA: , MPN: Most Probable Number, SPC: Standard Plate Count
Enzymatic browning is caused by the oxidation of what type of compounds? Name the enzyme.
polyphenols; Polyphenoloxidase/phenolase
How is boiling point linked to evaporation?
Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the external pressure
Molecular weight of food packaging material is typically between 5,000 and 50,000.
FALSE.
In 1809, who preserved food by heating in hermetically sealed containers?
Nicholas Appert
A sling psychrometer is a special instrument designed to directly measure what?
Dry air temperature and wet bulb temperature (relative humidity is an indirect measurement)
What document is the NLEA found in?
Federal Register
What is the effect of drying on Vitamin C?
vitamin C reduction/loss
what was the 1st flavored gum?
Adams Black Jack Gum
What U.S. agribusiness is the largest producer of ready-to-cook chicken?
Tyson Foods
What is DSC and what is it used for?
Differential Scanning Calorimetry. It is used to evaluate molecular transitions as a function of temperature (enthalpy).
what is the class of compounds of low molecular weight that yield two or more amino acids on hydrolysis?
Peptide
When does the maximum buffering capacity occur in a food product?
at the pKa, the point where equal amounts of the undissociated acid and weak base (salt) exist in the food matrix
In brightly colored carotenoid pigments, is the configuration of the double bonds in the isoprenoid chain cis or trans?
trans
What is the structural monosaccharide of pectins?
D-galacturonic acid
What does the following equation define? (Volume of ice cream - volume of mix / volume of mix) X 100
A. Percent overrun of an ice cream
What viennoise pastry uses 27 laminated layers?
Danish pastry
The rotary pump and the reciprocating pump are both types of what kind of pump?
Positive displacement pump
Give 3 examples of lactic acid bacteria.
Lactobacillus (e.g., Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus) Streptococcus (e.g., Streptococcus thermophilus) Leuconostoc (e.g., Leuconostoc mesenteroides) Pediococcus (e.g., Pediococcus pentosaceus) Bifidobacterium (e.g., Bifidobacterium bifidum) Enterococcus (e.g., Enterococcus faecalis) Lactococcus (e.g., Lactococcus lactis)
What is the caloric value of aspartame?
4 kcal/g
Which are the T-cell and B-cell organs?
Thymus and bone marrow.
What is another name for yellow #5?
Tartrazine
What is the most abundant protein in meat?
Collagen
Linguines, Fetuccine, and Sphaghetti are examples of what type of pasta?
Long
Name 5 of the 14 mandatory dietary components that must appear on the nutrition facts panel as stated in the Nutrition labeling and education act of 1990.
total calories, dietary fiber, trans fat, sugars, total fat, Vitamin A, Cholesterol, Vitamin C, saturated fat, sodium, iron, calcium, total carbohydrate, protein
Define Endosperm
The inside, starchy section of the wheat kernel
What protein(s) play an important role in the thinning of egg whites during storage of eggs?
Ovomucin.
Boston Butt and Ham are primal cuts of what meat?
Pork
In 1970, a Canadian scientist discovered high concentrations of what toxic element in certain species of freshwater fish?
Mercury
A traditional mediterranean dish is hummus and tahini. What is the major nutritional benefit from this dish?
it has a complete amino acid profile
What is the falling film tubular evaporator, how does it work, what is it used for?
Going with gravity instead of against it, this results in thinner and faster moving film and gives rise to shorter contact time and further improvement in the heat transfer coefficient. The key technical hurdle is the even distribution of liquid to each of the tubes
In 2008, the author of Modern Food Microbiology, currently in its 7 revision, passed away. Who is this author?
James Jay
When referring to color, what does BCU stand for?
Baking contrast units
Cooking alters the textural properties of egg by due to what type of alteration?
Denaturation and/or coagulation of protein
At which humidity level can bacteria better withstand- High or low?
Low
What is the term for determining the magnitude of reflection, refraction, and transmission of microwave radiation?
Fresnel equations
What is the function of the pancreas?
It secretes digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon
What temps are needed for proper freezing and storage of meat: A.32 degrees F, B. 0 degrees C or lower, C.0 degrees F or lower, or D.5-20 degrees F?
C. 0 degrees F or lower.
what pigments cause yellow, red, and green colors in plants and vegetables?
yellow is due to carotene, green is from chlorophyll, and red is due to lycopene
What vegetable burns more calories to eat it than the vegetable actually contains?
celery
Multiple choice: which of the following is the strongest form of radiation: a. alpha, b. beta, c. gamma?
c. Gamma radiation
What cut of beef comes from the rear leg of the cow?
Round
What is a thermal center?
The slowest point of heating in a can
Caramelization is an example of nonenzymatic browning.
True
The Hunter color scale, what does it measure?
Chroma, hue, and value.
Express water activity in terms of equilibrium relative humidity
Aw = ERH/100
what agency regulates the production, labeling, and sale of Emu?
Emu= FDA
What are sweetbreads?
(1) stomach sweetbreads (also known as heart or belly sweetbreads), which are an animal’s pancreas. (2) neck (throat or gullet) sweetbreads, an animal’s thymus gland.
Name 7 of the 9 major cereal crops grown in the world.
wheat, barley, maize, millet, corn, rice, barley, sorghum, oats
What is the definition of 1 horsepower (hp)?
33000 lb/ft
Name the top four quality grades for beef.
Prime, Choice, Select, Standard.
Enzyme used for debranching of starch molecule is: A.alpha amylase, B. Beta amylase,C. Glucoamylase, or D. Pullalanase
D. pullalanase
What cooking method uses a high radiant heat source from the top?
Broiling
What is the toxicity required to kill 50% of animals?
LD50
What is the name of the tool used to shred cheese?
Grater
What is the monomer of the biological polymer pectin?
Galacturonic acid
How does a spray drier dehydrate foods?
It sprays the liquid foods through a nozzle into a funnel-like compartment and uses hot air to dry
What is the major difference between soy flour and soya flour?
soy flour is from raw soybeans and soya flour from lighty toasted soy beans
What does AFC stand for in a 2AFC or 3AFC sensory test?
alternative force choice
What percentage of the U.S. grain crop is destroyed each year?
5-10%
In Indonesia, what is the doughnut flour made from?
Potato
What is the most commonly used wheat in bread?
Common wheat
Name 4 examples of dietary fiber.
Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Pectin, Lignin, Beta-glucan, Inulin, Fructooligosaccharides (FOS), Resistant Starch, Gums, Mucilage
What amino acid in fried potatoes leads to the formation of acrylamide?
Asparagine
In cake recipes at atm pressure, name 4 changes at high altitude to prevent problems:
1. Reduce leavening agents (baking powder, baking soda) to prevent overexpansion and collapse. 2. Increase liquid (water, milk, eggs) to compensate for faster evaporation and maintain moisture. 3. Reduce sugar to strengthen the cake structure and prevent excessive tenderness. 4. Increase oven temperature slightly to help the cake set before it over-expands. 5. Decrease baking time since cakes bake faster at higher altitudes. 6. Increase flour slightly to provide more structure and stability. 7. Adjust mixing technique by beating batter less to avoid incorporating too much air.
Name two sun-dried fruits.
Raisins, tomatoes, apricots, figs
Name three appointed officer positions in IFTSA.
VP chapter engangement VP competitions VP digital and social media VP membership engangement VP Events and experiences
What two lactic acid thermophilic bacteria are inoculated into pasteurized milk in the fermentation process that yields yogurt?
Streptococcus Thermophilus and Lactobacilus Bulgaricus
Why are ethylene absorbers used in apple storage?
Ethylene initiates fruit ripening
what is the scientific name for vitamin E?
Alpha-Tocopherol
The order of the following chefs according to kitchen hierarchy: chef de partie, sous chef, commis chef, executive chef, dishwasher, head chef, and kitchen porter.
Executive chef, head chef, sous chef, chef de partie, commis chef, kitchen porter, dishwasher
What are the functions of the following parts of the eye in seeing color? Cornea, lens, iris, retina, fovea
Cornea and lens: focus light onto the retina; Iris: regulates light entering the eye; Retina: contains rods and cones; Fovea: critical in color detection.
What is the minimum fat percent in ice cream?
A. 10%
What are the 2 distinct syndromes of B. cereus gastroenteritis?
vomiting (emetic) type, diarrhea type
Why is calcium added to tofu during production?
Creates a firmer texture due to electrostatic interactions.Used to solidify the soy milk once the whey is extracted.A coagulating agent is mixed in, such as calcium sulfate,which alters the pH and curds the soymilk similar to the making cottage cheese.
An example of a "saturated" fatty acid is the 16 carbon molecule called ____________?
palmitic acid
Fermented food of Mexico?
Pozole
How are free fatty acids usually measured?
By titration with NaOH.
Name the fermented milk drink.
kefir
What are the deficiency and toxicity symptoms of vitamin D?
Deficiency: rickets, abdominal protrusion; Toxicity: soft tissue calcification, renal damage
What is the term for the use of heat to eliminate a desired number of microorganisms from a food product?
thermal processing
How can shelf-life of fresh meat be improved?
Freezing, Vacuum Packaging, & Processing
What causes lobster to turn red upon cooking?
Lobsters have many pigments in their shells, including astaxanthin. The other pigments are not stable to heat, so the heat-stable astaxanthin dominates after cooking, yielding its bright red color.
What are facultative anaerobes?
microorganisms that can grown and survive with or without oxygen
What is the process in which beer is matured at colder temperatures for many weeks, even up to a year?
Lagering
What protein exhibits little or no emulsifying properties due to its unique triple helical structure, which is extremely stable and not readily solubilized?
Collagen
Who is the publisher of food technology?
Institute of food technologists
What are the different types of quality changes that can occur from drying?
Kinetics, Effects of food texture (shrinkage, case hardening, crust formation, stress development and cracking, rehydration, flavor, color, nutrition, microflora)
What is the flavor/antimicrobial compound associated with Oregano?
oregano= carvacrol
What European nation consumes more spicy Mexican food than any other country?
Norway
In a foodservice establishment, the function of an air curtain is to: a) form a shield of air that flying insects avoid; b) keep freezer and refrigerator temperatures constant; c) serve as a substitute door in the receiving area; d) prevent cockroaches and mice from entering the facility
a) Form a shield of air that flying insects avoid
What base was pain au chocolat initially made from?
Brioche
What are the synthetic and natural sources of Vitamin K?
Synthetic: Menadione (requires alkylation) Plant Sources: Phylloquinone Animal Sources: Menaquinone-7
Which organisms generally make up the lactic acid starter culture used in cottage cheese production?
A. Streptococcus lactis and Leuconostoc citrovorum
What enzyme is responsible for bleaching and production of hay-like off flavors in frozen beans?
Lipoxygenase.
Which protein is 80% of milk protein?
casein
A chlorophyll molecule reacting with hydrogen exhibits what shade of green?
Olive
Explain food Spoilage.
Perishability of raw foods through microbial growth, enzymatic reactions, and chemical changes (mainly through factors of water, temp, and pH)
Name three food colorants exempt from certification.
Caramel, paprika, turmeric, carrot oil, beta carotene, grape skin extract, carmine.
What is the name of the evergreen shrub from which we get capers?
Caper Bush (Capparis spinosa)
Give the order of sweetness for sucrose, maltose, trehalose, and fructose.
trehalose
Define thermal death time.
the time it takes to kill a specific bacteria at a specific temperature
What is the name of structural carbohydrate found in lobsters, crab, shellfish and insects?
Chitin
What are the small protrusions from the surface of a membrane: finger-like projections covering mucosal surfaces of the small intestine?
Villi
How are bacteria grouped according to Bergey’s Manual?
gram reaction, morphology (rod or cocci), growth with or without oxygen, by familia
Name 3 blotting techniques.
southern - DNA; Northern - RNA; Western - protein
How much volume of 37% HCl is required to make a litre of 1 M HCl with DI water?
82 ml (80-85 ml acceptable)
What are the applications of centrifugal separation?
separation of immiscible liquids, clarification by removal of small amounts of solids, removal of solids,(skimming milk, oil refining, brewing, fish protein concentrate, remove cellular material in juice
Which government agency is responsible for regulation of labeling of use of pesticides?
EPA -- Environmental Protection Agency
Q: What does the acronym "IFIS" stand for?
A: International Food Information Service
What is the most heat resistant protein in egg albumen?
Ovomucin
What is the primary process for the staling of bread?
Starch retrogradation
What is Commercial Sterilization?
To achieve long-term shelf stability for canned foods and other products: majority after being placed in container but some are aseptically processed.
Name 2 non-thermal food processing technologies?
UV light, ultrasound, high pressure, pulsed light, pulsed electric field, irradiation
what is the primary use of sodium hypochlorite in the food industry?
sanitizer
Name the principle functional protein of wheat flour.
Gluten
name 2 grains that contains Beta-glucans.
Oats and Barley
What is the naturally occurring antimicrobial chemical in Swiss cheese?
A. Propionate or propionic acid
How many percentage of sugar is in semi-bitter chocolate? a. 15%, b. 30%, c. 45%, d. 70%
b. 30%
In which country was margarine invented?
France
Define rancidity
When unsaturated oils are subject to oxidation, oxygen attaches to carbon in triglycerides
What is the term defined as, "any substance that may be considered a food or part of a food and provides medical or health benefits including the prevention and treatment of disease?"
Nutraceutical
How many flowers does it take to produce 1 lb of dried saffron?
75,000-100,000
What insoluble constituent makes up approximately 12% of an egg’s total weight?
the shell
What are pectinases used for in fruit juices?
To break down the pectin for easier juice extraction, higher yield, and de-clouding purposes
What is the botanical name of Kiwi fruit?
Actinidia deliciosa
What is co-current operation?
rapid initial drying, inefficient heat transfer at end of drying, formation of internal splits of porosity
Which acid is produced in the stomach?
Hydrochloric acid
List 3 reasons for controlling Maillard browning in foods.
1. Desirable or undesirable browning in foods causing strong colors and odors; 2. Prevent anti-nutritional effects; 3. Some products of the Maillard reaction are mutagenic
Cherries, pears, and apples belong to what botanical family?
Rose
Apple juice is considered adulterated if what acid is present?
D-malic acid (must specify D form)
What is Allose?
D-Allose is a rare monosaccharide, which rarely appears in the natural environment. D-Allose has an 80% sweetness relative to table sugar but is ultra-low calorie and non-toxic and is thus an ideal candidate to take the place of table sugar in food products.
Why is the recommended storage temperature for potatoes more than 25°C?
Lower temperatures result in more reducing sugar formation, creating the potential for browning.
What are the different types of dryers?
cabinet/tray/compartment dryers, tunnel dryers, conveyor belt dryers, kiln drier, foam mat drier, fluidized bed drier
What is the major law in the U.S. which controls the safety of food, drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics?
the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic act of 1938
Why would it be beneficial to modify the atmosphere of a package that contains a food with polyunsaturated fatty acids with nitrogen?
Reduce oxidative rancidity/ Reduce lipid oxidation
Poultry breast is classified as what type of meat?
White Meat
Define commercial sterilization
All pathogenic and toxin-forming organisms have been destroyed but it still may contain viable spores that cannot grow under normal conditions
What act of 1999 requires timely reporting of livestock market data?
Livestock mandatory reporting
An intensely sweet treat originating in the countries of the Ottoman Empire (eastern Mediterranean, western Asia, northern Africa) made with layers of filo pastry separated by a mixture of butter, honey, nuts, and flavorings. What is the name for this creation?
Baklava
what sugar is the chief sweetener of natural maple syrup?
Sucrose
What is the green leafy vegetable that contains about 1200 mg minerals per 100 g fresh weight?
Parsley
What is the type of heat energy described when ice changes temperature from 0?F to -10?F.
Sensible heat
Who developed the first mathematical equations to predict thermal process time?
Ball
What is the difference between recombinant vs. natural bovine growth hormone?
Recombinant has extra methionine
Naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids in foods are in which conformation?
Cis
What B vitamin's main responsibility is in the utilization of CHO to supply energy, where it functions as the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate, or cocarboxylase, in glucose oxidation?
Thiamin
What type of edam is eaten with cheese fruits?
Aged Edam
What is the name for the French dish of thin pancakes?
Crepes
Name the three genera of lactic acid producing bacteria important in fermented dairy products?
Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, and Leuconostoc
What are the different processes that can be used depending on the raw material and end product?
Raw End Pro Liquid->liquid Concentration, thermal pasteurization Liquid->Solid Concentration, thermal pasteurization, drying solid->Solid Drying, extrusion, thermal pasteurization
According to the original Pure Food Law of 1906, what two things were required to be on a food package label?
Alcohol content and Narcotic content
The RDAs are set by what organization?
NRC (National Research Council)
What color of ink is used to apply the red meat carcass inspection stamp?
Purple
Name the microorganism associated w/ Zearalenones in corn.
Fusarium graminarium
Which company worked with NASA to develop HACCP?
Pillsbury
How is banana oil made?
Synthetically using isoamyl acetate
What is the Codex Alimentarious Commission?
a group of 144 countries that develop standards for food commodities internationally
what substances are prohibited in foods by the delaney clause?
any substance shown to cause cancer in man or animal
Why might you want between 0.5 and 2% encapsulated water dispersed in a chocolate system?
The water (humectant) enables the chocolate to resist melting at ambient tropical temperatures.
Cheddar is America's favorite cheese. What is second?
Parmesan.
What gives soy proteins a high isoelectric point?
The abundant concentration of Aspartic acid and Glutamine (the two negative, basic AA)
What is the thermic effect of an 800-kcalorie meal?
About 80 kcalories
What are primary and secondary metabolites?
A primary metabolite is directly involved in the normal growth, development, and reproduction. A secondary metabolite is not directly involved in those processes, but usually has important ecological function (ex. antibiotics and pigments).
Describe the flow behavior of a dilatent material.
Dilantent= shear thickening
Q: In what year was student member classification established?
A: 1949
What is the genus and species of guinea pigs?
Cavia Porcellus
What xanthophyll in egg yolks is responsible for its yellow color?
Lutein
What is the difference between competitve and noncompetitive inhibition?
A competitive inhibitor directly competes with a substrate for binding to the enzyme's active site, while a noncompetitive inhibitor binds to a separate site on the enzyme (called an allosteric site), causing a conformational change that indirectly prevents the substrate from binding effectively; essentially, the competitive inhibitor "blocks" the active site, while the noncompetitive inhibitor alters the enzyme's shape to hinder substrate binding.
What is the primary function of milk pasteurization?
Kill pathogens
The largest soy sauce manufacturer in the world is ___
Kikkoman
What is the relationship between temperature and penetration depth?
as temperature increases, penetration depth decreases
What lipid is commonly used to cook samosas?
Vegetable Oil
According to the Codex Alimentarius, what is the minimum percentage fat that required for cream and prepare creams
0.1
What term describes removal of muscles from carcass before chilling?
Hot boning
Name an official method of food analysis for protein determination.
Kjeldahl, Dumas
What effect is described by a visco elastic fluid climbing an impeller shaft during mixing or agitation?
The Weissenberg Effect
What is the mode of DNA transfer which uses a vector such as virus?
Transduction
What is the compound responsible for the strong aroma of blue cheeses?
2-heptanone
Who developed the process of pasteurization in the1860s?
Louis Pasteur
microwave heating is accomplished by _______.
molecular friction
What is the difference between latent heat and sensible heat?
Sensible heat-heat readily perceived by the sense of touch which produces a temperature change as heat is added or removed. Latent heat-quantity of heat required to change the state or condition under which a substance exists, without a change in temperature.
What is the average composition of unprocessed milk? Within 0.2%, give the average composition of the major of fat, ash, and carbohydrate of mixed herd milk
4.8-5.0% lactose 3.5-3.7% fat 3.3% protein 0.7% minerals or 0.6% ash 87.5% water
What is the microstructure of meat from one z-line to the next called?
Sarcomere
What two pieces of information must be shown on the principle display panel of a package containing greater than 0.5 ounces of a food product?
Weight declaration and the name of the product
Which bacteriocin is associated with Lactococcus lactis?
nisin
What enzyme contributes to the post rigor softening of meat?
Calpain (most active at pH 6.0 or higher)
Define inter-esterification
The shuffling of fatty acid within or between triglycerides to render them better shortenings. The fat crystals are less dense and the product has improved texture
Name the enzyme that causes browning of many fruits and vegetables.
polyphenol oxidase
What does FAO stand for?
Food and Agricultural Organization
What type of temperature sensor is made from certain metal oxides whose resistance decreases with increasing temperature?
thermistor
Name the principal organic acid in apples?
Malic
What is the name of the pasta that translates to "shells"?
Conchglie
Holes in egg shells result from loss of ____.
Cuticle.
What CFR contains regulation on wine, seafood...?
Wine Part 24. Seafood Part 123, color additives Part 70, Food Labeling 101, Acidified Food 114
What duck breed is used to produce foie gras?
Mulard (Muscovy)
A sugar solution is holding more solute than usually soluble at a particular temperature is known as a ______ solution. 1. saturated 2. supersaturated 3. unsaturated 4. none of the above
b. Supersaturated
Give three examples of classes of foods which are low acid.
Meats, seafood, vegetables (except tomatoes), some fruits.
What is the antimicrobial agent found in onions and garlic?
allicin (also allylic acid)
Atomic absorption spectroscopy is typically used to measure what in foods?
Minerals
The main agency charged with enforcing standards that limit exposure to ionizing radiation is the NRC. What do the initials N.R.C. stand for?
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
What does BHI stand for?
Brain Heart Infusion
Name any three enzymes that are inactivated during blanching.
PME, PPO, lipoxygenase, polygalacturonase,chlorophyllase
What nutritional changes occur in product quality?
Decrease in sensitive vitamins - vitamin C, B vitamins.
A liquid dispersed in a solid is an example of:
gel
What are the descriptors in texture profile analysis?
hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, chewiness, gumminess
Give 3 examples of sourdough bread.
Traditional sourdough bread, San Francisco sourdough, sourdough boule, sourdough batard, sourdough rye bread, whole wheat sourdough, multigrain sourdough, sourdough ciabatta, sourdough focaccia, and sourdough breadsticks
What is the term used to describe tying the intestine during evisceration?
Bunging
What are some of the internal conditions that affect drying?
properties of food, thermo conductivity, density, porosity, aw, sorption isotherms
Does an egg white, yolk, or shell have the most protein?
Yolk (17.5% protein)
What common component of oranges is missing in navel oranges?
the seeds
If fermentable carbohydrates are present when pickiling food, what percent acid must be present to prevent growth of lactic acid bacilli and yeasts?
0.036
What is the purpose of pasteurization?
To inactivate all pathogens.
What is the name of semi-hard cheese from the Netherlands, packaged in red paraffin wax?
Edam
What does RV stand for?
Rappaport-Vassiliadis
what fortified wine originated in Jerez de las Frontera in Spain?
Sherry
Which regulation regulates the frequency in microwave?
FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
Nutmeg is indigenous to which island country?
Indonesia (Banda Islands)
Which compound is the sealing layer in brik package?
PE
Polar groups form hydration shells in water by what type of interactions?
dipole-dipole or H-bridges
Which protein is the most hydrophobic in casein?
Beta-Casein
What two organizations developed the marion blackberry (or marionberry)?
USDA-ARS and Oregon State University
In Total Quality Management, what do the letters JIT stand for?
Just In Time
The muscle tissue from bony fish flesh contains what amount of connective tissue as compared to beef?
Most fish contain about 10% of the collagen level present in terrestrial meat sources
What does GRAS mean?
Generally Recognized As Safe
What is the name of a typical plant sterol (phytosterols)?
Sitosterol or stigmasterol
What is the principle behind spray drying?
every spray dryer consists of feed pump, atomizer, air heater, air dispenser, drying chamber, and systems for exhaust air cleaning and powder recovery. Temp out:50-100C, Temp inlet: 140-270C. There is a critical moisture content below which the surface becomes impermeable to aroma compounds thus preventing losses of flavor
What is the nutritional claim on a bottle of regular Coca-Cola?
very low sodium 35 mg or less per 240mL
Commercially available meat tenderizer contains mostly what enzyme?
Papain, from papayas
Promortion of which food product in Africa won 2016 world food prize?
Orange fleshed sweet potato
The Lane-Eynon method is a titration that measures what in a food sample?
Reducing sugars
What is the nonprotein portion of myoglobin?
heme ring
What are the additive primaries?
Red, green, and blue light
Name five yeast fermented food products.
beer, wine, bread, distilled spirits, kefir, kombucha, root beer
What is the following phobia, arachibutyrophobia?
fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of your mouth
A food product containing an initial population of 1X 10^10 organisms was given a heat treatment of 5D values; what should be the bacterial population after heating?
10^5
name the 4 layers in an ELISA.
capture antibody, sample, enzyme-labeled antibody, enzyme substrate
Why is salt used in sauerkraut production?
To facilitate water removal and to act as a antimicrobial agent
Name three lemon cultivars.
Meyer, Ponderosa, Eureka, Lisbon, Monachello, Santa Teresa, Karna, Vangasay, Adam's Apple
Name the fruit associated with each of the following varieties: Gros Michel, Thompson seedless, Deglet Noor, Winesap, and Bosc
-Gros Michel: banana -Thompson seedless: grape -Deglet Noor: fig -Winesap: apple -Bosc: pear
What are spots in eggs caused by a rupture of a blood vessel in the yolk?
Blood Spots
which enzymes are used for corn syrup production?
alpha amylase and glucoamylase
What structures do bacteria such as e. coli use for movement?
Flagella
What are the 3 types of antigens targeted in immunoassays for detection of microorganisms?
Microbial cells, toxins, and other proteins
What are the units of Reynolds number?
None, it is a unitless number
Name 5 of the 12 USDA-approved GMO food products
alfalfa, apple, corn, pineapple, salmon, soybean, squash, sugar beet, potato, tomato
Chocolate botanical name?
Theobroma cacao [Malvaceae (Mallow)]
"What is the best source of meat to meet thiamin requirements: A.chicken, B.fish, C.beef, or D.pork?"
"D.Pork (other good sources of thiamin are grain products, ham, and fortified meat substitutes)"
The principal products of the pentose phosphate pathway include?
NADPH (reducing agent), ribose 5-phosphate.
What is the main difference in composition between soft and hard cheese?
Moisture content
The compound responsible for the characteristic buttery flavor of fermented dairy foods is what?
Diacetyl.
Describe a UHT/HTST process
High temperatures, short process times, aseptic packaging
What does SDS-PAGE stand for?
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
How is the specific gravity of a solid or a liquid defined?
It is defined as the density of the solid or liquid divided by the density of water at the same temperature.
What are the fat percentages in skim milk, low-fat milk, and reduced-fat milk?
Less than 0.5%, 1%, 2%
What is the rate of doing work called? It has units of watts.
Power
What is the name of the time period needed for a retort to reach processing temperature?
Come-up time
What is the name given to a mixture of equal parts of Darel Isomers?
Racemic Mixture
Felipe, Carrot Bread, and Taftan are known as what type of bread?
Leavened Bread
What happens to lipids in deep frying?
Hydrolytic oxidation and color change
In 1971, this systematic preventive approach to food safety that addresses physical, chemical and biological hazards as a means of prevention rather than a finished product inspection was introduced to the American National Conference for Food Protection?
HACCP, Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points
What is the trisaccharide found in beets?
raffinose
What is the most popular ice cream flavor?
Vanilla
What essential amino acid is a precursor for Tyrosine?
Phenylalanine.
What is the function of heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria in fermented foods?
production of flavor compounds (acetaldehyde and diacetyl) (homofermenters increase acidity)
Good manufacturing practice regulations of the FDA are subdivided into six categories. Name three.
Sanitation; Thermally processed, low-acid foods (packaged in hermetically sealed containers, including aseptic processing); acidified foods; cacao products and confectionery; smoked and smoke-flavored fish; frozen raw breaded shrimp
To what temperature should hamburger meat be cooked?
160 F
What fruit has been genetically modified to be resistant to the ringspot virus?
Papaya
On the TV sitcom Sienfeld, what was Elaine's favorite movie theater candy?
Jujyfruit
What is the cooking loss percentage of a roast that had a raw weight of 20 lbs and a cooked weight of 15 lbs?
25%
Give an alternate name for "cake flour".
Pastry Flour
What is supercooling?
The difference in temperature between the melting point and the temperature below the melting point in which the material remains liquid.
What sweetners are used in Coke zero sugar in the US?
Aspartame and acesulfame K
Pulses are edible parts of what plant type?
Legumes
Give an example of a component of unsaponifiable matter
Sterols, cholesterol
What is the general term applied to any ingredient added to improve or modify flavor in processed meat products?
seasoning
Grape botanical name?
Vitis vinifera
Is boiling endothermic or exothermic?
boiling is endothermic
what is pyrolysis?
dehydration and fragmentation of sugar molecule. AKA carmelization. it is responsible for browning and burnt flavor
What is the unit of expansion of transmittance of spectrophotometry?
% T (percent Transmittence)
What is the active enzyme in rennet? And what does it do to milk?
chymosin - breaks down the milk protein casein to paracasein which combines with ca to form calcium paracaseinate which separates out
why would a manufacturer add egg white or glycerol monostearate to a pasta formulation?
increases firmness, decreases loss during cooking, reduces stickiness
Five other vegetables have the same species name as head cabbage (brassica oleracea). Name two.
Broccoli, Cauliflower, Kale, Kohlrabi, Brussels sprouts, Collards
the transformation of glucofuranose to glucopyranose is defined as what?
mutarotation
What red meat has been marketed as "the other white meat"?
Pork
Name an official method of food analysis for fat determination.
Soxhlet, Mojonnier
What is the traditional source of rennet?
the fourth stomach (abomasum) of calves
Does 1 cup of spinach have more, the same or less calcium than 1 cup of ice cream?
more (spinach = 244 mg, ice cream = 176mg)
What tropical plant produces bromelin, a meat tenderization enzyme?
pineapple
Loganberry is a cross of which two berries?
The loganberry (Rubus × loganobaccus) is a hybrid of the North American blackberry (Rubus ursinus) and the European raspberry (Rubus idaeus).
TRUE or FALSE: Organically grown fruits and vegetables are more nutritious and have better flavor than products grown with mineral fertilizers.
False
What is the last phase of mitosis?
Telophase
What is the FDA's established allowable level of lead in bottled water?
5 ppb
The name for a mixture of fat and flour that is used to thicken sauces?
Roux
Why do we need vacuum in canned foods?
Loss of gases from tissues, container stability, exclusion of oxygen from headspace, and prevention of buckling during the retort process
What is the purpose of the isomerization step in high fructose corn syrup manufacture?
To enzymatically convert glucose to fructose.
What company produces SPAM and Cure81 Hams?
Hormel Foods
What is the name given to any fluid at a temperature above its critical temperature-pressure value?
Supercritical fluid
Place the following in order form least to greatest based on antioxidant capacity per serving. Strawberry, granny smith apple, wild blueberry, Pinto bean, black plum
Black plum, granny smith apple, strawberry, Pinto bean, wild blueberry
What barrels are used to age bourbon?
Aged in new, charred white oak barrels
What is the structural difference between chlorophyll and pheophytin?
Pheophytia does not have magnesium in porphyrin ring.
How does heating of a dielectric material via dipole rotation occur?
frictional heat between dipoles (e.g., dipoles in water) while rotating to orient themselves to the rapidly oscullating electric field
What pathogen reduction step utilizes a steam chamber for carcasses?
Steam pasteurization
Name the 5 steps of mushroom farming.
Composting, spawning, casing, pinning, cropping
Why is flash cooling important?
it produces a consistent product density
Current version military sampling dimensions?
ASQ/ANSI QUALITY CONTROL STANDARDS Z1.4 & Z1.9
The absence of what enzyme causes lactose intolerance?
Lactase
What foodborne parasites is also commonly found in used cat litter?
Answer: toxoplasma gondii
List sugars of : guar gum, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, pectin
Pectin: galactose Guar gum: mannose Xanthan gum: glucose Locust bean gum: mannose
What are the stages of lipid oxidation:
(1) Initiation (2) Propagation (3) Termination
What two orange varieties is commonly used for eating?
Naval & Valencia
you should not attempt to eat insects if you are already allergic to what?
Shellfish
Define "microencapsulation"
Packaging of microsize materials in the form of capsules, which are 1-2000 micron in size.
what is the moisture content of corn flakes after exiting the oven and cooling?
3-5% moisture
What compound is formed after methionine demethylation?
Homocysteine
What is 2-10 milk?
Milk containing 2% fat and 10% milk solids nonfat
A 6D process reduces the population of the target organism by what percent?
99.9999%
Addition of alpha-amylase on starch gives what disaccharide?
Maltose
The science of the deformation and flow of matter is known as....
Rheology
Name 2 wet methods for determination of fat content in milk.
gerber and babcock
A wine lacking in sweetness is referred to as what?
Dry
Which is the 2nd most abundant polysachharide?
chitin
Which enzyme is commercially used to produce maltose by hydrolyzing starch?
β-amylase.
Hyperuricemia or the buildup of excessive uric acid results in what?
Gout
10 pound of cheese corresponds to how much whey?
90 pounds of whey
Explain the commercial process of hydrogenation.
Hot oil is treated with hydrogen using nickel catalyst
What is the process of using steam or boiling water to heat vegetables before freezing called?
Blanching
What are the 2 main methods of plate counting?
Spread and pour plating
Name the favorite drink of the fictional secret agent James Bond and how he likes it served.
Dry Martini, shaken not stirred (vodka martini and dirty martini acceptable)
Evaporated milk is made by evaporating what % of milk?
0.6
What is exsanguination?
The removal of as much blood as possible during animal slaughter to improve meat quality.
What are covalent chemical bonds linking two consecutive amino acid monomers along a protein chain called?
peptide bonds
If the D-value of the critical organism is 0.2 and the product is canned peas, what should the F-value be?
F = 2.4 (=12D)
On a weight percent basis, what are the two predominant fatty acids in cow's milk?
Palmitic (24-26%) and oleic (34-38%)
You are determining how much a consumer uses a specific product. This is generally considered what type of sensory test?
acceptance test (acceptance is used of usage and preference for liking)
What is the main purpose of food processing?
to extend shelf life of a product by reducing or eliminating microbial activity and ensure food product safety
Name three Zucchini cultivars.
President, Seneca, Gold Rush, Senator, Eight Ball Tigress, Elite
Name the top 10 egg-producing states in the U.S. Name five of the top ten egg-producing states in the U.S.
Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas, Michigan, California, Minnesota, Georgia, and Nebraska (American Egg Board 2017)
Which amino acid is exceptionally high in nuts?
Arginine
All non-dairy milk alternatives are fortified with vitamin D and calcium to mimic the nutrients found in dairy milk. T/F
ANS: FALSE
The viscosity of egg white decreases with shearing force. What rheology terms describes this?
Pseudoplastic
When evaluating baking and frying conditions, what unit is used to quantify the lightness of the baked crust or crumb?
Baking Contrast Units, or BCU
What does the acronym CFR stand for?
Code of Federal Regulations
What is equilibrium moisture?
Xe, moisture of a food when it reaches equilibrium with the air. When it reaches this it cannot be dried anymore, free moisture= moisture - equilibrium moisture
What hormone regulates the absorption of dietary calcium?
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
Name the fifth French mother sauce that Chef Auguste Escoffier added in the 20th century?
Hollandaise
Linamarin is a compound found in lima beans. When exposed to gastric hydrochloric acid, what is released?
Hydrogen Cyanide
What might the Doppler effect be used to measure in food settings?
Flow velocity or food intake
If freezing point of milk is close to 0°C, what has happened?
It is adulterated with water
What is the most widely used mono and disaccharide in the food industry?
Glucose, sucrose
How do you calculate the coefficient of variation?
Divide the standard deviation by the mean and multiply by 100.
What are the HTST conditions?
72.8 C, 15 sec
What is patent flour?
The highest quality wheat flour made solely from the endosperm.
What will an injunction action by the FDA do to your company?
It will prevent you from producing the product in question until you comply with FDA regulations
Describe the 3 steps used in the malting process.
1 – Barley is cleaned/graded/steeped, and soaked in 40% moisture to activate enzymes 2 – Enzymes act on starches to produce simple carbohydrates, CO2, and heat. 3 – Heat is used to stop the sprouting process and the grain is dried for storage
In the US, a food additive derived by biotechnology, a- must be declared and identified as such in the ingredient statement, b - are subject to the same regulatory approval process as other food additives, c - must be declared and identified as such in the principal display panel, d - all of the above
D
what is the most common syrup added to soft drinks?
High Fructose Corn Syrup
What is acid proteolysis?
Degradation of protein and production of acid from sugar at the same time.
What is the Weissenberg effect?
the tendency of some viscoelastic fluids to climb up a rod that is rotating in them. (fluid flows in a right angle to the direction of shear stress)
What is the full form of SSOP?
Sanitation Standard Operating Procedure
What is the food dye carmine made from?
Insects
Which of the following pathogens is known for its ability to grow at 4 degrees Celsius:A.Clostridium botulinum, B.Escherichia coli, C.Camplobacter jejuni, or D.Listeria monocytogenes?
D.Listeria monocytogenes
What are FD&C lakes?
Aluminum salts of the FD&C dyes chemically-bound on an alumina hydrate substratum
what is the coarse particle obtained from wheat milling?
farina (middling)
What 3 microorganisms are involved in the production of soy sauce?
Aspergillus seed starter, soy yeast, lactic acid bacteria
What was the original inspiration for the Margherita pizza using basil, tomatoes, and mozzarella?
the Italian flag (green, white, and red)
Amino acids absorb light at 190-240 nm because of which bond?
peptide
What cabinet-level department is the FDA a part of?
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
In regards to packaging, what do CA and MA stand for?
Controlled atmosphere and modified atmosphere
Porterhouse steak is fabricated from which beef primal?
Loin
Name the basic components of a mechanical refrigeration system.
Compressor, condenser, evaporator, expansion valve
what is the vapor pressure of water at 212F?
one atmosphere or 14.7 psi
Name types of evaporation.
1) Sun drying 2) Heated kettle/open boiling 3) Heated kettle/vacuum evaporation.
The first set of dietary recommendations to attract widespread attention was formulated by which committee?
U.S. Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs; they are called dietary goals.
When was the College Bowl competition first held?
1985
What is a plant, bacterial, or fungal cell that had its cell wall completely or partially removed using either mechanical or enzymatic means? What is a bacteria called without a cell wall with its cell membrane is exposed?
Protoplast
What is the term for inverting a bottle of champagne to move sediment from the bottle to the neck?
riddling
The most commonly used surfactants in the food industry are?
Monoglycerides and Diglycerides
What is a Newtonian fluid?
Layers slide over each other
What determines the color of a chicken egg?
Chickens earlobes
What is the major alkaloid saponin in the Irish potato?
Solanine
How can infrared energy be detected?
Can be felt as heat.
What is a mycotoxin?
Secondary metabolites produced by microfungi that can cause disease and death in humans and animals.
What is the term for adding a layer of fat outside of meat?
Barding
What do we call the process of converting vegetable oil to solid shortening?
hydrogenation
Name three thermal calculation parameters that can be ascertained from a TDT curve.
Fo, F, Z, and D
Categorize the following pigments in water or fat soluble and plant or animal source based: Carotenoid, myoglobin, anthocyanin, chlorophyll, melanin
Carotenoid: Fat, plant Myoglobin: Water, Animal Anthocyanin: water, Plant Chlorophyll: Fat, Plant Melanin: Water, plant & animal
How do lean and fatty fish differ in regards to where they store fat?
lean fish store fat in liver, fatty fish store fat in tissue
Formation of the characteristic dark green color of chlorophyll requires what chemical structure?
Mg complexed in protoporphyrin IX with a phytol chain.
What is the white colony growth of molds called?
Mycelium.
what is the difference between Degrees C and Kelvins?
Degrees C is 273 degrees greater than Kelvin (the Kelvin scale starts 273 degrees below C)
What are the roles of Glutanin and Gliadin in dough?
Glutanin is responsible for dough elasticity; gliadin is responsible for dough strength.
Work done between 1895 and 1898 by Underwood and Prescott.
Time-temperature combinations for various canned foods to remove spoilage microorganisms. Thermal processing for canning.
What are 2 major contributions of chemicals released as smoke from burning wood during smoking?
Flavor enhancement and Preservation
What is incipient spoilage in thermally processed foods?
Spoilage that occurs prior to thermal processing
The ingredients of a fruit pie include starch and sugar. Name the ingredients which could substitute for these in an alternative low-calorie product.
Pectin or carrageenan in place of starch, aspartame in place of sugar.
What does fresh lime juice do to protein solubility?
increase or decrease solubility
Name the compound responsible for the characteristic buttery flavor of fermented dairy foods.
Diacetyl
What is the principle of UHT?
for given increase in temperature, rate of destruction of microorganisms and many enzymes increase faster than rate of destruction for nutrient and sensory components
Beef is high in what kind of vitamins?
B (B12)
What are the 2 most common statistical measures of dispersion for a sampled population?
Variance & standard deviation
What company developed American cheese?
Kraft
Name 4 enzymes required to produce high fructose corn syrup.
alpha-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, xylose isomerase
What is the name of the largest foreign-owned food retailer in the United States? a. Giant Food Stores b. Food Lion c. Shaw's Supermarkets d. The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (A&P)
(d) The correct answer is A&P which is 51% owned by Tenglemann, AG, a German retailing firm. Giant Food Stores of Carlisle, PA, and Shaw's Supermarkets are also foreign-owned.
Which animal was used for truffles traditionally?
Hogs
What does RTE stand for?
Ready-to-Eat
What is the main difference between Chinese and Japanese tea?
Japanese tea is steamed, Chinese Tea is pan-fired
The Reinheitsgebot law from 1516 AD in Germany identified what?
three ingredients that can be used to brew beer.
What is aseptic processing?
food and container are sterilized separately and then filled in a sterile environment
What is the full name of the founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken?
Colonel Harland Sanders
What is the minimum Federal standard for fat percent in whole cow's milk?
0.0325
What mineral, found in red meat, is needed for hemoglobin production?
Iron
What is a Kilojoule?
The SI unit of energy.
What part of the pork refers to the joint between the feet and the leg?
Ham hock
What cut of beef is known as the 7-bone steak?
Chuck
What gaseous atmosphere is used to inhibit ethylene production and ripening of fruits?
Nitrogen.
What is the term for the increase in volume caused by whipping air into ice cream during freezing?
A. Overrun
What is the minimum pH of growth for most Gram negative aerobic bacteria?
5.3
Discuss the changes in kinetics and how they relate to drying.
used to quantify changes. Zero order: overall quality of frozen foods, nonenzymatic browning, chlorophyll loss. First order: ascorbic acid degradation, thiosulphinate loss, oxidative color loss, microbial destruction, enzyme inactivation, texture loss in heating processing
BHA and BHT are used for what purpose?
To control fat autoxidation.
Tropical drinks, prepared with almond, ginger, and lime.
Sorna.
What food item ignited Julia Child's passion for French food?
Sole Meuniere
How many significant figures are in the number 0.000401?
3
Assume the temperature of moist air is 60C, and the saturation pressure of water vapor at 60C is 20 kPascals. If the measured water vapor pressure is 4.0 kPascals, what is the relative humidity of the air?
20% (Relative humidity is the ratio of the partial pressures: RH = 4/20 = 20%)
Why is egg yolk used in the media for the isolation of Bacillus cereus?
To check for the lecithinase reaction.
What is the name of lactic acid bacteria commonly found in type I sourdough?
Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis
This recently approved (1996) non-caloric fat substitute is a mixture of hexa, hepta, and octa esters formed from the reaction of sucrose with long chain fatty acids
Olestra
Who was the first person to claim that electricity made meat uncommonly tender?
Benjamin Franklin
What are papillae?
Taste buds
The carboxy end of the fatty acid is called the _____ position.
alpha
Golden rice was genetically modified to produce beta-carotene whereas purple tomato was genetically modified to produce what compound?
anthocyanin
What is the structural difference between chlorophyll and chlocophyllide?
Chlocophyllide does not have a phytol tail
The Beer-Lambert Law is A=ECL; what does the 'C' stand for?
C is concentration in moles/L
The first federal food law was passed in 1898. What was it?
Federal Filled Cheese Act
Rank these according to the Scoville scale from least to most hot: Habañero, Bird's eye chili, Jalapeño, Poblano, Pimiento, Serrano, Cayenne Pepper, Dorset Naga, Ghost Chili
A. Pimento (100-500) B. Poblano (500-2,500) C. Jalapeño (2,500-8,000) D. Serrano Pepper (10,000-23,000) E. Cayenne Pepper (30,000-50,000) F. Bird's eye chilli (50,000-100,000) G. Habañero (100,000-350,000) H. Dorset Naga (876,000-970,000) I. Ghost Chili Pepper or Ghost Pepper (Bhut Jolokia, Naga Jolokia, Naga Morich, Bih Jolokia, Red Naga Chili, 850,000-1,000,000)
What does HETP stand for in column design?
Height equivalent to theoretical plate
In IR heating, what happens to the wavelength as temperature increases?
wavelength gets shorter
What are the disadvantages of using Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Ultrafiltration (UF)?
Disadvantages of using membranes: - Membranes can get clogged. - Concentration gets to only between 40 to 50% compared to 80% in evaporation.
Who was the person who started the quick freezing method?
Clarence Birdseye
What year is food drugs and cosmetic act?
1938
What color are anthocyanins at Basic and Acidic pH?
Basic=Blue; Acidic=red
The shortage of shortening during the American civil war led to the invention of a plain dessert with jelly and powdered sugar called what?
Washington pie
Which is more sensitive, fluorescence or absorbance spectroscopy?
Fluorescence spectroscopy is more sensitive.
For muscle foods, as cooking time and end-point temperature increases, what happens to % cooking losses?
They increase
What is "straight flour"
The total amount of flour milled from the wheat with all the flour streams combined. Straight flour corresponds to 100% of extraction or about 72% of the wheat
Name 3 disaccharides found in foods and the monosaccharides that comprise them?
Lactose (glucose and galactose), Sucrose (glucose and fructose); maltose (glucose and glucose)
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by a genetic inability to metabolize what?
Phenylalanine
Name 1 method of second degree product of rancidity
TBARS, VOCs, sensory evaluation, p-anisidine value, HPLC, GC, mass spectrometry
In what types of foods are thermophilic sporeformers of primary concern?
Aseptically processed low acid foods.
what water activity value is where there is a loss of crispness and onset of caking occurs?
0.40
The official distilled spirit of the US is what?
Bourbon or bourbon whiskey
Which federal regulating body requires that all animal foods, like human foods, be safe to eat, and produced under sanitary conditions?
FDA
What is Favism?
a metabolic disorder arising from the consumption of fava beans. Sufferers develop a type of anemia due to a lack of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Hydrogenation of glucose yields what compound?
Sorbitol
What is zoonosis?
transmittance of disease from vertebrates to humans
The D-value as a function of temperature has what type of relationship?
linear
Packaging materials are classified as what?
Food Additives (indirect)
What is PSS and PSE?
PSS - Porcine Stress Syndrome; PSE - Pale, Soft, Exudate.
What values of PFF are required for each of the following: Ham, Ham with added water, and Ham with natural juices?
Ham=20.5; Ham, Water added=17.0; Ham with Natural Juices=18.5
Pernicious anemia is the Vitamin _____ deficiency disease and results from a lack of _________
B12; intrinsic factor
Which enzyme is deactivated in the hot break process in juice production?
Pectin Methylesterase (PME)
What is the temperature danger zone of food?
40-140 degrees F
What is adulteration?
Adulteration means the food in question has failed to meet industry or FDA or USDA health and safety standards
What is the minimal water activity for most bacteria?
0.90-0.91
How are corrugated boards classified?
A through E based on the # of flutes/foot
What are the seven certified food color and their names?
Blue 1: Brilliant Blue Blue 2: Indigotine Green 3: Fast green Red 3: Erythrosine Red 40: Allura red Yellow 5: Tartrazine Yellow 6: Sunset yellow
Name 3 chemical agents capable of denaturing proteins.
Acids, Alkalis, Metals, Organic Solvents, and Aqueous Solutions of Organic Solvents
If convection heating predominates during thermal processing of a canned food product, where is the cold spot located with respect to the can geometry?
At the center point 1/3 of the way up from the bottom of the can
What science deals with the harmful effects of chemicals on humans?
Toxicology
Acesulfame K can be derived from which sulfur-containing compound?
Sulfamic acid.
Which has the least number of calories: raw potatoes or potatoes boiled in their skin and why?
Raw potatoes. They contain a type of resistant starch (type I - physical inaccessible to enzymes). Once a potato is cooked, the structure changes and it is more easily digestible leading to more calories
what is the maximum pH at which sorbic acid is effective as a preservative in foods:A.3.5, B.4.5, C.5.5, or D.6.5?
D.6.5
What does Aw stand for?
Water Activity
What term is used to describe a compound that is foreign to biological systems?
A. Xenobiotic
What do we dehydrate food?
extend shelf life, quality enhancement, ease of handling, packaging, handling, transportation
Koch's postulates to determine disease causing microbes
(1) The microorganism must be found in diseased but not healthy individuals; (2) The microorganism must be cultured from the diseased individual; (3) Inoculation of a healthy individual with the cultured microorganism must recapitulated the disease; (4) The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased individual and matched to the original microorganism.
Describe the flow behavior of a Thixotropic material.
Thixotropic= thickens w/time
What are the PFF values required for Ham, Ham with added water, and Ham with natural juices?
Ham=20.5, Ham with added water=17.0, Ham with natural juices=18.5
What is the dimer that forms the basis of cellulose?
Cellobiose.
green sugar packet
stevia (protein coming from a plant) NATURAL
To what minimum temperature should potentially hazardous foods be reheated?
165°F
What are the female parts of the flower?
Stigma, style, ovary, ovule
Which act, passed in the 1990s, establishes dietary supplements as a legal food category ?
The 1994 Dietary Supplement, Health and Education Act (DSHEA)
To what internal temperature should pork be cooked: A.160F, B.120F, C.150F, or D.none of the above?
D.none of the above (145F and rest for 3 minutes)
Retail cuts of meat are prepared from:
wholesale cuts
Why was Schwan’s ice cream recalled from the marketplace in October of 1994?
presence of Salmonella
Name the ingredients of mayonnaise.
Eggs, vegetable oil, acid (lemon juice, vinegar, citric acid)
The amino acid that provides the least of what the body needs is called the what?
Limiting amino acid.
Name the common method used to detoxify aflatoxin in corn.
treatment with ammonia
Spray drying
Used to create powders, very rapid process, atomizers make food into mist
Phases of colloidal dispersion?
Continuous phase (dispersion medium) and dispersed phase (internal).
What is the the name of layered filo pastry with apple fillings?
Apple Strudel
The presence of beta-giucuronidase signifies the presence of what microorganism?
Escherichia coli
A transgenic organism can be defined as?
An organism containing foreign DNA.
Main chemical/browning reactions in cake.
Maillard, caramelization
Which element is required for optimal utilization of glucose by aiding in the binding of insulin?
Chromium
When making fudge how do you decrease the formation of sugar crystals?
by beating it during cooling
Name the 3 main parts of cereal grain
Bran, germ, endosperm
Define Lactic acid bacteria.
gram-positive microorganisms known as the main safe industrial-scale producers of lactic acid (LA)
Name the country where the following companies are headquartered. Nestle, Pepsico, Suntory, Grupo Bimbo
Nestle: Switzerland, PepsiCo: US, Suntory: Japanese multinational brewing and distilling company group, Grupo Bimbo: Mexico
Name the four base sauces set forth by Antonin Careme in the 19th century that is known as the French mother sauces.
Sauce Tomat, Béchamel, Velouté, and Espagnole
Name the 4 steps of the Fight BAC program.
Clean, Separate, Cook, Chill
What is the largest cereal crop grown for human consumption in the U.S.?
Wheat
Improperly packaged frozen foods often display surface discoloration. What is this defect commonly called and what process causes the defect?
Freezer burn caused by dehydration
Why do you not want the pH of frankfurters to be at an isoelectric point of myosin?
the product will not be able to bind water and you cannot form a gel
What two types of equipment achieve powders as end products?
Spray and freeze dryers both achieve powders
Name the author of the book 'On Food and Cooking'.
Harold McGee
Name the type of rancidity, which occurs by the hydrolysis of an ester bond and produces free fatty acids.
Hydrolytic rancidity
The beef rib and chuck are separated between which two ribs?
5th and 6th
What is the retinol equivalent?
a unit used for quantifying the vitamin A value of sources of vitamin A, includingboth preformed retinoids in animal foods and precursor carotenoids in plantfoods. RE is defined as 3.3 International Units of vitamin A. 1 retinol equivalent = 6 μg β-carotene or 1 μg retinol.
Name three synthetic antioxidants commonly used in foodstuff.
BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), TBHQ (dl – t – butylhydroquinone)
Name the following peppers in order from mild to hot: jalapeno, habanero, serrano, poblano, chipotle
Poblano: 1000-2000 SHU Serrano: 2000-5000 SHU Jalapeno: 3500-8000 SHU Chipotle: 5000-10k SHU Habanero: 10k-350k SHU
What test is used to measure the viability of starter culture during the fermentation of cottage cheese?
Ta, TTA, or titratable acidity
Name the non-sporforming Gram positive bacterium that is most resistant to irradiation.
Deinococcus radiodurans
What type of plant breeding breeds successive generations of plants among themselves?
Line Breeding
Who is always the chairman of IFT's executive committee?
The current IFT President.
What month is National Pasta Month?
October
The "cold break" tomato process which is used to produce some soups and ketchups, involves activation of which enzyme?
Pectin esterase
what cheeses are associated w/ lactococcus?
Cheddar or Mozzarella Cheese
What does MPN stand for?
Most Probable Number
What is the relationship between dielectric loss factor and penetration depth?
as dielectric loss factor increase, penetration depth decreases
which protein denatures at a lower temp: Beta-Lactoglobulin or Alpha-lactalbumin?
alpha-lactalbumin is more thermally labile, but protein denaturation depends also on pH.
the relative concentration of proteins in solution is typically determined by measuring the absorbance of what wavelength?
280nm
Which cheese has the highest moisture content?
A. Camembert (50.3%) > Swiss (39.0%) > Parmesan (31.0%)
Armored cow' was a slang used by soldiers for which product during WWII?
Canned milk
Describe the meaning of 150-grade pectin.
A 150 grade pectin is one that will form a satisfactory gel at a ratio of 1 kg (or unit) pectin to 150 kg (or unit) sugar.
A Coconut is a member of what family
Drupe
If water is not utilized, what are the USDA standards for egg pasteurization?
3.5 minutes at 60 degree C
The unit used to measure an absorbed dozes of ionizing radiation is the “RAD”. What does “RAD” stand for?
radiation absorbing dose
What food product was invented by a French chemist in 1869 by treating oils w/hydrogen?
Margarine
What are the 2 main functions of the pancreas?
exocrine function: aids in digestion, endocrine function: regulates blood sugar levels
Give an example of a mold and lactic acid bacteria fermentation product made from milk?
A. Kefir or Viili
What amino acid is the metabolic precursor of anthocyanins?
phenylalanine
What pigment reaction causes the greenish sheen during spoilage of cured meat products?
Myoglobin or oxymyoglobin are subjected to reducing reactions from bacteria, acerbate or other reducing agents.
In restaurants, 86 is used when an item on the menu is no longer available. What number is used when the item is available again?
68
What was the first type of student competition held by IFT?
Undergraduate research paper forum
In Russian, what is the meaning of the word Vodka?
little stream
In red wine, what sensory property is correlated with tannin concentration?
astringency
Name three artificial sweeteners that are approved for use in the U.S.
Aspartame, Saccharin, Acesulfame K + others
When using a ceramic, plastic, or stainless steel mixing bowl, the addition of what ingredient will help to achieve a more stable meringue?
cream of tartar
What is the term for the fear of cooking?
Mageirocophobia
Which is more saturated, pork or beef fat?
beef
Name the body of FAO-WHO that deals with food standards including pesticides.
Codex Alimentarius commission
Two reasons why pectic enzyme preparations from Aspergillus Niger are often used during fruit juice production.
It is to increase yield and increase clarity
What is the name of croissant wrapped around chocolate?
Pain au chocolat
In the late 19th century, Japanese researcher Kikunae Ikeda identified what unique taste sensation?
Umami
What does USDA stand for?
United States Department of Agriculture
Which is the only US state that produces coffee?
Hawaii
What does FDA stand for?
Food and Drug Administration
Name three classes of flavonoids.
anthocyanidins, isoflavones, flavonols, catechins, etc
What are the major components of bovine milk and what are their approximate percentages?
Water- 87%, Lactose- 4-5%, Fat- 4%, Protein- 3.5%, Minerals- 0.7%.
Botulism was given its Latin-derived name because it was originally associated w/what food?
sausage
Give an example of a climacteric fruit and a non climacteric fruit.
Refrigeration system, vacuum system, control system, product chamber, condenser
Name two variety of waffles origininating from the US.
American, Belgian
The international research institute in the Philippines developed a high yield strain of rice. What was the name of this rice?
IR-8
What is the difference between gelato and ice cream in terms of sugar and fat content, and overrun?
Gelato is higher in sugar, lower in overrun and fat
20 grams of amylose is added to 80 grams of water in a beaker; the boiling point is measured with an ordinary mercury-in-glass thermometer. What is the observed boiling point of the material in the beaker?
100 Degrees Celsius (it is not a true solution - there is no boiling point of elevation)
What are the four principal functions of a food package?
Advertise, Protect the Food, Inform the Purchaser, Contain the Food
Is radiation a fast or slow method of heat transfer?
Fast
Name 5 foods or ingredients which contain the alkaloid stimulant caffeine.
1) coffee, 2) tea, 3) chocolate, 4) chocolate milk, 5) cocoa, 6) kola nut extract
What does JNND stand for?
Just Noticeable NonDifference
What enzyme is found in liver that promotes breakdown of fats?
Lipase
What are the compounds responsible for pungency in the black pepper, chilli peppers, mustard and ginger?
black pepper – piperine, chili pepper – capsaicin, ginger – gingerol, mustard allyl isothiocyanate
What compound can be smelled on a person's breath during ketosis?
Acetone
Kumquat botanical name?
Citrus japonica [Rutaceae (Citrus)]
What family of birds do ostriches belong to?
Ratite
To be classified as whole milk what is the legal percentage of butter fat required?
3.25%
What protein in meat is gelatinized during moist heat cooking?
Collagen.
What compound causes salmon to turn pink?
Astaxanthin
Which country banned U.S. poultry imports in march of 2002?
russia
What is open production?
A business buys a commodity from a producer at a market price determined at the time of purchase.
Name three collards cultivars.
Blue Max, Georgia Southern, Vates
The compound responsible for the characteristic buttery aroma and flavor of fermented dairy foods is what?
A. Diacetyl
tests for which two bacteria must be conducted under the final rule on pathogen reduction and HACCP?
generic E. coli and salmonella
What does PP stand for related to packaging?
PP= polypropylene
What are the different types of centrifuges?
Disk bowl, decanter, tubular, basket
What is the name of one of the toxic compounds in cassava?
Cyanogenic glucosides: linamarin and lotaustralin
How much bread, cereals, and grains are recommended daily by the MyPlate nutrition scheme?
5-8 oz. equivalents (5-6 oz for women, 6-8 oz for men)
What food is made by specially fattening the liver of a duck or goose?
Foi Gras
Below what pH can Clostridium botulinum spores no longer germinate?
below pH 4.6
What is the different between puppy, adult, and senior foods?
Protein and fat levels (Due to their constant growth, dog and cat nutritional needs change a little in different stages. Puppies benefit from a higher fat/protein content until they have finished growing (at ~1 to 1.5 years). At this point they have reached their adult body and these levels are slightly reduced to maintain a healthy body weight. Once your dog has become a senior (between age 7-9) the levels are reduced again due to their inability to be as active in their old age, and their higher risk of becoming overweight. Other beneficial ingredients can also be added to help promote healthy growth and maintainance at different stages such as DHA/EPA for puppies and glucosamine for seniors.)
What artificial sweeteners are used in Coke Zero and Diet Coke?
(1) Coke Zero - Aspartame and Acesulfame potassium (Ace-K) (2) Diet Coke - Aspartame and SPLENDA
In animals, excess glucose is converted into its storage form ___?
Glycogen.
What makes milk white?
Casein micelles scatter light.
Sporeforming aerobic rods occur as what?
Psychrotrophs, Mesophiles, and Thermophiles.
What is the most common stabilizer used in the production of chocolate milk?
Carrageenen
Veal is meat from a calf that is: A. 4 months old or younger, B. Fed Grain for at least 130 days, C. Younger than 1 year of age, or D. 2 years or older?
A. 4 months old or younger (typically 16-18 weeks, according to USDA website)
Which analytical instrument would be best for the simultaneous analysis of several trace metals?
Inductively coupled plasma spectrophotometer (ICP-AES, specifically Atomic Emission Spectroscopy)
What is the number of combinations that can be used in a triangle test?
6
what is the US standard for particle size of farina?
100% must pass through a #20 sieve, and no more than 10% can pass through a #45 sieve
What does "TA" mean in regards to spoilage of canned food?
Thermophilic anaerobic
With regards to packaging, what does MAP stand for?
Modified Atmosphere Packaging
What is the main pigment found in beets?
Betalain
Integration of lethality will determine which value
F sub zero
The fibrous protein in meats that causes older animals to be tougher and can be converted during cooking to gelatin is:
collagen
Potato botanical name?
Solanum tuberosum [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]
What carbon to carbon number bonds are present, most commonly, in the straight and branched chains of starch?
straight: alpha 1-4, branch: alpha 1-6
What is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi and can cause unnatural or "deleterious biological changes in plants, animals, humans, or microorganisms?
mycotoxin
The regulations implementing the NLEA labeling provisions took 961 pages in federal register of what date?
1/6/1993 12:00:00 AM
When you order squab at a restaurant, what have you ordered?
Pigeon, or fowl
What does PS stand for related to packaging?
PS= polystyrene
When was Poultry Products Inspection Act enacted?
1959
In cheese making, what terms describe the solid mass and the liquid phases?
solid; curd; liquid:whey
A physical change in an amorphous material promoted by the addition of heat and the uptake of low molecular weight substances called plasticizers is called what?
glass transition
What are 7 health claims allowable on labels?
Ca and osteoporosis, fat and cancer, sat. fat and cholesterol and CHD, sodium and hypertension, fruits and vegetables and cancer, fruits/vegs/grains and CHD, fruits/vegs/grains and cancer
Meaning of certified and exempt from certification?
Certified colorants require FDA certification per lot; exempt colorants (e.g., annatto, zinc oxide, caramel) do not.
What type of orange is commonly used for juice manufacture?
Valencia
What is the microorganism used to make miso and sake?
Aspergillus orzae
Balancing cost speed and ease of use, which rapid quality control for syrup measuerment was used by industry?
Refractometer (Brix value) or Hydrometer
What is the purpose of air flow in spray drying?
the initial contact between spray droplets and drying air controls evaporation rates and product temp in the dryer.
Vitamin B7 Deficiency can cause?
Dermatitis, enteritis
Does a cup of spinach have more, the same, or less calcium than a cup of ice cream?
More (spinach = 244 mg; ice cream = 176 mg calcium)
name the 2 most common positive displacement pumps.
rotary and reciprocating
What are 3 sources of sodium?
Sea water, salt mines, salt springs
Which is the most likely pH for dark cutting beef: 5.4, 5.9, or 6.2
pH 6.2
A glycogen molecule that has been degraded to its branch points is called a?
Limit dextrin.
Avocado botanical name?
Persea americana [Lauraceae (Laurel)]
What happens if an essential amino acid is unavailable to make a protein?
Cells break down proteins to obtain the missing amino acid.
The role of spices in Indian history does not include: A. For health benefits B. For preservation C. For reducing salt addition D. For masking unpleasant tastes and odors
C. for reducing salt addition
Name a common source of gamma irradition for commercial fruit or vegetable proccessing.
Cobalt 60, Strontium 90, Cesium 137.
What quality grade of beef would have the greatest palatability characteristics?
Prime
What is pH?
The negative log of the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution.
Claviceps purpurea causes what type of food poisoning?
ergot
Define sterilization
Complete destruction of microorganisms, requires at least 250F, time is important.
How do you measure oxidation in meat products?
TBA analysis
What is the leading state in number of milk cows?
California
Name all seven Ben and Jerry's vegan frozen dessert flavors released in 2016 and 2017.
Chunky Monkey, Chocolate Fudge Brownie, Coffee Caramel Fudge, PB & Cookies, Cherry Garcia, Caramel Almond Brittle, and Coconut Seven Layer Bar
What is the normal pH of milk? a. 6.2-6.4 b. 6.5-6.8 c. 7.0-7.3 d. 7.4-7.6
b. 6.5-6.8
Which federal agency houses the National Marine Fishing Service?
US Department of Commerce
What happens during aerobic glycolysis?
Glycogen → glucose + O2 → CO2 + energy + H2O
What is the dressing percent formulation of meat carcass?
(Carcass weight / live weight) * 100
Name 2 forms of myoglobin pigment which can be found on discolored fresh meat.
Metmyoglobin, choleglobin, sulfmyoglobin, metsulfmyoglobin, and others
What is the recognized standard method for detecting antibiotics in milk?
The disc assay (with Bacillus)
What is the compound Caffeine Citrate used for in Sensory?
used as a standard for bitterness
Describe the difference between shear and normal stress.
Shear is parallel to the surface, normal is perpendicular
Name the confectionaries that contain gelatin.
Gummy bears
The three external measurements of a can seam include?
Thickness, width (length or height), and countersink
Shellfish contain more, the same, or less cholesterol than fin fish?
More
Improvement in baking quality occurs during storage of flour. What happens to color?
Yellow --> White
Name food made from dried maize undergone alkali treatment
Hominy
What type of whey is produced during the manufacture of Ricotta cheese?
Ricotta= acid whey
The more branches a polysaccharide has, the more non-reducing ends it has.
FALSE.
what is the federally mandated minimum soluble solids content of jams, jellies, and preserves?
65%
Which approved sweetener has the greatest sweetness relative to sugar?
Neotame (8000x ave.)
What would be the approximate desirable storage temperatures of high fructose corn syrup and liquid dextrose and why are they different?
hFCS-90⁰F (32.2⁰C), LIQUID DEXTROSE-130⁰F (54.4⁰C); LIQUID DEXTROSE CRYSTALIZES MORE READILY THAN HFCS
Which compounds found in grapefruit act to inhibit Cytochrome P450 Enzyme and cause potentially dangerous drug interactions?
Furanocoumarins interfere with blood settings so they can be dangerous.
The corticosteroids secreted by the adrenal cortex are derived from what?
Cholesterol
What are the minimum reactant requirements for Maillard browning?
amino-bearing compound (usually a protein) and a reducing sugar water
What is the process in beer manufacturing where the starches in grains are broken down into fermentable sugars?
Mashing
what type of foodborne disease is caused by Staphylococcus aureus?
intoxication
Log mean temperature difference is used instead of simple temperature difference in: (a) freezing foods in plate freezers; (b) heating in a liquid-liquid heat exchanger; (c) cooking in a steam kettle
(b) heating in a liquid-liquid heat exchanger
What is the similarity between tomatoes, cucumbers, avocado, olives and eggplant?
All are fruits.
Name a class 2b carcinogen found in corn.
fumonisin
What is the hardest substance in the human body?
Enamel
What does TCA stand for?
Tricarboxylic Acid
What percent of the Earth's water is potable, or fresh-water?
2.5%
Which fruits contains more than 10% fat?
Olive, avocado, coconut
In soy sauce production, what is "koji"?
Rice fermented with Aspergillus oryzae
In enzymology, what is turnover number?
moles of substate converted to product by an enzyme molecule (activation site) in a given time period
Give three examples of shortcrust pastry.
pie crusts (used for both sweet and savory pies), tart crusts (for fruit tarts, lemon tarts, etc.), quiche crusts, shortbread (a type of biscuit or cookie), empanada pastry, hand pies (miniature versions of pies, often filled with fruit or savory ingredients), and pastel de nata crust (used in Portuguese custard tarts)
Give the main reason why polyethylene films are used for packaging fresh fruit.
Modified atmosphere packaging. Oxygen permeability rate can be varied with the respiration rate of the food.
Name three Kumquat cultivars.
Nagami, Meiwa, Nordmann, Hong Kong, Malayan
Which amino acid gives strong reaction with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent?
tyrosine (aromatic ring)
What is food infection?
Involve micro organism present in food at time of ingestion, they then grow in host and cause disease: E.G: C.perfrongens, Salmonella, shigella, vibrio parahaemolyticus, streptococcus pyogenes bacillus cereus, campylobacter jejuni
Who makes food safety recommendations for the foodservice industry?
FDA
What effect causes recrystallization in ice cream?
Ostwald Ripening
pH of milk reflects the total acidity of milk (True/False)
False
Which of the following foods contain the lowest content of water? A) Fresh Carrots B) Fresh Tomatoes C) Whole Milk D) Fresh Celery
C) Whole Milk
What organisms are responsible for scombroid poisoning in seafood?
Morganella morganii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
In what food is butyric acid typically found?
Milk
What are the basic structural components of myoglobin and hemoglobin?
Pyrole rings joined centrally by an atom of iron
Name types of concentration methods/equipment.
1) Solar evaporation 2) Flash evaporators 3) Ultrafiltration 4) Open kettle 5) Thin-film evaporators 6) Reverse osmosis 7) Freeze concentration 8) Vacuum evaporators.
Rice and Almond milk are good sources of protein, similar to the amount of protein in dairy milk.
False
According to the NLEA, what health claim can be made regarding soy intake?
soy intake and cancer
Who is credited with the discovery of nucleic acid?
Friedrich Miescher
Give 3 ways to produce ethylene gas.
There are three main ways to produce ethylene: 1) gas from a cylinder, 2) catalytic generator, and 3) ethephon
Codex Alimentarius
established between the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1962 to develop international standards and safety practices for foods and ag products
What is the name of the reagent used in food analysis which forms a fluorescent compound with primary amines?
Fluorescamine
what is 'regression analysis'?
statistical method to analyze relation between 2 or more variables such that one of them can be predicted by using information of the other
Ketchup exhibits what kind of flow behavior?
Bingham plastic
What are the four major groups of natural pigments or pigment molecules found in fruits and vegetables (or plants)?
-Chlorophylls - primary pigment in plants, lipid-soluble -Carotenoids - are red, orange, or yellow terpenoids, lipid-soluble -Anthocyanins - literally "flower blue," water-soluble flavonoid pigments that appear red to blue according to pH -Betalains - red or yellow pigments, water-soluble
What is ageusia?
The inability to taste
What is the role of salt in surimi production?
salt solubilizes myofibrillar proteins
How many divisions are currently part of IFT?
25
First Federal Food Standards Issues
1939
Tennessee state fruit?
tomato
What three amino acids correspond to I, F, T?
Isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine
What root is often used as a caffeine-free coffee substitute or adjunct due to its resemblance in color and aroma to coffee?
Chicory.
What does HR stand for?
Human Resources
True or false: the name margarine comes from a fatty acid, margaric acid, named by Chevreul in 1813.
True, although later studies showed there is no such thing as margaric acid
What is the moisture content of cheddar cheese?
A. 39-40%
The FDA requires the irradiation logo to appear on irradiated foods. What wording is required on the package of irradiated foods?
The phrase "treated with radiation" or "treated by irradiation"
PEP-PTS is a transport system that plays a vital role in fermentation by lactic acid bacteria. What does PEP-PTS stand for?
Phosphoenolpyruvate-Phosphotransferase System
Do Sous-Vide products need refrigeration?
Yes
what is the minimum percentage Daily Value of fiber on nutritional label to declare the food product an excellent source of fiber?
20%
How many layers of tin actually compose the double seam on a can?
Five
Cow botanical name?
Bos primigenius (they usually get bos tourus too)
What does the acronym NADP stand for?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
What mold is used for Camanbert cheese?
Penicillium Camanberti
What is resistant starch resistant to?
digestion by pancreatic enzymes
What is an indicator organism?
An organism used to test changes in water quality conditions or food microbiological analysis by detecting for the presence of harmful pathogens .
What are the three main protein classes in egg whites?
Albumins, Mucoproteins, Globulins
what is levulose, a common monosaccharide found abundantly in honey, saps, and fruits more commonly known as?
Fructose
Why is stannous chloride added to canned tomatoes?
Because people are used to the "tin taste" from the good ole days when cans were made of tin
Which is the name of the process where a foods temperature goes from 32deg F to 25degF in 30 minutes?
Quick freezing
What is an ideal surface which absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence, and emits the maximum possible thermal radiation at a given temperature?
blackbody
Intermediate moisture foods chiefly rely on WHAT food ingredients for the desired texture and lowering of water activity?
sugar (humectants)
Plant substances that are resistant to hydrolysis by the endogenous enzymes of the human digestive tract are more commonly known as what?
Dietary fiber
What is used as the heating medium in a direct UHT milk processing system?
Steam
What food-borne parasite can be found in hogs eating uncooked food waste?
Trichinella Spiralis.
The door of a microwave is often glass with a metal mesh imbedded, why is that so?
while microwaves can go through glass, they cannot go through metal, and so the mesh has holes small enough that microwaves cannot pass through but allows for the person to view the food inside
Name the two pieces in a two piece can.
Body and lid
What is the most common pathogen found in outbreaks related to cheese?
L. monocytogenes
In July 1992, the U.S 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the negligible risk (de minimus) policy used by the EPA to regulate pesticide use on foods violated what legislation of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)?
Delaney Clause
Name four organs in which Hexokinase D is found.
Liver, pancreas, intestine, brain.
What are the 2 principle mechanisms by which preservatives stop the growth of microorganisms?
water availability and acidity
Why was the McDonalds cherry pie discontinued?
too few cherries per pie.
What carotenoid when bound to specific protein is responsible for lobster's distinct pink orange color after cooking?
Astaxanthin
With respect to quality, what do the following acronyms stand for? TQM, JIT, GMP, CIM, HACCP, AQL, SPC, PONC
TQM-Total Quality Management; JIT-Just In Time; GMP-Good Manufacturing Practices; CIM-Computer Integrated Management; HACCP-Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points; AQL-Acceptable Quality Level; SPC-Statistical Process Control; PONC-Price Of Non-Conformance
What type of edam matches peaches, melons, and apricots?
Mild Edam
Butter without salt is called what?
Unsalted butter
Who is credited with being the first to successfully pasteurize milk?
Soxhlet in 1886
In cheese making, the "cheddar" process involves: A) adding lactic acid to milk B) adding rennet C) turning and piling the curds D) chopping the curds and adding salt
C) turning and piling the curds
In cheese production, why is rennet added after the pH has been reduced by the starter cultures?
The enzyme activity of rennet is higher in an acid media
What reaction does not occur when moist heat is used?
Maillard Reaction
What 2 chemicals are generally used to prevent browning in fruit?
sulfur dioxide and ascorbic acid
What year were red m&ms discontinued due to concern over red dye no.2?
1976, they were brought back in 1987
How many general principles does HACCP involve? a) five; b) ten; c) seven; d) fourteen; e) eight
c) seven
On average was is the % water, % protein, % carbohydrate and % oil content of raw soybeans?
7-8% water, 31-32% carbohydrate, 40% protein, 21% oil
What 2 antibiotics are legal food additives?
nisin & natamycin
what vitamin is formed in the skin of humans and animals by activation of sterols by UV light from the sun or by UV activation of sterols artificially?
Vit D
What are 2 disadvantages of using rosemary as an antioxidant compared to synthetic antioxidants?
Higher cost, larger amount (higher level) needed to be effective
The endosperm of wheat consists of starch granules embedded in a what?
protein matrix
Name the ice cream-like product containing at least 1.4% egg yolk solids, also known as French ice cream?
A. Frozen custard
Due to its high amounts of potassium, noni berry is not advised to be consumed by which individuals?
Kidney issues
What did the Delaney Clause do?
food additives were added to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1958.
What are English hops?
Hops typically used for english style ales, such as fuggles, goldings and northdown
Name all essential amino acids for adults.
Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine, threonine, lysine, methionine, tryptophan
aflatoxin can be detected by placing material under: A.fluorescent light, B.a light bulb, C.UV light, or D. infared light?
C. UV light
What type of wheat is used to make bread?
Hard red wheat
What changes are caused by Refrigeration?
Low temperature - limited chemical, biochemical and physio-chemical changes.
For safety, best flavor, cook pork to an internal temperature of: A.110 degrees F, B.130 degrees F, C.145 degrees F, or D.212 degrees F
C. 145 degrees F
What are 2 internal conditions that affect drying?
properties of the food, thermoconductivity, density, porosity, sorption isotherms
Major tests for allergies.
RAST, Basophil Histamine Release, Skin test, Oral challenge, Immunoblotting
The amount of alcohol in beers sold or created and sold in the United States is measured by using what method?
ABV- alcohol by volume
How can protein quality of plant-based meals be improved?
By combining different plant protein sources in a meal
What is the name of FD&C Red No.40?
Allura Red
What are the coenzyme forms of niacin?
NAD, NADP
What was the first food ingredient developed via genetic engineering techniques and approved by the FDA?
Chymosin
What is spectroscopy?
production, measurement, and interpretation of spectra arising from the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter
What is the rate limiting step of cholesterol synthesis in the liver?
Hmg-Co-reductase
How would you determine which brand of pudding is preferred by customers?
sensory evaluation, preference tests
in the meat industry, what are 'Sweetbreads'?
the thymus and pancreas glands of animals. They are a light meat that is firmer in texture than brains
Hunger, as opposed to appetite, can be described by what?
Chemical changes in the body
Casein micelles have what type of core and outer surface: hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
The core is hydrophobic and outer surface is hydrophilic
What is the name given to the temperature scale that expresses temperature as degrees Farenheit above absolute zero?
The Rankine scale
What Congressional law provides that no food additive may be considered safe if it proves to cause cancer when ingested, at any level, by man or by animals?
The Delaney Clause
Name the 3 principal nutrients used to enrich rice.
Thiamin, niacin, iron
What is the most common cause of slow or dead vat that prevents normal ripening in cheese production?
A. Bacteriophage infection of lactic acid bacteria
what is proteose peptone?
is an enzymatic digestion of animal tissues. commonly used in the prep of culture media for the production of toxins, and in the fermentation industry for starter cultures. It is a highly nutritious source for the growth of a wide range of microorganisms
In extrusion, which surface is rough and which one is smooth? Inside surface of barrel or outside surface of screw?
The inside surface of barrel is rough and outside surface of screw is smooth.
Linoleic acid is a precursor for a certain hormones that determine platelet or blood clot aggregation. What are these hormones called?
Prostaglandins
What are the effects of drying on color?
Hunter lab and CIE Lab are most widely used color systems (lightness - L, red/green - a, yellow/blue - b) humans perceive color in terms of lightness, hue, and chroma by the integration of complex color systems. Mechanisms: drying changes the surface characteristics of a food and hence alters its reflectivity, enzymatic browning - dark pigment, photo-oxidation of pigment caused by light in combination with oxygen - meat, chemical changes to carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments caused by heat and oxidation
Up to the discovery of the Americas by the Europeans, one genus and species of grape supplied all grape-based products to humans; name it.
Vitus Vinifera
Barley can come with different numbers of rows. What are the 2 most common row numbers for barley?
Two-row and six-row
What is the D value of a microorganism that is decreased in population by a factor of ten in two minutes at a constant temperature?
Two
In relaxed muscle, what form is ATP in?
ATP/mg complex, indicating it is bound to magnesium ions in the muscle.
When the Ponkin Iron Works made the original cans for "Appertizing" of food, what was the shape of the can?
It was a box shape
Give the genus/species of the organism used in processing Brie and Camambert cheeses what forms a white crust.
Penecillium Camambertii
Nicotinamide and riboflavin are necessary in the diets of humans. They play a role in energy metabolism as constituents of what type of important compounds?
Coenzymes (proton and electron carriers)
What microorganism does Oxford agar select for?
Oxford= Listeria
Milk: Micelles contain protein and 6 – 8% of this salt.
Calcium phosphate
what is the name when its negative 273 degrees C?
absolute zero
What is non-Newtonian fluids?
Fluids that are time-independent and respond immediately with flow when shear stress is applied. a. Shear-thinning or pseudoplastic: condensed milk, fruit purees, mayonnaise; b. Shear-thickening.
Who developed the first industrial methods for treatment of food?
Nicholas Appert.
In Spanish areas, edam is sold under what name?
Queso de bola
According to the standard of identity, margarine must contain how much fat?
0.8
What does the Fiske-Subbarow assay measure?
Levels of inorganic phosphate in biological samples
What is the name of the Mississippian section of IFT?
the Magnolia section
What sacrificial metal is utilized in cans to prevent oxidation by Fe2+?
Zinc
Fat is of increasing concern in our diets. Name the four required fat declarations on the Nutrition Facts label.
calories from fat, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol
Who is the southeast area meeting chair this year and what school are they from?
Peter Chiarelli, UGA
What do the following abbreviations stand for? PV, FSIS, CFR, PER, DP, NMR, ESR, HPLC
PV = peroxide value FSIS = food safety and inspection service CFR = code of federal regulations PER = protein efficiency ratio DP = degree of polymerization NMR = nuclear magnetic resonance ESR = electron spin resonance HPLC = high pressure liquid chromatography
Why is BPA being removed from plastic?
It's an estrogen mimic that negatively influence sex in fish and other organisms
In what year and by which president what the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act enacted?
FDR in 1938
A Twinkie is a 'Golden Sponge Cake w/a Cream Filling', which was invented in 1930. What was the original filling in Twinkies before it was replaced by vanilla-flavored cream during WWII?
Banana Cream
What is "latent heat of vaporization"?
The amount of energy required to convert a unit mass of liquid to gas at its boiling point.
Name the six general categories of fruits. (If want to make more difficult, ask examples.)
Berries: Blueberries, Grapes, Strawberries Citrus: Oranges, Lemons, Limes Tropical fruits: Mangoes, Pineapples, Bananas Melons: Watermelon, Cantaloupe, Honeydew Drupes/stone fruits: Peaches, Cherries, Plums Pomes/cores: Apples, Pears
What is the can defect that results from too high internal can pressure?
Buckling
What kitchen appliance inspired Nike's first shoe?
Waffle iron
What are the five major classes of micro organisms based on temperature?
Mesophile thermophile, psychrotroph psycrophile extremophiles
Kajmak is an icing used for what Polish cake eaten in Easter?
Mazurek
Since 1981, the acronym CDC has stood for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Before that, since 1970, it was known as Center for Disease Control. What was the full name prior to 1970?
Communicable Disease Center
EPA and DHA number of unsaturation and carbon number and name.
Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)
Why can dehydration develop quickly in infants?
Much of their body water is extracellular.
There are two kinds of food colorants, what are they?
1. Certified, synthetic, derived from petroleum-based sources and undergo batch testing; 2. Exempt from certification, do not undergo batch testing, derived from plants.
Guernsey and Jersey cows, also known as the Channel Island breeds, produce rich, yellow milk due to a relatively high amount of what compound?
β-carotene
Name the two major meat proteins that are salt soluble.
myosin and actin
Cotton cheese and RIcotta produce what kind of whey?
Acid Whey
What is the name of Morroccan clarified butter that is spiked?
Smen
Mead is an alcoholic beverage made with what?
Honey
What part of a beef steer does the porterhouse steak come from?
The loin (short loin or back are also acceptable).
What South Asian is made from maida flour and stuffed with mashed potatos?
Samosa
Name 3 reasons it is advantageous to obtain enzymes from microorganisms.
Microorganisms are very versatile, MO's can be altered by mutations or genetic engineering to produce a greater quantity of enzyme or different enzymes, recovery of enzymes is often easy, readily available, high rate of growth and enzyme production.
What is the form of aflatoxin excreted in milk?
M1.
Individuals who are extremely sensitive to the compound PROP are called what?
super-tasters
What are de-headed, de-veined and sorted by size in a laitram machine?
Shrimp
Tempeh is a fermented product from __________
Soybeans
Which of the following is a tall cocktail glass that holds up to 12 oz of liquid? A. Old fashioned B. Highroller C. Snifter D. Highball
D. Highball
What is the process of staling of bread?
Retrogradation
Name the only amino acid containing an indole group.
Tryptophan
What does LCL stand for wrt statistical analysis?
Lower Control Limit
Name the flavor defect due to free butyric acid from the partial hydrolysis of butterfat brought about by the enzymatic activity of lipase or by certain bacterial enzymes.
Hydrolytic rancidity
The Great British Bake Off, a British baking compeition, is more popularly known by what name in US and Canada?
The Great British Baking Show
Is most corn consumed by humans in whole kernel form or milled form?
Milled
Rate the following materials from lowest to highest thermal conductivity: Water, Aluminum, Stainless Steel, Glass, Air, Copper
Air < Water < Glass < Stainless Steel < Aluminum < Copper.
H5N1 virus is also commonly known as what?
Influenza A virus, Avian Influenza virus, or Bird Flu virus
List 2 functions of calcium chloride in cheese making.
A. Reduces clotting time, increases curd firmness, and increases whey exudation
What is non-newtonian fluid?
As you increase the shear rate the viscosity decreases, liquid but flowing like a solid
Chopped pork shoulder and ham is used to create what commerical product?
Spam
Grapes are to raisins as plums are to what?
Prunes
What are the two enzymes in vegetables commonly used to evaluate effectiveness?
Catalase and hydrogen peroxidase
What salt causes coagulation in tofu?
Ca sulphate or MgCl2
What is the relationship among freezing rate, crystal size and food quality?
Faster the freezing rate, smaller the crystal size, higher the food quality
Define "indirect" additive
substances that may come into contact with food as part of packaging or processing equipment, but are not intended to be added directly to food.
What is the minimum proof of rum?
80
What three cuts of beef come from the loin?
Short, Sirloin, tenderloin
What is a pluot, also known as a dinosaur egg?
It a complex cross hybrid of plum and an apricot
What type of bacteria is used to produce the blue veins in blue cheese?
Penicilium roqueforti and pennicillium glaucum
With regard to pectins, what is HMP and LMP?
HMP = high methoxy pectin; LMP = low methoxy pectin
What does 'c' stand for in E=mc^2?
speed of light
On average how many pounds of food does a family of four in the US waste each year?
1000 pounds
What do microaerophiles require for growth?
Some oxygen.
People with what condition should avoid the consumption of raw eggs?
Salmonellosis
Why are high-basis-weight steel cans preferred over aluminum cans for packaging of heat sterilized foods?
Greater strength is needed to resist the high internal vacuums that occur on cooling
What is the proper term for 'cardboard', such as is used in packing boxes?
Corrugated board.
Which food additive did Morton Salt add to their product that allows them to say "When it rains, it pours"?
calcium silicate
What is the relationship between soft-shell and hard-shell crabs?
A soft-shell crab is a hard-shell crab in its molting stage when its new shell is still soft enough to eat
Candy corn is made to look like corn kernels, how many times larger is a candy corn compared to a real corn kernel?
3 times larger
Describe the pasteurization process.
product heated to desired temperature, product held at desired temperature for defined time (typically for 12D reduction), product cooling, and product handling/distribution under refrigeration
What method of food preservation did the Incas first use on potatoes?
freeze-drying
What is the name of the holes in swiss cheese?
Eyes
Name three mold ripened cheeses.
Brie (Penicillium camemberti, P. candidum), Camembert (Penicillium camemberti), blue (Penicillium roqueforti), Gorgonzola (Penicillium roqueforti)
Rooibos leaves are used to make what type of tea?
Red tea
listeria monocytogenes
most dangerous for pregnant women, not allowed in RTE products
Cleave of K-casein by rennet gives which 2 peptides?
para-kappa casein and glycomacropeptide
What are three positive results of aerobic exercise?
1. Improved muscle tone 2. Burns calories 3. Enjoy more restful sleep 4. Reduce stress 5. Feel more energetic 6. Increases self-esteem 7. Increases self-control 8. Improves the cardiovascular system
foods relatively high in fat are frozen prior to irradiation to: A.inactivate some foodborne illnesses,B. preserve the frozen food, C. minimize nutrient loss and flavor changes, or D. help drive oxygen out?
C. minimize nutrient loss and flavor changes
What are some disadvantages of using the formula (ball) method to calculate lethality?
only can use at a constant retort process temperature, the cooling portion modeling is empirical and may over/under estimate lethality
What cereal grain has the highest per capita consumption in the U.S?
Wheat
What US federal agency is responsible for the safety of drinking water?
EPA
What is bloom in meat?
Bright red color development.
What does WHO stand for?
World Health Organization
Why is listeria monocytogenes of greater concern in refrigerated foods than in foods stored at ambient temperatures?
listeria monocytogenes is a psychrotroph that selectively grows at low temperatures
In the 2022 Food Code by FDA this term means the transfer of food that is unused and returned by a consumer after being served or sold and in the possession of the consumer, to another person.
Re-service.
Another name for thermal death time is
F value or sterilization value
An enzyme the removes methanol from pectin is called what?
Pectin methylesterase
What are the 8 principal cereal grains grown in the U.S.?
Corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, rice, sorghum, buckwheat
What is the monetary prize of the food disruption challenge pitch for the selected pitch as well as the people’s choice award?
$25 K for winner, $5 K for people’s choice
What does the acronym NADA stand for?
new animal drug application
what is pectin utilized for in food chemistry/food processing?
stability of jams, jellies, fruit juices, tomato sauces, etc.
What are the two types of distribution systems for falling film evaporators?
Static distribution system (bowl with smoothing plate) and dynamic distribution system (liquid distribution by means of a full cone nozzle)
Panettone, Pandesal, and Pan Dule are examples of what type of bread?
Sweetbread
what is the function of oxidizing agents in bread dough?
strengthens dough by promoting di-sulfide bonds
What process is done prior to freezing or dehydration to inactivate enzymes?
blanching, chemical inactivation
Milk metering systems may be affected by: a) Flow rate b) Back pressure c) Temperature d) All of the above
All of the above
What title of the Code of Federal Regulations is entitled Agriculture?
Title 7
What does XLD stand for?
Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate
What common farm animal is decendant of gallus gallus?
Chicken
Why is lactose-free milk sweeter than regular milk?
Lactose converted to glucose + galactose
What does PER stand for?
Protein efficiency ratio
The tomato is a member of which plant family? What botanical family does tomato plant belong to?
Nightshade or Solanaceae
in cakes, sugar is a tenderizing agent that counterbalances the effects of what 2 ingredients?
eggs and flour
Describe Hot Fill Hold process
Used for high acid foods, temp is 170-190 for 25-30 minutes, will kill all bacterial cells, not spores
Name the annual IFT award for preminent contribution in food technology.
Nicholas Appert award
what is another name for the large intestine?
Colon
Which type of south american tea is traditionally served in a gourd?
Yerba mate
What is the most eaten fish in the world?
Herring
Why is vitamin C usually not used for fortifying milk?
it is easily destroyed by pasteurization and normal storage; it is also against current standard of identity for milk
Stuffing frankfurters too tightly could cause what defect?
ruptured casings
What reaction does the enzyme "reverse transcriptase" catalyze?
RNA transcribed to DNA
According to the NLEA, what health claim can be made regarding fruits and vegetables?
fruits and vegetables and cancer
What is Latent heat or hidden heat?
Latent heat or hidden heat (λ): is defined as the amount of heat energy transferred to or from a material and results in phase change only without changing its temperature.
What are the 3 common names for Corylus Avellana?
hazelnut, cobnut and filbert nut
Name four products in which pectin is used.
Jams, jellies, fruit juices, tomato sauces
what is the phase change that occurs during freeze-drying?
sublimation
What is a high quality fat lining the abdominal wall of pork carcasses?
leaf fat
Name the process whereby a food is heated under vacuum at temperatures sufficient to cook and pasteurize the product but not sufficient to sterilize it?
Sous-Vide (French for "Under vacuum")
What plastic is used for packaging bread?
LDPE (Low-density polyethylene)
What are instantized powders?
dissolves right away - large wettable surface area, sinkability(must not float on surface, agglomeration by rewetting) dispersibility of solubility, resistance to sedimentation. Want to make small lumps. Production process: Moist air + spray dried powder (rewetting and agglometation) → redrying in spray dryer/ fluidizer bed →sieving → packaging
The problem of cloud loss in orange juice is due to: A.high temp, B.low acidity, C.activity of pectin methyl esterase, or D.activity of polyphenol oxidase?
C. activity of pectin methyl esterase
A barrier film is composed of three polymers. From the outside to the inside of the package give the correct order of the following polymers of this film.
Nylon, saran, surlyn (abrasive, barrier, sealant)
Name 3 reasons for using a retortable pouch.
less weight of package, less storage space occupied on shelf, better heat transfer, less energy required to heat, less cost for package and transport, easier to empty, shorter processing time, higher quality (due to shorter processing time)
What does HTST stand for?
High temperature short time
What is the flavor/antimicrobial compound associated with Onion?
onion= allicin
What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only be converted from one form to another. The total amount of energy of an isolated system is constant.
What are the USDA meat grades for Pork? A.Prime,Choice,Good,Standard, B.commercial,canner,cutter cull, C.Yield Grade 1,2,3,4,5, or D.none of the above?
D.none of the above (USDA has no quality grades for pork)
What is pasteurization used for?
Used in both high and low acid food to help prevent unwanted microbial growth
Animals with a four-chambered stomach are known as what
Ruminant animals
What does MAC stand for?
MacConkey
Messenger RNA is synthesized by what process?
Transcription
How many hydrogen atoms benzene has?
6
Describe four aspects of appearance of a sample in sensory evaluation.
Color: hue + saturation + luminance Consistency: stickiness + loose particles Size: diameters + geometry Texture: shine + smoothness + roughness
A dehydrated apple is accidentally left out overnight. Also by mistake a fresh apple slice is left out in the open overnight as well. The next morning you find the fresh apple slice brown and the dehydrated apple still looking like it did the night before. Why didn't the dehydrated apple turn brown?
The water activity was too low for Maillard browning to occur
Which of the following has the highest mercury level? Shark, tilapia, salmon
Shark
Which important vitamin is produced in the body when you are exposed to sunlight?
Vitamin D
Why do you add aluminum sulfate to pickles?
It can improve the crispness of the pickle (it's a firming agent)
What is lutefisk and how is it made?
Essentially fish Jell-O. It's made from the concentrated sodium hydroxide treatment of fish.
% fat content existing as TAG in dairy?
98%
Casein coagulates at pH 4.6; what is this point called?
isoelectric point
What causes wrinkled casings of beef sticks?
There could be several reasons for these results. The temperature may have risen too high. The sausage may not have been showered with cold water immediately after it was finished smoking. The sausage casings may not have been stuffed to their full capacity.
Describe tyndallization.
intermittent boiling of spores for 1 hour each for 4 times to kill the spore.
How many cups of butter are there in one pound?
Two
What part of the banana is used to make banana oil?
no part - Banana oil is a synthetic compound made with amyl alcohol
ESL dairy cow product means: A.estimated shelf life, B.extremely short-lived, or C.extended shelf life
C.extended shelf life
What compound(s) most aptly describes the aroma of durian fruit?
ethyl-2-methylbutanoate and 1-(ethylsulfanyl)ethane-1-thiol), (ester and volatile thiol is also acceptable)
The structure of baked goods is provided by:
gluten
What does HPP stand for?
High Pressure Processing
What happens in the primary drying phase?
removal of freezable water via sublimation, heat for sublimation must be supplied, temperature limitation, below 0C
What is the difference between traditional thermal processing and aseptic processing?
traditional: food is packaged then sterilized, ex canning. aseptic: food is sterilized and packaged in a sterile container and is only practical for liquid or fluid products
Falling film is a type of which equipment in food processing?
Evaporators
Give 5 examples of waffle varieties.
American, Belgian, Brussels, Liege, Croffle, Bergische, Pandan, Kue Gapit, Stroopwafels
Name the nutraceutical component of following: Green tea, ginger, wine, turmeric
Green tea: catechin, Ginger: gingerol , Wine: resveratrol, turmeric: curcumin
What is a reducing sugar?
Sugar with a free carbonyl group.
USDA classifies eggs into 2 different sets of categories, one based on quality and another based on size. Name the 6 categories that eggs can be categorized in based on size?
Jumbo, Extra Large, Large, Medium, Small, Peewee
Why can't tap water be used to make jelly?
Calcium in tap water affects the gelling properties of low-methoxyl pectin.
Resistance temperature detectors, also known as RTD are PTC sensors. What does PTC stand for?
positive temperature coefficient
The addition of nutrients to achieve concentrations specified in SOIs is referred to as: A.enrichment, B.restoration, C.fortification, or D.identification?
A. enrichment
Who is the current IFTSA president and what school are they from?
Viral Shukla; Cornell University
Turnip, Napa cabbage, bok choy botanical name?
Brassica rapa [Brassicaceae (Mustard)]
What are 3 modes of food packaging failure?
pinholes, cracks, vacuum failure
What is the angle of the covalent bond in water?
105 degrees (104.52 degrees)
t/f an oil in water emulsion is best achieved with an emulsifier having a low HLB value.
False
what is a neutralization value?
parts by weight of bicarbonate required to neutralize one part acidulant
What happens to French fries that are made from potatoes stored in the refrigerator?
they will brown unevenly due to sugar content
What is the cheapest thickener in the US and what is the most expensive?
Cheapest - unmodified corn starch Most Expensive - Agar
What is G-force?
measure of the magnitude of the acceleration relative to the local gravitational acceleration
What microorganism has been linked to the disease Guillain-Barré syndrome?
Campylobacter jejuni
What is the difference between free water, adsorbed water, and water of hydration in foods?
Free water retains its physical properties and is available for reaction. Adsorbed water is held tightly to proteins. Water of hydration is the chemically bound water.
What are colligative properties?
physical properties of a solution that depend entirely on the number of solute molecules present in a solution and not upon the chemical nature of the solute ie vapor pressure, osmotic pressure, boiling point
What are some of the advantages of resistance temperature detectors (also known as RTD)?
most accurate sensors for industrial applications and have the best long-term stability, can cover a wide range of temperatures, and can hook up to a computer
You have a solution with a concentration of 2 mg/L, please convert this concentration to ug/L, ng/mL, and ug/g
2000 ug/L, 2000 ng/mL and 2 ug/g
Name two situations in which a chemist is confronted with theoretical plates.
Gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and distillation.
What is the typical width of the pulse used in pulsed electric field processing?
1-10 microseconds
What is the FSPCA and what do they do?
FSPCA-food safety preventive controls alliance; responsible for certifying all fsma training
Name three of the twelve or so ingredients used to make curry powder.
Cumin, turmeric, coriander, ginger, pepper, fennel, chili, mace, cloves, mustard, and others
What is the name for a tall chef’s hat?
Toque
What is the original name for the kiwi fruit?
Chinese gooseberry
The linear charged polysaccharide can form a "solution."
TRUE.
True or False. The coldpack canning method requires less heat than the hotpack method.
False
What is the difference between sherbet and sorbet?
A. Sherbet is made with milk or another fat. Sorbet can be made with almost anything, but they are usually fruit-based.
Cooking green vegetables in an acidic medium results in the formation of which pigment?
Pheophytin, a brown pigment resulting from chlorophyll degradation.
Açaí botanical name?
Euterpe oleracea
What are the two main cattle breeds for milk?
Holstein, Jersey
What is LD50?
The amount of an ingested substance that will kill 50% of a test sample. Expressed in milligrams of substance per kilogram of body weight.
Out of these four materials, which is the best water barrier? a) LDPE; b) HDPE; c) PET; d) PVC
b) HDPE
What is the characteristic odor of trimethylamine?
Fishy
What are the stages of drying?
A-B: initial settling down period to heat up the product and water. B-C: constant rate period; free water vaporization at surface, surface temp=wbTemp, external controlled-the resistance to heat and mass transfer is located solely in air stream, constant rate. C-D: falling rate period; no free water at the product surface, internal moisture has to migrate to surface, if diffusion the drying rate is controlled by the rate of diffusion inside the product, drying rate decreases. D-E: second falling rate period; bound water removal
What is a food additive?
substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance its taste, appearance, or other qualities
What bond does lysozyme hydrolyze?
the beta 1-4 glycosydic bonds between N acetymuramic acid (NAMA) and N acetyl glucoseamine (NAGA) in gram positive bacteria peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall
Which of the following flavors can be felt at the tip of the tongue: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami?
All of them
In 1990 which state became the first to ban tetra-pak juice boxes in the its landfills?
California
Give 3 advantages of food dehydration over sun drying
More controlled condition, shorter drying time, better sanitary conditions, climate losses from weather, some products (like milk) can't be sun dried
What is the world's oldest and most common form of food preservation?
Drying
What is the term that refers to a person’s inability to taste?
ageusia
Name the countries where the following dishes are popular, often recognised as the national dishes: Ema datshi, Bacalhau, Poutine, Bobotie
Ema Datshi: Bhutan, Bacalhau: Portugal, Poutine: Canada, Bobotie: South Africa
Name two PUFA commonly in foods.
Linoleic, Linolenic
Name five antioxidant assays.
ORAC – Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity CUPRAC – Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity β-Carotene TEAC – Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity FRAP – Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power
Give 3 types of natural and 3 synthetic surfactants in foods.
natural - saponins, lecithin, lipoproteins, gums; synthetic - mono and diglycerides, sorbitan monostearate (SPANs) and polysorbates (TWEENs)
What is the approximate temperature of the scalding procedure in poultry processing?
60 degrees C for 45 seconds or 52 degrees C for 2 minutes
For the D configuration of sugars, the reference hydroxyl group is on the _________ side in fischer projection formulas.
right
Starch gelatinization in cans causes the heat transfer to change from....
Convection to conduction
Minute hair-like projections on the apical surface of enterocytes that increase surface area for absorption of nutrients?
Microvilli/Brush Border.
Anisakis is a concern in what two varieites of fish?
Salmon, Mackarel
Which has better barrier properties, amorphous or crystalline polymers?
crystalline polymers
The muscle that makes up most of our meat is best classified as which of the following: A) Involuntary, smooth B) Voluntary, cross-striated C) Double obliquely striated
B) Voluntary, cross-striated
Myristicin is a hallucinogen found in relatively high concentrations in what spice?
Nutmeg
Of the following films, nylon, polyester, polyethylene, and saran, which has the highest oxygen permeability?
Polyethylene
What are the 3 simple components of a radio frequency heating system?
radio frequency generator, electrodes, and product
What stops the growth of salmonella but does not kill it?
Freezing and refrigeration
What sweetener has the same calorie content and sweetness as sucrose, but is non-cariogenic?
Xylitol
If the temperature of a solution is -40 °F, what will be its temperature in °C?
-40 °C.
What is the mechanism of moisture migration?
Diffusion ( moisture content difference), Capillary & Bulk flow (pressure difference), Heat is applied to the food and start with wet food and dry air and end with dry food and wet air
In dairy cows, aflatoxin B1 can be ingested with feed. A small percentage of this toxin is metabolized and excreted in milk as what?
Aflatoxin M1.
What are the five steps used in the traditional isolation of Salmonella species?
1. Preenrichment 2. Selective Broth Isolation 3. Selective Plate Isolation 4. Biochemical Test 5. Serology.
what are the 2 monosaccharides that make up peptidoglycan in bacteria?
n-acetyl glucosamine and n-acetyl muramic acid
In what year was Nicolas Francois Appert awarded 12,000 francs for his discovery of canning?
1810
The wavelength of which color in the visible spectrum is closest to the x-rays?
Violet (Purple not acceptable)
How does the high sugar content in food affect the drying process?
It takes longer, as sugar attracts water.
Name the musical fruit.
beans
In pasteurization of foods, what is an LTLT process and why is it used instead of other pasteurization methods?
Low Temperature Long Time; pasteurization to inactivate pathogens without denaturing the protein; used for shell eggs and raw oysters
How long does a patent last?
20 years from the date filed. Note: the patent holder is required to pay maintenance fees to keep his patent valid
What day is international tea day?
5/21/2024 12:00:00 AM
What egg glycoprotein is sulfonated and acts as a trypsin inhibitor?
Ovomucin
What is the general mechanism of enzyme action?
decrease of activation energy of transition state
Excess intake of Folic Acid (Folate) masks what deficiency?
B12
What is dipping feeding for drum drying?
used in single and twin dryers, dryer is partially submerged in a tray and product in tray adheres to the surface as the drum rotates, good for certain suspensions of solids and used usually with a recirculation of material to prevent the setting of the solid in a tray
What does FALCPA stand for and what does it require of the food industry?
Food industry must:list major food allergens on food labels, either in the ingredient statement or as contains _________;FDA must:report back to congress on progress within 18 months; increase inspection with regard to allergen prevention; Develop a final rule within 4 years allowing the use of "gluten free" on food labels; increase inspection with regard to allergen prevention
Name the energy source used by the following groups of organisms: autotrophs, heterotrophs, phototrophs, and lithotrophs
Autotrophs: inorganic carbon Phototrophs: light Heterotrophs: organic carbon Lithotrophs: inorganic molecules
Name one way foam stability can be assessed.
The degree of liquid drainage or foam collapse (foam reduction) after a given time, the time for total or half-drainage (or half-reduction in volume), or the time before drainage starts.
What kinds of food emulsions are butter, mayonnaise, and milk?
butter = water in oil, Mayonnaise = oil in water and milk = oil in water
In the UV determination of protein concentration, what wavelength of light is used?
280 nm, primarily absorbed by tyrosine and tryptophan (and also phenylalanine).
Name the plastic that was used in McDonald's clamshells before the company stopped using them.
(expanded) polystyrene
What enzyme cleaves myosin sub-fragment 1 from the remainder of the myosin molecule?
Papain
What happens during the secondary phase of freeze drying?
removable of non-freezable water via evaporation, lowers the water activity
What are the 5 primary anthocyanidins found in Vitis vinifera grapes?
cyaniding, malvidin, delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin
In accordance to the NLEA, what are the general disqualifying levels for fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium that must not be exceeded in order to make a health claim? (CHECK)
11.5 g fat, 4.0 g Sat. fat, 45 mg cholesterol, 360 mg sodium
True or False: "Patent Flour" is lighter in color and lower in ash than "straight flour" and is made from purified endosperm middlings
True
What icing usually contains gelatin and glycerine?
Fondant
Give two examples of xanthophyll pigments and natural products in which they may be found.
Lutein: Spinach, kale, broccoli, corn, egg yolks. Zeaxanthin: Corn, peppers, spinach, kale, oranges. Violaxanthin: Spinach, kale, and other green leafy vegetables. Neoxanthin: Spinach, lettuce, and other green leafy vegetables.
The quantity of heat required to change the state of a substance without changing the temperature or pressure is called what?
latent heat
The Cory cycle is the metabolic pathway that transports what compound from muscles to blood to liver?
Lactate
what is the common metric unit for power?
power= watt
What is the new packaging laminate forming technique combining two or more different plastics?
Coextrusion
What is condensing plastic?
a plastic that can be reduced to its monomeric form, cleaned, and polymerized to be used again
what is the microbiological technique used to measure the amount of microbial colonies on a surface?
RODAC plating
Cheese is formed from milk protein that coagulate at what pH?
4.6
What is centrifugal force?
the outward force nature exerts on objects moving in a circular fashion
What is the main cause of astringency in tea and wine?
Tannins
On January 24, 1996, the FDA approved the use of Olestra in place of fats and oils in prepackaged ready-to-eat savory snacks. Foods containing Olestra must bear a warning statement. Name the two key points that must be in the warning statement.
1. Olestra may cause abdominal cramping and loose stools; 2. Olestra inhibits the adsorption of some vitamins and other nutrients.
define the D and Z values in respect to microbiology.
D-value= the time required to kill 90% of the microbial load;Z-value= the Temp change required to change the D-value by 1 log
Name 5 food components as identified by “proximate” analysis.
Protein, carbohydrate (NFE), water, ash, lipid, fiber
Which of the following is a fermented cheese named after its city of origin: Cheddar , Applewood, Mozralla, Yarg
Cheddar
In what year was the color additives amendment added to the Delaney Clause?
1960
Vitamin B12 is chemically known as?
Cobalamin
Which flavor is caused by the iron-catalyzed oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and becomes more noticeable when refrigerated, pre cooked, uncured meats are reheated?
warmed over flavor
What term is used for beef that is very red?
Extra-Rare, Blue
In the International Union of Biochemistry system of enzyme nomenclature, the first number identifies what?
General reaction type/class of the enzyme
What are the approximate molecular weights of alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, and bovine serum albumin (BSA)?
Alpha-lactalbumin ≈ 14,200 Da; Beta-lactoglobulin ≈ 18,400 Da; BSA ≈ 69,000 Da.
Name 5 of 12 approved GMOs in the USA:
salmon, alfalfa, soybean, corn, sugar beet, apple, potato, tomatoes, squash
What is the perigo factor?
Substance formed in heated foods containing nitrite and it has antibacterial activity
Is apple juice sweeter when it is colder?
yes
Which amino acid lies at the 105th position on kappa casein?
phenylalanine
What is the name of a recent book that is being compared with Upton Sinclair's The Jungle of the early 1900s because of its critical evaluation of the meat industry as well as fast food chains?
Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser
Identify the name of this sensory test: each subject is presented with two samples and is asked whether the samples are the same or different.
Discrimination testing
What does OSPA stand for?
Office of Scientific Public Affairs
What meat has both major and minor primal cuts?
Beef
What does CDC stand for?
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
In canning, what is come-up time?
the time it takes to reach the thermal processing temperature
Define food infection.
ingestion of organism which then produces toxin or infects cells causes illness
What mineral deficiencies are responsible for the following diseases: Goiter, anemia, osteoporosis?
Goiter: iodide, Anemia: iron, Osteoporosis: calcium
What is the process of shaking cream or milk to make butter?
Churning
Define an "emerging pathogen".
Just recently recognized as a human pathogen
Which two states produce almost all of the domestic lemon crop?
California and Arizona
Classifying the following microorganisms if they cause intoxication or infection regarding foodborne illness: Clostridium botulinum, Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus flavus, and salmonella species.
Answer: C.bot – toxin (botulinum toxin), Campy (infection), Staph (intoxication, Amongst the more common toxins secreted by S. aureus are hemolysin, leukotoxin, exfoliative toxin, enterotoxin, and toxic-shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1).), A. flavus (aflatoxin), Salmonella (infection).
If the temperature of a solution is -40 F, what will it temperature be in degrees Celsius?
-40 deg C (-40 is the equivalence point for the 2 temp scales)
Name a reagent used to determine the amount of reducing sugar present in food.
Benedict's reagent
What is the fundamental force driving electrophoresis?
The speed of a molecule is proportional to the surrounding voltage gradient.
Bonus: What poison classes are in the following foods: rhubarb, potato, almond, cassava
Rhubarb: oxalic acid, Potato: solanine and chaconine, Almond: amygdalin and prunasin, Cassava: linamarin and lotaustralin
Vacuum packaging and sealing is used to: A.increase the amount if air in the package, B.decreases the length of time meat can be kept, C.eliminates most of the air from a package in order to make it airtight, or D.none of the above?
C.eliminates most of the air from a package in order to make it airtight
Protein responsible for oxygen transport.
Hemoglobin
What is the name of butter that has dimensions of 4.75, 1.25, 1.25 inches?
Elgin
What are substances that are incorporated into food products in low quantities from processing or packaging perspective?
indirect additives
What is the purpose of an energy crop?
low-cost, low-maintenance crop used/processed/combusted for its energy content to generate electricity or heat, etc.
Good source
10-19% DRI/RDA
The Maillard reaction is a reaction between what two specific components in foods
Reducing sugar and amino acid
Why are fibers called resistant starches?
They escape digestion and absorption in the small intestine.
Benzoyl peroxide is sometimes used during the manufacture of bleu cheese to bleach the milk to make the cheese whiter. Which of the fat-soluble vitamins will suffer the most loss of activity because of this practice?
A. Vitamin A
What are the 3 characteristics that make the 16S RNA genes ideal as a phylogenetic molecule?
Highly conserved, universally present in all bacteria, easy to obtain, and has multiple copies
What does it mean for data to be accurate?
that data is close to the true value of measurement
Why does water have a high dielectric constant?
large network of water molecules extending over several H-bonds, water molecules associate through H-bridges and proton transport takes place along H-bridges
In anaerobic organisms, pyruvate is used to regenerate what?
NAD+
2 radians are equal to
360 degrees
What is the name of juvenile chicken?
Poussin
What is the water activity to cause spoilage for bacteria, yeast, and molds?
Bacteria - 0.9, Yeast - 0.85-0.9, Mold 0.75-0.8
According to Codex Al, min fat % in creams?
0.1
What is done when force acts through a certain distance?
Work
What was margarine called when it was first marketed in England?
Butterine
Psychrotrophs have the optimal growth temperature at 10C which is why they spoil refrigerated foods (True/False)
False
Which food is caramel coloring added to in Southeast Asian cuisine?
soy sauce
Name 3 amylytic enzymes that react with starch and give the end product for each enzymatic reaction.
alpha amylase – oligosaccharides Beta amylase – disaccharides Amyloglucosidase - glucose
When were the 1st IFT fellows inducted?
1970
What template is used in conducting real-time PCR?
DNA
What is the simple term for conversion of raw materials or ingredients into a consumer food product?
Food Processing & Engineering
What is the primary microorganism used for leavening of bakery products?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
name 3 molds that cause spoilage in vegetables.
Alternaria, Penicillium, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus
What is the standard against which all sweeteners are measured in terms of their quality of taste and taste profile?
sucrose (taste sugar)
In Italy, a 'quattro formaggi' pizza contains what?
Four cheeses
What is the term for the ratio of carbon dioxide evolved to oxygen consumed?
respiratory quotient
What type of tea is brewed from daisies?
Chamomille
Name five examples of fruits that are drupes.
A fleshy fruit with thin skin and a central stone containing the seed: Cherries, Peaches, Plums, Apricot, Olives, Apricots, Mangoes, Coconuts, Damson, Jujube, Avocados, almonds, Amla (Indian gooseberry)
what year was the 1st Pillsbury bake-off and in what city was it held?
1949, New York
Where is the WHO headquartered?
Geneva
What does the term "STP" mean, and what are the values of the components?
Standard temperature and pressure: 14.7 psia or 760 mm Hg (or equivalent) and 0 °C.
Which candy bar's name is derived from Tween biscuit sticks?
Twix
What index is used to specify directions and planes that are determined by three integers (h,k and L) in lattices and crystals?
Miller Index
In the US, how many days must raw milk cheese be aged before sale?
60 days
What parameter is held constant to determine the D-value?
Temperature
Aspartame and Thaumatin are both nonnutritive sweeteners, and both consist of amino acids. What is the difference between the two noncaloric sweeteners?
Aspartame is a dipeptide and Thaumatin is a protein or polypeptide
What pigment imparts green color to lettuce and peas?
Chlorophyll
With respect to pectin, what does DE refer to?
Degree of Esterification
What are two ways milk is dried into powdered form?
Spray drying and roller drying.
What Italian bread name can be translated to "slipper", similar to baguettes but with small holes?
Ciabatta
What is the application of sorption isotherms to drying?
determine Xe , limit of hot air drying
Arthur D Little attributed with
Development of flavor profile
Ingestion of high levels of mercury (or mercury intoxication) interferes with the function of which essential mineral in the brain?
Selenium
Recommended RDA for iron for a woman age 19-50?
18 mg
What is the web address for IFT?
www.ift.org
Describe the halo effect.
When more than one attribute of a sample is evaluated the ratings will tend to influence each other. Simultaneous scoring of various flavor aspects along with overall acceptability can produce different results than if each characteristic is evaluated separately
What is a transgenic plant?
A plant that possesses a gene or genes that have been transferred from a different species
A study has shown that there is a 27% increase in total dietary fiber after bread is baked. Give 2 reasons for this increase.
Crust and an increase in resistant starch formation
In the development of toxicity data for seeking approval of a new food additive, explain the difference between an LD50 and NOAEL and what are the typical units for these?
LD50 is the dose that kills 50% of test animals;NOAEL is the highest dose that cause No Observed Adverse Effects Level; amount is mg or micrograms per kg body weight
What is Bovine Somatotropin used for?
known as BST for short, it is a bovine growth hormone used to increase milk production in cows
What is the difference between the terms bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal?
Bacteriostatic inhibits bacteria and bacteriocidal kills bacteria
In the commonly accepted first restaurant established in 1765 by a man named Boulanger in Paris, what dish was the most served?
Restorative Broths (bouillons restaurants) or Soup
What is the primary lipoprotein for the transport of dietary fats absorbed from the intestine and delivered to the liver?
Chylomicrons
Which form of mercury is associated with sea food toxicity?
Methyl or organic mercury
WHO stands for what?
World Health Organization
The IMViC tests are a group of individual tests used in microbiology lab testing to identify an organism in the coliform group; what tests are involved in the IMViC?
Indole, Methyl Red, Voges Proskauer, and Citrate
What are some viruses that cause foodborne human illness?
hepatitis, rotavirus, norovirus virus
Of the three types of muscle protein: sarcoplasmic, myofibrillar, and stroma, which accounts for the greatest percentage of the total muscle protein?
Myofibrillar (55%)
what is the residue left after refining sugar?
molasses
Which artery is used when a ham is artery pumped?
Femoral
On what three properties are major functional uses of egg products based?
Coagulation when heated, foaming ability (whippability), emulsifying properties.
What is the term for when a pump causes vaporization of a fluid?
cavitation
What is the definition of a non-essential amino acid?
an amino acid that can be made by the body, ant are therefore not required by the diet
How many Calories are in 5 g fat, 10 g sugar and 5 g protein?
45, 40, 20
What form of mercury is associated with seafood toxicity?
org Hg or methyl Hg
What company was the first soft drink manufacturer?
Schwepps in 1783
What is the name of the meat of the breast force fed for foie gras?
Magret
What manufacturing process is responsible for the loss of vitamin A when skim milk is made?
Centrifugation, or separation (of cream)
What enzyme inhibits calpains during the cooler aging process?
Calpastatin
Why is absorbance generally used in spectroscopy experiments instead of transmittance?
absorbance has a linear relationship with concentration based on Beer's Law; transmittance does not have a liner relationship w/ concentration
What size particles is spray drying meant for?
Small particles
If you take 20 mL of a 0.1M NaOH salutation to titrate 40 mL of an HCL solution to the phenolphthalein end point. What is the molarity of the HCL solution?
0.05M HCL
According to the FDA standard of identity, what is the minimum legal percentage of peanut ingredients in peanut butter?
90%.
What is the point on the phase diagram where ice crystals and sugar crystals form?
It happens at the eutectic temperature
How many molecules of ATP will each of the following yield when they are oxidized by the ETC: a) FADH2 b) NADH + H+?
FADH2 yields 2 ATP; NADH + H+ yields 3 ATP
How many times higher is the fiber percentage in whole grain bread compared to white bread?
4 times
What pastry tool is commonly used for decoration and filling?
Pastry Bag
According to FDA, what is the only fish that produces real caviar?
Sturgeon
Too much iron can cause:
Hemochromatosis
Name the disease resulting from copper toxicity.
Wilson's disease (inborn err of metabolism)
What is the common name of the mycoparasite Hypomyces lactifluorum?
Lobster Mushroom
The science of the deformation and flow of matter is known as
Rheology
According to dietary guidelines in US, how much sodium should be consumed daily?
2300 mg
What specific vitamins and minerals are added to enrich macaroni and noodle products?
Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, iron
Hydroxylation of lysine to hydroxylysine in collagen is an important step leading to what?
conversion of a-chains, b and g chains (crosslinks). The collagen molecules are then spontaneously self-assembled into a fibril and stabilized by covalent intra- and inter-molecular covalent cross-linking
Name 5 microorganisms that have been associated with food poisoning outbreaks.
C. botulinum, C. perfringens, B. cereus, S. aureus, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes
Green Vegetables turn dull "olive green" or brown in thermal processing due to what chemical reaction?
conversion of chlorophyll to the pheophytin due to loss of the magnesium in the structure. (Heat causes a magnesium atom at the center of each chlorophyll molecule to detach and be replaced by hydrogen atoms. This chemical change in chlorophyll molecules changes their bright green color to a dull gray-green.)
How is canned food pasteurized?
Using batch type retort or a continuous tunnel type pasteurizer
which one is NOT a nutritive sweetener: A.sucrose, B.aspartame, C.honey, D.cyclamate, or E.corn syrup?
D. cyclamate
A chicken is labelled as fresh chicken if it has not been stored under what temperature?
27 F or 3.3 C
Which of the following is not found on pyschrometric chart: Enthalpy, abs humidity, wet bulb temp, thermal conductivity
thermal conductivity
What is the major color compound in tomatoes?
Lycopenes
Where in the U.S. is National potato museum located?
Idaho
What organism is thought to contribute to Crohn's Disease?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What is a 15 degree Brix solution?
A solution containing 15% (by weight) sugar
Where is commercial lecithin (food additive) obtained?
soybean
What is the name for chopped fresh and/or frozen beef, with or without added beef fat and/or seasonings? Additionally, it does not contain more than 30% fat, and shall not contain added water, binders, or extenders.
hamburger
What is the difference between food spoilage and food poisoning?
spoilage = inedible food but not unsafe(judgmental to what is not acceptable); poisoning = causes illness through infections(detrimental effect to system)
Who is regarded as the inventor of modern chewing gum?
Thomas Adams
Rate the following materials from lowest thermal conductivity value to highest: water, aluminum, stainless steel, glass, air, copper
air, water, glass, stainless steel, aluminum, copper
Low temperature storage of ice cream promotes the formation of lactose crystals. This will cause the ice cream to be:
gritty
Rank the following foodstuffs in order of lowest to highest cost per lb, according to typical US commodity pricing: vegetables, milk, meat, and grain
grain, vegetables, milk, meat
Name the monomeric unit of amylose and amylopectin and give the linkages for each type.
amylose: glucose; a 1-->4 linkage ; amylopectin: glucose, a 1-->4 and 1 -->6 linkages
In packaging, the joining of two or more films with adhesive is called what?
Lamination
What toxic element is present in low levels in apple juice?
Arsenic
In baking, what does baking a pastry blind mean?
Baking the pastry without a filling
A polypeptide antibiotic produced by some Streptococcus lactis strains is called what?
Lactostrepcin
What are the four most utilized cereal grains in the world?
Wheat, rice, maize, barley & sorghum
How many seams are in 2 piece and 3 piece cans, respectively?
1 and 3, respectively
What is the characteristic fruit flavor compound of cherry?
benzaldehyde
Conversion of fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate has two purposes. One is the commitment of the molecule to glycolysis, the second is?
To prevent any later product from diffusing out of the cell because charged molecules cannot easily cross membranes.
In statistics, what is the term for the smallest value of alpha for which you would reject the null hypothesis?
P-value
In a solution with a pH of 5, what is the charge of chitosan?
positive (pKa at 6.5)
The enzyme used to manufacture the liquid center of candies is:
Invertase
Because of the intake of seafood, the most common source of foodborne illness in Japan is:
vibrio
Which of the following is not a microbial preservative? (1) Nisin (2) Sodium Propionate (3) Sodium Alginate (4) Nitrite
Sodium Alginate.
the prolamin hordein can be found in which cereal grain?
barley
How is condensed milk produced?
A. Vacuum evaporation (evaporation alone is not acceptable)
mRNA is made by what in Central Dogma theory?
(1) Transcription (DNA → mRNA; in nucleus) (2) Translation (mRNA → protein; in ribosomes)
"Food poisoning results from: A.eating too fast, B.over-eating, C.undercooking of food or re-contamination after cooking, or D.overcooking food?"
C. undercooking of food or re-contamination after cooking
What are the 5 things that are required on a label?
Name, weight, product description, nutritional label, company address
What is the color of anthocyanins at a ph of 8?
Yellow
How does a rotary sterilizer work?
cylindrical pressure vessel with helical track an inner wall, cans rotated through different pressure zones
Who developed canning?
Nicholas Appert around 1800
Traditionally, Halumi cheese is made with what kind of milk?
Sheep's milk
Why are "cereal adjuncts" added in beer making?
Cereal Adjuncts can impact color, flavor, and stability of the product. Provide additional carbohydrates, primarily starch, for conversion to sugar and subsequent fermentation.
What happens to the cartilaginous ends of vertebrae as animals age?
Ossification
give the genus and species of one microorganism for each of the following categories: gram negative, strict anaerobe, foodborne pathogen, sulfide spoiler
gram negative= Salmonella typhimerium or E. coli;strict anaerobe= C. botulinum;foodborne pathogen= S. aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Sulfide spoiler= Desulfotomaculum nigrificans
The pancreas secretes what?
Digestive enzymes
Wheat botanical name?
Triticum spp.
What is the refrigerator (36-40 F) storage limit for maximum quality of bacon? A.2 weeks, B.2 months, C.1 week, or D.10 days?
C. 1 week
What mold provides characteristic blue veins in cheese? What microorganism is used for blue cheese production? Blue-vein cheeses have their curd inoculated with what blue-green mold? What is the microorganism associated with blue veined cheese Roquefort?
A. Penicillium roqueforti
Matza, Bazlama, Foccacia are known as what types of bread?
Flatbread
The recommended refrigerator (36-40 degrees F) storage time for a maximum quality for beef porterhouse steaks is: A.1 day, B.5-10 days, C.2 weeks, or D.3-4 days?
D. 3-4 days.
What's the primary difference between an ice-cream and a frozen dessert?
An ice-cream has milk fat while a frozen dessert has vegetable oil/fats.
What is vitamin B3 also called?
Niacin
How does Mozarella get its stringiness?
Stretching or kneading of the curd
What method is usually used to cook the saddle?
Roasting
When was Liseria monocytogenes first recognized as foodborne pathogen?
1981(first case of illness in humans was in 1929)
What types of containers are used in retorts?
metal cans, glass jars or bottles, flexible pouches, ridged trays
Name 3 instrument and extensive factors that affect microorganisms growth in foods.
Temperature, water activity, pH
What is the interior temperature of a block of dry ice?
-78.5°C
What is the difference between additive and subtractive primaries?
additives all together produce white light, subtractives all together theoretically produce black light
Name the 4 bands or zones of a sarcomere.
1) A band 2) I band 3) Z band 4) H zone.
Classification of cheese according to FDA
Unpast processed cheese, unpast processed cheese spread, ''' cream
What does "c" stand for in E=mc²?
Speed of light
Name three ways to reduce the cholesterol content of an egg product.
Change the feed of the chicken, removing egg yolk, and genetic modification
What does the process of blanching do?
used to inactivate enzymes and set color
What is Gauge pressure?
Positive difference between atmospheric pressure and absolute pressure, measures pressures greater than atmospheric pressure
What is amino acid score (uncorrected)?
The ratio of mg of amino acids in 1g of test protein to the mg of amino acid in 1g of reference protein.
Which part of a tree protects the seeds?
Fruit
What term is defined as the number of minutes at a specified temperature required to destroy a specified number of organisms having a specific z valve?
F value
The descriptor "free" has been defined by NLEA (listed above in order) with restrictions on specific nutrients. What are the restrictions of the following: calories, sodium, fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sugar?
< 5 cal, < 5 mg Na, <0.5 g fat, <0.5 g sat. fat, < 2 mg cholesterol, <0.5 g sugar
Where was the "Pina Colada" invented?
San Juan, Puerto Rico
What does MEQ stand for?
Milli-equivalents
What is the purpose of mixed air flow in spray drying?
particle movement through the drying chamber experiences both co- and counter current phases. This mode suitable for heat stable products where coarse powder requirements cessitate the use of nozzle atomizers, spraying upward into incoming air flow, or for heat sensitive products where the atomizer sprays droplets down wards towards an integrated fluid bed and the air inlet and outlet are located at the top of the drying chamber
What AA comprises aspartame?
Aspartic acid and phenylalanine
What are the terms of the 2-step process when using a pre-fermented mix of bread making?
Sponge and dough
How many radians are there in 360 degrees?
2 pi
What two dessert derivatives can be made from egg whites?
Merengue, Mousse
In food irradiation, what does URP stand for?
Unique Radiolytic products
What two pieces of information should appear a food package's principle display panel?
Name of the product and net quantity
What does a correlation coefficient define?
a statistical measure of the strength of a linear relationship between two variables
What are the SI units of viscosity?
Pa-s
Who comprises the executive committee of IFT?
President, President-Elect, Past President, Treasurer, and Chief Executive Officer
What are 3 folic acid rich foods?
leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits and juices, beans lentils, fortified breakfast cereals, broccoli
Name a tree fruit that is referred to as a vegetable.
Cucumber, pepper, corn, tomato
What qualifies a fruit to be an heirloom?
Nothing
List the 7 types of plastics used in food packaging according to their recycling number (in order).
1 = PolyEthylene Terephthalate (PET); 2 = High-Density PolyEthylene (HDPE); 3 = Polyvinyl chloride (PVC); 4 = Low-Density PolyEthylene (LDPE); 5 = PolyPropylene (PP); 6 = PolyStyrene (PS); 7 = Other
Define the triple point.
The triple point is the state at which the three phases (solid, liquid, and gas) may all be present in equilibrium
match the following alcohols with the drink they are most commonly associated with. Alcohols: whiskey, vodka, tequila, and gin. Cocktails: martini, bloody mary, bloody maria, manhatten
whiskey=manhattan,Vodka= Bloody Mary,Tequila= Bloody Maria,Gin= Martini
What can be considered the original puffed cereal?
Popcorn
What are halophiles?
Microorganisms that can survive high concentrations of salt
Compared to unsaturated fats, saturated fats contain more?
Hydrogen
Distinguish between a law and a regulation.
A law is made by legislators or elected officials. A regulation is made by government officials.
What does CLA stand for in fats?
Conjugated Linoleic Acid
What kind of milk is Roquefort cheese made out of?
A. Sheep's milk
The standard of identity for Cheddar cheese allows what to be used as colorant?
Annato
If you order your food 'a la carte', you order it from: Drive-through window, daily specials, over the phone, menu
The Menu
Shoyu, Miso, and tempeh are all examples of foods made from what raw material?
Soybean
butter w/what other ingredient, used as an emulsifier, is used in preparation of Bearnaise Sause?
Egg yolk, which have lecithin (natural emulsifier)
What are some of the disadvantages of using the general method to calculate lethality?
the initial temperature and time/temperature profile used in production must remain consistent with those used at the time of the heat penetration tests, not recommended for process development, there is a need for thermocouple nad measurement accuracy (with accurate calibration)
Pasties, sausages rolls, and turnovers use what kind of pastry?
Flaky
Colorants used in the food industry may be categorized as certified or colors exempt from certification. What colorants are found in each of the above categories?
Certified colorants: Food, Drug, and Cosmetic (FD&C) dyes and lakes
What is the fundamental equation for the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?
(delta)u= q + w, where (delta)u - internal energy, q - heat, w - work
Starch, when heated with water to thicken foods, goes through a physical change called:
gelatinization
What is the most heat-resistant protein in egg albumen?
Ovomucin (resistant at pH 7.1-9.4, heated at 99℃ for 2 hours)
The Beer-Lambert Law is A=ECL; what does the 'L' stand for?
L the length of the light path in cm
What is Low-Temperature Treatment used for?
Done to a) slows spoilage reactions b) freezes the water in food to reduce aW i.e. refrigerating
What vitamin is a necessary cofactor for transamination reactions?
pyridoxine (vitamine b6)
What grain food is usually made from a wheat-flour dough that is cultured with yeast, allowed to rise, then baked in an oven, commonly eaten across the world?
Bread
Define the D-value and the Z-value.
z-value – temperature required to decrease the time necessary to obtain a 1 log reduction in cell number to 1/10th of the original value d-value – the time in minutes at a specific temperature to reduce the number of microogranisms by 1 log cycle, AKA kill 90% of micorbes.
What are the grains cross-bred to create Triticale?
combination of the scientific names of the two genera involved: Triticum (wheat) and Secale (rye)
What is the scientific term for a n increase in the size of the cells in an organism?
Hypertrophy
What are the cropping technique involves the systematic sequencing of various crops in a field to help in insect control and soil fertility?
Crop Rotation
Name three lime cultivars.
Mexican/Key, Tahiti/Bearss/Persian, Kaffir/Thai, Palenstine, Mary Ellen, Rangpur
What is the primary substance used for caffeine extraction?
Methylene chloride (CHECK - carbon dioxide - update)
A GRAS listed ingredient in widespread use was banned by HEW Secretary Finch causing an abrupt end to the use of this compound in foods. Name the compound and the year.
Cyclamate, 1969
What organism causes Typhoid Fever?
Salmonella typhii
What country has the world’s lowest meat consumption per person?
India
Name the lactic acid bacteria involved in Sauerkraut fermentation. What kind of microorganism utilizes mannitol and dextran in the production of sauerkraut?
A. Leuconostoc mesenteroides (heterofermentative starter) B. Lactobacillus plantarum (heterofermentative) C. Lactobacillus brevis (homofermentative)
Give the hydrogenation products of the following sugars: glucose, fructose, galactose, xylose.
Sorbitol, mannitol, galactitol, xylitol
What is poising capacity?
apparent resistance to change in redox potential
2 important amendments to the Pure Food and Drug act were passed in 1912 and 1930; name them.
Sherley and McNary-Mapes Amendments
Name 10 divisions of IFT.
1. Aquatic food products 2. Biotechnology 3. Carbohydrate 4. Dairy foods 5. Education 6. Extension & Outreach 7. Food Chemistry 8. Food engineering 9. Food law & regulations 10. Food microbiology 11. Food packaging 12. food service 13. Fruit & vegetable products 14. International 15. Marketing, sales & management, 16. Muscle foods 17. Nonthermal processing 18. Nutraceuticals & functional foods 19. Nutrition 20. Product development 21. Protein 22. Quality assurance 23. Refrigerated & frozen foods 24. sensory & consumer sciences 25. toxicology & safety evaluation
Additional component in mass and energy balance equation in food processing
- Time sucrose +heat + acid --> Hydrolysis/inversion
What is the residue left after churning butter?
Buttermilk
What is responsible for the bitterness in plants?
Quinones
Name three cucumber cultivars.
Saladin, Calypso, Carolina, Burpless, Slice Master, Diva, Suyo, Sweet Slice/Success
What do the acronyms HDPE, PE, PP, LDPE, PS, PVC and PET stand for?
HDPE=High-density polyethylene, PE= Polyethylene, PP= polypropionate, LDPE= low-density polyethylene, PS= PolyStyrene, PVC= PolyVinyl Chloride, PET= polyethylene terapthalate
What is the FDA's definition of "safe and suitable ingredients" for use in food products?
d) Safe and suitable means that the ingredient: (1) Performs an appropriate function in the food in which it is used. (2) Is used at a level no higher than necessary to achieve its intended purpose in that food. (3) Is not a food additive or color additive as defined in section 201 (s) or (t) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as used in that food, or is a food additive or color additive as so defined and is used in conformity with regulations established pursuant to section 409 or 721 of the act.
What instrument is a recording dough mixer that measures and records the torque developed by the action of the blades on Joe during mixing?
Farinographs measure and record the resistance to deformation of a flour/water dough against the mixing action of blades over time and at a specific speed (rpm) and temperature.
What does OFG stand for in a popular food science blog?
Official Food Geek
What is the state muffin of Massachusetts?
Corn
What preservative is added to wine?
sulfites
What was the first fast food hamburger shop in US?
White Castle
The FDA has recall power over what materials or conditions?
None; compliance is voluntary
What are the 3 positively charged amino acids?
lysine, arginine and histidine
How is buttermilk made?
Cow's milk is inoculated with lactic acid bacteria (usually either Lactobacillus lactis or L. bulgaricus), or buttermilk can refer to the liquid leftover after making butter from cream
What does AACC stand for?
American Association of Cereal Chemists
At what range of temperatures do most proteins denature?
Between 50-60°C.
What is the difference between dead-end filtration and cross-flow filtration (or tangential flow filtration)?
With dead-end, or conventional filtration, the feed flows perpendicular to the membrane and separation occurs by the force of gravity. Under cross flow filtration, the flow of the feed is parallel to the membrane and separation is controlled by pressure and flow rate.
What unstable intermediate of monosaccharides mutarotate?
hemiacetal
What is the pH range of the indicator phenolphthalein?
8-9.6
List three (3) impacts of the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act (aka Bioterrorism Act) on FDA regulation of the food industry.
FDA now has administrative detention authority for foods suspected of being adulterated; All food processing and handling facilities under FDA jurisdiction must register with the agency; Importers of food must give prior notice to the FDA; Establishment and maintenance of records; Eliminated “port shopping” by importers;
Name three possible causes of a false seam on a can.
Mushroomed can flange, Bent can flange, Misassembly of can and cover
What type of ANOVA should be used when the means being compared are based on multiple observations from the same group of individuals?
Repeated measures ANOVA
What is the name of choux pastry with pearl sugar?
Chouquette
COD, BOD, and TOC are all methods used to measure pollutants in water. Which method is the cheapest but takes the longest time to complete?
BOD
What process refridgerates the meat to improve the tenderness of beef?
Aging
What three taste qualities share a common signaling pathway?
Bitter, sweet, umami
What is the carcinogen found in mushrooms?
Hydrazine
What is the fungal genus responsible for the production of soy sauce?
Aspergillus (oryzae is species)
What % fat in bovine milk exists as TAGs? a. 83% b. 88% c. 93% d. 98%
d. 98%
What is colony collapse disorder?
A phenomenon in which worker bees from a beehive or European honey bee colony abruptly disappear
If you take 20 ml of .1 M NaOH to titrate 40 mL of an HCl solution to the phenolphthalein end point what is the molarity of the HCl solution?
.05 M HCl
What is the Magna Carta and which year was it enacted?
June 1215 England, this legal document included statements setting single standard measures for wine, ale, and corn.
What is invert sugar?
hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose
How can the molecular weight of protein, DNA and RNA be determined?
SDS-PAGE for proteins and Agarose gel for DNA & RNA.
What condition results during thawing of muscle that frozen before it enters rigor mortis?
thaw rigor
What is the name of long chain plant waxes that are typically composed of odd carbon length?
n-alkanes of the epicuticular leaf wax
What three spice flavors are experienced when tasting allspice?
Cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg
Name the 3 classes of inhibition and state if they are real or hypothetical.
Competitive-Real, Noncompetitive-Real, Uncompetitve-Hypothetical
What is fuzzy logic in simple terms?
A form of logic which can take many values, as opposed to 1 or 0 or True or False, in conventional Boolean Logic
What is the commercial source of starch?
cereal grains
What makes poultry inspection mandatory for any processor that ship product?
In interstate commerce
How do natural and forced circulation affect the boundary layer?
Natural circulation has laminar flow and an increased boundary layer, and forced circulation is turbulent flow and therefore decreases the boundary layer
Name 5 types of air convection driers (heated air driers)
Kili, cabinet, tunnel, conveyer, fluidized bed, air lift, rotary, spray drier
What pathogenic bacteria can grow at aw=0.86 ?
Staph Aureus
Name five functions of eggs in food systems.
Binder, clarifying agent, emulsifier, foaming/leavening agent, gel, thickening agent
31. Carbonyl compounds responsible for the aroma of tomatoes and bananas and the characteristic flavor of cucumbers arise from what general reaction?
Oxidation of linoleic acid by lipoxygenase
What country did Kiwi originate from?
China (Kiwi is also known as the Chinese gooseberry)
Flowing liquid increases in kinetic energy because of what?
The pressure drop
If the freezing point of milk is closer to zero degrees C, what could be the cause?
Adulteration with water
Food packaging may include a claim supported with some scientific study but does not meet a standard scientific study. What is it called?
Qualified health claim
To calculate the lethal effect of a thermal process, name the two needed items of information.
1) Thermal resistance characteristics of microorganisms (reaction rate constants, Z and F values) 2) Dependence of rate constants on temperature (temperature history).
What is the composition of a whole, mixed egg?
as purchased: 65.5% water, 11.9% protein,9.3% fat,0.9% ash edible portion:73.7% water, 13.4% protein, 10.5% fat, and 1.0% ash
Name a commonly available food source of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein.
Soybeans
Which sugar substitute is a dipeptide?
Aspartame
What vertebra is found in a T bone steak?
lumbar vertebra
Dancy, fair, nigerian are types of what?
Tangerines
what is the common metric unit for force?
force= Newton
Which 2 elements increase Vitamin D adsorption?
Calcium and Phosphorous
What amino acid has the greatest molecular weight?
Tryptophan
Give several examples of active packaging.
Oxygen scavenger, anti-microbial release, ethylene scavenger, vapor removal, temperature sensitive labels, moisture regulators, antimicrobial packaging, CO2 emitters, UV light blocking films, flavor and odor absorbers, antioxidant releasing films, biodegradable active packaging
What is the denominator of a t-test?
standard error of the mean
In the SI system what are the units applied to the following 5 dimensions or measurements? length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temp
meter, kilogram, second, ampere, Kelvin
Name four commonly used coatings for steel cans.
Acrylic, epoxy-amine, epoxy-phenolic, epoxy-phenolic plus zinc oxide or metallic aluminum powder, oleoresins, or phenolic polybutadiene, vinyl, polyester phenolic, organosol
Campbell made condensed soup first in what year?
1897
What does EPEC stand for?
Enteropathogenic
What are chylomicrons and what do they do?
A type of lipoprotein that delivers triacylglycerol to cells in the body
If you wanted to keep bread from staling, which would be the best storage temperature? A. 5⁰C B. 15⁰C C. 25⁰C D. 35⁰C
D. 35⁰C
If you centrifuge skim milk, what is the precipitate?
Casein
What is required for a product to bear the label "made with organic ingredients"?
Processed products that contain at least 70 percent organic ingredients can use the phrase “made with organic ingredients” and list up to three of the organic ingredients or food groups on the principal display panel.
What does HACCP stand for and give its 7 principles.
HACCP: Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points; 1. conduct hazard analysis, 2. identify critical control points, 3. establish critical limits, 4. establish monitoring procedures, 5. establish corrective actions, 6. establish verification procedures, 7. establish record-keeping procedures
What color of light is absorbed for maximum photosynthesis?
Blue
What are some of the advantages of using the general method to calculate lethality?
simple to perform, most accurate method as long as: temperature measurement is accurate, time interval is reasonable, and a proper integration method is chosen, is a good tool for process evaluation
What high yield rice strain was developed by the International Research Institute in the Philippines?
IR-8
If a can has a size designation of 211 x 212, what are its dimensions?
211 = can diameter of 2 and 11/16 inches; 212 = can height of 2 and 12/16 inches
What is the percent of non-fat solids found in whole milk?
8.25
Know 3 Michelin symbols.
Stars, spoons/forks, and bibs
What is the viscosity of water at 25 C?
1 cP or 1 mPa s
What does the iodine value tell you about fat and what physical state is most likely for a lipid with a high iodine number at room temperature?
iodine value refers to the degree of unsaturated fatty acids in a lipid or the number of grams of iodine absorbed by 100g of fat. A high iodine value is associated with an unsaturated fat, which is typically liquid at room temp.
Name three potential hazards of Modified Atmosphere/Controlled Atmosphere (MA/CA) packaging.
1. Aggravation of certain physiological disorders 2. Irregular ripening 3. Off flavor development.
Name genus and species of Celery.
Apium graveolens
Braising and stewing tenderize tough cuts of meat by:
maintaining low cooking temperature to reduce toughening of protein fibers while extending cooking times to allow collagen to convert to gelatin
Define the concept of thermal death time.
the time to kill a given number of organisms at a given temperature under specific conditions
Why is salt added in cottage cheese production?
To decrease Aw, produce flavor, and help drain whey.
What pastry tool is used to adjust the thickness of the pastry dough?
Pastry Brake
What is the eutectic point?
the lowest point on the freezing point depression curve
What is the first hamburger chain of US?
White castle.
Which government agency is responsible for policing food advertisements that run on television?
the Federal Trade Commission
What pigment is responsible for the bright cherry red color of ground beef?
Oxymyoglobin
What is the type of heat energy described when ice changes temperature from 0 F to -10 F?
Sensible heat
What term is used when there is a percent change in length of material before pulling?
Strain or elongation
How can casein be separated from whey proteins in milk?
whey proteins are acid-stable and caseins are not -- therefore -- add acid or microbial cultures to reduce pH to 4.6 where casein precipitates wash with water and resolubilize with alkali or alkaline salt ----> caseinate
What was the original name for cheerios?
Cheerioats
What book describes in 12 pages poor sanitation conditions in the meat processing plant and caused public outrage toward the industry?
Upton Sinclair's 'The Jungle'; 1905
How does the addition of salt before the microwave cooking of vegetables affect the cooking time?
The time decreases
What organ converts lactic acid to glucose?
Liver
Name 4 applications for Infrared in food processing.
drying, heating, frying, roasting, baking, thawing, surface pasteurization
What is the disease caused by a deficiency of thiamin, and is common where polished rice is a major dietary item?
Beriberi
Give two examples of carotene pigments and natural products in which they may be found.
α and β carotene (carrots) lycopene (tomatoes) lutein (corn)
In canned vegetable processing, peroxides are used to control what phenomena in processing?
Blanching
True or False: Canned foods are sterile.
False, they are commercially sterile
What do SOP and SSOP stand for?
SOP-standard operating procedure; SSOP-sanitation standard operating procedure
Porkopolis, the first meat packing plant in 1818, was located in which city?
Cincinnati, OH
What process in yogurt manufacturing shortens the incubation time because the cultures are anaerobic and grow faster?
Deaeration
Besides extending shelf life and preventing microbial growth, what is another benefit of reducing the water activity of a food?
a lower water content means a lower product volume, making the product easier and cheaper to transport
Give 3 methods for assessing protein quality.
BV, per, net protein utilization, amino acid score, net protein ratio, relative protein value, PDCAAS
What is the name of a flexible container made from polyolefin laminated to aluminum foil of 0.00035 to 0.00050 inch thickness?
retort pouch or retortable pouch
Name the first human milk protein gene to be expressed in crops.
Beta casein.
What is tempeh?
A fermented Indonesian soybean product made with Rhizopus oligosporus.
Werniche-Korsakoff syndrome is a disease mainly found in people w/alcoholism, resulting from a deficiency of what vitamin?
Thiamin (B1)
What breed of cattle produces the most beef in the united states?
Holstein
What percent of the O-H bond in a water molecule is ionic character?
0.4
wavelength of 420nm is in which spectrum?
visible spectra (390-750nm)
Who had the 1st patent on the metal can?
Peter Durand of England
Insulin is found in a complex with what mineral?
Zinc
About what % zinc is absorbed from a meal?
~25% absorbed; this is not very efficient
Beef is 50% protein, what insect is higher in protein than beef?
Crickets (65%)
What is heating containers by flame used for?
mainly for small cans, rapid heat transfer - short processing time, increased internal pressure, used mainly for mushrooms, sweet corn, green beans, pears and beef cubes
Palatability of beef refers to what three main attributes?
Tenderness, Juiciness, & Flavor
What pigment is responsible for the red color in tomatoes and watermelons?
Lycopene
Garlic botanical name?
Allium sativum
What part of the brain regulates body temperature?
Hypothalamus
What do you call an arrangement of many six sided cells joined with others used to store nectar?
Honeycomb
Which state leads the nation in Swiss cheese production?
A. Ohio
Yoghurt is made by which 2 bacteria?
Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus
what is the most commonly used food ingredient produced enzymatically?
High Fructose Corn Syrup
When the Ponkin Iron Works made the original cans for "Appertizing", approximately how many cans could one man make in a day?
10-20 cans/day
The IFT individual award with the highest monetary value is the____
Nicholas Appert Award
What type of oil is consumed the most around the world?
Soyabean
What fat-soluble vitamin is lost when milk is irradiated?
Vitamin A
Vitamin C Deficiency can cause?
Scurvy
Ravioli is an example of what type of pasta?
Filled
Why is sodium content put on a food label?
Excessive consumption of sodium chloride can lead to hypertension
in a protein, what do the terms N-terminal and C-terminal refer to?
N-terminal is the end of the peptide chain w/an un-bonded amino group, C-terminal is the end w/and un-bonded carboxyl group
Orange juice can be fortified with what mineral?
Calcium
Polyethylene is available in low density, medium density, and high density forms. As density increases, what happens to the moisture and gas barrier properties?
The barrier to moisture and gas improves
27. The softening of fruits during ripening is most often attributed to changes in what group of compounds?
pectins or pectic substances (decrease insoluble pectins and increase soluble pectic substances)
What are the layers of the bag-in-box bag?
Polyethylene/aluminum foil/polyethylene
Name 2 proteins that have antinutritional effects upon consumption.
Lectins, trypsin inhibitor, amylase inhibitor
Anthocyanins belong to what general class of chemical compounds (or structures)?
Flavonoids
Prior to dehydration, many fruits are exposed to sulfur gas in order to prevent microbial growth and browning.
True
What does the abbreviation IQF represent?
Individual Quick Freezing.
What is the date mandated by the FDA for food companies to comply with the new Nutrition Facts Label Format?
July 26 2018, additional year for companies with annual sales < $ 10 Million
A strawberry processor makes a "4+1" product. What do that "4" and "1" stand for?
4 parts strawberries, 1 part refined sugar
Where are the taste pores found on the tongue?
In the taste buds.
What is the main water soluble component of coffee?
caffeine
True/False: Thiamin is not stable to heat in acid foods, but less so in neutral and alkaline foods.
False, thiamin is heat stable
Which two resins are the most commonly used for plastic packaging bottles?
High density polyethylene (HDPE) and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
List the 6 typical stages for making cheese.
Acidification Coagulation Curd cutting Add salt Molding/forming aging
Name three types of foods that are exempt from nutrition labeling.
Food sold by small businesses, food sold in restaurants for immediate consumption, ready-to-eat foods, foods that contain insignificant amounts of nutrients, dietary supplements (except in food form), infant formula, medical foods, custom-processed fish and game, foods shipped in bulk but not sold to consumers in that form, donated foods, meat and poultry products. in small packages (less than .5 oz.), meat and poultry products produced or packaged at retail.
What bacon refers to the cured and smoked cheeks of pork?
Jowl
What needs to be taken into account for production and equipment selection?
production method (ie/instant coffee) equip selection and sizing
Which component of wine is glycosylated/polymerized during aging?
Tannins
Name the two types of water crystal nucleation and name the type that occurs in food systems.
1) Homogeneous and heterogeneous 2) Heterogeneous occurs in foods
What two factors determine the melting range of a lipid?
Unsaturation and carbon chain length
What is incaparina?
A. A cereal made from low cost crops that contains 28% protein (maize, sorghum, and cotton seed flour)
In what chemical form is glucose stored in the liver and muscles?
Glycogen
GDL, citric acid, and tartaric acid are examples of what type of leavening agent?
Leavening Acids
Water soluble pigments occurring in fruits and vegetables whose hue depends on pH are called?
Anthocyanins
In regards to cheese, what is an affineur?
Person who ages cheese
What mold is used in the ripening of Camembert cheese?
A. Penicillium camemberti
Phospholipases react with what?
Phospholipids
Why do foods freeze faster than they thaw?
Water layer insulates, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of ice>water
What is used to compare the relative sweetness of all sweeteners?
Sucrose (table sugar in white packet)
Name 12 foods exempt from the NLEA.
Food sold by small businesses, sold in restaurants, ready to eat foods prepared on site for immediate consumption, foods with insignificant amounts of nutrients, dietary supplements, infant formula, medical foods, custom processed fish and game, foods sold in bulk not sold to consumers in that form, donated foods, meat/poultry products weighing <.5oz, meat/poultry products at retail
What are the 2 metals used in drink or beverage cans?
aluminum and steel (tin-plated steel is also acceptable)
Why is titratable acidity an important measurement in food products?
it predicts the acid's impact on flavor in a food product
The sterilization value, also known as F sub zero describes what?
the integrated impact of time and temperature on the microbial population, expressed as time at the reference temperature, calculated by using the lethal rate times heating time
What is a brine of salt, water, and sugar cure?
sweet pickle
Who is the author of "The Jungle?"
Upton Sinclair
What are two types of fruit and vegetable peelers?
Caustic or lye; steam; hot water; abrasive
For a dairy cow to make 1 liter of milk, how many liters of blood must circulate through the udder?
400 liters
During freezing what are the two stages in the crystallization process?
Nucleation or crystal formation and crystal growth.
In the UK, what is the name for cookies cut after baking?
Bar cookies
Which 2 vitamins are required for cell division?
folacin (folic acid) and B12 (cobalamin)
Define viscosity.
The state of being thick, sticky and semifluid due to internal friction. measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress
What addtive is used for the color of meat in impossible meats?
Soy Leghemoglobin
What happens to the physical property of egg when stored below 6 degrees celsius?
the yolk viscosity rises irreversibly giving it a gel like consistency
According to the FD&C Act and the FPLA, what 4 items of information are required on a food label?
name and address of manufacturer, amount of food in package, common name of the food, and the ingredients of the food
What is nanofiltration?
Pressure 20-40 psig, Sugars divalent salts, dissociated acids rejects, Water and small univalent ions can pass
Name 5 types of wheat that are milled into flour.
Durum wheat, soft wheat, hard wheat, spelt
Fugu has what extremely dangerous toxin?
Tetrodoxin
What are the 2 main components of Vit C?
Ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid
What comes in crimmini, morel, oyster, and wood ear varieties?
mushrooms
What are the three main parssitic threats to fish?
Chlonorchis sinensis, Diphyllobothrium, Anisakis
What is splashing feeding for drum drying?
suitable to products with a high sediment rate, used in single and twin drum dryers
Carpaccio uses what part of the tenderloin?
Butt
Name the company that patented Olestra.
Proctor and Gamble
True or false: As a result of exposure to heat, most carotenoids undergo isomerization from trans to cis isomers
True
Name four enzymes which contribute to the softening of fruits and vegetables during ripening. Describe their action and whether they increase or decrease during ripening.
polygalacturonases -- Hydrolyze pectic materials; increase cellulases -- hydrolyze cellulose; increase β-galactosidase -- hydrolyze galactans and release galactose; increase pectin methyl esterase -- esterify pectin -COOH groups; decrease
What are the factors that determine what pasteurizer is selected?
Type of food, type of packaging, and storage method
Name 5 organelles of a cell.
Nucleolus, nucleus, ribosome, vesicle, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton, mitochondria, vacuole, cytosol, lysosome, centriole, etc.
What is Ultra High temperature/aseptic processing?
Process at very high temperature for very short time. Sterilize liquid before filling, sterilize containers, Fill food in containers in sterile environment
What is Graham's Law of Diffusion?
The rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its density.
What compound is the biological precursor of ethylene in plants?
Methionine.
What is the difference in metabolism between β- and α-carotene?
Beta yields two molecules of vitamin A, whereas alpha only yields one molecule
What is the type of heat exchanger most commonly used for milk pasteurization?
Plate heat exchanger
What are the four main ingredients in making beer?
Water, yeast, malted barley, and hops
Name the strongest biochemical bond and the weakest biochemical bond.
Covalent (strongest) and Hydrophobic (Weakest)
what are the 4 major components of whey proteins?
alpha-lactalbumen, beta-lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumen, immunoglobulins
What is the name of a sweet, dark liquor made from blackcurrants?
cassis or crème de cassis
If the absorption of a sample is being determined spectrophotometrically at 420 nm what color is the sample?
Yellow
What are the effects of drying on nutrition?
vitamin losses, protein - loss of biological value, the most susceptible nutrients to dehydration: unsaturated lipids, proteins, vitamin C
The statistical test for comparison of means from small sample size (n less than 30) based upon their distribution when the standard deviation is known as
The t-distribution or Student's t-distribution
How did pound cake get its name?
One pound quantities of the key ingredients (sugar, butter, eggs and flour in the original recipe)
What is the effect of temperature on D Value?
Increasing the temperature will shorten the D value
What sweeteners are used in Coca Cola zero sugar?
Aspartame and acesulfame K
A gram of fat provides 4 calories.
False
Unleavened flatbread in the Jewish cuisine is called?
Matza
What is isotachophoresis?
technique used to separate out ionic analytes
Describe stimulus error.
This occurs when panelists notice otherwise irrelevent factors regarding samples or their presentation which modifies their perception.
When convection predominates, where is the coldest spot in a can?
1/3 into can
What beef dish contains sauteed beef with mustard and smetana?
Beef Stroganoff
When was the USDA created and who did Abraham Lincoln appoint as the 1st leader of the Division of Chemistry?
1862, Charles M Wetherill
What does IUPAC stand for?
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
What does the sieve size refer to?
Number of openings per square inch
What cut of beef is the short rib from?
Plate
What is lethality?
Measure of the microbial kill power at reference temperature
What type of heating arises from the direct conversion of electrical energy in the form of microwaves to heat within the volume of the food itself?
microwave heating
What are the four most commonly used flexible packaging materials?
Plastic (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, PET), paper, cellophane, aluminum foil
which of these saturated salt solutions has the highest relative humidity at 25 degrees C: A.potassium chloride, B.sodium chloride, C.magnesium chloride, or D.lithium chloride?
A. Potassium Chloride
Maple syrup urine disease are advised to have a diet free of: Branched chain amino acids, Medium chain fatty acids, short chain fatty acids, monosaccharides
BCAAs
What are the two main cuts of chicken breast?
Breast, Tenderloin
What compound is responsible for the color of white, red and blue barley?
White-None, Red-Procyanidin, Blue-Anthocyanin
What is piperine and where is it found?
An alkaloid that is responsible for the strong peppery kick in black and white pepper
Why should olive oil be stored in a dark environment?
prevent photooxidation of PUFAs
In spectrophotometric analysis, the absorbance is proportional to the concentration of the sample. What governs this phenomenon?
Beer's Law (accepted Beer-Lambert Law)
What was the first product approved for irradiation by the FDA in 1963?
Wheat and wheat flour (for insect disinfestation at doses of 0.2-0.5 kGy).
A resting period of certain protozoa is called what?
Cyst.
What genus of microorganisms are most often involved with spoilage of refrigerated fresh meat, poultry, fish, and eggs?
pseudomonas
What does power dissipation measure and what are the units?
conversion of microwave energy to heat, and W/cm^2
What are the different types of drum dryers?
single drum, double drum (2 drums revolve toward each other @top), twin drum (2 drums rotates away from each other), Vacuum (heat sensitive materials, expensive), perforated/suction (hot air, several drums can be linked)
Name the Swedish dessert consisting of layers of yellow sponge cake, filled with vanilla custard and raspberry jam and then topped with whipped cream and a layer of thin green marzipan.
Princess Cake
Which carbohydrate is NOT a good source of energy?
Cellulose
Higher alcohols esterified with fatty acids are called?
Waxes
name all of the chemicals used in Gram Staining.
Crystal Violet, Iodine solution, Ethanol, Safranin
Which bacteria is added to Swiss cheese for eye formation?
Propionibacterium shermanii
Which element is the greatest percentage in the atmosphere? A. Carbon B. Nitrogen C. Helium D. Hydrogen
B.Nitrogen
Name the two main plasma proteins of egg yolk.
Lipovitellin (or LDL, 85%) and livetin (15%)
The components of cow's milk that do not vary much with the age of the cow, diet, breed, and stage of lactation are which of the following? A) water and protein B) minerals and carbohydrate C) lipids and carotenoids
A) water and protein
What is the difference between prebiotic and probiotic?
Probiotic are living microbials that promote health; prebiotic are indigestible foods that promote growth of microbials to promote health.
name the 2 main types of secondary structures of proteins.
alpha-helix and beta-sheet
What Michigan inventor discovered peanut butter in 1870?
John Harvey Kellogg
The "Standard of Identity" for mayonnaise specifies that this product contain at least WHAT percentage of vegetable oil?
0.65
Why is a rotating retort used for the thermal processing of canned soups?
The rotation causing mixing of the soup in the can and promotes even heating during the thermal processing
What are some disadvantages of aseptic processing?
over processing, not easy to ensure the sterility of all equipment used in the process, products that contain particulates processed at high temperatures lose shape and form during the heating and cooling steps
What are immobilized enzymes? Name 3 applications of immobilized enzymes in industry.
Immobilized enzymes are enzymes attached to an inert, insoluble material, allowing for their repeated use and continuous operation in various processes. Lipase: Used in the production of emulsifiers, flavors, fragrances, cosmetics, thermoplastics, agrochemicals, and biofuels. Amylase: Used in the food industry for starch hydrolysis, and in the production of biofuels. Beta-galactosidase: Used in the production of lactose-free dairy products. Penicillin G acylase: Used in the production of penicillin. Invertase: Used in the production of invert sugar. Proteases: Used in the food industry for protein hydrolysis. Pectinase: Used in the food industry for clarifying fruit juice.
What compound is responsible for “banana” flavor?
isoamyl acetate
Which vitamin provides the cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase?
Thiamine
Rice (Asian) botanical name?
Oryza sativa
Despite its name what cookie was invented in the early 1900s in San Francisco?
Fortune cookie
Classify the following as either a lean or fatty fish: cod, mackerel, pollock, salmon, tuna, tilapia, trout, halibut, bass, sardines, snapper, mahi mahi, anchovies, eel, swordfish, black cod
Lean fish (less than 5% fat): cod, pollock, tilapia, halibut, bass, snapper, mahi mahi Fatty fish (Higher in fat, rich in omega-3 fatty acids): mackerel, salmon, tuna, trout, sardines, anchovies, eel, swordfish, black cod
What compound is responsible for the distinct odor present in goat's milk cheese?
Capric acid
What is the main difference between a food intolerance and a food allergy?
food intolerance deals with the digestive system and food allergy with the immune system
What is the most common pathogen in ground beef?
Eschericia Coli
Preferred by one in five Americans, which is the most popular flavor of pie in the US? A. Apple B. Cherry C. Pumpkin D. Chicken
A. Apple
A naturally occurring emulsifying agent in a common food is:
lecithin in egg yolk
Name three materials used for edible films.
Proteins, cellulose, starches, dextrins, plant hydrocolloids, waxes, other fatty materials
What country recently became the top producer of vanilla in the world?
Indonesia
What term is used for cooking beef in a large amoiunt of liquid?
Stewing (Simmering)
Which of the following are the standard temperature and pressure conditions? (a) 25¼C at 1 atm (b) 25¼C at 1 bar (c) 0¼C at 1 atm (d) 0¼C at 1 bar
(a) 25¼C at 1 atm
Foods and other grocery store products often contain a series of lines and numbers known as the product UPC code. What does UPC stand for?
Universal product code
What term refers to the percentage change in length of a material due to pulling stress before breakage?
elongation or strain
Human perceptual analysis involves 6 sensations. Name them in the order in which they occur when selecting and then eating a food.
1) sight, (2) smell, (3) texture, (4) taste, (5) hearing, and (6) trigeminal ("feeling factors")
(True/False) U.S.S.R. produces more milk than the U.S.A
True
Which former IFT President played football in the Rose Bowl?
Charles Bates (IFT president 1985-1986).
What is Sensible Heat?
Sensible heat: refers to the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance that results only in a change in temperature, it takes into consideration the mass of the material and heat capacity.
The glycolytic pathway was the first major metabolic sequence to be elucidated. Most of the decisive work was done in the 1930's by the German biochemists Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas, whom gave the sequence what alternative name?
The Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway
What are the effects of drying on stress development and cracking?
loss of valuable product, loss of consumer satisfaction, seed reduced germination(a biopolymer during drying shrinks at the surface causing tensile stress at the surface and compressive stress on the material surface exceeds the material breaking strength,, the material cracks
What actions can FDA take against companies or individuals who market adulterated or misbranded cosmetics
FDA can pursue action through the Department of Justice in the federal court system, request a federal district court to issue a restraining order, may be subject to seizure or crimal action
How many seconds should you wash your hands as stated by the CDC?
20 seconds in the US and 15 in Canada
When wines, liqueurs, and distilled spirits are used in food preparation, essentially all of the alcohol will evaporate during cooking. T/F
FALSE (it takes 3 hours to fully evaporate alcohol in food trace)
What does the abbreviation oz represent while cooking and what is it used to measure?
Ounces. Oz can measure weight or volume (fluid oz can measure fluid volume).
Russia did not classify beer as an alcoholic product till what year? 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011
2011
A retort temperature of 250 F is achieved with how many pounds of pressure?
15
Which single bacteriocin is approved for food preservation in the US? Which product is it used in?
Nisin, for pasteurized cheese product.
Name 5 ways to lower the water activity of a food.
Dehydrate, add sugar, add salt, freeze, drying, combination of any of these methods
What university won the 1992 Industrial Achievement Award?
Auburn University, for development of low-fat ground beef.
What type of bacteria besides Staphylococci aureous can survive on cows utters?
Micrococci
In which state did the pecan pie originate?
New Orleans
The marionberry is a cross between which two blackberry varieties?
Chehalem and Olallie
What is the strategy of preserving food that involves combined different ways of preventing microbial growth called?
Hurdle technology
Bay laurel botanical name?
Laurus nobilis [Lauraceae (Laurel)]
If an enzyme reaction attains maximum velocity at a substrate concentration of 10 mM, what is the value of the Michaelis-Menten constant?
5 mM
What is the Schreiber melt test?
used melt test for cheese where sample discs of known dimensions are heated in an oven and the final diameter of the melted disc is measured.
What is struvite?
Magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals which look like glass and are sometimes found in canned tuna fish
7 FSMA regulations
Produce safety rule. Foreign supplier verification programs (FSVP) Sanitary Transportation Rule. Protection Against Intentional Adulteration. Accredited Third-Party Certification. Preventive Control Rule for Human and Animal Food. Voluntary Qualified Importer Program (VQIP)
The position in a can of food which is last to reach the final heating temperature is called what?
Cold point
What are flagella?
Appendages that allow microbes to be motile.
In what food is butyric acid typically found?
Milk
What are the organic chemicals, other than essential amino acids and fatty acids, that must be supplied to an animal in small amounts to maintain health?
Vitamins
With respect to pectin, what does DE refer to? What does DE stand for regarding pectin?
Degree of esterification
What is the lactoferrin inhibitor in milk?
Citrate
What are the units for the convective heat transfer coefficient?
W/m2C or W/m2K
What are the four most important spoilage microorganisms associated with refrigerated meats?
Pseudomonas spp., Flavobacterium spp., Acinetobacter spp., and Moraxella spp.
In reverse-phase chromatography, state the type of mobile phase and stationary phase used.
Polar mobile phase and non-polar stationary phase
The macadamia nut originated from what continent?
Australia
What is the coating left behind on the back of the spoon after being dipped into a sauce?
Nappe
If a healthy individual eats a large amount of cholesterol in a particular day, what happens?
The body will make less
Name the three positively charged amino acids.
Lysine, Arginine, and Histidine
When is the chalazea of an egg thick and dominant?
When it is fresh.
Name the country of origin of the following cheeses: Cheddar, Mozzarella, Gouda, Edam, Hawartii, Mortadella, Paneer, Colby, Jarlsberg, Ardrahan
Cheddar: England, Mozzarella: Italy, Gouda and Edam: Netherlands, Havarti: Denmark, Mortadella: Italy, Paneer: India, Colby: US, Jarlsberg: Norway, Ardrahan: Ireland
In which cities will IFT annual meeting event First be hosted for the following years: 2022 2023 2024 and 2025
Chicago for a while.
Money muscle is obtained from which part of pig?
The money muscle is a tender, well-marbled cut of pork from the bottom half of a pig's shoulder, on the opposite side of the bone.
What are Unit Operations?
Describes the processing step of a product, like in a factory (i.e. heat exchange, evaporation, drying, and material handling)
What is the name of the chemical compound commonly used as a bitterness standard in taste research?
PTC(phenylthiocarbamide)
What is the first hamburger chain in the US?
White Castle
What flour is from dried hominy is used to make Mexican tortillas and tamales?
masa white corn flour
Blueberry botanical name?
Vaccinium sg. cyanococcus [Ericaceae (Heather)]
Where did the kiwi fruit originate?
China
What defect in ice cream is caused by ice crystal formation?
Coarseness or sandiness
On the West Coast, what is another name for ribeye?
Spencer Steak
Texas State fruit?
Texas red grapefruit
What exemption is given to unpasteurized citrus juice under the FDA juice HACCP rule?
The 5 log reduction can be done cumulatively through treatments of the fruit and other steps in the process, rather that on the juice itself as required for all other juices
In a sensory what are the sensations elicited by volatile compounds?
Odour, smell
What is the hot fill temperature used for glass jars?
180F
What are the leading three states in the value production of cucumbers for pickles?
Michigan, Wisconsin, South Carolina, and Florida
Name three tangerine cultivars.
Clementine, Dancy, Changsha, Satsuma, Sunburst, Robinson, Ponkan, King Mandarin, Murcott
How are the units: inches of mercury, atmosphere, pascal and psi (pound per square inch) related?
1 atm = 760 mmHg = 30in HG = 101,325 Pa = 14.696 psi
What is starch retrogradation?
realignment (crystallization) of the amylose and amylopectin to form a pocket.
The concentration of a dissolved salt solution by the application, on the solute side of the membrane, of pressure in excess of osmotic pressure, is called what?
Reverse osmosis
What is a "Zen Macrobiotic Diet?"
A vegetarian diet that places great emphasis on grains and avoidance of fluids, a cure-all diet
What are the top 4 catfish producing states in the U.S.?
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas
Onion botanical name?
Allium cepa
What is the rising film tubular method, how does it work, what is it used for?
This is the first modern type of evaporator, the forming of vapor bubbles inside the tubes causes a pumping action giving high liquid velocities. Residence times are low, hear transfer coefficients are high and hence heating area is reduced and initial capital is lowered. Need at least 25F temp difference to establish a well developed film. It is used for condensed milk.
What are hyphae?
filaments of molds
in the 1940's, legislation was passed requiring that all grain products crossing state lines be enriched w/which vitamins and minerals?
thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, iron, folate (folate in late 1990s)
What happens to both the coordination number and distance between nearest neighbor molecules during the transtion from ice to water?
both increase
Launched in Dec 2022, the Del Monte zero pineapple is now available in certain markets of US and Europe. What makes it unique?
Certified carbon neutral with zero emission
Which USDA agency inspects red meat products at slaughter?
Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)
What does sous vide mean in english?
Under Vacuum
At a Reynold's number of 10,000, what type of flow will be experienced?
Turbulent
How is the relative humidity related to water activity?
Water activity = relative humidity / 100.
What are the different membrane module selections?
Flat sheets - can wrap into different shapes, Plate and frame module - feed fed through spacer(between membranes) and permeate moves through membrane, Spiral module - product flows through center and then permeate moves outward through membranes, Tubular >10mm tubular, Capillary 0.5-10mm, <0.5mm hollow fiber
What fish produces red caviar?
Salmon
What is the function of the chalaza in the egg or what is it an indication of?
To maintain the structure of the egg, it is a sign of freshness
Which component in wheat is responsible for viscoelastic properties of dough?
gluten (gliadin and glutenin)
Vitamin E Deficiency can cause?
Rare- hemolytic anemia in newborns
What is SCP?
single cell protein
What are the 6 grape varieties that can be used to make Red Bordeaux wine?
Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet franc, Petit verdot, Malbec, Carmenere
What happens to the melting point of a vegetable oil when it is hydrogenated?
increases the melting point
How many BTU's must be taken from a pound of water to change it from a pound of liquid (water) at 32?F to a pound of solid (ice) at 32?F?
144 BTU's
How many carbon atoms are there in the fatty acid myristic acid?
14
What is the purpose of adding extenders, binders and fillers ot meat? Give three examples.
Extenders were originally used to reduce costs but they were later used to make meat products more healthy by adding dietary fiber, or to improve the texture
Jagermeister is a German digestif made with 56 herbs and spices. Please list 5 of the known (some are kept a trade secret) herbs or spices in this spirit.
citrus peel. Licorice, anise, poppy seeds, saffron, ginger, juniper berries, ginseng, cinnamon (bark), chamomile flowers, lavender, rose hips, red sandalwood, blueberries
In Ice cream production, what term is used used for the formation of ice crystals?
Nucleation
What are the two spices that come from nutmeg plant?
Nutmeg and mace
Which regulatory agency is responsible for bottled water and which is for pipe water?
FDA (bottled water) and EPA (pipe water)
Name the three pieces in a three piece can.
Body bottom and lid
A whole fresh egg contains about how many mg of cholesterol?
186 mg
Why are juices deaerated?
to minimize further destruction of Vitamin C and other oxidative change due to oxygen
Cooked flavor develops in milk when what compound is released by heat?
Hydrogen sulfide
What is the name of the heat resistant enzyme in Thermos aquaticus used for modern PCR?
TAG DNA polymerase
Two parts: The rate of heat penetration into canned foods is dependent on the mechanism of heat transfer within the product. The mechanism by which fluid foods heat is called___ whereas solid foods heat by a ___ mechanism.
1) Convection 2) Conduction
How do you measure protein in infant formula adult protein consumption?
-PER (Protein Efficiency Ratio) for infant formula -PDCAAS for adults
what is meant by the term 'feedy fish'?
fish caught w/a stomach full of feed. These fish are highly susceptible to decomposition and should not be processed w/viscera intact
The grape contains what percentage of sugar made up of which two sugars?
15-25% sugar, composed of glucose and fructose.
What milk type is characterized as milk with 1% milk fat?
Low Fat Milk
Why is mozzarella cheese "stringy" compared to other cheeses?
Kneading and stretching the curds help to elongate this protein chain, which causes the stringiness of mozzarella.
Name one source of each of the following classes of colorants exempt from certification: Anthocyanins, Betalains, Caramel, Canthaxanthin, Chlorophylls, Riboflavin.
Anthocyanins-grape skins, elderberries; Betalains-red beets, cactus fruits; Caramel-modified sugar; Canthaxanthin (carotenoid)-mushrooms, crustaceans, fish, seaweed; Chlorophylls-green vegetables; Riboflavin-milk (Source: Food Technology, 1993)
Loganberry is a cross of what two berries?
raspberry and blackberry
What is the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism?
Metabolism
What is the meaning of the term "organoleptic testing"?
Measuring of attributes of food that individuals sense via sight, sound, taste, smell, etc.
A substance that reduces molecular damage due to Oxygen, such as free radical damage to cellular tissue is called what?
Antioxidant
What fat soluble vitamin has antioxidant properties?
Vit E
Name the four types of chemical bonding that occur during bread dough mixing and kneading.
disulfide interchange, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and ionic interactions
Cloud stability in products like tomato and orange juice is favored by which of the following? A) Inactivation of polygalacturonase B) Inactivation of PME C) Addition of PME
B) Inactivation of PME
The development of red or purple colors during ripening of many fruits and vegetables is due to formation of what pigments?
Anthocyanins.
what genus of bacteria does the Hektoen Enteric Agar select for?
Hektoen Enteric selects for Salmonella and Shigella
What do you have to correct for after total dietary fiber?
nitrogen in ash fro protein
Which of the following foods does not have a standard of identity? a) Cheddar cheese b) Mayonnaise c) Frozen yogurt d) Ketchup
A. c) Frozen yogurt
In microbiology, what does the index IMViC stand for?
Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer test, and Citrate test
What is extracted from coffee beans using supercritical fluid extraction?
caffeine
saccharin is: A.a methyl ester of phenylalanine and aspartic acid, B.200X sweeter than sucrose, C.is metabolized (yielding 4kcal/g), or D.is temp sensitive?
B.200X sweeter than sucrose
Orange botanical name?
Citrus × sinensis [Rutaceae (Citrus)]
What does BP-agar stand for?
Baird-Parker
The process of placing an egg in front of a light source to reveal its physical condition is called ____________
Candling
What does IMPS stand for?
Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications
(True/False) Boiling bacterial spores for 4 hours will destroy the spores
False
In beer making, what is the common name for germinated barley?
Malt
Raspberry botanical name?
Rubus spp.
What beef dish is baked with filet, pate, duxelles, wrapped in puff pastry?
Beef Wellington
Vit A, retinol, deficiency can cause?
Night Blindness, Hyperkeratosis, Keratomalacia, Xeropthalmia
What flame retardant was mixed in with cattle feed in Michigan causing contaminated dairy products?
PBB
What is the most prevalent mineral in egg shell?
Calcium
Which wine is deliberately oxidized?
Sherry
List the following muscle units in order or size from largest to smallest. Myofilament, muscle fiber, sarcomere, myofibril, muscle bundle, muscle
Muscle, muscle bundle, muscle fiber, myofibril, sarcomere, myofilament
What caesin type reacts with the rennet?
Kappa caesin
How does ERH relate to water activity?
ERH=100 x Aw
What alternate name is used for Hong Kong waffles?
Grid cake/Grid biscuits
When was the first patent for food irradiation?
The first patent for food irradiation was filed in 1905 by Albert H. W. M. Riedl, a German scientist.
what does ELISA stand for, and what does it detect?
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, its an immunological or biochemical test to detect desirable and undesirable substances, such as aflatoxin.
What is the difference between a Lady Baltimore cake and a Lord Baltimore cake?
Lady Baltimore cake is a white layer cake with a fruit and nut filling; Lord Baltimore cake is a yellow layer cake with a cream or custard filling
Baird parker mediums are used to detect and enumerate which organism or groups of organisms?
Staphylococcus aureus or staphylococci
What does NFPA stand for?
National Food Processors Association
What is the irreversible first product produced during Maillard Browning?
Amadori rearrangement product (involves the isomerization of N-substituted glycosamines)
Name 3 factors useful in controlling enzyme activity.
Temperature, water content and activity, pH, chemicals, alteration of substrates, alterations of products, preprocessing controls.
Name three types of retorts.
Still, agitating, continuous , discontinuous, still with overpressure
Haugh units are used in the egg quality determinations. What do Haugh units measure?
The height of the thick albumen
Name 3 nonpolar, 3 polar and 3 charged amino acids.
nonpolar: Valine, Alanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline. Polar: Glycine, Serine, Cystein, Threonine, Tyrosine. Charged: Lysine, Arginine, Histidine, Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid
Name an official method of food analysis for moisture determination.
Oven methods, Karl Fischer
What is the pressure (in kPa) of apple juice that is held at a 10m high tank assuming the density of 1kg/m3?
density x gravity x height= 1 x 9.81 x 10= 98kPa
BHT can be used as a preservative in meats. What does BHT stand for?
Butylated hydroxytoluene
Name two fruits that naturally contain cyanide.
Pits of apricots, peaches, and apple seeds
What hydrocolloid is primarily used as a stabilizer in chocolate milk and ice cream?
Carrageenan
Seventh Day Adventists gave us what first convenience food?
Ready-to-eat (cold) breakfast cereal
In 2003, the National Conference on Interstate Milk Shipments (NCIMS) unveiled a new program which dramatically changed the way Grade A Milk Processing Facilities may be inspected and listed in the IMS list. What was this program?
Voluntary HACCP program
Dimitri Mendeleev is credited with the creation of what?
Periodic table
What is Capsaicin and where is it found?
Pungent flavor of hot peppers
Which type of Clostridium botulinum is associated with aquatic food products and is often psychotropic?
Type E
What common food preservative chemical destroys the vitamin activity and should not be used to preserve foods that are major sources of thiamin?
Sulfur Dioxide
What graph in non-dimensional form relates the friction factor, Reynolds number and relative roughness for fully developed flow in a circular pipe?
Moody Diagram
From what part of the wheat, corn, rice, or oats are most breakfast cereals made?
Endosperm
In what two ways can a xanthan gum stabilize an emulsion?
Reduce surface activity, increase viscosity
Which of the following is an example of a wash rind cheese? a) Limburger b) Brie c) Roquefort d) Munster
A. a) Limburger
in the US, what is the maximum amount of combination of fat and water allowed in frankfurters?
40%
How does toothpaste affect the taste of orange juice?
Sodium lauryl sulfate, blocks sweet receptors in mouth and makes juice taste bitter.
Lutein and lycopene are members of what general class of colored compounds?
Carotenoids
Name a good natural source for the enzyme Xanthine Oxidase.
Milk.
Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation?
Louis Pasteur
What is the most widely eaten fruit in America?
The banana
Name three pumpkin cultivars.
Connecticut Field, Howden, Jack O' Lantern, Baby Boo, Jack Be Little, Small Sugar, Triple Treat
Lye is used to hasten the peeling process in some vegetables. What concentration is commonly employed?
Usually 1.0%, generally in the range of 0.5% to 3.0%.
What component of fish frequently causes airway obstruction?
Fish bones
name 3 charged amino acids.
arginine, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine
The stable, bright pink-red color of cured meats is caused by the reaction of what two compounds?
nitrite and myoglobin (nitrosomyoglobin)
Which nutrients are enriched grain products fortified with? Name five.
Iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate
Give the industries where HACCP is required.
Seafood, Poultry and Meat, Fruits and Vegetables
What does BATF stand for?
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms
What are the final products of aerobic oxidation of sucrose and starch (or carbohydrates) in plant cells?
Carbon dioxide, water, ATP.
What's the difference between Cereal grains and Pseudo grains/Pseudocereal and list 5 pseudocereals?
Cereal grains are the seeds of grasses and belong to a group called monocots. In contrast, pseudograins/pseudocereals are the seeds of broadleaf plants and belong to a different group called dicots. Examples of pseudocereals: Chia Seeds, Quinoa, Buckwheat, Amaranth, Wattleseed.
Give the names of two major pigment groups.
Chlorophylls, Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, Betalains, Myoglobin
What three terms, respectively, are used to describe the ability of microorganisms to grow at cold, ambient and warm temperatures?
psychotrophic (or psychophilic), mesophilic, thermophilic
Food service personnel are becoming concerned about an intoxication that can result in diarrhea or vomiting; it is found in foods considered to be safe such as dry food mixes, spices, rice, etc. Contamination occurs from the soil in most cases.
Bacillus cereus
What structure in skeletal muscle marks the beginning and end of a sarcomere?
Z-line
What makes milk white in color?
the casein micelles that scatter light.
What is D value? What are the units?
It stands for decimal reduction time, time taken to reduce the no. of microbes by 90% or 1 log. D value has units of time
What are the components of a supercritical fluid extraction system?
Solvent compressor or pump, extractor, temperature/pressure control system, separator/absorber.
In separations such as distillation what is the name of the plot used by engineers to describe the physical state at each step?
McCabe-Thiele plot
Name the chemical compound that stores energy.
ATP
The amount of time that a food is allowed to stand so that the residual heat can be transferred by conduction is known as:
standing time
Which to indigenous groups made peanut butter by first grinding roasted peanuts into a paste?
Incas and the Aztecs
Which is not Protected cheeses by EU?: cheddar, feta, roquefortii, camamberti
Cheddar
The heat transfer rate for radiative heating depends on temperature to the power of what?
Four
If a recipe calls for 1 teaspoon of a fresh herb, how much of a dried herb should you use?
½ teaspoon
what are stereoisomers?
Compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different molecular arrangements
What is the term for a place where food is prepared and then distributed to other places for sale?
Commissary kitchen
Like Roquefort and Stilton, which of the following is also a blue cheese: A.Coloumiers, B.Tallegio, C.Braun, or D.Maytag?
D. Maytag
Identify one function of Vitamin D: A.prevents scurvy, B.acts as an antioxidant, C.necessary for glucose metabolism, or D.aids in the absorption of calcium
D. aids in the absorption of calcium
Honeydew (Muskmelon) includes Cantaloupe botanical name?
Cucumis melo [Cucurbitaceae (Gourd)]
What additive can be legally used to restore the color of fresh meat?
none
What extraction method, invented in 1897, is still used to extract fat from solids?
Soxhlet
D Value
Time in minutes at a specific temp to reduce the number of microorganisms by one log cycle. AKA to kill 90% of microbes
In the sugar refining process, what is the function of earth and charcoal?
Decolorize.
Glucose is reduced into what sugar?
Sorbitol.
Saanen, Alpine, Nigerian Dwarf and Fainting are all breeds of what?
Goat
What are the two main overall hop categories used in brewing?
aromatic hops and bittering hops
Which county first produced the croissant?
Austria
What is the high-quality life (HQL) of frozen foods?
High-quality life (HQL): defined as the duration of frozen-food storage until a statistically significant change in product quality can be detected when comparing the product to a reference temperature at a significantly lower temperature.
Which fruit has its seeds on the outside?
The strawberry
Two lamb loins and the hip is known as what?
Saddled
State the 1-letter abbreviations for the following amino acids: Arginine, Asparagine, Alanine, Aspartic Acid, and Phenylalanine
Arginine=R; Asparagine=N;Alanine=A;Aspartic Acid=D;Phenylalanine=F
What is the second most commonly used wheat in bread?
Durum wheat
Name three banana cultivars.
Orinoco, Horse, Dwarf Cavendish, Lady Finger, Apple, Manzana, Cavendish, Ice Cream
what are the chief deficiencies of Calcium and Phosphorus?
Bone and Teeth Disease
Give the 7 steps of HACCP
1. perform hazard analysis, 2. decide on the critical control points, 3. set critical limits, 4. establish monitoring procedures, 5. establish corrective actions, 6. establish verification procedures, 7. establish a record keeping system
What is the main application of transglutaminase?
cross-linking of proteins to strengthen gelling properties; mostly used in rice or cornbread applications
Which cereal grain contains the most lipid content: wheat, rye, oats, rice, barley?
Oats
What is the compound in rhubarb, spinach and beets that result in kidney stone formation?
Calcium oxalate
Ingestion of crickets may cause which type of allergen reaction?
shell fish crustaceans
Meat is considered a complete protein because it: A.lacks the essential amino acids, B.tastes good, C.supplies all of the essential amino acids, or D.provides iron in the diet
C. meat supplies all of the essential amino acids
In beer making, during the boiling process, roughly 25-35% of the alpha acids in the bitter hops are converted to what compound?
iso-alpha acids
What is roll feeding for drum drying?
used in single and twin drum, effective for viscous and glutinous materials, multirolls used to increase film thinkness, gap adjusted bwn rolls and drum, sometimes used combination with other methods
What two flavors make mocha?
Coffee and chocolate
What does APHIS stand for?
Animal and Plant Inspection Service
What does Commercial Storage involve?
Pre-treatment of products during chilling process: - Solid foods - blast chilling - Direct immersion - into coolant medium - Chilling of liquid - indirect heat exchangers (plate and frame design) Temperature control always be within 1 C.
What does detrempe stand for in puff pastry?
Dough
Onion is the Latin term for what?
Large pearl
Anti nutritional factor in rhubarb and spinach that prohibits calcium absorption?
Oxalic acid
What is the temperature and time range for commercial sterilization?
116-121 C (240-250 F) for 50-90 min
In poultry, what is a snood?
The red, fleshy protrusion that hangs over the top of a turkey's beak
Of the four stages in a refrigeration cycle, expansion, evaporation, compression, and condensation, which is a constant entropy process?
Compression
What is maximum level of nitrites allowed in finished hams?
200 ppm
what is the name of the 4th stomach of cows?
Abomasum
What off flavor of milk develops as a result of the release of hydrogen sulfide?
Cooked flavor
Explain pasteur effect.
the rate of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions is higher than the rate under aerobic conditions. Aerobic: citric acid cycle follows glycolysis; anaerobic: fermentation occurs
What is regression analysis?
statistical method to analyze a relationship between 2 or more variables such that 1 of them can be predicted by using the information of the others.
What are the spices in Chinese five-spice?
Star anise, Chinese cinnamon, Sichuan pepper, Cloves, Fennel seeds
What term is used for cooking beef with small amounts of liquids?
Braising
This spice consists of the stigmas of a crocus native to the eastern Mediterranean
Saffron
Lysine, an essential amino acid is commercially produced by which genus of bacterium for use as a food additive?
Brevibacterium
Of the three types of product recalls, types I, II, and III, which one deals with critically hazardous products?
Class I
What is the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) in terms of sensory testing?
JND is the amount by which the physical concentration of a stimulus chemical has to be increased in order to be perceived psychologically.
A solution flowing in a tube has a Reynolds number of less than 2100. what type of flow would you expect this solution to exhibit?
Laminar flow
Which vitamins are destroyed by alcohol?
B complex vitamins
Which is not a form of casein found in milk: Beta, alpha, kappa, sigma, or gamma?
Sigma
What method or substance is used to sterilize spices?
Ethylene oxide or propylene oxide or irradiation or food appertization
How is tin applied to tin cans?
Electroplating.
Name the country of origin: gorgonzola, stilton, camembert, Limburger
Gorgonzola: Italy, Stilton: UK, Camembert: France, Limburger: Belgium
What is the full name of MRS agar used for lactobacilli cultures?
De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe agar
Give one word for a carbon atom involved in hemiacetal or acetal formation.
Anomeric
What are the 3 classes of hazards in the food supply?
Chemical, physical, biological
A mojonnier flask is generally used for what?
extraction of fat (normally from milk)
What are the large fat particles that coalesce at the ends of sausages during heating?
Fat caps
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree Celsius is called what?
Calorie
Which enzyme is associated with the quality of fruits and vegetables?
Pectin Methyl Esterase
What are the freezing and frozen temperature ranges?
Freezing below the temp. at which ice crystals begin to form within the food -10 to -20º C.
What made poultry inspection mandatory for any processor that ships produce in interstate commerce?
Wholesome Poultry Products Act (WPPA) of 1968
What are prolamines in corn called?
Zein
What is required for a product to bear the label "100% organic"?
Products labeled as “100% organic” must contain only organically produced ingredients and processing aids, excluding water and salt. No other ingredients or additives are permitted.
For unsteady state heat transfer what do you plot vs time to get a straight line?
Log of unaccomplished temp difference or (Text - T) / (Text - Ti)
What's the difference between the intracellular and interstitial spaces?
-Intracellular spaces are within cells. -Interstitial spacers are between cells
In thermoprocessing, what is the difference between ""sterility" and "commercial sterility"?
"Commerical sterility" means the probability of spores and cells surviving is low but not absolute
In packaging, what does LDPE stand for?
Low density polyethylene
What are 2 bitter compounds in coffee?
Caffeine and polyphenols (such as tannins)
what is the wavelength range of UV-Vis spectroscopy?
200-700nm (UV=200-350nm, Vis=350-700)
The time in minutes required to destroy 90% of a population at a given temperature.
D value – decimal reduction time
What does the term florentine refer to when used to describe a menu item?
With spinach
What defect is caused by lactose crystal formation in ice cream? What is the name of the defect caused by the presence of lactose crystals in ice cream?
A. Sandiness
Which vitamin increases calcium and phosphorus absorption and promotes healthy bones?
Vitamin D
rank the following foods by their corresponding water activities from highest to lowest: syrups, jams, potato chips, and bread
Bread (0.96), syrups (0.88), jams (0.77), potato chips (0.30)
Quince botanical name?
Cydonia oblonga
What level of moisture is desirable in cereal grains for safe long term storage?
10-14%
What is a chemical leavening system, and what are the two essential components of a chemical leavening system?
A Chemical leavening system is a system of controlled carbon dioxide release to give rise to baked products, the two components are a leavening agent. sodium bicarbonate) and acidic agent
What are flavonoid phytochemical compounds that appear predominantly in green tea,that are also found in black tea, grapes, wine, and chocolate in small amounts?
Catechins
Give the 3 main polymorphic forms of crystalline fat and their general characteristics.
alpha - lowest melting point, least dense, used in foams, lowest stability. Beta prime- median melting point, median density, smooth textures, creaming properties beta - highest melting point high density, highest stability
Based on the 2014 Proposed Rules for Updating the Nutrition Facts Label, which four vitamin and mineral declarations will be required on new labels?
Potassium, Vitamin D, Calcium, and Iron (Vitamins A and C will no longer be required)
What does the M in M & Ms stand for?
Mars & Murrie, to co-creators of the candy
What aging process hangs meat in temperature controlled coolers?
Dry Aging
Give 5 examples of short pasta.
Cavatappi, Cavatelli, Conchglie (shells), Farfalle, Macaroni, Penne, Rigatoni, Fusilli, Rotini, Orecchiette, Ziti
In the Chinese melamine incident, what protein apporximation method was used that couldn't differentiate between protein and melamine?
The Kjeldahl method
The use of PVC or polyvinyl chloride containers for alcohol was banned because the monomer vinyl chloride leaked into food. This action was taken under the FDA act covering which of the following? (a) Adulteration (b) Non-intentional poisonous and deleterious substances (c) Misbranding by not having the monomer content labeled (d) The Delaney Clause (e) Improper use of colors
(b) Non-intentional poisonous and deleterious substances
What is the full form of ERH?
Equilibrium Relative Humidity
Polygalacturonase catalyzes what reaction?
Hydrolysis of alpha-1,4 bonds of pectin.
True or False: The FDA has decided that a substance used in a food prior to 1958 can be shown to be GRAS through experience based on its common use in food outside, as well as inside, the United States.
True
in relation to colloid theory, give the full form of the acronym DVLO.
Derjaguin, Verway, Landau, and Overbeek
What are the three sections of an extrusion screw?
Feed, compression, and metering.
Anions form hydration shells in water by what type of interaction?
ion-dipole
According to the NLEA, what health claim can be made regarding dietary saturated fat and cholesterol?
dietary saturated fat/cholesterol and coronary heart disease
What aspect of Staphylococcus aureaus does selective media 111, exploit?
Salt tolerance
What is Z-value?
The number of degrees required to change a D value by a factor of ten.
In the early 1800's a Frenchman developed a method of preserving foods by sealing them in glass jars with a paraffined cork and heating the filled jars in boiling water. What was the name of this early food scientist?
Nicholas Appert
What are the acids used to determine titratable acidity in the following foods: Orange Juice, Apple Juice, Yogurt, Grape Juice, Vinegar, Coca-cola, Peach Juice, Sprite, Grapefruit?
Orange Juice - citric; apple - malic; yogurt - lactic; grape - tartaric; vinegar - acetic; coke - phosphoric; peach - malic; sprite - citric; Grapefruit - citric acid.
What is the protein efficiency ratio (PER) of casein?
2.5
What is a cock-a-leekie soup?
a Scottish soup dish of leeks and chicken stock often thickened with rice or barley
The D value of green peas is 0.2 minutes. What is the F value at 250 F?
12D so 2.4 minutes
Name a chart used in unsteady state heat transfer.
gurney-lurie chart, heisler chart
What virus crippled the poultry industry in 2015?
Avian Flu (H5N1)
What are 4 ways to lower water activity?
dehydration (remove water), concentration (increase solids content), add salt, add sugar (both salt and sugar compete for water)
What must lipids always be combined with to travel in the blood?
Proteins
What is the name of the amendment to the Pure Food and Drug act that was passed in 1930?
McNary-Mapes Amendment
Give 3 examples of cool season cereals.
Barley, Rye, Oats, Wheat, Triticale (a hybrid of wheat and rye)
What is the difference between direct and indirect ELISA?
-direct ELISA- only one antibody used, indirect ELISA-2 antibodies used for detection
Name the three compartments of a three-compartment sinks in a foodservice operation.
Wash, rinse, sanitize
Dietary fiber has several physiological effects except: A.increase fecal bulk, B.increase nutrient availability, C.reduce cholesterol, or D.improve large bowel function?
B. increasing nutrient availability
Tissues or ingredients that have a binding index lower than 50 are called what?
fillers
Cheese was the first made about 4000 years ago on what continent?
Asia
In cheese production, why is rennet added after pH has been slightly reduced by the starter culture?
the activity of rennets higher in an acid media
Pozole is a fermented soup or stew from which country?
Mexico
What are the disadvantages of removing water from foods during processing?
different physical appearance (excluding freeze drying), energy consuming (more expensive), and if it is heat drying there is a decrease in food quality
What is the most effective synthetic antioxidant?
TBHQ (Tetra-Butylhydroquinone)
What does SASP stand for?
Small Acid Soluble Protein
Name three compounds capable of poisoning the catalyst during commercial hydrogenation.
Phospholipids, water, sulfur compounds, soaps, partial glycerol esters, carbon dioxide, and mineral acids.
The 2 types of bloom in chocolate:
Fat (commonly cocoa butter) and Sugar
Enzymes are used extensively by the food industry as processing aids for ingredient production. The enzymes alpha amylase, glucoamylase, and glucose isomerase are used in sequence to produce what food ingredient?
High fructose corn syrup
What are the steps in freeze concentration?
Step 1: It all starts from the ice crystal point of view by removing heat from the solution, Typically done by using a scraped surface heat exchanger ( inside scraped by a rotating shaft while outside cooled by refrigerant). Tiny ice crystals are formed at this cold surface. Step 2: Once crystals formed in SSHE, enter a mixed vessel (recrystallizer). Most of the small crystals will melt allowing larger ones to grow. Why? Bc melting required the addition of heat and changing from solid to liquid. Known as ripening and forms the heart of separate nucleation and growth process. Step 3: Since we want a continuous flow of small crystals to the recrystallizer, we must extract liquid from a filter in the recrystallizer and circulate that over the SSHE (scraped surface heat exchanger). Step 4: Once sufficient crystals in recrystallizer can start separation from concentrated liquid, This is done with wash column, where crystals sep from liquid, washed to remove and remaining concentrate, melted and discharged as pure water, Concentrate returned to recrystallizer. Step 5: Fresh feed replaced the water that is removed from the system. The feed is mixed with the recirculation stream feeding the SSHE. Since the feed is replacing the water that is removed from the system the concentration of the soluble solids in the system will increase. Step 6: Next add a way to remove the concentrated product, discharged from the liquid recirculation line after filtration. Since the concentrate contains all of the soluble solids originally in the feed the system will now remain constant
What does the % overrun measure in whipping cream and ice cream?
The amount of incorporated air into the product.
Pectin with 20-40% of the carboxyl groups esterified with methanol is known as what?
Low-methoxyl pectin
What duck is commonly consumed in the US?
Peking Duck
Withholding feed for 12 to 24 hours prior to slaughter results in greater ease of what?
evisceration
With regard to can defects which occur during thermal processing, what is buckling?
Permanent deformation of the can ends caused by excessive internal can pressure compared to external pressure. ( occurs when there is insufficient pressure during cooling), opposite of panneling
Spherification is a culinary process of shaping liquids into spheres. It was developed first by what company?
Unilever
You are trying to pasteurize milk to reduce the amount of E. coli. If you are treating the milk for 15 seconds what temperature is needed?
149 deg F or 65 deg C
In 1884, Dr. Harvey W. Wiley helped organize the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. In 1966, this organization's name was changed to __________?
AOAC--Association of Official Analytical Chemists
Name 2 straight chain polyhydric alcohols used as food additives.
Sorbitol-bodying agent, humectant, flavor and crystal modifier. Mannitol-flavor modifier, intert base
According to the USDA National Organic Standards, ingredients derived by biotechnology or GMOs: a- are not allowed in organic products, b - are only allowed in first generation organic products, c- are allowed in organic products, d - are only allowed if declared and identified as such on the label
Not allowed
The Center for Disease Control is a part of what governmental organization, which in turn is part of what governmental department?
CDC is one of 8 organizations within the Public Health Service, which, in turn, is one of about 14 organizations within the Department of Health and Human Services.
Why can vanillin be added to chocolate and it does not have to be labeled on the front panel that it is artificially flavored?
One can add artificial flavorings to foods that do not 'resemble, reinforce, or enhance the named flavor' and not label the front panel as being artificially flavored
Why do carrots not lose their orange color during cooking?
carotenoids are heat stable and fat soluble
True/False: metals are added into microwavable popcorn package to achieve increased uniformity of heating
True
What are the ingredients of butter tea?
tea, yak butter (or regular butter), water, and salt.
What does ADSA stand for?
American Dairy Science Association
Refrigerated ready-to-eat foods are a potential source of:
listeria
What food groups are the richest natural sources of dietary potassium?
Fruits and vegetables
Name five grapefruit cultivars.
Marsh, Ruby Red, Henderson/Ray, Rio Red, Star Ruby, Pomelo, white, pink, star ruby, sweeties, oro blanco, melogold, lavender
Why do we dry food?
To decrease distribution costs, to prolong storage time, to concentrate flavors.
What concept motivates the use of multiple preservative factors to prevent growth of pathogens in processed foods?
The hurdle concept.
Which is the mildest form of food preservation?
Refrigeration
What are some characteristics of microwaves?
travels at speed of light, non-ionizing form of radiations, can be focused into beams, can transit through hollow tubes, may be absorbed or reflected by the material depending on its dielectric properties, may also transmit through materials without any absorption (includes glas, ceramics, some thermoplastic plastics)
What hormone stimulates enzyme production in barley?
Gibberellin
What is the name of a freze-dried potato product in Bolivia and Peru?
Chuno
What vegetable did the ancient Egyptians worship?
Onion
What were british sailors named after?
limes
What is the Weston A. Price Foundation?
An organization that, among other things, promotes the consumption of animal fat, consumption of raw milk
Due to congressional action, the safety of food additives must be proven by the food industry rather than the regulatory agencies. Give the name of this legislation and the year it was founded.
1958, Food Additives Amendment to the F D&C Act.
What are the USDA yield grades for both lamb and beef?
US 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
What is the Indirect-contact freezing system?
Cabinet: - Packaged food on trays: batch - Plate freezing: Foods held between two plates - Air blast: Using high velocity air, concurrent air flow: continuous - Scraped surface: using heat exchanger: continuous.
What additive inhibit microbial growth, preserve color, and prevent lipid oxidation?
Nitrites
The form of myoglobin with a purplish-red color is:
Deoxymyoglobin.
In order to combat BeriBeri, what was added to rice?
Thiamin (B1)
What country produces 2/3rds the of the worlds vanilla?
Madagascar
Why do seed proteins like soy protein have a high isoelectric point?
They abundant aspartic acid and glutamic acid
Lack of proper handwashing is commonly associated with what?
Shigella
What is the best way for diabetics to prepare sweet potatoes?
Boiling or steaming
What icing is traditionally made from the whipping of egg whites?
Meringue
What is the name of the piece of equipment used to puff cereal grains?
Gun
Name and give the corresponding numbers of 5 B vitamins.
B1 – thiamine, B2 – riboflavin, B3 – niacin, B5 – pantothenic acid, B6 – pyridoxine, B7 – Biotin, B9 – folic acid, B12 – Cobalamine
In a Bingham plastic fluid, what is the initial resistance that must be overcome before the flow starts and the system behaves as true Newtonian?
yield stress
Describe the flow behavior of a pseudoplastic material.
Pseudoplastic= shear thinning
The principal sugar formed by the action of B-amylase on starch is _____________.
Maltose
what agents in Hektoen Enteric Agar differentiates Salmonella from Shigella?
Ferric ammonium citrate and sodium thiosulfate; they combine to detect the desulfhydrase enzymes by salmonella (enzyme converts thiosulfate to H2S, which then reacts w/ferric iron to create a black precipitate
What is Active MAP?
Active MAP= gas needs to reach a steady state over time
Why is Vitamin A added to skim milk?
Because Vitamin A is removed with the cream
In which phase of their growth are bacteria most sensitive for destruction?
in the Log phase
What compound is produced by chemical isomerization of lactose?
lactulose
Which is greater, the amount of radiation needed to inhibit the sprouting of potatoes or that amount which is lethal to humans?
The amount needed to inhibit the sprouting of potatoes (7500-10,000 rads will inhibit sprouting while only 500 rads is lethal to the human)
What enzyme causes problems in jam or jelly production?
Pectinase
What are the three bacteria used in the production of Swiss cheese?
Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and Propionibacterium shermanii
EAEC, EHEC, EIEC, EPEC and ETEC represent five serological grouping of five virulent strains of what bacterium?
Escherichia coli
What is an achromatic color?
– A color that has no hue (white, gray or black)
Flavor impact component of grapefruit.
Nootkatone
What is the caloric content of alcohol?
7 Cal/g
What agency would publish a report comparing the incidence of foodborne illnesses in restaurants and homes?
FDA
What chemical compound does nitrite react with to produce nitrosamines?
Secondary amines.
What is the name of micro-organism used as indicator of radiation effectiveness in foods
C.Botulinum
Retrogradation of a pudding can be reversed by:
gently heating
Name 2 types of retorts.
still (not agitating, vertical, horizontal, hydrostatic), agitating
a recent pet food recall took more than 60 million cans off the shelf and sickened pets across the country. What chemical was found in the contaminated pet foods?
Melamine
state the equation for % overrun of ice cream.
((weight of mix-weight of ice cream)/weight of ice cream)x100
Give 2 ways to calculate water activity.
vapor pressure of the food/vapor pressure of H2O Moles H2O + moles of substrate/moles of H2O
what is the trade name for polytetrafluoroethylene?
Teflon
What is the name of sushi rolls rolled such that the rice faces outside instead of inside?
Uramaki
what vitamin is NOT found in potatoes?
Vitamin E
What metabolic disorder prevents conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine by normal metabolic pathways?
Phenylketonuria
What fruit was named for Enoch Bartlett?
The Bartlett Pear
Difference between gelato and ice cream.
Gelato is the Italian word for ice cream. It starts out with a similar custard base as ice cream, but has a higher proportion of milk and a lower proportion of cream and eggs (or no eggs at all). It is churned at a much slower rate, incorporating less air and leaving the gelato denser than ice cream.
What is the purpose of catabolic processes?
break down complex compounds to release energy
From a microbial point of view, what is the main purpose of fermentation?
Free up NAD to keep glycolysis running
Two of the following are NOT required core courses on the IFT undergraduate curriculum minimum standards. Name the two: Food chemistry, food microbiology, food engineering, food processing, food analysis, food law, food packaging.
Food packaging and food law.
How do evaporated and condensed milks differ?
Condensed milk may be homogenized and/or vitamin D fortified and is not subjected to further heat treatment, unlike evaporated milk.
What would you do to convert temperature reading from Fahrenheit to degrees Rankine?
Add 459.67
Cholesterol may be a source of what vitamin?
D
Name four varieties of cheese that are ripened principally by blue mold in the interior.
Blue cheese, Stilton, Gorgonzola, Roquefort, Wensleydale
A nutrient which is needed by the body but is not produced by the body is called what?
An essential nutrient
name the major components of dietary fiber.
cellulose,pectin,lignin,hemicellulose,hydrocolloids
Name three honeydew cultivars.
Honey Girl, Honey Star, Sweet Delight, TAM Dew
Vitamin B5 is chemically known as?
Pantothenic acid; Component of Coenzyme A
What can deficiency of iron, folate, or Vit B12 cause?
Anemia
Name the two components that comprise the relaxing factor in muscle fibers.
Troponins and Tropomyosin
What is the major difference between all-purpose flour and cake flour
Protein content
S-(1-propenyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxide is the chemical precursor to the major flavor compounds in what foodstuff?
Onions (or leeks)
Name 6 polyol sweeteners.
Xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, lactitol, maltitol, isomaltitol
In the freezing of foods, what is the term used to describe the quality defect caused by dehydration by sublimation on the product surface?
Freezer burn
What is the full name of EGCG?
Epigallocatechin gallate.
Protein A is eluted faster than Protein B on a gel filtration column. Which protein has a higher molecular weight?
Protein A
At what temp does a solution of 20% amylose and 80% water boil?
100 C
Marmite is made from what?
Brewer's yeast
What factors of heat penetration effect sterilization time?
Type of product, size of container, agitation of container, temperature of retort, type of container
What high-fiber grain is in both Kellogg's Heartwise cereal, as well as in a Proctor & Gamble laxative?
Psyllium
What is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that has been identified in free-ranging and captive mule deer, white tailed deer, and elk?
Chronic wasting disease
What are two major reasons for pasteurizing milk?
Destroy pathogenic organisms and increase shelf life by destroying spoilage organisms
Apple botanical name?
Malus domestica [Rosaceae (Rose)]
What functional property of egg white is most affected by heating and freezing?
Foaming
what is penaltemate carbon?
the asymmetric carbon farthest from the functional group
What is ohmic heating?
it is where an electrical current is passed through a suitable conducting product causing it to heat
Fat digestion in the body requires which compounds secreted by gall bladder?
Bile salts
Rate the following materials from lowest to highest thermal conductivity: Air, Water, Aluminum, Stainless Steel, Glass, Copper.
1. Air 2. Water 3. Glass 4. Stainless Steel 5. Aluminum 6. Copper
What is "Radurization"?
Sterilization by exposure to ionizing radiation.
Which are the conditionally essential amino acids?
Arginine, cysteine, glutamine, tyrosine, glycine, proline, and serine. SCAG GPT
What is the purpose of pasteurization in high acid foods?
To kill spoilage micro-organisms like wild yeasts, and to inactivate enzymes
What does "dryness" in alcohol imply?
The sugar content of the alcohol, usually 0.5%
In cooking what is the function of arrowroot powder?
It is a thickening agent
What term refers to water-soluble colorants that color by dissolution?
FD&C dyes
What does LPM stand for?
Lithium Chloride Phenylethanol Moxalatam
Name 4 varieties of cheese that ripened principally by blue mold in the interior.
blue cheese, gorgonzola, stilton, wensleydale
What is the main intramolecular force responsible for the formation of secondary structure of proteins: A.disulfide bonding, B.Electrostatic interactions, C.Hydrogen bonding, or D.Van der Waal's interactions?
C. Hydrogen bonding
What is cellophane?
A colorless, transparent flexible packaging material made of cellulose.
What is dehydroalanine? Which amino acids may form dehydroalanine? What is the significance of dehydroalanine in food?
Dehydroalanine is a highly reactive product of the heating or alkaline treatment of protein; it arises via a post translational modification of serine or cysteine.; dehydroalanine may produce protein cross links from its reaction with other amino acids decreasing that protein's nutritive value
Animals are often rested prior to slaughter so that they do not use up all of their glycogen; how does this rest lead to a preservative effect?
Glycogen is anaerobically converted to lactic acids, lowering the pH
What is the primary preservative in sweetened condensed milk?
A. Sugar
What is the most widely grown red wine grape variety in the world?
Grenache
What is the SI unit of pressure?
The Pascal
what do the following acronyms associated w/food analysis techniques stand for: SEM, SDS-PAGE, NMR, FTIR
SEM=scanning electron microscopy;SDS-PAGE= sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel;NMR=nuclear magnetic resonance;FTIR= Fourier Transform Infared Spectroscopy
What type of heat energy is added or subtracted from a system, resulting in a change of phase or state, but no change in temperature?
Latent heat (energy)
For a refrigeration cycle, what term is used to describe efficiency?
COP, the coefficient of performance
Sneeze guards are placed on salad bars to protect food from which of the following; campylobacter jejuni, escherichia coli, salmonella, staphylococcus aureus?
Staph aureus
Which technology is used to purify water?
Reverse osmosis/ RO
What is the flour to liquid ratio in a popover batter?
1:1
Why was Schwan's ice cream recalled from the marketplace in October of 1994?
For presence of Salmonella Enteriditis.
Spandeur-style danishes contains what type of custard?
Vanilla
Give 3 examples of cookie types.
Drop, Filled, Molded, No-bake, Pressed, Refridgerator, Rolled, Sandwich
What equipment is preferred to sterilize canned soups?
Rotary retort
Alcohol-insoluble solids content in vegetables is an indicator of what?
maturity or ripeness
What are 5 factors that will influence dehydration?
temperature, dryness, air volume, particle size, type of food or load
What happens when a natural cheese is heated to a high temperature?
stringiness, toughness, and separation of fat
What country is the largest producer of rabbit meat?
France
Canada makes what percentage of the world's maple syrup?
0.7
Describe the shapes of the two pieces used to make the typical two piece metal can for food.
One piece is a cylinder with a closed end and the other is a flat circle
Focaccia al rosmarino with potato is known as what in New York?
Potato Pizza
who developed the concept of quality cost?
Deming
What is the established legal level for reduced cholesterol in food?
25% reduction
Polydextrose is a natural polysaccharide that can be used as a bulking agent.
FALSE, it should be synthetic.
What is the main reason that stitch pumping is the most used curing method in the meat industry?
It is conducive to mechanization (conveyors and automation)
"Meat spots" refers to what more common term?
Blood spots in eggs or tissue that an egg picks up while traveling through the oviduct of the bird
What are the compounds in hops that provide the bitter component and that affect the taste of beer the most?
Humulones
What is relative humidity?
RH Φ=(mole fraction water)/(mole fraction water saturated )100=(pressure h2o vap)/(press sat h2o vap)100 how close the air is to saturation
What are the steps of membrane separation?
Feed enter, permeate penetrates the membrane, retentate is what doesn't pass through) reject, concentrate, residue)
What is the name of the pasta that translates to "hollow straws"?
Bucatini
What are pink-hued wines, sometimes called white zinfandel in the US, commonly known as?
Rose
What are three symptoms of vit A toxicity?
Fatigue, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, joint or bone pain, loss of appetite, blurred vision, liver damage
What are the nitrogen-bearing compounds that form the structural units of protein?
amino acids
You attend a party with several friends where a variety of hot and cold finger foods were served. The food tasted great, but on the way home a few of you complained of abdominal cramps. After a day of cramps and diarrhea, you feel fine. A possible cause for your symptoms is:
Staphylococcus aureus
What are the three basic types of food packaging containers?
Primary, secondary, and tertiary
What is the term for movement of a flavor compound out of the food product and into the package?
Sorption (or scalping or leaching)
Name the receptors that detect the quality parameters of the appearance, odor, taste, and mouthfeel of foods.
Appearance – photoreceptors Odor – chemoreceptor (olfactory cells) Taste – chemoreceptors, taste buds Mouthfeel - thermoreceptor
What is the P/O ratio?
The number of molecules of ATP produced per gram atom of oxygen
What is the largest fruit known to grow on trees?
The jackfruit
What are the three common cuts of ham?
Rump, Centre, Shank
What minor compound in bovine milk is used as a standard in protein assays?
BSA
What does a BCU of 0.00 indicate?
The BCU (baking contrast units) range from 0.00 (darkest) – 5.25 (lightest) BCU.
What gives skim milk a slight bluish tint?
Riboflavin
What is the method champenoise?
The carbonation of wine by secondary fermentation in the bottle.
What are the eight vegetables in Campbell’s “V-8” Juice?
tomato, carrot, lettuce, celery, parsley, watercress, spinach, beets (bcclpstw)
What is the common acid in spinach? What is toxic compound is found in rhubarb?
Oxalic acid
Name three countries from the top 5 producers of tea.
China, India, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Turkey
What is the ONLY artificial sweetener made from sugar (sucrose)?
Sucralose (Splenda)
Term used to describe a compound causing defects in growing featus?
teratogen
Name at least four reasons for processing foods.
1. Preserve against deterioration 2. Provide adequate food supply throughout the year 3. Convenience 4. Provide uniform quality of foods on a large scale 5. Create new products to meet specific nutritional needs or changes in technology.
Which organization inspects meat processing?
FSIS=Food Safety and Inspection Services
Baking powder is a combination of what?
acid and sodium bicarbonate
What does DHHS stand for?
Department of Health and Human Services
List the 7 principles of HACCP.
1. Conduct a hazard analysis. 2. Identify critical control points. 3. Establish limits for critical control points. 4. Monitor critical control points. 5. Establish corrective action. 6. Verify the plan is working. 7. Keep records.
Who made the first tin cans for canning foods?
Bryan Donkin and John Hall in Britain.
Name the foodborne pathogen that has the highest mortality rate.
Vibrio vulnificus (50% fatality rate)
The eye of Swiss cheese is due to carbon dioxide generated by an anaerobic field (True/False)
False
What percentage of a vitamin/mineral must be present in a food in order for it to be called an excellent source/high in/rich in?
20%
List the 'Big 8' allergens in the US.
Shellfish, Fish, Milk, Eggs, Soy, Wheat, Peanuts, and Tree Nuts
What is caused when a blood vessel on the yolk surface ruptures during formation of the egg, or by similar accident in the wall of the oviduct?
Blood spots
What is the full form of NSF?
National Sanitation Foundation
which of the following products is NOT a pseudoplastic fluid: A.mayonnaise, B.fruit purees, C.condensed milk, or D.60% suspension of starch in water
D. 60% suspension of starch in water (its a colloid)
Most common pathogen found in outbreaks of cheese?
L. monocytogenes.
If you have 2 different foods, food A w/pH=4 and food B w/pH=6. which one is more acidic and by how many times?
A, 100 times more acidic than B
What is the bacteria of greatest concern in home canned foods?
Botulism
What year was the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act signed into law, and what president signed them?
1906, Pres. Theodore Roosevelt
if one has a liquid product which is very acidic and reactive, the choice of packaging may be...
Glass
What is a batch pasteurizer and how does it work?
It helps to reduce the formation of cold spots
What year was folic acid added to the standard of identity for fortified wheat flour?
1996
What is the most advantageous type of IR and why?
far-IR, most food components absorb radiative energy in this region
What is the function of homogenization in milk production?
To reduce fat droplet size so cream separation does not occur
Who is credited with the development of HACCP?
Pillsbury and NASA
Which of the following food categories is NOT approved for treatment with irradiation: A. fruits, B. milk and dairy, C. animal and pet foods, or D. none of the above?
B. Milk and dairy
What is the isoelectric point?
the pH where the sum of the charges (+ and -) is equal to zero for an amino acid/protein
Federal SOIs for jellies, preserves, and jams require: A. not <43% soluble solids in finished product, B.not <45% sugar to 55% fruit in the formula, C.not > 65% soluble solids in the finished product, D. not<45% fruit to 55% sugar in formula
D. not < 45% fruit to 55% sugar in the formula
What are the three heat transfer modes?
Convection - flow of air or water over a physical body, maintains large gradient. Conduction - direct transfer between two physical bodies (surface area, gradient, heat, conduction) . Radiation - transfer of heat between two physical bodies that are not in direct contact with each other. (Evaporation) - liquid becomes gas (heat loss), release of energy in the form of heat
Full description of why shrimp turn pink?
Shrimp turn pink, orange, or reddish when cooked due to the release of astaxanthin, a carotenoid pigment.
Where did Kvass originate?
Russia
Which state leads the US in mushroom production? Producing 45% of the fresh crop in 1999?
Pennsylvania
Describe one way nanoparticles are used in food processing.
nanocapsules to improve the availability of neutraceuticals and/or flavors. Nanotubes and particles as gelation and viscosifying agents Particles that bind and remove chemicals and pathogens
Thermal treatment of Ginger will give
Shogaol and gingerone
What are microbial and enzymatic factors that affect sterilization time?
Heat resistance of microbes and enzymes, pH of food
The major carbohydrate fuel for most organisms is?
Glucose.
Which of the following bacteria has been used to transfer DNA to food crops? A. rhizobalin boloni B. Pseudomonas cotita, C. lactobacillus planatarum, D. agrobacterium tumefaciens
D. agrobacterium tumefaciens
What is the monosaccharide composition of the following? Sucrose, lactose, xylose, stachyose, starch and cellulose
sucrose = glucose+fructose Lactose = galactose +glucose Xylose = xylose Stachyose = 1 glucose, 1 fructose + 2 galactose Starch = glucose (in alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 linkages) Cellulose = glucose (in beta 1-4 linkages)
What is the protein content of most fruits and vegetables?
Fresh fruit ~1%, Fresh vegetables ~2%, Brassica vegetables 3-5%, and legumes 5%.
Name one chemical compound that is used to sanitize food processing equipment.
NaOCL and quats
Coconut milk contains saturated fat in amounts similar to that found in whole cow's milk.
ANS: TRUE
What is the predominant meat that PSE occurs in?
Pork (you could argue Turkey)
What is the light-absorbing pigment in plants?
Chlorophyll.
What is the name of the robotic tool for assessing Beer sensory attributes?
RoboBeer
In December 1991, the FDA officially withdrew the proposed federal ban on what alternative sweetener?
Saccharine
Name 2 saturated plant lipids that have been singled out by consumer groups being unhealthy.
palm oil, coconut oil
Ingredient labels have a recommended level for added sugar consumption, what is it?
10% of total calorie
How much fruit juice is found in a juice beverage?
10-20% fruit juice
Name 2 reasons why pectin is used in the processing of fruit juice.
To increase clarity and yield
What is the name of FD&C Yellow No.5?
Tartrazine
What value describes the time required to reduce the bacteria count one log cycle or 90% at a specified temperature?
D-value
What Japanese wine is made from fermented rice?
Sake
Name two fruits that are commonly considered to be vegetables.
Tomatoes, cucumbers, avocados, olives, squash, pumpkin
Of the following 4 choices, what is the correct set-up of a three compartment sink in a foodservice operations? a) wash, sanitize, rinse; b) rinse, wash, sanitize; c) sanitize, wash, rinse; d) wash, rinse, sanitize
d) Wash, rinse, sanitize
what brand became the 1st non-caloric sugar substitute in 1957?
Sweet and Low
What does UPC stand for, and how many digits does it have?
Universal Product Code, 12 digits
What organism can cause symptoms similar to appendicitis?
yersinia enterocolitica
What are different methods of congregation?
extrusion, encapsulation, mixing/emulsify
Name five polar amino acids.
serine, threonine, cysteine tyrosine, asparagine and glutamine.
Difference between hard and soft wheat
Hard wheat has higher protein content (12-15%); soft wheat has lower (7-10%).
What simulant solution is used in place of fat to establish extraction limits for food films?
ethanol/water
What is spray feeding for drum drying?
Spray feeding-material is atomized by nozzle on drum surface, can be located at bottom of drum or other, quantity of product applies is controlled by nozzle system and independent of other parameters
Give the colors of anthocyanins when the pH is acidic and basic.
Acidic: red Basic: blue/violet
In South Africa, Venison refers to what animal?
Anteloupe
what is added to confectionery sugar as an anti-caking agent
Corn Starch
List the following flours from the least % of protein (gluten) to the greatest. All-purpose flour, amaranth flour, bread flour, corn flour, rye flour, whole wheat flour
corn flour, amaranth flour, rye flour, all-purpose, whole wheat flour, bread flour
What newly-imported substance caused the first major outbreak of tooth decay in Europe in the 1500's?
sugar
What is the common name for acetylsalicylic acid?
Aspirin
Material and energy balances take the general form of total mass in equals total mass out, or total energy in equals total energy out. In continuous processes, what additional aspect is added to the balance?
Time (mass per time in equals mass per time out)
The unit of measure for enzymes are IU's or International Units; what is the definition of an IU?
An international unit of enzyme activity is the amount of enzyme causing transformation of 1.0 micromol of substrate per minute at 25 degrees C.
What are 3 functions of phosphorus in the human body?
bone deposition, membrane components, atp
What title of the Code of Federal Regulations is entitled "Food and Drugs"?
Title 21
In 1928, the first automatic bread slicer, developed by Otto Rohwedder was put into service at Frank Bench’s Chillicothe Baking Company. What state did this take place in?
Missouri
Who conducts the voluntary seafood inspection program on a fee-for-service basis?
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
What is the sea foods division of the IFT now known as?
Aquatic food products division
What is the only beverage more popular than tea?
Water
If you had 10 ml of Kool-Aid with 10% sucrose, how much water should you add to make the drink 0.1% sucrose?
990 ml water
Name 4 US departments that are involved in seafood regulation.
FDA, USDA, Department of Commerce, NMFS, CDC, EPA.
A technique that separates readable pattern of DNA fragment is A. genetic engineering B. recombinant DNA C. Gel electrophoresis
C. Gel electrophoresis
What is more saturated, pork, beef or chicken fat?
Beef
What is the melting point, within 5 degrees, of sucrose?
160 degrees C (320 degrees F)
In common commercial practice, how many kilograms of feed are required per kilogram of chicken produced?
2 kg of feed per kg chicken (accept 1.3 to 3 kg).
What animal cause the most human deaths?
Rats
What is the name of flatbread from the mediterranean?
Pita
What is the organism (genus) most commonly associated with food poisoning?
salmonella
The protein in milk that precipitates at pH 4.6 is:
casein
what agency of the USDA is responsible for inspection of eggs and egg products?
Agricultural Marketing Service
The point at which the air is saturated or the relative humidity is 100% is called what?
The dew point
Certified food colorants can be divided into 2 types. What are they?
Dyes (water soluble) and lakes (water and oil soluble)
What is the minimum time and temperature for batch, LTLT, or vat pasteurized milk?
145°F or 62.8°C, 30 min
What is the white color and yellow color of milk due to?
Whiteness is due to scattering of light by casein micelles and fat globules; yellow is due to fat-soluble pigments.
What are the components of a spray drying unit?
Feed tank, high pressure pump, air heater, nozzle atomizer, drying chamber, inlet duct, primary product collector, secondary product collection, main cyclone, exhaust fan
Name 3 types of aseptic packages.
preformed (cans, cups, glass, bottles), laminates and plastic containers, thermo-fill-seal, bags and pouches, and blow molded containers
How many D values are required for an acid canning process?
5
Name two emulsifying salts used to make processed cheese.
disodium phosphate, sodium citrate, sodium tartrate, sodium pyrophosphate, trisodium phosphate, sodium potassium tartrate
What is the name of brined salmon, commonly smoked?
Lox
Name the two sources of cholesterol.
Animal products and human body.
Define hydrolytic rancidity
Hydrolytic rancidity is the process in which fats and oils break down due to the action of water, leading to the release of free fatty acids.
Who is the current IFTSA past-president and what school are they from?
Luuvan Hoang, Chapman University
What does BSI stand for?
British Standards Institute
How many PKa(s) does ascorbic acid have?
2: one at 4.10 and another at 11.79
Guillain-barre syndrome caused by?
camphylobacter jejuni: ascending paralysis
What characteristic of fruit is described by the "Brix to acid ratio"?
Tartness or sweetness
With regard to ATP production, aerobic metabolism is how many times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism?
19X. Aerobic metabolism produces 38 ATP, while anaerobic metabolism produces 2 ATP
Name 4 colorants that are exempt from FDA certification.
Annato extract, zinc oxide, caramel, paprika, riboflavin, titatnium dioxide, turmeric, carmine
The Delaney Clause is exempted for animal drugs in what specific type of food?
Animal feed
Bell Pepper, Jalapenos, Cayenne, Serrano botanical name?
Capsicum annuum [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]
What is the better-known identity of minus 273.15 degrees Celsius?
Absolute zero (zero degrees Kelvin)
Epoxidized oils serve as stabilizers in packaging materials when: A.exposed to air, B.they contain liquid foods, C.heated or exposed to UV light, or D.under mechanical stress
C. heated or exposed to UV light
Describe expectation error.
Subjects anticipate the sensation and report their response before it is applicable.
Bacon is obtained from the belly of the pork. From which part of pork is Canadian bacon obtained?
Back/ loin of the pork
What two (2) hormones are produced from tryptophan metabolism?
Serotonin and Melatonin.
Who was the first athlete on Wheaties box?
Lou gerrick
What is the state fruit of Texas?
Texas Red Grapefruit
What are the two methods of canning?
Boiling water (water bath) and pressure canning
The molecular structure which makes emulsifying agents effective is _____
contain both a lipophilic part and a hydrophilic part
(True/false) Viruses contain both RNA and DNA in the core
False
Name three onion cultivars.
Alabaster, Candy, Carmen, Cimarron, Crystal Wax, Texas Grano, Vidalia, Sterling, Riviera
what is the average yield of meat from a crab?
12% (20% for a king crab)
What plant and common ingredient is split into two major types: Allium sativum, or softneck, and Allium ophioscorodon, or hardneck?
Garlic
Why do we care about the heat transfer rate (Q) ?
Because if we increase heat transfer than we decrease residence time, and increase the capacity, this lets us reduce capital investment and increase profit. Also if decrease residence time then you will decrease quality degradation
What is the name of waffle variety from South Korea, the mix of waffle and croissants?
Croffle
What does a conductivity meter measure?
The ability of a solution to conduct electric current
Name three bacteria commonly associated with food poisoning. (Does not need to be full scientific name.)
Salmonella, Norovirus, Campylobacter, E. coli, Listeria, Clostridium perfringens
How many flowers do honeybees visit to make 1 pound of honey?
~2 mil
Give an example of fats/oils classed as Oleic-Linoleic Acid fats.
Peanut, sunflower, safflower, olive, sesame, soybean
Severe copper Deficiency can be caused by which genetic disorder?
Menkes Disease
Two methods to mask differences between sample appearances during sensory testing?
Change the lighting, use different lights such as red, darker in the room
Who was the first administrator over the Food and Drug Act?
Harvey Wiley.
Millet, Maize, and Sorghum are examples of what grain type?
Warm season cereals
Name two components of the SNF portion of milk
lactose, casein, and whey
What plant lipid is normally a solid at room temperature?
Cocoa butter
Why were hops originally used in beer?
they are a natural preservative
What is the latin name of ducks and goose?
Anatidae
Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACC synthase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) which is the precursor of what plant hormone from S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM)?
Ethylene
What does the acronym HACCP stand for?
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
The common brown grocery bag is made of what type of paper?
Kraft Paper
Three types of shellfish poisoning:
paralytic, neurotoxic, amnesiac, diarrhetic
What is the freezing point of milk?
-4°C
Gums dissolve by particle swelling followed by disruption of the swollen particles. Name three things that influence solubility and rate of dissolution?
Type of Gum, Viscosity Grade, pH
What is the first enzyme in glycolysis that introduces a glucose molecule into the cell?
Hexokinase
Passage of the food drug and cosmetic act of 1938 was motivated by
The tipping point came in 1937, when an untested pharmaceutical killed scores of patients, including many children, as soon as it went on the market.
What is the name of the pasta that translates to "corkscrews"?
Cavatappi
Who originated the idea of "Spontaneous Generation?"
Spallanzani
8 cups is how many gallons?
Half gallon
Where is 25 hydroxycholecalciferol hydroxylated to produce the active form of vitamin D?
kidney
Name what the following is made from: Cachaca, vodka, rum, mezcal, baijiu
Cachaca: cane sugar (aka pinga, caninha); vodka: potato; rum: sugarcane juice/ molasses; mezcal/ tequila: agave ; Baijiu, Kaoliang: sorghum
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate
What is the citrus fruit "Pomme" also known as?
Grapefruit
What is the most valuable by-product of cattle?
The hide
Food and Drug Act of 1906
defined and set regulations of adulterated and misbranded foods.
Name one edible fruit-bearing tree that is an evergreen.
Citrus (lemon, orange, grapefruit, lime, tangerines, clementines, and more), olive, avocado, lychee, and mango trees
Food Additives Amendment (Delaney Clause)
1958
What causes nitrite burn in fermented sausages?
Excess nitrite
Who was the first American astronaut to eat in space?
John Glenn, applesauce, 1962
What are tunnel dryers?
product on trays, stacked, on trucks, rolled into tunnel, air movement by fans 2-6m/s, flow of air can be co-current or counter-current
Which of the following is flavor enhancer?: MSG, citric acid, mono potassium glutamate
MSG
Give 3 examples of choux pastry.
Churros, Eclair, Beignets
Q: Who were the first Vice President and Secretary-Treasurer of the IFT?
A: Roy Newton (V.P.) and George Hucker (Sec.-Treasurer)
Where is amygdalin found?
Pits/seeds of apricots, bitter almonds and black cherries
What is the name of the traditional Dutch cheese?
Gouda
Black eyed peas are not actually peas, but what type of vegetable?
Beans
Name a cheese made from the byproduct of most other cheeses' production?
A. Ricotta, myost, primost, gjetost, anari, mató, brocciu, etc.
(True/False) Freeze drying will kill all pathogens
False
What are the main causes of product quality deterioration?
Chemical, Biochemical, Physio-chemical, and Nutritional.
What is the D value of a microorganism that is decreased in population by a factor of ten in two minutes?
Two
Oleuropein causes what fruit to be extremely bitter at harvest?
Olives
Methods to determine the lengths of polysaccharides.
NMR, HPLC (Size exclusion column), Gel electrophoresis, osmotic pressure, light scattering
What are the only two perennial vegetables?
Rhubarb and asparagus
The main carbohydrates found in the middle lamella of plant cells are?
Pectic substances
What 3 foods contain a high availability of Silicon?
Meat, milk, and beer
What are the main natural antioxidants found in foods?
Vitamins: A, C, E; Polyphenols: Flavonoids, Phenolic Acids, Tannins, Lignans; Carotenoids: Beta-Carotene, Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Lycopene; Organosulfur Compounds: Allyl Sulfides, Glucosinolates; Other Antioxidant Compounds: Coenzyme Q10, Selenium, Melatonin
What is the name of this Italian cheese that contains live maggots?
Casu Marzu
What enzyme catalyses the conversion of acetaldehyde to ethanol in fermentation?
alcohol dehydrogenase
What 3 parabens are permitted for use in food products?
Methylparaben, propylparaben, and heptylparaben
Which of the following do not require pre-market approval by the FDA? a. structure-function claims b. health claim c. drugs d. food additives
a. structure-function claims
What four ingredients are needed to make jelly?
Pectin, water, sugar, acid
What is sushi traditionally wrapped in?
Seaweed
How can the taste of gouda cheese be altered?
Maturing time
Beta carotene is a precursor to what?
Vitamin A
Pasteurization
Heats milk to the point past which bacteria can survive, increasing the shelf life of the product
What color is expected when many starches react with iodine?
blue-black
Corn protein is very low in which amino acid?
Lysine
What is used to modify the sperm of trout to alter the gender of their offspring?
Ultraviolet light
What is the name of the holes in swiss cheese and what are they caused by?
Eyes; the carbon dioxide produced by the microbe Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii
Is condensation endothermic or exothermic?
Exothermic
Duplicates of naturally occuring aromatic compounds which have been synthesized and added to food but which are known to be naturally occuring are called: A.Nature-identical, B.natural-artificial, C.synthetic-nature, or D.plastic surgery flavors
Nature-identical flavors
What is the main ingredient in Mock Apple Pie?
Ritz Crackers
Who was the first "celebrity chef", cooking on a show called "Chez Bon Viveur"?
Fanny Cradock
Name three Okra cultivars.
Annie Oakley, Blondy, Emerald, Lee, Clemson Spineless
What is an enzymatic digestion of animal tissues, which is commonly used in the prep of culture media for the production of toxins, and in the fermentation industry for starter cultures?
proteose peptone
What region of the protein molecule is attracted by fat in a sausage batter?
hydrophobic
What is the name of the Indian variant of clotted cream, sometimes made with Buffalo milk?
Malai
What are the two most efficient fat replacers for the development of low-fat cakes?
pectin and inulin
What is the name of the pasta that translates to "pens" or "feathers"?
Penne
What is HTST full name?
High temperature short time.
What is the name of the viscous liquid in which legumes have been cooked?
It's called aquafaba
What is the limiting amino acid in green peas?
Methionine
What is the name for thick pastry cream?
Creme anglaise
What product is made from the genetic combination of rice and wheat?
Triticale
What is agnosia?
inability to recognize and identify objects, persons, or sounds. 3 main types of agnosia are vision, hearing and touching.
What are some ways to heat process food?
retort, aseptic, pasteurize, blanch, hot fill
Vanilla beans are extracted from which of the following types of trees? A. Orchids B. Palm trees C. Shrub D. Wines
Orchids
Food infection vs Food intoxication
Infection has microorganisms living in the food, intoxication is when a biological end product (toxin) is in the food. Intoxication can be fatal
What are two approaches used to make intermediate-moisture foods?
Partial Drying, Osmotic Drying, Dry Infusion, Blending (formulation)
CRISPR stands for?
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (enzyme used is cas9)
The final product of glycolysis is?
Pyruvate.
What general type of foods must go through either retort or pressure cooking under anaerobic conditions?
low acid, high pH foods
What is the principle of exhausting?
gases occupy greater volume at a higher temperature (apply heat increase air volume, seal container, cool , create partial vacuum
What is the name of wheat that is planted/sown in late autumn?
winter wheat
What kind of emulsion system is butter?
W/O
The process in which eggs are held up to a light to detect blood spots or cracked shells is called what?
Candling
Two french brothers who originally produced tires financed what system?
Michelin
In relation to bacterial cultures, give the full form of the acronym ATCC.
American Type Culture Collection
Name one bacterium that is in the nodules of roots of leguminous plants.
rhizobium
What is the common name for 9 12, cis-cis-octa dienoic acid?
Linoleic Acid
What is the most variable compositional component of milk?
Milkfat
Which kind of Carageenan is associated with the formation of a thixotropic gel?
iota carrageenan
Please assign the following animals as either hindgut or foregut fermenters; rabbit, human, pig, horse, goat, ostrich, cow
hind-gut – rabbit, horse, ostrich, human, pig, foregut – cow, goat
The S.I. unit of pressure is the Newton per meter-squared, also called the Pascal. Because this is an inconvenient size unit for many purposes, standard atmospheres are often used. To two significant digits, how many Pascals are in one atmosphere?
1.0 x 10^5 Pascals per atmosphere
The diet and health recommendations advise limiting salt to less than 6 grams per day: it emphasizes moderation, not adequacy. What are the symptoms of sodium toxicity and chlorine toxicity?
Na: edema, acute hypertension. Cl: vomiting
Cheddar and swiss cheese produce what kind of whey?
Sweet Whey
The cook prepared french fries from potatoes stored in the refrigerator. They will brown unevenly due to:
increase in sugar content
What is a process where an electric current is passed through the food with the main purpose of heating it?
ohmic heating
what are the approximate annual estimates for numbers of foodborne illnesses and deaths in the US?
47.8 million illnesses, and 3000 deaths
Of the following four choices, which is not a commercially used source of energy for food radiation? a. gamma-rays; b. x-rays; c. electrons; d. beta-rays
d. beta-rays
Butter gets its name from what compound found in rancid butter?
Butyric Acid
What do HTST, PSIG, and CSTR stand for in food processing?
1) High Temperature Short Time 2) Pounds per Square Inch Gauge 3) Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor.
Name 8 essential amino acids.
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine (HIL PVT LMT)
What type of microorganisms can grow in oxygen but prefer to grow in oxygen reduced environments?
Microaerophilic
What is molecular weight of ovalbumin?
45 kDa or 45,000 Daltons
Name the two broad types of film packages.
1. Nonforming film; 2. Forming film (or thermo-set and thermo-plastic)
Name five different animal shapes that can be found in a Barnum's Animals Animal Crackers box.
The current crackers are bear, bison, camel, cougar, elephant giraffe, gorilla, hippo, hyena, kangaroo, lion, monkey, rhino, seal, sheep, tiger and zebra. To celebrate its 100th anniversary, Barnum’s added the koala to the menagerie in September 2002.
What are some of the disadvantages of a liquid-in-glass thermometer?
large sensing element, not possible for continuous or automatic readout, long time constant
What is the name given to a mixture of flour and water that are used for manufacture of extruded pasta products ?
Alimentary pastes (do not accept batters)
What types of fish/seafood are used in the following types of sushi: Sake, maguro, kani, uni?
sake-salmon maguro- bluefin tuna kani- crab uni- sea urchin
How many molecules of oxygen are in glucose?
6
What does a manometer measure?
Pressure
What is the stage of fruit ripening associated with increased ethylene production and a rise in cellular respiration?
climacteric
What is the difference between folate and folic acid?
Folate is a naturally occuring B vitamin. Folic acid is the synthetic form of this vitamin.
How does ionic polarization contribute to heating?
ions in solution move in response to applied electric field component of the microwave, and the collisions with other molecules convert kinetic energy into heat
Name 5 active compounds in Gouda cheese
Diacetyl, 3-methylbutanal, methional, ethyl butyrate, acetic acid, 2-methylbutanal
Why is scale important? What is scale up?
This is very important for having to feed over a million people. A scale up is increasing the production from a benchtop to a pilot plant scale to an industrial scale. This has a big effect on mass production including the overall cost (reduction) and quality control
Name two main gluten proteins.
Gliadins and Glutenins
Give four advantages of steel cans.
Protection from contamination, barrier from O2 and other volatiles, barrier from light, suitable for high-speed handling, suitable for displays in stores, suitable for high speed handling
Common fig botanical name?
Ficus carica [Moraceae (Mulberry)]
what is lactulose, and how does it influence bifidus production?
lactulose is an anomer of lactose formed during high heat treatment. It stimulates growth of bifido bacteria that provides immunity to infants. It helps cure GI disorders.
Which young french wine is released annually on the 3rd Thursday in Nov?
Beaujolais nouveau
What is the relation between Wet bulb temperature, dry bulb temperature and dew point temperature at 100% saturation and the same temperature?
They're all equal (WBT = DBT = DPT).
To prevent clustering of crystals when making fondant:
increase sugar concentration
Nixtamalization is the process of treating what agricultural crop with lye (calcium hydroxide) to soften it for grinding?
Corn
What is the difference between protoplasts and spheroplasts?
-Protoplasts have their cell wall entirely removed and are derived from gram positive cells. -Spheroplasts have their cell wall only partially removed and are gram negative.
In lye peeling of vegetables, give a typical concentration of lye used.
One percent (accept 0.5 - 3%)
You wanted Penicillium camemberti to grow on the surface of your Brie cheese, but Penicillium nalgiovense grew instead. What color is the surface of your cheese?
A. Pinkish-white
Malic acid, oxaloacetic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, and citric acid are important intermediates of what metabolic cycle?
Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) or Krebs cycle
What is the full form of USDA?
United States Department of Agriculture
Out of these four materials, which is the best oxygen barrier? a) LDPE; b) HDPE; c) PET; d) PVC
c) PET
You have 1 gram of each of the following sweeteners. Please list them from most sweet to less sweet. lactose, glucose, aspartame, sucralose, sucrose, saccharin
Sucralose, saccharin, aspartame, sucrose, glucose, lactose
The most desirable color of beef to the customer is a cherry red. What pigments are responsible for the color of meat?
Myoglobin and hemoglobin
With respect to spectrometric analytical techniques, what does SIMS stand for?
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
What is the gel most common used for protein analysis?
PAGE-polyacrylamide gel electrphoresis
give the genus and species for which the following media are selective:TSC, MacConkey, McBride, Hektoen enteric
TSC= C. perfringens;MacConkey= E. coli;McBride= Listeria monocytogenes;Hektoen enteric=Salmonella enteriditis
Name 3 ways to slow or prevent lipid oxidation in a food.
exclude oxygen (packaging), lower temp, protect from light, formulate w/antioxidants, inactivate lipoxygenase, or chelate metal catalysts
What is cryogenic freezing?
Freezing process by direct immersion of products in cryogenic liquids (liquefied gas with extremely low boiling points)
of the following pathogens, which one was recognized even 30 years ago: campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Cyclospora cayetanensis?
Bacillus cereus
If fermentable carbs are present when pickling food, what percent acid must be present to prevent growth of lactic acid bacilli and yeasts?
0.036
Define 'incubation period'.
The interval of time between infection by a microorganism and the onset of the 1st signs/symptoms of the disease.
What is involved in Transport storage?
Based on mechanical refrigeration units, Eutectic plates, spray or direct expansion of liquid nitrogen.
Describe logical error.
When two or more characteristics of the samples are associated in the minds of the assessors. Knowledge that a darker beer tends to be more flavorful, or that darker mayonnaise tends to be stale, causes the observer to modify his verdict, thus disregarding his own perceptions
What year was the federal meat grading service established?
1927
Name 5 general lactic acid bacteria.
Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Pediococcus, Streptococcus
What does the acronym IuFoST stand for?
International Union of Food Science and Technology
What is vitamin B12 also called?
Cobalamin
Give two ways starch is modified for use in foods.
Cross linking, derivatives e.g. phosphate esters, acid/enzyme thinning, precooking
What is the food safety training and certificate program administered by the National Restaurant Association?
ServSafe
What pastry is derived from kipferl, a viennoise pastry?
Croissant
What device is used to separate condensate from steam?
a steam trap
The human stomach empties its contents into what 10-inch long part of the GI tract?
Duodenum section of the small intestine
An expert in wine is called a sommelier. What is an expert in beer called?
Cicerone
A diauxic shift is?
A diauxic shift is a metabolic change that occurs when a cell switches from using glucose for fermentation to using oxygen for respiration after glucose is depleted. It's a process that happens in yeast cells.
The term used to describe the relative masses of equal volumes of a material being measured and water at a stated temperature is what?
Specific gravity
Enzyme used for PCR?
TAQ polymerase.
The doppler effect is used for what purpose in the food industry?
Measure flow rate
In 2008, Ajinomoto announced a new non-caloric artificial sweetener derived from Aspartame, about 20,000 times sweeter than sucrose and 110 times sweeter than aspartame. Name the sweetener.
Advantame
A good emulsifier for an oil in water emulsion will have what HLB value (High or Low)?
High value (8 to 16)
What is another name for cilantro?
Coriander, Chinese Parsley
What does BSE stand for?
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Name the class of organic compounds present in green leafy vegetables that may chelate Ca and Zn.
Phytates (phytic acid, phytin phosphate) or oxalates (calcium oxalate, phytin oxalate)
NMR is often used as the technique to characterize the linkage types.
FALSE, it should be methylation analysis.
"Sharp" freezing can be described as.....?
Still air freezing
Name the 6 gradations of Gouda
Young, Young matured, matured, extra matured, old, very old
Name four types of cheeses that are ripened by mold.
Blue cheese, Brie, Roquefort, Camembert, Cambozola, Limburger, Appenzeller, Munster, Port Salut, Stilton, etc.
In a single serving of 100g of food containing 23 grams of fat and 400 total calories, what percent of the calories come from fat?
51.75
A bacteria, yeast or filamentous fungi in which the genetic material has been changed through in vitro nucleic acid techniques or fusion of cells is referred to as what by the FAO-WHO?
genetically modified microorganisms
What is Specific Heat?
Specific heat (Sp): is defined as the ratio of the heat capacity of a substance to that of water.
Name 5 microwave applications in food processing.
tempering, heating/reheating, cooking/pre-cooking of meat/poultry, drying/dehydration, baking/cooking, blanching, pasteurization/sterilization
A structural protein of meat composed of relatively high concentration of proline and hydroxyproline is ___?
Collagen
What happens to chlorophyll in the presence of lipoxygenase and fatty acid hydroperoxides?
Bleached to yellow or white.
On a weight percent basis what are the two predominant fatty acids in cow's milk?
Palmitic (24-26%) and Oleic (34-38%).
What is the predominant acid in wine?
Tartaric acid
Belgian waffles were invented in which country?
Luxembourge
What is the temperature scale that follows Fahrenheit, but gives you absolute temperature?
Rankine.
Vitamin D increases the absorption ___________ and ____________ from the intestinal tract and is necessary for their efficient utilization.
Calcium and Phosphorous
What is the major lipid in the skin bilayer?
Ceramide
How does Food irradiation kill pathogens?
The ionizing radiation sends enough energy into the bacterial or mold cells in the food to break chemical bonds.
What temperature is milk heated to in HTST?
72 C
What is the name of deep-fried turkey meat?
Turkey twizzlers
Mayonnaise is an emulsion system in which gas is dispersed in liquid.
FALSE, it should be liquid in liquid.
The 1999 treaty between the US and Japan was important for the importation of what food?
Meat
What is the temperature for supercritical CO2?
31.1 deg C
What is the botanical name of the plant that hops are extracted from?
Humulus lupulus
Describe each step of the refrigeration cycle.
1) Constant pressure – evaporation and condensation 2) Constant enthalpy – compression and expansion 3) Superheated region – between compression and condensation 4) Saturated liquid region – between condensation and expansion.
The owner of a registered U.S. trademark has certain rights to that property. What must the owner do to have these rights?
Use the trademark. Ownership is acquired only by use
What gas is produced by ripening fruit that also causes bitterness in carrots?
Ethylene
What breed of cow produces the most milk in the United States?
Holstein
What is electrodeionization?
removes ions and charge
Briefly describe the still retort process
cans are loaded into the vessel, steam is injected into the vessel, fan circulates steam for uniformity, vent valve (cold air goes out), temperature and pressure increase to desired temp then vent valve closes, temperature is maintained for desired time (processing time), then precooling begins where the pressure is maintained while slowly cooling the cans, circulating pump with cold water moves into the vessel and gradually decreases the temperature, the drain opens to drain water, and once the cans are cooled and the pressure decreases, the cans can be removed
What causes the yellow – green pigment of skim milk and whey?
Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
All food colors must be certified.
False
Define and differentiate between the terms “thermoset” (thermally reversible) and “thermoplastic” (thermally irreversible) with regard to protein gel formation and give an example of each.
Thermoset gels form irreversible cross-links and cannot revert back to initial state like muscle proteins(myosin), egg white proteins (ovalbumin). Thermoplastic gels form gels on cooling after heating, and can revert fully or partially back to solution upon reheating like collagen (gelatin)
Thiamine deficiency first became a problem with the advent of what?
Polished rice
In reference to Stokes Law, How can you create an emulsion in salad dressing?
Shaking the dressing causes the droplets in the discontinuous phase to become smaller, which creates more friction between the droplets and the continuous phase; this results in slower separation of the 2 phases
Who is the current treasurer of IFT?
Noel Anderson
What genus of bacteria is the primary cause of meat spoilage?
Pseudomonas
Which fruit was called the "pommes d'amour," or love apple, during 18th century France?
The tomato
The FDA has approved 36 food dyes, of which nine are artificial color additives used in foods and beverages, including
Blue No. 1, Blue No.2, Green No. 3, Orange B, Red No. 2, Red No. 3, Red No. 40, Yellow No. 5, and Yellow No. 6 (1,2). While the FDA has approved nine artificial food dyes for use, three food dyes are most commonly used, Red No. 40, Yellow No. 5, and Yellow No. 6
Brazil Nuts are rich in what mineral?
Selenium
What sound does a female turkey make?
Cackle (turkeys do not gobble)
CMC is a subgroup of the society of Dyers and Colorists of great britain. This subgroup is the organization that developed and published in 1988 a more logical, ellipse-based equation based on L*C*h˚ color space for computing DE (see delta E*) values as an alternative to the rectangular coordinates of the CIELAB color space.What does CMC stand for?
Color Measurement Committee
How does the toxin of Clostridium botulinum work?
It interferes with the release or action of acetylcholine, leading to paralysis.
What type of chromatography is generally used to separate positively charged molecules: A.Anion exchange chromatography, B.Affinity Chromatography, C.Cation Exchange Chromatography, or D.Reverse-Phased Chromatography?
C. Cation Exchange Chromatography
Name three ways one could reduce the occurrence of Maillard browning?
Decreasing moisture levels to very low, increasing moisture levels to very high, lowering pH or temperature, removing one of the substances (usually sugar).
Substantial increases in the shelf-life of meat products can be obtained by using modified atmosphere packaging to control spoilage caused by aerobic psychrophiles. What consumer problem, resulting the absence of what chemical compound, limits the use of this technique?
Cherry-red oxymyoglobin is not allowed to form, and the meat is not the color normally seen by consumers.
What do we mean by 'dry' wine?
low sugar content
What tree do prunes come from?
The plum tree.
What popular pesticide was banned in 1972 due to its negative effects on humans and birds?
DDT
What are sclerotia?
Dense, tightly packed masses of molds; they are survival structures (singular:sclerotium)
What sweeteners are used in Coke Zero?
Asparatame and acesulfame potassium
How long is a frankfurter?
6 inches
What packaging material is used to make plastic soft drink bottles?
PET (polyethylene terepthalate)
What compund in chocolate stimulates the central nervous system and also makes dogs sick?
Theobromine
What are the advantages and disadvantages of continuous retorts?
Advantages - gradual temperature and pressure change, less strain on cans. Disadvantage - high capital investment, breakdown will stop process line
What is the term the FDA uses to describe the maximum amount or natural or unavoidable decfects in a products?
defect action levels
In the wet milling of corn what is the purpose of pumping the ground kernels into water filled troughs?
To encourage the germ to float to the top so that it can be skimmed off.
FDA is under which government agency?
Department of Health and Human Services
what do Z-values represent for a microbial population?
The temp required to change a D-value by one log (D is a decimal reduction time at a specific temperature)
What is the science of flow and deformation of materials under pressure?
Rheology
What is osmotic dehydration?
the process of water removal by immersion of water containing cellular solid in concentrated aqueous solution of high osmotic pressure for a specified time and temperature
Summer sausage is made in the summer and consumed in the winter (True/False)
False
What four Ben and Jerry's ice cream flavors were launched as a part of their new line of vegan frozen desserts in 2016?
Chunky Monkey, Chocolate Fudge Brownie, Coffee Caramel Fudge, and PB & Cookies
Type A gelatins are produced by what process?
Type A gelatin is derived from acid-cured tissue. Gelatin derived from an acid-treated precursor is known as Type A and gelatin derived from an alkali-treated process is known as Type B.
Which artificial sweetener is banned from use in the US but is legal in Europe?
Cyclamate
Relative sweetness of sugars (low to high): galactose, maltose, glucose, trehalose, sucrose, lactose, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, sucrose, fructose
lactose, galactose, maltose = trehalose, mannitol=sorbitol, glucose, xylitol = sucrose, fructose
Name 5 foods that are actually roots.
Carrots, beets, potatoes, radishes, rutabagues, yams, kolrabi, onions, garlic, celery root, horseradish, daikon, artichoke, ginger, jicama
What process sweetens Gouda?
Washing the curd
What vitamin naturally occurs only in animal materials such as meat, milk, eggs, and the like?
Vitamin A
What is facultative anaerobe?
A microbe that can grow with or without oxygen.
What is fibrous italian cheese made using spun curd method known as?
Pasta filata
What is the name of the pasta that translates to "little ribbons"?
Fettuccine
What is the maximum ERH considered safe for grain storage?
70% (around 80% ERH moisture grain results in increased respiration and temperature increases)
Define molarity, molality, and normality.
Molarity is moles of substance per liter solution. Molality is moles of substance per kg solvent. Normality is equivalents of substance per liter solution.
What is the second generation source of Beta-Carotene in golden rice after?
Corn
What is the temperature danger zone for holding cooked foods?
45-140 F (accept 40-150 F)
Name five genera of bacteria that are considered to be lactic acid bacteria.
lactobacillus, leuconostoc, lactococcus, pediococcus, streptococcus
What bacteria can cause flat sour in foods?
Bacillus stearothermophilus.
What is the major difference between fresh meat and cured meat?
Cured meats contain nitrite.
What color are anthocyanins at acidic pH?
Acidic = red
What is Utah's state snack?
Jell-o
What is the pigment form that gives cured meat its typical pink color?
nitrosylhemochrome
What is industrial evaporation?
Boiling
Name 3 metalloenzymes that zinc is a part of.
Alcohol dehydrogenase, aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, collagenase
A triglyceride is composed of?
3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol
When hydrated, a linear polymer has higher viscosity than a branched polymer (linear polymer and branched polymer have the same MW).
TRUE.
Sanitation and inspection recommendations for adoption by state and local regulatory agencies for inspection of food retail and food service facilities are in the ________
FDA Food Code
Among US and Canadian children, what is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency? a. iron b. folate c. protein d. vitD
Iron
The Ames test is used to identify which organism? a. E. coli b. Staph aureus c. Salmonella __? d. Salmonella typhimurium
D. Salmonella typhimurium
what is BOD, COD, and what are their units of measurement?
Biological Oxygen Demand,Chemical Oxygen Demand; both are measured in mg/liter
A product that contains less than 140 mg sodium per serving may be labeled as what kind of product with regard to sodium content claim?
Low sodium
what 2 microorganisms are the principal acid producers in the manufacture of sour cream?
Lactococcus lactis spp cremoris and Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis
How many grays in a rad?
0.01 grays per rad
What is the difference between a nanoparticle and a colloid?
Size, nano particles are smaller than colloids. Nanoparticles are 1-100nm, colloids range from a nanometer to micrometers.
How many kcals are provided in 1 gram of protein, of fat, and of alcohol?
Protein=4kcal/g; Fat=9kcal/g; Alcohol=7kcal/g
Which act, amended in 1972, requires anyone to obtain a permit before discharging pollutants from point sources into waters in the U.S.?
The Clean Water Act
What class of microorganism causes swelling of cans upon heating?
Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum
What major breed of dairy cattle has the highest fat % milk?
Jersey
What amino acid is the source of most flavor compounds in soy sauce?
Glutamic acid.
Shear stress is linearly proportional to shear strain in which type of fluids?
Newtonian fluid
What do the letters HTST stand for in the dairy industry? The process which raw milk is pasteurized at 71.7oC for 15 sec?
High Temperature Short Time
Name 3 components that effect water activity in a food product.
Solute concentration, moisture concentration, temperature
What does FODMAP stand for?
Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Mono-saccharides, and Polyols
What was the name of the first aseptic packaging system?
The Dole system
Give 5 examples of lean fish.
Cod, Haddock, Pollock, Flounder, Tilapia, Sole, Halibut, Perch, Bass, Snapper, Mahi Mahi
List the 6 major classes of enzymes
oxidoreductases, transferase, ligase, lyase, isomerase, hydrolase
What is the heat that causes phase change without increase in tempture called?
Latent heat
There are how many essential minerals in human nutrition: A.12, B.30, C.50, or D.16?
D. 16
In 2020, the FDA removed the standard of identity in which pie?
cherry pie
To be called Cheddar Cheese, the product must contain at least what % of milk fat?
50% by weight of the solids
what is the official name of the act that made sale, manufacture, and transport of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States?
Volsted Act
Name 4 cereal grains in the Poesia family.
oats, barley, wheat, rye, rice, corn/maize, sorghum, millet, spelt, triticale
What is required of the food industry under the public health security and bioterrorism preparedness and response act (aka the Bioterrorism act) of 2002?
1) Food facilities register with FDA, and 2) FDA be given advance notice on shipments of imported food.
As of 2006, what is IFTs definition of Food Science?
Food science draws from many disciplines such as biology, chemical engineering, and biochemistry in an attempt to better understand food processes and ultimately improve food products for the general public.
Why was the McDonald's Cherry Pie discontinued?
Too few cherries were used (per pie).
Which organisms commonly grow in tomato juice blends that are not acidified?
Bacillus coagulans.
What are the four female parts of a flower?
Stigma, style, ovary, ovule
Name three non-nutritive sweeteners approved for use in the USA.
Acesulfame-K, Saccharin, Cyclamate, Aspartame
Which of the following is a non-nutritive sweetener: A.Sugar Alcohol, B.Sucralose, C.Saccharine, or D.Aspartame?
A. Sugar Alcohol
Which of the following fruits is highest in dietary fiber: A.1/2 of a grapefruit, B.1 cup fresh raspberries, C.1 whole papaya, or D.1 cup sweet cherries
B. 1 cup of fresh raspberries
The viscosity of egg white decreases with shearing force. In rheology this is called:
pseudoplastic or shear thinning
Name the process whereby a thin, continuous layer of aluminum is deposited onto a sheet of polymeric film, laminated to a paper or paperboard sheet, and then the aluminum and paper are separated from the polymeric sheet.
Transfer metallization
How do the red betalain pigments in beets differe from the red anthocyanin pigments in fruits and berries?
Betalains have two carboxyl groups attached to a ring instead of phenolic groups, ring and side chain contains nitrogen. Anthocyanins are flavylium compounds -- polyphenols with usually two joined aromatic rings linked through a carbon bridge to a third aromatic ring.
what type of microorganism are quaternary ammonium (QUAT)compounds most effective against?
gram positive bacteria
Soft wheat is preferable for flours used in making cake because
development of weak gluten (soft crumb etc.)
When the coordination number decreases during the transition from water to ice, what happens to the density?
density decreases
What are you doing if you are candling an egg?
Holding it up to a bright, intense light to see inside. Candling could be used to see how developed an embryo is or to assess the quality of the egg. Originally, the practice involved using actual candles as a light source.
Low dose irradiation acts to preserve foods by: a. forming free radicals in foods; b. causing disintegration of bacteria; c. destroying enzymes in food; d. stopping rancidity
a. forming free radicals in foods
pink sugar packet
sweet n low (saccharin) NOT natural
What is the fermentative organism used in tempeh?
Rhizopus oliosporus
Which are the 'three sister plants' of Indigenous American agriculture?
Corn, bean, squash
what enzyme can disrupt the cell membranes of gram positive bacteria by cleaving the peptidoglycan?
lysozyme
What is the equation for conduction and define each term?
Q=KA[ΔT/L] Q=the heat rate K = thermal conductivity L= thickness of the wall A = surface area of the wall ΔT = the difference in temperature between the 2 sides
What term is used for beef that with a small pink center?
Medium Well
If the time to reduce a population by 5 logs is 20 min, what is the D-value?
4 min
During typical food heating, what is the starting size of gap that microwaves cannot pass through?
0.122 m to 0.328 m
In the US, cultured butter is also known as what?
European Butter
Explain IR radiation.
it is transmitted as a wave and gets converted into heat when it impinges on the food surface
Name 5 of the 12 proteins which comprise egg albumen.
Avidin, conalbumin, flavoprotein, G2 globulin, G3 globulin, lysozyme, ovalbumin, ovoglycoprotein, ovoinhibitor, ovomacroglobulin, ocomucin, ovomucoid.
Sucralose is 600 times sweeter than sucrose.
TRUE.
Name three of the many vegetables that are different cultivars of the species Brassica oleracea.
Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, Chinese kale, brussels sprouts, broccolini, collard greens, savoy, kohlrabi, Jersey cabbage, romanesco, broccoflower, and gai lan.
Name the first food for which microbiological standards were established.
Milk
Name 2 approved bleaching agents used in flour production.
Cl2, NOCl, N2O4, benzyl peroxide, ClO2, NO2, lipogenase
Commercial Lecithin comes from what?
Soy
what fermented beverage is made from mare's milk?
koumis
What is the major assumption made when dealing with CFU in microbiology?
Each individual colony is originated from one original bacterial cell All the cells within each colony forming unit is homogenous
What federal agency has responsibility for administrtion of the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act?
FDA
Name 4 advantages of using enzymes in food processing.
They are natural, nontoxic substances, generally catalyze without unwanted side-effects, active under very mild conditions of temperature and pH, active at low concentrations, rate of reaction can be controlled, can be inactivated after reaction.
What is Raoult’s law?
vapor pressure of a solution = vapor pressure of the solvent x mole of solvent fraction
What does DHA stand for?
Docosahexaenoic Acid
what 5 statements regarding sodium content in a food are allowed by the FDA on a food label?
Sodium Free, very low sodium, low sodium, reduced sodium, and unsalted
Ginger root botanical name?
Zingiber officinale [Zingiberaceae (Ginger)]
How are the flavor compounds in caraway and spearmint related structurally?
They are the enantiomers of the same compound, carvone
What is the most popular fish in alaska?
coho salmon
What terpene glycoside extracted from licorice root is a non-nutritive sweetener commonly used as a flavoring?
Glycyrrhizin.
what is the difference between an aldose and ketose?
aldose has a carbonyl group at the end of the atom, while the carbonyl group is at any other position in a ketose
Vit B6;pyridoxine, pyridoxal, or pyridoxamine, or pyridoxine hydrochloride; deficiency can cause?
Sideroblastic Anemia
The INQ or "index of nutritional quality" for a nutrient in a food is ...
a ratio between the amount of nutrient in food/calorie and the human need or allowance for that nutrient/calorie
Why are citrus fruits harvested late after ripening?
Because they are non-climacteric fruits
Name two fermentation sources of chymosin
kluyveromyces marxianus variety lactis and e. coli
Why are phytates considered to be anti-nutritional?
phytates bind/complex with metal ions and make the metals less bioavailable, most commonly with divalent ions (Ca, Fe, etc)
what process is modeled by the Monod equation in foods?
microbial growth
What processing principle or technology is used to preserve the following foods: canned beef, potato chips, ketchup, and yogurt?
Canned beef: retort (heat sterilization) Potato chips: dehydration Ketchup: acid, heat sterilization/hot filling Yogurt: fermentation, low storage temperature.
What are the 3 types of still retorts?
vertical, horizontal, and hydrostatic
What are conveyor belt dryers?
Food placed on mesh belts up to 15cm deep, air flow directed up through wet food and down through dry food, multistage, good control over drying conditions high production rates, low labor costs, highly automated, continuous, replacing tunnel driers
which of the following is an unaged spirit made from grain and potatoes: A.vodka, B.champagne, C.gin, or D.whiskey?
A. Vodka
What was the first synthetic dye, when and by whom?
Mauve, by Sir Wm. Henry Perkins in 1856.
What is the can defect 'panneling' caused by?
Excessive external pressure during cooling compared to internal can pressure, resulting in permanent deformation.
What is the purpose of thermal processing?
ensure food safety and extend the shelf life of food (by killing bacteria)
What 3 things are removed from milk during the clarification step?
Somatic cells, epithelial cells, dirt
What is lethal rate?
1/thermal death time and it is unitless
Name a variety cut of meat.
Liver, Kidney, Heart, Thymus, Brain
What is the difference between rennet and rennin?
rennet - the commercial extract from cleaned, frozen, and dried 4th stomach of calves, kids, or lamb. Rennin - the actual enzyme (known as chymosin)
What is the difference in the digestion of soluble and insoluble dietary fibers?
Soluble fiber slows digestion and helps your body absorb vital nutrients from foods, whereas insoluble fiber adds bulk to the stool, helping foods pass more quickly through the stomach and intestines
A product may be considered _________ if marketed under the name of a product covered by a standard of identity, if the requirements of the standard are not met.
misbranded
What is the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution with a pH of 4.0?
10⁻⁴ M.
What is the shelf life of UHT processed milk?
six to nine months
What distinguishes a regulation from a law?
A regulation is an interpretation of a law by government officials
Name two reasons why fats are hydrogenated.
It allows the conversion of liquid oils into semisolid or plastic fats and it improves the oxidative stability of the fat.
When should ground spices and whole spices be added during the cooking process?
whole at the start and ground at the end of cooking
How much cholesterol is found in 100g of whole milk?
10 mg
In extrusion, most of the energy for melting the polymer resin comes from heat supplied by the extruder barrel.
FALSE.
How are square watermelons produced?
by growing a watermelon in a square glass mold.
Name 2 ways of transporting solutes across a membrane.
pressure and electrostatic forces (concentration or electrochemical gradient are both acceptable)
Who is considered the father of mechanical refrigeration in the U.S.?
Dr John Gorrie
What is the common name for recombinant DNA technology?
Gene Splicing
What type of lettuce was called crisphead until the 1920's?
Iceberg lettuce
In glass containers, which type is more likely to break, one with a large radius of curvature or one with a small radius of curvature?
Small radius of curvature
What are the advantages of freeze concentration?
Freeze concentration operating at subzero and is a closed system: No loss of aromas or other volatile components, Retention of all sensory properties of the original feed product, No thermal degradation, Minimized oxidation, No loss of solids, The process is specifically interesting for the treatment of heat sensitive substances and for all applications where maximum retention of a product quality is a key aspect
Give the scientific name of mango, list five (5) mango cultivars and indicate the country of origin for each.
Magnifera indica Mexico: Haden, Irwin, Kent, Manila, Palmer, Sensation, Tommy Atkins, Van Dyke USA: Keitt, Kent, Tommy Atkins Indonesia: Arumanis, Dodol, Gedong, Golek, Madu, Manalagi, Cengkir, Wangi India: Alphonso, Banganapalli, Bombay, Bombay Green, Chausa, Dashehari, Fazli, Fernandian, Himsagar, Kesar, Kishen Bhog, Langra, Mallika, Mankurad, Mulgoa, Neelum, Pairi, Samar Behisht Chausa, Suvarnarekha, Totapuri, Vanraj, Zardalu, Amrapali, Bangalora, Gulabkhas.
What cooking method cooks meat at a low temperature at a long time with smoke?
Smoking
Which of the following is a major determinant of the fermentation of cellulose in the gut?
ratio of lignin to cellulose
Name 5 spices that are in curry powder.
cumin, cardamom, coriander, turmeric, mustard, cayenne
What is the difference between Beurre Noisette and Beurre Noir?
Cooking time
What color is grape juice at pH 2 and pH 8?
At pH 2, grape juice is red; at pH 8, it is purple.
If capillary breakage occurs in fat, the condition is commonly referred to as what?
Fiery Fat
What two reasons classify fish as tender meat?
Less connective tissue and they convert to gelatin after cooking
Which 4 fast food restaurants have the most locations worldwide?
Mixue (A Chinese brand specializing in ice cream, coffee, and bubble tea, Mixue has rapidly expanded, boasting over 45,000 stores globally), McDonalds, Subway, Starbucks, KFC
What is the name of the test used to determine the completeness of pasteurization? What test is employed to differentiate pasteurized milk from unpasteurized milk?
The alkaline phosphatase test
What is the frequency range for infrared radiation?
430 THz down to 300 GHz
The products of superoxide ion O2-dismutation are ___________
3 O2 and H2O2
What percentage of the Daily Value must a product contain for it to claim that it is a "good source" of a vitamin?
10-19% of the Daily Value
Which airline was the first to have in-flight kitchen in 1937?
United Airlines
This red meat has the lowest cholesterol content of all red meats.
Lamb
What is the SI unit for pressure?
Pascal
What group of people are potentially at risk when consuming bisulfites?
Asthmatics
What percentage of juice must a beverage contain to be included in FDA Juice HACCP Regulation?
100%
Enzymatic browning occurs in fruits and vegetables by which enzyme?
Polyphenol oxidase
What does EPA (fatty acid) stand for?
Eicosapentaenoic Acid
What is the concentration of β-lactoglobulin in human milk?
0. There is none
What are the benefits of using SO2 in dehydration processing?
SO2 pasteurization, prevent enzymatic browning, prevent non-enzymatic browning, enhance retention of vit.C
What are the holes in Swiss cheese called?
A. Eyes
what is the general bacterial limit for Grade A pasteurized milk?
20,000 CFU/ml
How does a continuous retort work?
Load the cans, then heat container with steam, allow to cook food for specified time, then cool by filling retort with water, then emptying the retort
From what part of the corn kernel does corn oil come from?
Germ
What are 3 common can seam defects?
cut over (sharp seam), cut seam (fracture), lip and droop, false seam and spinner (slip, skid, dead head)
Which mineral causes cross bridges between actin and myosin in muscle contraction?
Calcium
What is angular acceleration?
The change in angular velocity divided by the change in time
What are the names of time-dependent liquids that obtain a constant apparent viscosity only after a finite time has elapsed after application of shear?
Thixotropic; Rheopectic
In mammalian cells, when oxygen is not present, what enzyme produces NAD+?
Lactate Dehydrogenase
pigments that are manufactured by precipitating a dye w/a metallic salt are called what?
Lakes
What food additive allows Morton salt to say, "When it rains, it pours?"
Initially Magnesium Carbonate, now changed to Calcium silicate
What is the definition of mesh size?
Openings per square inch.
What is the process of placing meat products into casings?
Stuffing
What are the dimensions of 211 can?
2 11/16 inches diameter and height varies
What is the microbial gum commonly used in salad dressings?
Xanthan gum
Differentiate between a gas and a vapor at room temp.
a vapor is the gaseous state of a substance which is normally liquid at room temp. A gas is a substance with a boiling point below room temp
When was IFT first founded?
1939
In a water molecule, what are the H-bond acceptor sites?
unshared oxygen electrons
Name the major protein in milk.
Casein
What are the three types of junctions in a thermocouple?
Exposed, ungrounded, grounded.
Name 3 uses for corn syrup solids and/or maltodextrin?
bulking agents, flow aids, flavor carriers, and encapsulation
What is miso?
fermented soybean paste
How can osmotic pressure affect shelf life?
One can regulate the shelf life of foods by adjusting the osmotic pressure of the solution. Π > 12.7 MPa most bacteria do not proliferate Π > 17.3 most yeast do not proliferate Π > 30.1 most molds do not proliferate
What is the most important characteristic used to determine the maturity of a veal carcass?
lean color
which package-making process begins w/plastic sheets rather than pellets?
thermoforming
Name the 3 positively charged amino acids.
lysine, arginine, and histidine
Yam botanical name?
Dioscorea
In an enzymatic assay intended to measure enzyme activity, should the substrate concentration be much greater than the km or much smaller than the km?
the substrate concentration must be much greater than the km so the that the reaction is 1st order with respect to enzyme and zero order with respect to substrate.
What bacterium causes 'sweet curdling' type of spoilage of pasteurized milk without acid production:
Bacillus cereus
What is the scale for water activity?
0 – 1.0
When was the Nutritional Labeling act passed and when did it become effective?
1990, May 8, 1994
What is food processing?
Food preservation method, creates functionality, and increases nutrition
What are some advantages of indirect heating?
easier to control food temperatures, process viscous products without causing food to burn, conserves energy by heat regeneration
Which 2 enzymes are required for the determination of the degree of gelatinization?
Pullulanase and Beta-amylase
What compound is said to be the link between carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism?
Acetyl-coA
Vitamin B9 is chemically known as?
Folic acid
What is chill proofing of beer?
Addition of papain to prevent haze due to interaction between protein and tannins
What is the name for the compound that has a cyclic structure of glucose units?
cyclodextrin
A minimum of how many days is required for aging beef?
10 days
Who was the first president of IFT?
Samuel C. Prescott
An ideal gas at 25C and a pressure of 2 MPascals is passed, without a change in volume, through a valve decreasing the pressure to 0.2 MPascals. What happens to the temperature of the gas?
The temperature decreases - the gas is ideal and therefore obeys the gas law PV=NRT
What does EPA (agency) stand for?
Environmental Protection Agency
What is the geometric configuration of double bonds in most natural fatty acids?
Cis
What amino acid requires cats to be obligate carnivores? Cysteine, tryptophan, taurine, alanine
Taurine
What are some of the advantages of a tubular heat exchanger?
few gaskets, low maintenance costs, compact units, no moving parts
In dairy cows, what happens to alfatoxin B1 ingested with feed?
A small percentage is metabolized and excreted in milk as Aflatoxin M1.
Why is the biochemical test IMViC used?
to divide Enterobacteriaceae into 2 major groups; the E. coli group and the Enterobacter-Klebsiella group
Shear forces in solids are analogous to what forces in liquids?
Viscous forces
What is the name given to the propylene polymer produced by being stretched both in and across machine direction?
Bi-axially oriented polypropylene
In 1990, which state became the first state to ban tetra-pak type juice boxes in the state's landfills?
Maine
Name two gravimetric and two volumetric methods to measure milk fat.
Volumetric - Babcock and Gerber; Gravimetric - Mojonnier and Roese Gottlieb
Someone has suggested that you use sucrose in your confectionary product where Maillard browning is desireable, will this cause a problem?
yes, because sucrose is a non-reducing sugar
What wheat is sown or planted in late autumn?
Winter wheat
If the barometric pressure is at 100% and the relative humidity is 20%, what is the humidity at 4?
20%
What colors are anthocyanins at the following pH's? <3.5, 3.5-4.5, >4.5
<3.5 red; 3.5 - 4.5 purple; >4.5 blue
The fifth taste response, activated by flavor potentiators like MSG, is called
umami
What is the mechanism of action for the microbial destruction by High Hydrostatic Pressure and Pulsed Electric Fields?
PEF: electroporation (the formation of pores in cell membranes by the action of high voltage electric fields). PEF inactivation via electroporation is believed to be associated with the migration and accumulation of charge across the cell membrane under the action of applied electric field; HHP: Rupture or damage to cell membrane
What is the medical term or name given to the condition where bacteria are actively multiplying in the bloodstream?
Septicemia
What are the 3 main types of indirect heating?
PHE, THE, SSHE (plate heat exchanger, tubular heat exchanger, and scraped surface heat exchanger)
What is the Zeta potential of milk?
18 mV
What does aerogenic bacteria produce?
Gas.
What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?
wavelength= speed of light / frequency or speed of light = frequency * wavelength
What is one of the molds that produces aflatoxin?
aspergillus flavus and aspergillus parasiticus
Usual alcohol % in wine
10-14% in most California wines. Above 14% results in a heavy tax imposed on the manufacturer
Which of the following is NOT considered a "super-fruit"? a) Tamarind b) Acai c) Noni d) Mango
Mango
The C-PER or Calculated Protein Efficiency Ratio is determined using a computer program and two pieces of information about the protein of interest. What are these two things?
The protein's essential amino acid profile and in-vitro digestibility
What does the c stand for in the equation E = mc^2?
The speed of light (~3 x 10^8 m/s)
In swine feed rations, what is the most common protein supplement?
Soybean meal
Name two butter sauces commonly used in French Cuisine
Beurre Noisette, Beurre Noir
In whiskey making, wetting the barley grains to stimulate germination is called:
Malting
Name 2 types of tinning process.
Hot dip, electroplating
What does IU stand for?
International Units
The food drug and cosmetic act contains guidelines requiring what foods to require lot coding?
Low acid canned foods, acidified foods, bottled drinking water, infant formula, bottled water
What does antisense refers to?
The antisense strand is a DNA strand that is non-coding and serves as a template for the production of messenger RNA (mRNA). It is also known as the template strand.
What is the country of origin of Feta cheese?
Feta= Greece
What do the letters HTST, PSIG, and CSTR stand for in reference to food processing?
1) High Temperature Short Time 2) Pounds per Square Inch Gauge 3) Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor
How can a molecular weight of protein, DNA, and RNA be determined?
For proteins: SDA-PAGE. For DNA & RNA: Agarose gel.
What is the composition of a whole egg wrt shell, yolk and egg white?
White - 58%, Yolk - 31%, Shell - 11%
Name the 2 principle whey proteins.
Beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactalbumin
How many milliliters are in each of the following? 1 teaspoon, 1 tablespoon and 1 cup
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL and 1 cup = 236 mL
The deadly "red tide" in the ocean is caused by what organism and produces what effect?
Dino-flagellates, which cause paralytic shellfish poisoning
What is the most common preservative in processed meats?
Salt
What is the amount of antibiotics allowed in milk?
zero
Muscle cells are multinucleated, cylindrical cells surrounded by an outer member called what?
sarcolemma
What is measured on the basis of the dipole moment of a single molecule?
dielectric constant
What is Oswald Ripening?
Ostwald Ripening is a process in which larger particles or droplets in a solution grow at the expense of smaller ones due to differences in solubility. Smaller particles dissolve more easily and then redeposit onto larger particles, leading to a gradual increase in particle size over time.
What is the minimum fat content of clotted cream?
0.55
What is the definition of essential amino acids?
amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be present in the diet
List three factors that contribute to the buffering capacity of milk.
phosphate, citrate and lactate salts, whey proteins, carbonic acid from the dissolved CO2
what is the name of the crop species resulting from a plant breeder's cross between wheat and rye?
Triticale, which is the combination of the scientific names of the two genera involved: Triticum (wheat) and Secale (rye)
What is the common name for n-hexadecanoic acid?
Palmetic acid
What is meant by sensitivity in a biological assay?
magnitude of a change of an analytical instrument w/ changes in compound concentration
How many teams will be competing in the college bowl finals in July?
8
What is the time required in minutes for the heat penetration curve to transverse one log cycle called?
F value, which indicates the time required to achieve a specific reduction in microorganisms.
What is the color of oxymyoglobin?
Red
Give an example of a food oil which contains as its principal fatty acid each of the following: Lauric Acid, Oleic Acid, Linoleic Acid, Linolenic Acid, Erucic Acid?
Lauric: Coconut, Palm, Kernel; Oleic: Olive, Ground Nut, Rapeseed; Linoleic: Sunflower, Safflower, Soybean, Cottonseed, Maize; Linolenic: Linseed; Erucic: Rapeseed, Mustard Seed.
What fat soluble vitamin has a well-known role as an antioxidant?
Vitamin E
What is the temperature the air needs to be cooled to (at constant pressure) in order to achieve a relative humidity (RH) of 100%?
dew-point
Stirred yogurt and fruit at the bottom are the two common types of yogurts. In which type does fermentation take place in the container?
A. Fruit at the bottom.
Cow's milk normally has how much lactose? Whey normally contains how much lactose?
5% by weight
Name 3 specific enzymes that act on pectic substances.
pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase, pectin lyase
Who was the first commission of the US Food and Drug Administration?
Harvey Washington Wiley
What class of proteins exert kinetic control over thermodynamic potential?
Enzymes
What organism is used in the manufacture of blue cheese?
penicillium Roqueforti and Penicillium Glaucum
There are two major carriers of cholesterol in the blood stream; what are they?
High density lipoproteins (HDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL); VLDL and IDL are minor carriers
Please put the following steps in order as they would be used for processing? Grinding, cleaning, Cocoa separation, shell removal, conching, roasting, addition of other material, tempering
Cleaning, roasting, shell removal, grinding nibs, cocoa separation, addition of other material, Conching, tempering
Standard sieves in the U.S. (the Tyler series of sieves) are given a mesh number. What does the mesh number tell you about the characteristics of the sieve?
The mesh number is the number of openings per inch.
Rank the following fatty acids from lowest to highest melting point: oleic, elaidic, lauric, linolenic.
linolenic, oleic, lauric, elaidic
What is determined by changing the variable stimulus by small amounts above and below the standard until the subject notices a difference?
Just noticeable difference
Gelatin is produced from what protein?
Collagen
What are the food applications for Reverse Osmosis (R.O.) and Ultrafiltration (U.F.)?
R.O. most economical for dilute solutions: Used widely for whey from cheese manufacture. Examples of other uses: 1) To concentrate and purify fruit juices prior to evaporation. 2) To concentrate citric acid, egg white, coffee, natural extracts and flavors. 3) To clarify wine and beers. 4) To demineralize and purify water.
Give 2 ways to block production or reception of ethylene post harvest.
There are several anti-ethylene chemicals. Silver thiosulfate (STS) is used on flowers. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, trade name ReTain) blocks ethylene synthesis. It is applied preharvest. The fruit (plant) will not produce much ethylene, so there is not an ethylene response. The ethylene blocker 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP, trade name EthylBloc) blocks ethylene by binding to its receptor. It is applied postharvest. The fruit (plant) may still produce some ethylene, but there is no response to the ethylene.
What is a basket centrifuge?
for abrasive, hard-packing and sticky materials, not used in food industry
What is the irritating compound found in black pepper?
Piperine
What are three major fuel molecules for ATP production?
A. Glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids
What flavor compound is responsible for the flavor of the Italian liquor Amarreto?
Benzaldehyde and taste a little bit like cherries.
brown sugar packet
raw sugar (cane sugar, from sugar cane OR beets) NATURAL
Name 5 hydrophobic surfactants.
DATEM, Soy lecithin, Calcium stearoyl lactylate, Glycerol monoleate, Sorbitan trioleate, Oleic acid
The undesirable clarification of orange juice or tomato juice (precipitation of pulp) is caused by what enzymes?
Pectin methyl esterase or galacturonase
Which vitamin contains cobalt?
vitamin B12 or cyanocobalamin
For any canning process, a curve of the temperature versus the time can be created. The sterilization process is complete and adequate when the integral under the curve equals what?
The F-value needed for that process
Pork shoulder is used to make what mexican dish meaning "little meats"?
Carnitas
What are the basic components of evaporators?
Introduction: All evaporators have the same basic components: Principal components include: Steam chest or other ways of introducing steam into the product. Liquid feed: preheated to evaporator temperature before being distributed uniformly to the heat transfer surface area. When boiling has occurred, an efficient separator is required to isolate vapors from liquid concentration.
For the chemical reaction CaCO3 --> CaO + CO2 (g) at 298K at equilibrium, which of the following is true? (a) ?G=0 (b) ?H=0 (c) ?S=0 (d) all of above
(a) ?G=0
Which protein in eggs has antimicrobial properties?
Lysozyme
What is the meaning of Mai Tai in Tahitian language?
Out of this world
What are the origins of charges in colloids?
Ionization (from colloids themselves) and counterions (derived from solvent).
What is Francois Boullier credited with inventing back in the 1540s that has made the life of many a chef easier, especially when making Welsh rarebit or potato rosti?
Grater
Wilson's Disease involves which mineral?
copper
What process is used in the food industry to concentrate foods by water removal?
evaporation
What chemical is used in conjunction with the heat treatment of flexible packages during aseptic packaging of foods?
H2O2
What egg white protein(s) has/have the ability to retard growth of microorganisms?
Conalbumin, lysozyme.
Define the "refractive index"
The numerical measure of the degree of light bending that occurs when light passes through a substance.
What is the sweetest occurring substance known to man?
guanidine (discovered in 2016) however thaumatin is also acceptable as this is what is in the Guinness book of world records.
From what plant is the flavor anise derived?
fennel
Rank the relative sweetness of the following polyhydric alcohols: sorbitol, glycerol, xylitol, mannitol
most sweet: xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, glycerol
What are the name of bacterial viruses?
bacteriophage
What is the particle size range for ultrafiltration?
10-3 to 10-1 microns
define kinetic viscosity.
ratio of absolute viscosity and density
What is the name of thick custard lightened with merengue?
Chiboust
What does the "c" stand for in the equation E=mc²?
Speed of Light
What % of egg white is water?
90%
A family of glycoproteins that are the main constituent of muscle connective tissue are: A) Myosins B) Collagens C) Ligament proteins
B) Collagens
What does FSMA stand for?
Food Safety Modernization Act
The process in which a gaseous insecticide is released into a sealed building is known as WHAT?
Fumigation
What is the enzyme in milk that causes hydrolytic rancidity?
Lipase
What is an EVOH film composed of?
It is a polymer of ethyl-vinyl-alcohol
What is the name of milk containing over 36% milk fat?
Heavy Cream
Gum arabic is composed of what monosaccharide?
Arabinose and galactose
Name 2 'Value Added' meat products.
Pre-cooked vacuum packaged roast beef and marinated pork loin.
What is the natural color of myoglobin?
Brown
Name two fermentation sources of chymosin.
kluyveromyces marxianus variety lactis and e. coli
What does Phenol sulfuric acid value tell you?
total carbohydrate
What is the term used when garnishing with almonds?
Amandine
In a thermal processing operation, if the D value is 0.5 minutes at 250°F and the initial microbial count is 100,000, what is the microbial count after 2 minutes?
10, a decrease of 4 D values
In making sweeteners from starch, which term describes using glucoamylase and pullulanase to hydrolyze the dextrins to glucose units?
Saccharification
At what university was IFT chartered?
MIT in 1939
What substances in low quantity can be found in food?
Indirect additives
give the country of origin of the following cheeses: Feta, Monterey Jack, Primost, and Gouda.
Feta=Greece; Monterey Jack= USA; Primost= Norway;Gouda= Netherlands (Holland)
Lye is used to hasten the peeling process in some vegetables. What concentration of lye is commonly employed?
Usually 1.0%, generally in the range of 0.5% to 3.0%
What are plastic milk jugs mostly made out of?
HDPE
What was the location of the first Kentucky Fried Chicken franchise?
Salt Lake City, Utah
What is the common name of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, a neurological disease found in sheep?
Scrapie
According to section 403 of the FDCA, an imitation food which is not declared on the label as such is adulterated, mislabeled, or misbranded?
misbranded
Which of the following four choices do you need to include in developing a Standardized Recipe for a HACCP system? a) Critical Control Points; b) Cost Per Portion; c) Cooking Methods; d) Ingredients
b) Cost Per Portion
What is the name of milk mildly carmelized by simmering in low heat?
Baked Milk
What are the conditions for UHT?
280 F, 2 seconds
What does the 1913 Gould Amendment require of food products marketed in the U.S.?
It requires that contents be plainly marked on the outside of the food package
Three main polymorphic forms of fats.
Alpha, beta prime, beta
What does ppb stand for?
Parts Per Billion
Is cholesterol an essential nutrient?
No
Name three pomelo cultivars.
Chandler, Oro Blanco, Cocktail, Cuban Shaddock, Hirado Buntan, Honey, Jaffa Red, Mato Buntan, Pomelit, Reinking, Siamese, Thong Dee, Valentine, Tahitian
How does HPLC differ from FPLC?
HPLC has higher pressure than FPLC
What are two examples of natural antioxidants?
vitamin C, vitamin E, beta carotene
What prolamines and glutelins are in corn, wheat, barley, rye?
Corn: (zein, zeinin); wheat: (gliadin, glutenin); barley: (hordein, hordeinin); rye: (secalin, secalinin)
What is the hottest pepper currently known to man? It comes in at more than 1 million scoville units.
Bhut Jolokia (commonly referred to as the Ghost Pepper or Ghost Chili Pepper)
What is the maximum amount of fat which ground beef can contain? A.10%, B.20%, C.30%, or D.40%
C.Ground beef can contain up to 30% fat
An initial population of 50,000 bacteria grows with a generation time of 30 minutes. About how many bacteria will be present 3 hours later?
3,200,000
What is the drying method by contact with a heated surface of a revolving drum called?
Drum or roller drying
What is the name of the pasta that translates to "cooking pot"?
Lasagna
Why are fats neutralized during processing and manufacture and how is it done?
oil breakdowns to Free fatty acid & other simple compounds, lead to off flavor & off odors, Soap is formed from the fatty acids by addition of alkali to remove these undesirables.
What is the most expensive spice in the world?
Saffron
What beer style do you need sour cheeries to?
Lambic
what is the formula weight of sodium chloride within 1/2 a gram?
58.5g
The first FDA approved use of recycled plastic in food packaging was a program to use 25% recycled plastic in bottles containing what product?
Coca-Cola
What are the 4 principle sweeteners used in icings and glazes?
sucrose, dextrose, invert sugar and corn syrup
What polysacc from crustacean shells help lower cholesterol level?
Chitin, chitosan
What serum protein carries dietary fat?
Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)
What does CAFO stand for?
concentrated animal feeding operation
Chitin is a long chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine. Name the sources that it can be derived from, its function as a food additive, and its function in the intestine?
Derived from fungi, crustaceans, and insects. As a food additive, it is used as a thickener and stabilizer. In the intestines, it functions as a prebiotic promoting a healthy gut.
What is incipient contaminant?
Contaminant found before thermal processing
What is an infection that can be caused by eating undercooked pork from pigs fed raw garbage?
trichinosis
The original gummi bear was created in which country in 1922?
Germany
Which brand tells you 'You're not you when you're hungry'?
Snickers
Name 3 types of conventional heating.
conduction, convection, and radiation
What is Sous Vide?
food is minimally processed, vacuum packaged, shipped under refrigerated conditions, and cooked in water baths at below boiling temps for long time (131-140 F, 55-60C for 4-72 hours)
When was the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act enacted?
1990
What does FPLA stand for?
Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
Name the equation that relates electrochemical cell potential to redox states.
Nernst equation
In 1963 the FDA approval for a new processing method was given, only to be revoked in 1968. What were the product and the process?
The product: irradiation-sterilized bacon (bacon is acceptable); the process: irradiation
Beers that are made out of grains other than barley, oats, rye, or wheat are known as what type of beer?
gluten-free beer
What is the term used to describe the quantity of heat that is gained or lost by a unit weight of product to accomplish a desired change in temperature without a change in state?
Sensible heat
What is the difference between T-bone and porterhouse?
Thickness
What is DFD meat?
Dark firm dry (DFD) meat is a type of meat characterized by its dark color, firmness, and dryness, resulting from stress before slaughter.
What is the reaction to make triglycerides?
Fatty acid reacting with a glycerol with the release of water
What does EDTA stand for?
Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid
What do we call dried grapes?
Raisins
What are the 5 methods used for dough fermentation in bread manufacturing?
sponge dough, straight dough, continuous mix, liquid ferment, short-time dough
What are the three main components of an aerosol?
A. Propellant, solvent, and active ingredient
What is the purpose for adding alkaline phosphates in processed meat products?
To increase water binding and act as antioxidants.
What is the intermuscular adipose tissue in meat?
Seam fat
What is the full form of CIP?
Clean in place
what are the principle proteins in soybeans?
glycinin and Beta-conglycinin
What term describes the increase in the number of fat cells to accommodate storage of fat?
Hyperplasia
Brachyura is the latin name for what animal?
Crabs
What are the three important reasons for curing?
1) Color 2) Antibacterial 3) Water holding
Who is the current president-elect of IFT?
Margaret Poole
Give the correct name for the following initials of current or past government agencies: APHIS, C&MS, FSQS, FSIS, EPA.
APHIS-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; C&MS-Consumer and Marketing Service; FSQS-Food Safety and Quality Service; FSIS-Food Safety and Inspection Service; EPA-Environmental Protection Agency
What is the cutoff Reynold's number for laminar flow?
2100
The original root used in root beer is no longer used as it is toxic. What is the name of this root?
Sassafras (compound that is toxic is safrole)
MC: Which sugar has the highest sweetness? a. lactose b. sucrose c. fructose d. maltose
c. fructose
What are the five most prominent chemical elements in living systems?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
Proctor and Gamble patented a shortening using mono and diglycerides called ___ shortening.
Crisco
what does the abbreviation related to shellfish toxin DSP stand for?
DSP is Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning
At what level is a food considered a reduced calorie food?
A 1/3 reduction in calories
What did Gail Borden give to the world in 1853?
Condensed milk
Used in food packaging, what do the initials LLDPE stand for?
Linear low density polyethylene
Sodium and potassium are necessary in the body to retain proper electrical, fluid, and chemical balances. What is the desired ratio of Na to K?
1:1
What is the name of butter with all water and milk solids removed?
Clarified Butter
Packaging method to obtain commercial sterilization
Hot Fill Hold. Fill, Seal, Can
for milk, what does titratable acidity refer to? what terms is it expressed in?
titratable acidity is natural acidity (from udder. Due to casein, phosphates, albumin, CO2, citrates) plus the real acidity (microbial acidity; ie. conversion of lactose to lactic acid). It is expressed in terms of % lactic acid.
In packaging terms, a "mil" is used as the unit of thickness for packaging material. One mil is equal to what fraction of an inch?
0.001 inch = 1 mil
What is used to rephosphorylate ADP to ATP during the onset phase of rigor?
Creatine phosphate or Phosphocreatine
On a food label, the heading "Nutrition Information per serving" has been replaced with what?
Nutrition Facts
How does the commissary food service system differ from the conventional food service system?
In conventional systems, food is prepared where it is served. In commissary systems, much preparation is done at a central area before distribution to several other sites for final preparation and service.
Which experimental design is used in consumer testing when there are too many samples?
Balanced and Complete Block Design
What is the name of the 1958 amendment to the "Pure Food and Drug Act" states that any substance causing cancer in human beings or animals at any level of use cannot be added to food?
Delaney Amendment
Which fatty acid would be expected to have the highest iodine value - linoleic, oleic, or ricinoleic acid?
linoleic acid
The Crabtree effect in yeast is?
The Crabtree effect is a metabolic process in yeast that allows it to use fermentation instead of respiration to produce energy. This process occurs when there is excess glucose and oxygen present.
What are the Delvo and Charm tests used for?
Testing for the presence of antibiotics in milk.
Which soft drink was the first to be offered in a 2 Liter bottle?
Pepsi
What is the fully fermented cabbage called?
Sauerkraut
A product with drying ratio of 5 yields 1 kg of dry product for how much water removed?
4 kg (drying ratio is the amount of fresh material need to produce 1 kg of dried product)
Heavy whipping cream contains what percent fat? The standards of identity of whipping cream indicate a minimum amount of milkfat. What is that amount?
A. At least 36% milk fat by weight (CFR Title 21, Part 131, Subpart B, Milk and Cream)
What gas has been successfully collected and converted to electricity from decomposing animal wastes?
Methane
What is the term for investigation and quantification of how physical stimuli evoke sensations and perceptions?
Psychophysics
In what movie is the White Russian the cocktail of choice for the main character, the Dude?
The Big Lebowski
What are the 2 general classifications of proteins, based on the tertiary or quaternary structure?
globular/folded and fibrous/fibrillar/scleroproteins
What is the PER value for milk casein?
2.5
What is a psychrotroph?
A microorganism that grows at 7 degrees Celsius or below (in the refrigerator).
What is the difference between sherbet and sherbert?
A. Nothing. "Sherbert" is a common mispronunciation of "sherbet." In fact, it is so common that some dictionaries include it as an alternate spelling of "sherbet."
What are the types of heat sterilization?
In-container sterilization , Ultra high temperature processes
What are the 2 types of food poisioning possibly recieved from consuming fish?
ciguatera and scombroid
The steam-baking oven gives the baguette its unique crumb structure. This technology was developed in what country?
Austria
In what year was the IFT student member classification established?
1949
name the science of managing and analyzing biological data using advanced computing techniques?
bioinformatics
Turkeys in what condition can cause an explostion when deep fried?
Frozen turkeys
What is D value?
The time required at a given condition to achieve a log reduction.
Give 3 examples of pulses.
Lupins, Lentils, Chickpeas (Garbanzo beans), Peas (e.g., split peas), Beans (e.g., kidney beans, black beans, pinto beans), Fava beans, Black-eyed peas, Mung beans, Adzuki beans, Broad beans, Soybeans
Name three carrot cultivars.
Big Top, Bolero, Nantes Half Long, Purple Dragon, Red Core Chantenay, Scarlet Nantes, Touchon, Sweet Treat, Short'n Sweet
What is the flavor/antimicrobial compound associated with Cloves?
Eugenol
What do the following abbreviation stand for?APHIS, FTC, NMFS, NTIS, OSHA, EPA
APHIS-Animal, Plant Health Inspection Service FTC-Federal Trade Commission NMFS-National Marine Fisheries Service NTIS-National Technical Information EPA-Environmental Protection Agency OSHA-Occupational Safety and Health Administration Service
With respect to glass bottles, what is a 'spike'?
Spikes are glass projections inside the bottles
In statistics, what is the Median?
The middle of a distribution; half of the values are above, and half of the values will be below.
Which of the following is not a mother sauce of France? A. Sauce Veloute B. Sauce Espagnole C. Sauce Bordelaise D. Sauce Bechamel
C. Sauce Bordelaise
The temperature at which water boils _____ as elevation increases
decreases
The alpha casein fraction of milk is now recognized to be a degradation product of what?
Beta casein.
What is the basic chemical subunit of carotenoids?
isoprene units (joined head to tail in a system of conjugated double bonds).
Who invented the cocoa press in 1828?
Coenraad Johannes van Houten
List four main functional properties of egg protein.
Solubility, emulsification, foaming, gelling
"Frankfurters" may contain up to what percentage poultry meat? a. none b. 10% c. 15% d. 25% e. no limit
c) 15% (assuming no qualifying statements are made on the package label).
99% of the US hazelnut crop is grown in which state or states?
Oregon
Chili powder is an example of a: 1. seed. 2. herb. 3. true spice. 4. spice blend.
Spice blend
What is the most widely eaten fish in the world?
The Herring
Name a vegetable that is also a pulse.
Peas, beans, and lentils
Name four gluten-free grains.
Oats, rice, buckwheat, corn, sorghum, rye
Which enzymes are responsible for breakage of proteins, particularly peptide bonds?
Proteases
In what portions of the cells are the excess organic acids stored in fruits and vegetables? Where in a plant cell are anthocyanins contained?
Vacuoles
Give three brands of sandwich cookies.
Milano, Monte Carlo, Oreo
Who comprises the executive committee of the IFTSA?
Elected Officers (Voting), Area Meeting Chairs, Competitions Chairs
In the Impossible Burger, what is the main functional ingredient that is used to deliver its flavor?
soy leghemoglobin
The kitchen closed early due to a tornado drill. The deep fat fryer was not filtered. At dinner the next day customers were complaining that their eyes were burning and there was an unpleasant odor in the dining room. What happened?
lipolysis
What pastry type comes from the greek word phyllo, or "leaf"?
Filo
What muscle hypertrophy condition in sheep, which develops approximately 3 weeks after birth, means "beautiful buttocks"?
Callipyge
Why is baking soda used in making pretzels?
Raises the pH, hence allows browning to occur more readily
What does IQF stand for?
Individually quick frozen
What do sec, demi sec and brut describe?
The sweetness of champagne or wine. 90% of champagne wines are categorized as Brut
What is the difference between hard and soft wheat?
hard has a higher protein content (12-15%) and soft has a lower protein content (7-10%).
Which foodborne pathogen is more of a concern in ground meat than solid-muscle meats such as steaks?
Escherichia coli
What is the principal functional protein in wheat flour?
Gluten
What are the 4 steps to cultured meat manufacture?
1. Cells from a farm animal are proliferated in nutrient-rich media; 2. Cells are attached to a sponge-like scaffold and soaked with nutrients; 3. cells may be mechanically stretched to increase their size and protein content; 4. Cells are harvested, seasoned, and cooked
In addition to protein, casein micelles contain 6-8%: A) lactose B) calcium phosphate C) lactoglobulin
B) calcium phosphate
What are muffins classified as in the US?
Quick Bread
Which group of sulfhydryl-containing compounds is responsible for the flavor of garlic and also known for their homeopathic properties?
Allicins
What are the advantages & disadvantages of flat sheet/plate and frame membrane modules?
Advantages: Low hold up volume, Permeate from individual membrane element, Membrane replacement easy Disadvantages: Difficult to clean, Susceptible to plugging
What is the name of a 18 carbon unsaturated fatty acid with the double bond at the 12-13 position?
Oleic acid
What are the three flavors in the layered Italian ice cream dish known as spumoni?
Cherry, pistachio, and chocolate (sometimes vanilla instead of chocolate)
What is the name for the Italian-style sausage composed of very finely chopped, cured pork and beef with added cubes of white fat; delicately spiced with garlic, nutmeg and coriander; stuffed into larger diameter casing and sliced?
Mortadella
What is the common unit of mass in the English system?
pound
Which of the following statements about aspartame is/are true: A.is stable at high temps, B.is a carbohydrate, C.people with PKU must avoid its consumption, D.it contains about 4 kcals per gram
C and D are true
what was the 1st comprehensive legislation regarding regulation of dyes intended for use in foods?
Federal Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
What is the unit of measurement of heat in peppers?
Scoville
A pink color in sauerkraut indicates the presence of what?
Yeast
What health benefit is attributed to oat bran?
It lowers serum cholesterol levels.
To what temperature must foods be reheated?
165°F.
Sauerkraut results from what kind of fermentation process?
Lactic Acid
Name a purification step used to produce high fructose corn syrup after starch liquefaction.
Carbon treatment of liquor
What is the common name for the US can size 603 x 700?
Number ten can
Sensory evaluation methods that are devised to measure the acceptance of a product are called Affective Tests. Give an example.
A paired preference test, A preference ranking test, and The hedonic test method
What bacteria is found in foods that produce harmful toxins, is heat resistant but won’t grow in acidic foods?
Clostridium Botulinum
Why do you have to blanch fruits and vegetables before canning?
soften texture, remove oxygen, inactivate enzymes, cleans surface (removes dirt and organisms), brightens color, helps reduce loss of vitamins
What type of carotenoid predominates in wheat flour?
xanthophyll and its esters (no vit. A activity)
What is a winter banana?
A variety of apple
HACCP procedures are now required by law for what foods?
Meat, poultry, seafood
Which of these crops is not listed for product development competition in the NASA space program: A) peanuts B) spinach C) watermelon D) tomato?
Watermelon
Controlled atmosphere is used for the long term storage of apples. What are the main components of controlled atmosphere?
low temperature, low oxygen, high carbon dioxide
Would hydrodynamic failure in glass bottles occur more likely with ketchup or lemon juice?
Ketchup
What is a TTC test? What is it used for?
2,3,5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride test. this test is used for detection of antibiotics in milk
What is a dextran?
glucose polymer joined by alpha-1,6-glycosidic bond
Where do fatty fish store their fat?
fatty fish store fat in their tissue (mackerel is an example)
What is the name of the controversial hormone given to dairy cows to increase milk production?
Bovine Somatotropin or Bovine Growth Hormone.
Soluble polymers of anhydro-galacturonic acid and its esters are called ___.
Pectins
The two chemical components of a triacylglycerol are what?
glycerol and fatty acids
Which food colorants must be specifically labelled because they may induce allergic reactions?
FD&C Yellow #5 (or tartrazine) and #6
Name 6 food products that use freeze concentration.
coffee, citrus, juices, beer, wine, vinegar, dairy products, meat/fish extracts
8 geographic areas of IFT student associations.
1. Central Atlantic Area 2. Midwest Area 3. North Atlantic Area 4. North Central Area 5. Pacific Northwest Area 6. Pacific Southwest Area 7. South Central Area 8. Southeast Area
In the refrigerator, which cycle has constant entropy?
Compression
What is the most commonly occurring food allergy in infants and young children?
Cow's milk
Name the four major categories of cheese.
Soft unripened, soft ripened, semisoft ripened, hard.
Name four types of freezing processes used in the food industry.
Fluidized Bed (or Individually Quick Frozen-IQF); Plate; Immersion; Blast Freezing (Convective Freezing); Cold-Room freezing (stagnant air freezing); Swept-surface heat exchanger (as with ice-cream)
Q: What Organiization financially supports IFT?
A: The IFT Foundation
What disease is associated with immune response to gluten?
Celiac disease
Less starch granule damage occurs during milling of soft wheats because?
The softer wheats have a less compact starch–protein complex which results in less starch damage and lower water absorption.
At what pH can a food be called a low acid food?
a pH greater than 4.6
Which microorganisms make the following hydrocolloids?
xanthan - xanthomonas campestris, curdlan - alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes, gellan - pseudomonas elodea
Dr. James Caleb Jackson created the 1st packaged breakfast cereal; what was its name?
Granula
What are beef or lamb carcasses with a thin layer of fat covering that are chilled rapidly susceptible to?
Cold shortening
One method of destroying insect eggs in flour is to throw the flour with high impact against a hard surface as in a centrifuge type machine. What is the name of this machine?
Entoleter
What is the name for the chord that anchor that enter egg yolk?
In a fresh egg, you can see two white cords attached to the yolk. These two cords, called chalazae, are made of twisted strands of mucin fibre, a special form of protein. The role of the chalazae are to anchor the yolk in the centre of the egg.
What are foam mat dryers?
Food products (juices) formed into a stable foam by addition of a stabilizer and aerating with inert gas, foam is spread on belt drier 2-3mm, through flow co or counter current flow, rapid drying, lower process temps, superior flavor and quality, low bulk density of product, may need more than one stage to obtain required moisture, more expensive than most dryers
What mineral is a major challenge in the fortification of many foods and beverages because of its poor taste and large daily value of 3.5 grams per day?
potassium.
Name any 1 mold (either in spore form, germinated cells, mycelium) that can be found in blue cheese.
Penicillium roqueforti, P. glaucum, Penicillium stilton, Penicillium gorgonzola
How are processed cheeses made?
processed cheese are made either with the trimmings that are left over from the manufacture of other cheeses, or from dried milk powder
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid in fermentation?
Lactate dehydrogenase
What is found in the gastric juice of a mammal's stomach from which the common enzyme rennin is found?
Rennet (not rennin)
Name the author of the book 'What Einstein Told His Cook'.
Robert Wolke
Name 5 ways that processors can reduce the microbial population or growth of microoragnisms in a food product.
heat treatment, refrigeration (or decreasing temperature), decrease water activity, removing contaminated portions (or trimming), using chemicals (accept both addivitves and sanitizers, such as chlorine), encouraging the growth of fermentation microorganisms, minimizing contamination, cleaning and sanitization of equipment and facilities, etc.
what enzyme is used as the measure of adequate pasteurization of milk product: A.peroxidase, B.protease, C.alkaline phosphatase, or D.catalase?
C. alkaline phosphatase
To standardize the names of retail cuts, the meat industry has adopted a common list of names called what?
Uniform retail meat identity standards (URMIS)
Why is quality of food better in retort pouches than in conventional cans?
thinner profile means the less time to reach sterilizing treatment at center of pouch, saves money and time
Poultry Products Inspection Act
1957
How is cocoa butter different from other types of fats?
It doesn’t go rancid and therefore has a long shelf/storage life.
Formula to calculate D-value.
D1 = D2 × 10(T2 - T1)/Z
Fat is important in baking. Provide 1 example of how butter is important in bread making, cake baking, and cookie baking.
Bread – lubricates the dough and helps maintain gases, resulting in well-risen loaf, soft crumb Cake – changes the emulsion from water in oil to oil in water the batter volume increases, it can also help retain gases during baking. Improves the texture Cookies – fat prevents the development of gluten
Marinades are usually made of 3 components; acid, oil, and herbs. What is the purpose of adding acid?
the acid helps to partially denature the meat's proteins, opening up 'tunnels' in the meat structure where flavor can seep in
The generally accepted oldest food law is the 'Reinheitsgebot' law aka German Purity Law which defines beer can contain what three ingredients?
Barley or malt as well as water but the third ingredient is hops.
What is the major fatty acid found in milk?
Oleic Acid
What changes occur in quality during food processing?
Degradation of pigments Loss of vitamins Enzyme activity Oxidation of lipids.
What is the name of an adult female sheep?
Ewe
What compound is responsible for banana flavor?
Amyl acetate
what is the name for dehydration and fragmentation of sugar molecule, AKA carmelization?
pyrolysis
What process commercially sterilizes a food product and its container separately and then combines and seals the two under a sterilized atmosphere?
Aseptic Packaging
What is the full form of ASQC?
American Society for Quality Control
What are the water-soluble vitamins?
B, C
Why does phosphate salt add to cured beans?
Promote water tension, juiciness of texture.
What does DPA stand for?
Dipicolinic Acid
Goat stench or goaty flavor is due to which fatty acids (give name and number of carbons)?
Caproic (hexanoic 6:0); Caprylic (octanoic 8:0); capric (Decanoic 10:0)
What is the bioactive compound in soy?
Genistein
Name 2 carotenoid pigments.
Beta-carotene, Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Lycopene, Alpha-carotene, Fucoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Violaxanthin, Neoxanthin, Capsanthin
What is a peptide bond?
covalent bond between 2 amino acid molecules.
What are the three major genera of mycotoxin producing fungi?
aspergillus, penicillium, fusarium
What are 5 characteristics for selecting lipid antioxidants?
1. Non-toxic 2. No flavor or odor 3. Fat soluble 4. Anti-oxidant activity 5. Economic
This food of animal origin is considered the gold standard for protein digestibility other than mother's milk?
Egg
The following are all types of which fruit? Comiuce, Forelle, seckel, Concorde and red Bartlett?
Pears
What are the x and y axes in isotherm water activity chart?
X: Aw, Y: moisture.
What is mass balance? Why is it important?
Input-output=accumulation, and in a steady state process accumulation = 0 so: mass in =mass out
What leavening agent is used in american waffles?
Baking powder
What is an indicator organism in food microbiology?
an indicator of sanitary conditions
what does the abbreviation related to shellfish toxin NSP stand for?
NSP is Neurotoxin Shellfish Poisoning
What enzyme is different between wheat and rye?
Amylase
How long does it take for a hen to produce an egg and how much time elapses between production cycles?
A hen requires 24 to 26 hours to produce an egg. Thirty minutes later, she starts all over again.
Why does water heat rapidly in a microwave oven?
Water is a dipole molecule. As the microwave field oscillates, the dipole of water will try to oscillate to follow the field
Citrus HLB is a bacterial disease. What does it stand for?
Huanglongbing or citrus greening
What is a component of garlic that has antioxidant properties?
allicin
Why do apples float when immersed in water?
they are 25% air.
Does kosmotropic ion discourage water structure?
No
Genera for Downy Mildew disease.
Sclerospora bremia
What main agency is charged with enforcing standards that limit exposure to ionizing radiation?
US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
What is the name of the connective tissue layers surrounding muscle bundle, muscle fibers and sarcolemma?
endomysium
What fruit is Spain most famous for?
Tomatoes
Define enhancement in the context of the interaction of stimuli presented simultaneously as mixtures.
The effect created when one substance increasing the perceived intensity of a second substance.
Which unit of electricity measures the number of electrons moving through a wire?
Ampere
When is the first instant noodle introduced to the world? Also, who invented this?
Instant noodles were invented by Taiwan-born inventor Momofuku Ando in Japan. They were first marketed on August 25, 1958, by Ando's company Nissin under the brand name Chikin Ramen.
Strawberry botanical name?
Fragaria × ananassa [Rosaceae (Rose)]
What is the most abundant pigment in egg yolk?
Lutein
which mycotoxin is produced by Aspergillus flavus?
aflatoxin
What foods need to be processed by retorting or pressure cooking the product under anaerobic conditions?
Low acid, high pH foods.
What are four parameters that affect the efficiency of a lye peeling operation?
Concentration of lye, time used, temperature of the solution, lye and peel removal systems
What is the full form of TA wrt food analysis?
Titratable Acidity
In the Code of Federal Regulations, give the titles that relate to food products.
21, 9, 7, 50, 27
List 3 methods to measure the molecular weight of polysaccharides.
osmotic pressure, light scattering, NMR, gel electrophoresis, size-exclusion chromatography(SEC)
Q: What food related act was signed into law by the president on november 9, 1990?
A: The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990.
What is freeze concentration?
Freeze concentration is fundamentally a crystallization and separation process. It involves partial freezing of product and removal of ice crystals.
HFCS sweetness increases as you increase DE?
No, DE refers to reducing power; since fructose is not reducing and sweeter than glucose, less DE means sweeter.
What does AMS (in USDA) stand for?
Agricultural Marketing Service
To what temperature must milk be cooled within 2 hours of milking?
7°C (45°F)
Fat free:
: less than 0.5g fat/serving or per 100g
What type of analysis estimates the "moisture", "crude fat", "crude protein", "ash" and "carbohydrate by difference" in a food product?
Proximate analysis
What are the disadvantages of drum drying?
some products may not form good film on surface, products with high sugar content may not be easily scrapped off, relatively low throughput compared to spray drying, high cost of changing drum surface b/c of machining that required, possible scorching of the product to impart cooked flavor and off-color due to direct contact with high temp surface
What does it mean when pectin is classified as 150-grade?
the pectin will gel 150lbs of sugar w/ 1lb of pectin
What genus/species of bacteria does the McBride Agar select for?
Listeria Monocytogenes
What instrument is used for dough-mixer to measure torque?
Farinograph
What are the three major classes of lipids and give an example of each?
Simple lipids - acylglycerols, waxes; Compound lipids - phospholipids, cerebrosides, gangliosides; Derived lipids - carotenoids, steroids, fat-soluble vitamins.
Halo effect in sensory means?
Subjects rate the same attributes when they appear in a series of questions differently from when they were asked separately/ One possitive/negative attribute of a sample affects the rating of other aspects.
Give five types of RNA.
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, small nuclear RNA, regulatory RNA, ribozymes, double stranded RNA, signal recognition particle RNA, transfer messenger RNA
What are good sources of Vitamin K?
green vegetables such as spinach and cabbage
TWEEN belongs to which group of food additives?
Emulsifiers
From what plant were broccoli and cauliflower bred?
Cabbage
Top 3 microbial causes of foodborne illnesses.
Norovirus, salmonella, clostridium perfringes
Define Z-value.
Degrees Fahrenheit required for a thermal destruction curve to traverse one log cycle. ( Temperature dependence of D value)
What is the most hydrophilic protein in casein micelle?
Kappa
What are the 4P of food marketing?
Place, price, promotion, product
What are the (3-4) benefits of using SO2 in dehydration processing?
SO2 pasteurization, prevention of enzymatic browning, prevention of non-enzymatic browning, retention of Vitamin C.
What is Coulomb's law?
The electrical force between two charges of magnitude Q1 and Q2 separated by a distance r in vacuum is; f = k(Q1*Q2)/r^2) where k= 1/(4*pi*epsilon naught)
What are the three steps of Kjeldahl method?
Digestion, distillation, titration
What are the two general types of adulteration of foods?
economic adulteration; addition of foreign material
Which of the following is NOT an analytical sensory test? a. Acceptability, b. Triangle, c. Descriptive, d. Difference from the Control
Acceptability
what are the 2 main components of food that absorb far-IR energy?
water and organic compounds (such as proteins and starches)
What compound is the precursor to glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway in respiration of plant tissues?
Glucose-6-phosphate.
What is angular velocity?
change in angle divided by time taken. When angular velocity of a rotating object is in radians per second, the linear speed v of a point on the object given by v=ωr, often rotational speeds are given as N rev/min
What is the most common method of goose preparation?
Roast goose
What is the inverse of attenuation factor?
penetration depth
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C) of 1938
ensure consumers that foods are safe and wholesome, produced under sanitary conditions and packaged/labeled truthfully.
How many carbons are contained in erucic acid?
22
What size is the standard GMA pallet?
40 in. x 48 in. or 48 in. x 40 in.
When you open a bottle of carbonated beverage and listen to the hiss of escaping carbon dioxide, you are observing the consequence of what physical law?
Henry's law.
Give me four reasons why compounds are micro encapsulated?
Increase bioavailability, delayed release, stability, to protect (to protect reactive substances from the environment To convert liquid active components into a dry solid system to separate incompatible components for functional reasons to mask undesired properties of the active components to protect the immediate environment of the Microcapsule in capsules from the active components, and then the controlled release or delayed release)
Describe Clostridium Botulinum
Grows in anaerobic conditions, grows in low acid foods, produces a deadly toxin.
Mozzarella cheese is now commonly made with cow's milk. Traditionally, mozzarella was made from what type of milk and in what country?
A. Buffalo's milk in Italy
______ was the inventor of chewing gum
Thomas Adams
According to the federal regulations, what food product open dating terms is required for frankfurter packages? A.sell by, B.use by, C.best if used by, or D.none of the above
D. none is required. product dating is voluntary and not required by federal regulations
What sweetener is a trichloro derivative of galactosucrose, and has 600 times the sweetness of sucrose?
Sucralose.
From what amino acid is serotonin derived?
L-tryptophan
Which food component is used to accurately determine digestibility? Lipid, amino acid, fiber
Fiber
If you have a method that you want to use to measure % fat in a product and it is not AOAC approved, how would you determine if it is accurate?
Take known fat percentages and run them with the method to perform a standard curve so that you can determine the linear range of your method and assure its accuracy
What type of flour is also known as "high gluten flour"?
Bread Flour
What is the function of heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria in fermented dairy foods?
A. Production of flavor compounds (homofermenters primarily increase acidity)
What corn derivative is one of the most commonly used sweetners in the food industry?
High frutose corn syrup (HFCS)
What are the six classes of IFT membership?
Premier, premier early carrier, networking and engagement, international joint membership, emeritus, student
What is the primary protein in the thin filament of a muscle?
actin
which of the following is NOT a globular protein: A.myoglobin, B.collagen, C.amylase, or D.pepsin?
B. collagen
Which of the following examples of browning is enzymatic in nature? 1. Browning of sugars as a result of heating 2. Browning of freshly cut surfaces of fruits and vegetables 3. Browning of bread during toasting 4. Browning of potato chips
Browning of freshly cut surfaces of fruits and vegetables.
Apart from carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen, which other gas is allowed in some countries for MAP?
Carbon Monoxide
What is the term 'Lees' wrt wine production?
The material that settles at the bottom of the fermentation tank/barrel
What is the 4D concept in meat inspection (what does it remove from the meat industry)?
Dead, Dying, Diseased, and Disabled animals are not allowed to enter commerce.
What is defined as any substance or agent present in food in an amount that renders the food unacceptable or potentially harmful to consumers?
contaminant or adulterant
If temperature increases, a PP film will melt and vaporize into PP molecules.
FALSE.
The rheological expression describing the force which must be applied before a substance will flow freely is called what?
Yield stress
if the total plate count is 500 CFU/ml, with the generation time of 30 min., what will the total plate count be after 3 hours?
32,000 CFU/ml
What is the number one disease-related cause of death in the United States: A.Heart Disease, B.Lung Disease, C.cancer, or D.stroke?
A. Heart disease
Rank the following foods by vitamin C content from highest content to lowest: Red bell pepper, broccoli, orange, potato, banana
-Red bell pepper (152 mg) -Broccoli (132 mg) -Orange (51 mg) -Potato (42 mg) -Banana (10 mg)
Name genus and species of most common mango fruit.
Mangifera indica
What is the amount of energy to raise the temperature of 2 grams of water from 14.5 deg C to 15.5 deg C?
2 cal
Give three advantages of coextrusion films over laminates.
Lower cost, thinner, easier to use, layers do not separate.
Name the year that astronauts first ate food that had been successfully grown in space.
2015 (Red Romaine Lettuce)
What are some positive effects of precooling of fruit and vegetables?
slow degradation, reduce wilting, slow rotting
What are the 3 main steps of the original Kjeldahl method for measuring protein content?
digestion, neutralization and distillation, titration
The finest light microscope equipped with an Abbe refractometer can be used to observe viruses (True/False)
False
What is the logarithm of 1?
0
What phase transition takes place at dew point?
Condensation
potassium bicarbonate, ammonicum bicarbonate, and sodium bicarbonates are examples of what type of leavening agent?
Leavening Bases
Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, are cheese starter organisms. Which of them has the highest temperature for optimum growth?
A. Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus
A force of 60 kg m/s^2 is applied to a body with a mass of 2 kg. What is the acceleration?
30 m/s^2 (F = mass x acceleration)
What is the fruit with highest protein and oil content?
Avocado
The normal pH range of post-rigor pork muscle is: a. 7.2-7.0 b. 6.0-5.8 c. 5.4-5.6 d. 5.2-5.0
c. 5.4 - 5.6.
The parasitic organism commonly associated with undercooked pork is killed at what temperature?
137 ℉.
What is the name of chicken breed from Massachusetts used for both their meat and egg?
Plymouth Rock
(True/False) Aflatoxin is produced by a mold
True
What is the role of tannins in wine?
Chemical substance that imparts bitterness or astringency to a wine, these also act as antioxidants in wine to prevent acetic acid production
What is the lifespan of a taste bud?
7 days
True/False: the adult Recommended Daily Allowance is 13-20mg/day for niacin, depending on age and gender.
True
Pomology is a science of?
Fruits
Describe the difference between a béchamel and a velouté sauce.
Béchamel: Uses cream as a base; Velouté: Uses stock or broth as a base
How can cuts of meat be recognized?A.color, B.pork cuts are always smaller than beef cuts, C.amount of fat present, or D.color, size of cut, and bone structure
D. color, size of cut, and bone structure identifies meat cuts
The familiar frozen orange juice packages, the Pringles potato chip container, and the brik-pak packages are all what type of container?
Composite containers or laminates
Name a salt soluble meat protein.
myosin, actin
What term describes properties of a material, such as density, temperature, and pressure that do not depend upon the mass of the system?
Intensive properties or intrinsic properties
What is malt?
Sprouted grains, usually barley.
Name a bacteriocin approved for use in the US.
nisin
Name a milk protein that is expressed in plants.
-β-casein -lactoferrin -lysozyme -ɑ-1-antitrypsin
Min fat % according to SOI: Butter, whole milk, cottage cheese, cream cheese
butter: 80%, whole milk: 3.25%, cream cheese: 33%, cottage cheese: 4%
Coconut palm botanical name?
Cocos nucifera
According to the guidelines for the 1990 Nutrition Labelling and Education Act product label, which vitamins and minerals must be listed?
Calcium, Iron, Vitamin A and Vitamin C
What is the difference between a weiner and a frank?
a weiner can be a mixture of meats, but a frank must only be what is on the label (example: beef franks)
Which is the most oxygen permeable food packaging material? Polyethylene, Nylon, or saran wrap
Polyethylene
Name the tiny songbird currently illegal to prepare in France. These birds were generally caught alive, drowned in Armagnac, cooked, and then eaten with a napkin over one's head.
Ortolan
Give the name and type of food borne illness where the pathogens are consumed, take up residence in the intestinal walls and produce a toxin inside the body, and give an example
food toxicoinfection.. E. coli O157: H7
What color is the USDA inspection legend, or inspection seal, on horse meat?
Green
How many D-values are required for an acid canning process?
Five
Xenobiotic definition?
substances that are foreign to the body or to an ecological system
What bacon refers to the back of the pig near its head?
Collar
In material/energy balance for continuous processes, what must also be considered?
time
The USDA Farm Service Agency was founded in 1935. It has undergone many name changes. List 4 of its previous names.
Farm security administration, resettlement administration, commodity stabilization service, agricultural stabilization and conservation service, consolidated farm service agency
What is the color associated with fast twitch muscles?
white
Name a group of microaerophilic bacteria used in dairy food.
A. Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, or Leuconostoc
What does "nut" in doughnut stand for?
small rounded cake (cookie)
What chemical compound is determined as an indicator of maillard browning?
hydroxymethylfurfural
What are the substrates for soy sauce?
soybean, water, salt, wheat
Which of the following is NOT part of a can's double seam? a. cover hook; b. body hook; c. overlap; d. cover slip
d. cover slip
What are the two roles of salt in bread making?
changes taste, effects rheological properties by making dough stronger
The gold or golden-brown color of Matnakash bread is obtained how?
Coating the surface with sweet tea powder before baking.
What temp is required by the FDA to kill E. coli 0157:H7 in restaurant cooking of hamburgers?
155°F
What is the genus and species of pigs?
Sus Scrofa
The Boston butt cut comes from what body region?
Upper shoulder
Shigellosis is caused by the bacteria Shigella. What common practice can greatly reduce your chances of contracting Shigellosis?
hand washing
What are the X and Y axis on a lineWeaver Burk plot?
X=1/[S] (substrate concentration) and Y=1/v (velocity (reaction speed)
How thick is 16-point paperboard?
0.016 inches
What law describes the theoretical spectral distribution for the emissive power of a black body?
Planck law
What is cooking loss percentage of a roast that had a raw weight of 20 lbs and a cooked weight of 15 lbs?
cooking loss % = (cooked weight/raw weight) = 25 %
When were small food processing plants (10-499 employees) required by USDA to implement HACCP?
January 1999.
How do Eutectic plate systems work?
A frozen salt solution at its eutectic temperature - water and salt form a single phase or a solid solution. Solution melts at its eutectic temperature and heat is removed from the environment and provides refrigeration. (Potassium bicarbonate, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, and sodium chloride). Temperature range: -5 to -21 C / air circulate across eutectic plates into the refrigerated chamber this provides refrigeration.
What process in cheesemaking turns lactose to lactic acid?
Coagulation
What is Newtonian fluids?
Fluids that show a linear relationship between shear stress and shear rate.
Black bread, pumpernickel, and roggelcehn are examples of what types of bread?
Rye Bread
What does G.T.R. stand for in food packaging?
Gas Transmission Rate
Name 2 chemical agents used to accelerate bleaching of wheat flour.
chlorine dioxide (widely used), and benzoyl peroxide
Give an example of a savory custard.
Quiche, chawanmushi
A Brik-pak is an example of what general class of packaging material?
A laminate
How is volatile acidity measured?
A. Steam distillation and titration
What is the z value?
Degrees Fahrenheit required for a thermal destruction curve to traverse one log cycle.
In different situations, the term 'ounces' can refer to different types of measurements; what are the 2 general categories ounces may measure.
Weight and Volume
What is the former name of Dunkin Donuts?
Open Kettle
What icing contains cocoa butter?
Couveture
Give any two factors that affect egg foaming ability.
pH, sugars, contamination with yolk, age of the egg, etc.
What is the latin name of chickens?
Gallus domesticus
What is the cause of the stale flavor in milk?
Oxidation
In the SI system (Systeme International d'Unites) what are the units applied to the following seven dimensions or measurements? Length, Mass, Time, Electric current, Thermodynamic temperature, Amount of substance, Luminous intensity.
Length-Meter; Mass-Kilogram; Time-Second; Electric current-Ampere; Thermodynamic temperature-Kelvin; Amount of substance-mole; Luminous intensity-candela
What is the Westphal balance used to measure
Specific gravity
Which of the following ingredients are most responsible for myofibrillar protein solubilization during sausage processing? A.nitrite anderythorbate B.salt and phosphate C.glucono delta lactone and nonfat dry milk D.spices
B. salt and phosphate
Name two genera of microorganisms that are important in the process of nitrogen fixation in leguminous plants.
Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium
What is the principle flavor compound in hazelnuts?
Filbertone
One of the benefits of IFT professional membership is the ability to apply for CFS status. What does CFS stand for?
Certified Food Scientist
Carotenoid color is destroyed during processing and storage by what two molecular changes?
oxidation and isomerization of the double bonds
What food related act was signed into law by the President on November 9, 1990?
The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990
What is the difference between ground beef and ground sirloin?
Ground beef costs less because it may be 27 to 30 percent fat and from any part of the beef carcass. Ground sirloin is generally higher priced and has the lowest fat content (10 percent) and must be from sirloin.
What temperature type of sensor is based on the effect of a junction between two different metals that produce a voltage that increases with temperature?
thermocouple
Cherokee Purple, Brandywine, Ferris Wheel, Lucky Cross and Rosella purple are all types of which fruit or vegetable?
tomatoes (they are all heirloom varieties)
What milk product did the USDA propose as a substitute for meat in school lunches in 1996?
yogurt
The uncurling of tea leaves when hot water is poured on is called?
The agony of leaves
What is the name for the Fresh Cheese that translates to "White Cheese" in French?
Fromage Blanc
What percentage of salt is ideal for making sauerkraut?
2.25-3%
What is the stress needed before a substance flow?
Yield stress
Fourier's law is the fundamental differential equation for heat transfer by conduction. For the steady flow of heat, this equation reads q= KA(delta)T. What does K stand for in this equation?
Thermal conductivity (of the material through which the heat is flowing)
What is the small electronic device on packaging to track package data?
RFID
What is the genus and species of the organism responsible for potato famine?
Phytophthora infestans
What is the overall heat transfer coeffiecent?
Q=Asteam hsteam(ΔT) then conduction through wall then Q=Ajuice hjuice(ΔT) where h is the convective heat transfer coefficient , can combined and get Q=AU(Tsteam-T) where U = overall hear transfer coefficient, it is a combination of conduction and convection (convection heat transfer coefficent and thermal conductivity)
Name 3 components of a freeze-drier
condensor, vacuum pump, heat source
Which statement is false about cholesterol: A.Ch is a sterol found in all animal tissue, B.is a saturated animal fat that clogs arteries, C. is used by the body to make bile salts to aid in fat digestion, or D.is used by the body to make hormones?
B. cholesterol is a saturated animal fat that clogs arteries.
Half is half signals half and half of what two ingredients?
Heavy Cream and Milk
What is hydrogen swell?
when a canned high-acid food product attacks the metal lining of the can and releases hydrogen gas.
HAACP was originally developed for food used in the space program through a cooperative effort among three government programs and which of the following 4 companies? a) Kraft Foods; b) The Pillsbury Company; c) A.E. Staley; d) General Mills
b) The Pillsbury Company
What food product is glycinin and conglycinin the main proteins in?
Soy protein
How many polypeptide chains make up an antibody?
Four
What is the difference between food infection and food intoxication?
Intoxication: Toxin is produced in the food before it is ingested. Infection: Viable cells must be consumed and the pathogens must grow inside the body to cause symptoms
Why does water have a high specific heat?
Stabilizing effect of hydrogen bonding
What type of parasite will not survive if it is not living on a host plant?
Obligate parasite
What is the air cell of an egg?
The empty space formed at the large end of the egg
name 3 fungal genuses that produce mycotoxins.
Penicillium, Fusarium, Aspergillus
What effect does temperature difference between food and retort have on the time?
higher difference between retort and food, faster heat transfer
Name five trace minerals needed in the diet.
Iron – Essential for oxygen transport in the blood (hemoglobin) and energy production. Zinc – Important for immune function, protein synthesis, and wound healing. Copper – Needed for iron absorption, red blood cell production, and antioxidant functions. Manganese – Plays a role in bone formation, blood clotting, and metabolism. Iodine – Essential for thyroid hormone production, which regulates metabolism. Selenium – Acts as an antioxidant and supports immune function. Chromium – Important for regulating blood sugar and insulin function. Molybdenum – Plays a role in enzyme functions and the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids. Fluoride – Helps in the formation of bone and teeth, and prevents dental cavities.
Egg albumen, or egg white, is a 10% solution of various proteins. What are the three major structural proteins of egg albumen?
Ovalbumin, conalbumin, ovomucoid.
Grams of sucrose per 100g of sample is the definition of what?
Brix
Clostridium botulinum produces one of the most potent heat-stable neurotoxins that can kill a susceptible person in minute quantities (True/False)
False
Another name for triacylglycerol is?
Triglycerides
What is the difference between active and passive MAP?
Passive= atmosphere is modified at manufacture;Active= gas needs to reach a steady state over time
which of these methods will remove metal ions: A.microfiltration, B.ultrafiltration, C.reverse osmosis, or D.nanofiltration?
C. reverse osmosis
The temperature at which the water vapor in the air under a constant barometric pressure will condense into liquid water is called?
the dew point
List two maturing agents that might be added to flour.
Potassium bromate (KBr) and azodicarbonamide (ADA).
According to WHO Food and agriculture organization, most commonly consumed meat in world? Chicken, goat/sheep, beef, pork
Pork
What are the precursors of apocarotenoids?
carotenoids
A characteristic of an "emetic" form is that it causes nausea but not ...
diarrhea
What is the pungent factor in mustard seed, cabbage and horseradish?
sinigrin
What are the class of food pigments which have similar structure and properties to anthocyanins, but are yellow in color called?
Flavonoids
What is the name of the vitamin C deficiency disease?
Scurvy
The process by which a chemical compound is split into other simpler compounds by the elements of water, as in manufacture of infant formulas, to produce easier-to-digest derivatives of the main protein (casein) on the cow's milk base?
Hydrolysis
A unit of lethality can be expressed as which of the following? (a) The time needed to reduce the bacterial load by a 1 log cycle reduction; (b) The heat kill equivalent to 1 min. at 121ºC against an organism with an 18º z-valve; (c) The number of organisms destroyed during a thermal process; (d) All of the above
(b) The heat kill equivalent to 1 min. at 121ºC against an organism with an 18º z-valve
What is the predominant emulsifier found in the yolk of an egg?
Lecithin (Phosphatidyl choline)
For the following saturated fatty acids, give the systematic name or molecular formula: Palmitic acid, Stearic acid and acetic acid
palmitic: n-hexadecanoic, C16 H32 O2; acetic acid: Ethanoic acid C2 H4 O2; Stearic acid: Octadecanoic acid, C18 H36 O2
What 1967 act specifies that all meat sold must have been slaughtered and processed at a facility that was federally inspected or inspected in a state whose meat inspection laws were as strict as federal standards?
Wholesome Meat Act
What is the standard agricultural unit of dry volume measure in the U.S. and England?
Bushel
What vegetable yields the most pounds of produce per acre?
Cabbage
What is another name for phosphatidylcholine?
Lecithin
Give 3 examples where enzymes are measured as an indication of quality or as a processing efficiency check.
Lypoxytenase=Blanchiing; Peroxidase=blanching; Alkaline Phosphatase=milk pasteurization; alpha-amylase=starch quality; rennet=curd production efficiency
What vitamin deficiencies caused the following deficiencies: scurvy, Berry, Berry and pellagra?
Answer: Scurvy: Vitamin c, Berry Berry: Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Pellagra : niacin (vitamin B3)
What is the name of bacon coming from the belly of the pork?
Side Bacon
What pigments are responsible for colors ranging from yellow to orange and red in fruits and vegetables?
Carotenoids.
What compound is responsible for spoiled fish odor?
trimethylamines
Which group of pathogenic bacteria is most often responsible for traveler's diarrhea?
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
What is the most prudent and practical means of processing milk in third-world countries?
Ultra-high temperature (UHT).
Name three pointers to avoid salmonella.
1. Wash your hands carefully before handling food. 2. Clean the cutting board and use a sanitizing solution, before and after use. 3. Heating foods to at least 155 F. 4. Refrigerate or freeze leftovers immediately. 5. Keep pet feeding dishes and toys out of the kitchen.
Potassium sorbate can be applied to sausage casings before or after stuffing to retard what?
Yeast, Molds, and select bacteria
What's the Hungarian word for red peppers? What is the common name of the GRAS-classified substance (under spices, and other natural seasonings and flavorings) whose botanical name is Capsicum annum?
Paprika
Convert 298 K to Celcius degrees.
25°C
Name 5 unripened cheeses.
Ricotta, Cottage Cheese, Mozzarella, Cream Cheese, Mascarpone, Feta, and Quark
How many essential amino acids are required by adults?
9
What is the name of the fruit that is described as a seeded apple?
pomegranate
Sodium nitrite is used in making some processed meats because it: A.inhibits growth of botulinum toxin, B.is a curing agent that contributes to the flavor and texture of bacon, ham, and sausage products, C.fixes the meat color, or D.all of the above.
D. all of the above.
A muffle furnace is used in which constituent of proximate analysis?
Ash
Give two examples of yeast-lactic fermented milk products.
A. Kefir and Koumis
Name three water-soluble antioxidants.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid), Glutathione, Polyphenols, Beta-glucans, Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin), Carotenoids (e.g., lutein, zeaxanthin), Uric Acid, Selenium (in selenoproteins), Taurine, L-carnitine
What are the different categories of food processing technologies?
Food preservation, separation, congregation
Cabbage, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kai-lan, savoy botanical name?
Brassica oleracea [Brassicaceae (Mustard)]
What food color requires mandatory labeling?
All of them
Give another name for the Couette viscometer?
Concentric cylinder
Which plant is utilized for extraction of linseed oil?
flax seed
What does CFSAN stand for?
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
Polyvinylidene chloride was the original name for this product that was created in 1942.
Saran wrap
What words does the acronym VPP represent in meat processing?
a Verified Premium Plus
Which annual celebration of Bavarian beer and culture attracts millions of visitors to Germany each year?
Oktoberfest
What is another name for the Carnauba wax?
Brazil wax, palm wax, "queen of waxes"
What does NACMCF stand for?
National Advisory Council on Microbial Criteria for Foods
Iron can be found in 2 different forms in food. What are these 2 forms and what types of foods are they found in?
Heme – animals Non-heme - plants
What is the most commonly used polymer in the food industry?
polyethylene
What is the term given to the contents of the GI tract at the time of slaughter and affects dressing percentage more than most other factors?
fill
What is the name of the law that states that "the total pressure in a gas phase is equal to the sum of partial pressures of the components?"
Dalton's Law
The Mcllhenny company, a producer of tabasco is located on which island?
Avery island
Give an example of a flexible package.
Paper Bottle, plastic film, or aluminum foil
How has the Food Quality Protection Act changed food regulations?
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will change how they evaluate pesticides in setting tolerances for raw agricultural commodities. Pesticides will no longer be subject to the strict zero tolerance of the Delaney Clause.
Give 5 examples of quick breads.
Examples of quick breads (leavened with baking powder, baking soda, or steam instead of yeast) include: Banana Bread, Pumpkin Bread, Zucchini Bread, Cornbread, Soda Bread, Biscuits, Muffins, Scones, Pancakes, Waffles, Coffee Cake, Doughnuts (cake-style), Popovers
what pigment gives the orange color to carrots and corn?
carotene
Name 5 sources of tea other than camelia sinensis.
Lavender, Daisies, Chrysanthenum, Ginger, Rosemary, Hibiscus, Chamomile, Peppermint, Rose hip, Lemongrass, Passionflower, Butterfly pea flower, lemon balm
Which additive is used to prevent the formation of nitrosamines in cured meats?
Erythorbate or ascorbate
What does HACCP stand for?
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
What pasta dish went viral on TikTok in 2021?
Baked feta pasta
Which US state, the leading producer of potatoes, celebrates Spud Day every year?
Idaho
The structural unit of edible portions of fruits and vegetables is called ___.
A parenchyma cell
what state does the milk protein casein occur in milk, and what is its Zeta potential?
casein occurs in colloidal dispersion phase in milk. Its zeta potential is about 18mV
What is meant by the "signature line" on a package?
the name and address of manufacturer, distributor or importer
What is the common flavor defect found in milk exposed to light?
Light oxidized flavor
What is the chemical name for the original saran wrap product?
Polyvinylidene chloride
When viewed under a microscope after gram staining, gram negative bacteria appear what color?
Red
On September 30, 1985, IFT's OSPA became a functioning entity, one of whose objectives was to establish IFT as the authoritative source of information on Food Science and Technology. What exactly do the initials OSPA stand for?
Office of Scientific Public Affairs.
The average American consumes how many pounds of refined sugar per year: A.65, B.85, C.100, or D.120?
A. 65 lbs
With respect to food processing, what is SS 316?
SS 316 is a food grade austenitic stainless steels
Organic material that is not digested by boiling 1.25% sodium hydroxide and 1.25% sulfuric acid is called what?
Crude fiber
What is the function of EDTA and SAP in foods?
chelating agent, sequestrant
What organic solvent is used to extract oil from oil seeds?
hexane
During the Middle Ages, candy moved from what kind of base to a sugar base?
Honey
What is Secondary/malolactic fermentation in wine production?
Performed by Leuconostoc oenos, used in all red wines, some white
What are crisp cookies known as in countries outside North America?
Biscuits
Freezing temperatures stop bacterial growth, but may allow bacteria to survive.
True
What happens to a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
a catalyst can increase the rate of a reaction but the catalyst itself remains unchanged
Name one of the 3 most popular condiments in German restaurants?
Mustard, Horseradish, Würze, Curry, Ketchup, Sauces
C20:4n6 represents which fatty acid?
(unsaturated fatty acid) arachidonic acid (from elongating linoleic acid)
What hormone lowers glucose levels? Unlike glucose and fructose, xylitol can be metabolized in the human body independently of what hormone? What substance did Canadians Charles Best and Frederick Banting discover in 1922 while studying the pancreas of dogs?
Insulin
What are the Three Laws of Thermodynamics?
1st law - conservation of energy; 2nd law - in any spontaneous process there is an increase in the entropy of the universe; 3rd law - entropy of a perfect crystal at 0 Kelvin is zero
Which food group has the most nitrates?
Vegetables
Name two factors that determine meat quality grade.
Marbling and maturity
What is the depression below the rim of a metal can called?
Countersink
List the common flour products in order from least to greatest amount of protein: pastry flour, all-purpose flour, cake flour, and bread flour.
Cake Flour (6–8%) Pastry Flour (8–9%) All-Purpose Flour (10–12%) Bread Flour (12–14%)
With which of the following cooking methods would you obtain the greatest non-enzymatic browning: braising, grilling, or stewing?
Braising
What was the first state law against adulteration and when and where was it enacted?
Massachusettes Act Against Selling Unwholesome Provisions in 1785
What are the two major whey proteins in milk and what percentage of total milk protein do they make up together?
Beta-lactoglobulin & alpha-lactalbumin; together they make up about 20% of milk proteins.
What is the difference between a foam and an aerosol dispersion system?
foam – inner phase is gaseous, outer phase is liquid Aerosol – inner phase is liquid or solid, outer phase is gaseous.
What does WOG stand for in poultry?
Without giblets
The fatback of the pork is used to create what type of fat?
Lard
Identify the name of this sensory test: five samples are presented and panelists are instructed that two are of one kind and three are of another. The panelists are then asked to identify the two different samples.
Two out of five test
What are the usual components of baking powder?
A carbonate (usually sodium bicarbonate) and an acid.
In the 2022 Food Code by FDA this term means a point or procedure in a specific food system where loss of control may result in an unacceptable health risk.
Critical Control Point.
What does NIST stand for?
National Institute of Standards and Technology (US Department of Commerce)
What is the purpose of a deaerator in an aseptic processing system?
to remove air and prevent lipid oxidation as the product temperature is increased during the process
You have a new recipe for a salad dressing for Caesar salad that calls for an egg. The egg acts as an emulsifier. What is the phospholipid that acts as an emulsifier in egg yolk?
Lecithin
What enzyme is responsible for the development of garlic aroma upon cutting or cellular damage?
Allinase
Name three substances that make up dietary fiber
Lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, B-glucan, pectic substances, mucilages
Name 2 natural surfactants.
lecithin, whey protein
What is the water activity for minimal problems in a package?
0.2-0.3
What causes swelling in cans?
Enterobacteria
What is the botanical term for certain plants belonging to the mustard family, such as broccoli and cauliflower, so-called because of the cross-like leaf markings?
Cruciferous
Falling number measures the activity of which enzyme in cereals?
amylase
What are the two main lactic acid bacteria used for yogurt production?
Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus
What enzyme is used to tenderize meat?
Papain
which of the following does NOT generally have moisture loss as a mechanism of deterioration: A.fresh vegetables, B.RTE salads, C.Ambient packaged cakes, or D.potato chips?
D. potato chips
by definition, an alpha-helix peptide chain contains how many amino acid residues per turn?
3.6
What is Heat Capacity?
Heat Capacity (cp): is the amount of heat necessary for a unit mass of substance to change its temperature by one degree. Heat capacity is really a measure of how fast we can heat or cool a material.
Transporter that lies on the basolateral membrane of enterocytes and facilitates the movement of hexoses to the portal blood?
GLUT2.
What are the 3 forms of water in food?
Free water, adsorbed water, and water of hydration
What food process resembles blood clotting?
Curd formation
Give the plant source for any one of the following enzymes: ficin, papain, and bromelin
ficin: fig tree sap papain: papaya bromelin: pineapple
SI unit for Power & dimensions
W (J/s)
Name the three components that make up the granules portion of the egg yolk after centrifugation.
Lipovitellin (or HDL's) - 70%, phosvitin - 16%, and LDLg (granular low-density lipoproteins) - 12%
What does “GRAS” stand for?
generally recognized as safe
what foods are good sources of zinc?
oysters (best). Also meat, eggs, dairy, and legumes
What is the full form of R&D?
Research and Development
Name two representative myofibrillar (salt-soluble) proteins in meat.
Actin, Myosin (Troponin, Tropomyosin)
Describe the plot of the sheer force vs viscosity for the following: Newtonian, Pseudoplastic, Thixotrophic
Newtonian: Viscosity increases proportionally with sheer force; Pseudoplastic: Viscosity decreases with increasing shear stress; Thixotropic:
Name the three parts of small intestine.
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
What syrup most commonly used in food?
High fructose corn syrup
What is the italian term for the top of the pork shoulder?
Coppa
what is 'ice wine'?
wine produced from frozen grapes, w/o thawing
What is a Disc bowl centrifuge?
for sub-micron particles, designed to maximize the surface area for separation, thus providing the most cost effective separation solution, applications (fish, olive oil, breweries, wineries, jucies)
What are the country of origins of the following beers? Sapporo, Heiniken, Molson, Bass
Sapporo – Japan, Heiniken – Netherlands, Molson – Canada, Bass - Germany
Which cows produce milk with a higher fat content: Holsteins or Jerseys?
Jerseys
What is the name of the german doughnut without a hole and jam in the center?
Berliner
What is catabolism and anabolism?
catabolism is breakdown of complex organic molecules releasing energy. Anabolism is synthesis of cell constituents from simpler molecules, usually requiring energy.
What style of danishes are made in Sweden?
Spandeur
When working with data, what is the measure of dispersion or variation in a group of scores?
Standard Deviation
What two common compounds are used together as an antioxidative system in food?
Ascorbic Acid and Citric Acid
What are surfactants?
Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids, between a gas and a liquid, or between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants.
What are the 4 major fat depots in a steer?
back fat, seam fat, marbling, KPH (kidney, pelvic, heart)
Original root used for root beer that is not used anymore because of toxin?
Sassafras and safrole.
which part of the chicken has more calories: dark or white meat?
dark meat
What oxidizing agent is used to sterilize aseptic packaging material?
Hydrogen peroxide (also, but not oxidizing agents, include steam, iodophors, heat, irradiation)
What is the main ingredient of tortilla azul?
Blue corn masa
There are 3 saturated sugar solutions: fructose, glucose, sucrose. List the order in which sugars would crystallize.
sucrose(doesn't mutarotae), glucose, fructose
What is the value that refers to the amount of time required to reduce the number of microorganisms by 1 log cycle?
D-value
What restaurant chain popularized the short spelling version of doughnuts?
Dunkin Donuts
What are psychrotrophs?
Psychrotrophs are cold-tolerant bacteria or archaea that have the ability to grow at low temperatures, but have optimal and maximal growth temperatures above 15 and 20°C, respectively.
What type of flour has the highest protein content?
Semolina flour
Name 3 enzymes that work on pectin.
Polygalacturonase, Pectin lyase, Pectin methyl easterase
what is the most common method for measurement of acidity?
titration
When was the "food guide pyramid" unveiled by the secretary of agriculture Edward Madigan?
April 1992
What are the 4 basic tissues in the body basic in the body?
Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, Muscle
JAR in sensory stands for?
Just about right
Sugar provides flavor and volume, improves texture and increases tenderness and browning in baked goods.
True
Name 5 vegetables that contain phytoestrogens.
beans, soy products, peas, lentils, whole grains, flaxseed, rye, millet.
The protein that is about 58% of all egg white protein is called _____
ovalbumin
name 3 necessary elements of proper refrigeration.
constant temp, humidity control, and air circulation
The enzyme used to de-sugar or de-glucose eggs is what?
Glucose oxidase
What time and temperature combo for food service operators to safely cool cooked foods?
7°C in 2 hours, 41°C in 4 hours
What does MRS stand for?
de Mann-Rogosa Sharp
What is the full form of NIR?
Near Infrared
What genus and species is used in the manufacture of blue cheese?
Penicillium roqueforti
In 1990, Hershey sent 144,000 heat-resistant candy bars to soldiers in which war?
Desert Storm
Who administers the ServSafe exam?
The National Restaurant Association
Which fruit/ vegetable is known as gator legs?
avocado
How do the roles of consumers and trained, expert panels differ in sensory testing?
Consumers tell you if the food is acceptable or not. Trained panels identify and describe the product attributes for use in specific product development decisions.
As molecular weight increases, both tensile strength and viscosity of a packaging polymer increase.
TRUE.
What is the iodine value?
Number of centigrams of iodine absorbed by 1 gram of fat
What is the main function of gluconeogenesis?
synthesis of glucose from smaller precursors to be used by the brain.
Which dehydration process is used to obtain dry foods with minimal changes in their shape and ease of re-hydration?
Vacuum Freeze-drying
What is the name of the milk product that removes fat and water from milk?
Milk Powder
Which of the following is used to see whether or not milk has been pasteurized? A - phosphatase test, B - refractometer test, C - Jelmeter test, D - Acidophilus test
a – phosphatase test/ Alkaline Phosphatase test.
Which food processes is acetaldehyde found in?
Foods that involve yeast fermentation, it is a metabolic byproduct from the yeast.
What is the difference between traditional, or true, buttermilk and cultured buttermilk?
Traditional buttermilk is the liquid leftover after churning cream into butter and cultured buttermilk is cow's milk cultured with Lactobacillus lactis or Lactobacillus bulgaricus.
Phenolic compound commonly found in the skin of grapes?
Resveratrol.
What are the advantages of traditional thermal processing over non-thermal processing?
Thermal processing can destroy spores
In intelligent packaging, what is TTI?
Time temperature indicator
What are the 2 classes of food colorants?
certified and noncertified
Vegetables that have thiols are considered to be the most protective against cancer. Thiols are found in:
the cabbage family
what is labeled magnitude scaling?
it is a category ratio scale that generates data similar to magnitude estimation. It uses unequal, quasi-logarithmic spacing of verbal labels such as barely detectable, weak, moderate, strong, very strong, and strongest imaginable.
What is the definition of an evaporation?
A device wherein liquid is evaporated from a thin (low concentration) feed material in order to produce a more dense or thick product (concentrate). The feed may be a solution, slurry, or suspension of solid material in a liquid. The hear necessary for vaporization is supplied through heat transfer across metallic surface by condensing steam.
What is the name of the bread made by fermentation of wild lactic acid bacteria and yeast?
Sourdough
Name three blood plasma lipid classes?
VLDL, LDL, HDL, IDL, chylomicrons
What is another term for the name of a food?
Statement of Identity
Why won't irradiated foods develop higher than normal levels of radioactivity?
99% of food tissue is hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen, none of which are convertible into unstable radioactive isotopes by the radiation energy levels used in food irradiation.
What is vapor recompression?
to increase the pressure and temperature of the vapor to be used again in evaporation
IFT has several annual awards for excellence. For what is the William V. Cruess Award given?
Excellence in Teaching
True or False: Small packages with less than 12 square inches available for labeling may omit nutrition labeling but must provide an address or telephone number for consumers to obtain the required nutrition information
True
What is the holy trinity of Louisiana Creole food, also known as the Cajun holy trinity?
Bell pepper, onion, and celery
What element in commerical apple juice can be fatal in large amounts?
arsenic
What are the potential issues with spray drying?
Tg, if rubbery sugar very sticky and build up on wall, so need to make sure it becomes glassy before hits wall. Powder explosion: can happen when enough particles get into the air and if spark explosion will occur
What are the major connective tissues of proteins of meat?
Collagen and elastin
Classify these candies as crystalline or non-crystalline: caramel, toffee, rock candy
Crystalline: Rock candy Non-crystalline: Caramel, toffee
Which cows produce the most milk? A) Jerseys B) Guernseys C) Holsteins
C) Holsteins.
What factors do you need to take into consideration when doing evaporator calculation?
Mass balance equations (total balance, solute/solid, water, evaporation rate, feed rate) energy balance (energy input from steam, energy consumed by evaporator)
Rank sweetness from least to most of the following compounds: sucralose, Acesulfame K, neotame, saccahrine
AceK, saccharin, sucralose, neotame
Who was the 1st woman president of IFT?
Mary K. Wagner
What metal can cause an abnormal green color in vegetables?
Copper
Which lipoprotein is most associated with a high risk of heart disease?
LDL
What is the only Carbohydrate found in milk?
Lactose
Name 3 of the top 5 raspberry producing countries.
Russia, Poland, United States, Serbia, Mexico
The main salt soluble protein of meat is:
myosin (actomyosin post rigor)
Which company had a long running slogan of '57 varieties'?
Heinz
What are PCB and BCB?
polychlorobiphenyls, and dichloro-biphenyl
What is the most predominant component in milk?
water
When was E. coli O157:H7 first recognized as a human pathogen?
1982 (during investigation of 2 outbreaks of bloody diarrhea in Oregon and Michigan)
What is the fruit of the plant Ananas comosus?
Pineapple
Name 3 advantages of microwave heating.
reduced process time, higher food quality, better appearance/flavor/taste, convenient, easy clean-up, decreased cost of electricity, increased retention of vitamins and minerals
What is the common name of the bones that resemble the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae ?
feather bones
Explain Commercially Sterile.
Describes a product free of all pathogens and other microorganisms that could potentially grow in the product
What is the major component of the tin can?
Steel
What are the uncontrolled fat crystallizations which give chocolate an impaired texture and a grey surface called?
Fat bloom
What is the pH of a 0.1 N HCl solution?
pH = 1
The four major minerals present in the body are_.
Calcium, phosphorous, potassium, and magnesium
In Greek mythology, which fruit did Persephone eat that tied her to Hades, the God of the Underworld?
Pomogranate
The sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibers functions to release and sequester what ion?
Calcium ions (Ca²⁺).
How old is a sheep if its meat is considered mutton?
2 years
Table salt is fortified with iodine to prevent which disorder?
Goiter
In fermentation by lactic acid bacteria, which enzyme is important for the hydrolysis of lactose into galactose and glucose?
β-galactosidase
What color of anthocyanin pigment predominates at an acidic pH?
Red (it is purple-blue at alkaline pH)
What is the fungus used to ripen Brie?
Penicillium camemberti or geotricum candida
What three cereal grains contribute more than 50% of all calories consumed by humans worldwide?
Rice wheat and corn
what bacterial genus is responsible for ropiness in bread?
Bacillus (stearothermophilus)
What plant contributes bitter flavor and pleasant aroma to beer?
hops
Mexican sauce with chillies, nuts and various ingredients
Mole
Provide 3 reasons why the Dumas method, for protein content, is being used more and more versus the Kjeldahl method.
Much faster, 4 minutes per sample No toxic chemicals or catalyst Very easy Many samples can be measured automatically
How does ultraviolet light effect fat oxidation?
it speeds it up.
Give the genus and species of the organism that produces xanthan gum
Xanthamonas campestris
Protein absorbs light between 180-260 nm. Why?
Peptide bonds
Name a commonly used fish in sushi.
tuna (maguro, shiro-maguro), Japanese amberjack, yellowtail (hamachi), snapper (kurodai), mackerel (saba), and salmon (sake). The most valued sushi ingredient is toro, the fatty cut of the fish.
What are the two proteins believed to be involved in egg white thinning?
lysozyme and ovomucin
What is the time and temperature for HTST?
280-300°F for 15-45 seconds
When counting bacterial colonies, the acronym TNTC stands for what?
Too numerous to count
What is the thermal conductivity of ice?
2.22 - 2.35 W/m K (4 times more than water)
Two other government agencies along with the FDA which have responsibility for ensuring the safety of imported foods are ______ and _______
USDA and U.S. Customs
Which vegetable was considered an object of worship in ancient Egypt and was often buried in the tombs of Pharaohs?
Onion
What does ServSafe say is the distance food should be off the ground for dry food?
6in
Why is salt added to sausage products?
1) Flavor; 2) Increase charge on meat proteins and their abilities to bind water; 3) Increase the solubility of the salt-soluble proteins.
Which two food pathogens are considered as new and emerging food pathogens?
Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica
What value is the time required to have 1 log reduction in microorganisms or spores in a sample at a specific temperature?
D-value
What are the four phases of Refrigerated storage?
Commercial storage Transport storage Retail storage Home storage.
What is ice crystal formation in ice cream called?
A. Coarseness (or iciness)
In July 1996, USDA-FSIS made a final ruling that all meat processors must implement what?
HACCP
What compound is commonly used to color cheese?
Annatto Extract
How can we decrease the boiling temp of a well-defined liquid mixture without changing its composition, in order to prevent degradation of heat-sensitive ingredients?
use vacuum evaporator; under vacuum, boiling temps will decrease
The percentage of fiber is how many times higher in whole grain bread than in white bread?
4%
What is the difference between total mass balance and individual mass balance?
There is a balance equation for each component and then there is a balance that takes everything into account. For example if a unit like apples involves 3 components (sugar, water, solids) then you will have 3 independent mass balances and one total mass balance
What does the term "con carne" mean in mexican food?
With meat
What is the major protein group in milk?
Casein.
What is the term used for the amount of air in ice cream?
Overrun
what is the name for a single caviar egg.
roe
What tuna is used for canned tuna?
Albacore
What is the name of butter that has dimensions of 3.25, 1.5, 1.5 inches?
Western
For retail food display lights, what scale is used for the color temperature?
2700K-6500K Warm White (2700K–3000K), Neutral White (3500K–4100K), Cool White to Daylight (5000K–6500K)
The USDA-FSIS currently (2008) recognizes high-pressure processing as an acceptable food safety intervention for eliminating which food pathogen from processed meat products
Listeria monocytogenes
There are many ways to classify cheese. Name 2 classification methods and 3 different categories within each classification.
moisture content – soft to hard Fresh, whey, and stretched curd – age Content – double cream, goat, ewe, cow, water buffalo Soft-ripened and blue vein – soft-ripened, washed rind, and blue
What is the term for electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of charged particles in matter?
thermal radiation
What agribusiness is the largest processor of beef in Canada?
Cargill Foods
Fruits can be classified according to their respiratory patterns. List 5 non-climacteric fruits.
blueberry, cacao, cherry, cucumber, fig, grapefruit, lemon, grapes, melon, orange, pineapple, strawberry, tamarillo, sweet orange
Mercury is a toxicant most commonly found in which type of food?
Fish
What is the common vector for inserting foreign genes into a bacteria?
Plasmid
As the PE content increases what happens to the impact strength/density?
It also increases
Metabolism is often sub-divided into two specific processes, anabolism and catabolism. What is the principle difference between these processes?
Anabolism involves synthetic reactions, and catabolism involves destructive reactions to release energy.
Proteins which are soluble in 50-80% ethanol are known as _________
prolamines
In 1989, the pork industry began a national eradication program for what virus, which is nearing completion?
Pseudorabies
Aspartame contains which 2 amino acids?
Phenylalanine and aspartic acid
New York Steak is part of what cut of beef?
Strip Steak (Short Loin)
What does chlorine gas do to wheat flour?
It improves color and bleaching, enhances dough characteristics, and lowers pH.
What is the name of the process to normally make ketchup?
Hot break; the fresh tomato is chopped when heated, which creates a more viscous and dense product
Name 3 food poisoning microorganisms present in seafood.
vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, yersinia ruckeri, aeromonas hydrophila, etc
What is the S.I. unit of radiation absorbed dose?
The gray (also acceptable is Joule per kilogram)
What is the standard temperature and pressure (STP)?
0 degrees C at 1 atmosphere of pressure
In a 100g serving : 5g fat, 4g protein, 3g carbs. What is the caloric value?
73
What is the K-value, or K Factor, in assessing meat and fish?
The K-value measures how far ATP degradation has progressed within the tissue as a percentage. The lower the K-value, the fresher the fish. It was developed in the late 1950's by a Japanese research team (Saito et al.) for the indication of the freshness of fish flesh.
Which is the most commonly consumed single-celled food?
the Egg
What is the approximate per capita seafood consumption in the U.S.?
19.8 lbs in 2022
What is the refrigeration temperature range?
Temperature range - approximately -1 to 8 C.
Three species of curcubita produce edible fruit. What are the general names for these edible fruits?
Squash, pumpkin, gourd
What are ascospores?
Sexual spores of molds, formed by the union of 2 cells within the mycelia; spores are held within an ascus (sac-like structure)
Name one method of cholesterol removal.
Exercise
In a closed vessel, what happens to the density of gas when the temperature changes?
The density of gas stays the same
After harvest, climacteric fruits go through a period in which the respiratory level is at a minimum, followed by a sudden increase in respiration, and a final decline in respiratory rate. What respiratory pattern or behavior do non-climacteric fruits exhibit?
A steady fall in respiratory activity with time.
In reference to Aflatoxin B1, what does the B designate?
blue fluorescence
A high intake of which vitamin can mask a vitamin B12 deficiency?
Folate
How may the seam tightness of a can be judged visually?
By the degree of wrinkling of the cover hook.
The most commonly used commercial method for freezing meat products is what?
Blast Freezing-the air blast freezer is one the oldest and commonly used freezing equipment due to its temperature stability and versatility for several product types.
What is the term for the parts of a label that is most likely to be displayed presented shown under customary conditions of display for retail sale?
Principle display panel
Pistachio botanical name?
Pistacia Vera
What kind of microorganism can survive MAP (Modified Atmosphere Packaging)?
Facultative anaerobes
What type of whey is produced during the manufacture of Cheddar cheese?
Cheddar= sweet whey
What are the top 2 selling spices in the world?
Black pepper and cinnamon
What are some pasteurization methods?
Thermal pasteurization, High pressure pasteurization, pulsed electric field pasteurization, ohmic heating, ultrasounds, microwaves, radio frequency electric fields, combination of various methods.
HDPE is a good barrier to what?
moisture barrier
What protein(s) is/are principally responsible for the whipping properties of egg white?
Ovalbumin, ovomucin, globulin.
this environmental toxin is most commonly associated w/discarded batteries and volcanoes and can be found in contaminated fish.
Mercury
What delicacy is known indelicately as pickled roe?
Caviar
What year was the fair packaging and labeling act (FPLA) enacted and what does it require?
The Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA or Act), enacted in 1967, directs the Federal Trade Commission and the Food and Drug Administration to issue regulations requiring that all "consumer commodities" be labeled to disclose net contents, identity of commodity, and name and place of business of the product's manufacturer, packer, or distributor.
In unsteady state heat transfer, what is the dimensionless number used to evaluate the importance of internal and external resistance to heat transfer?
the biot number
What happened when there is a white coating on the surface of choclate?
Fat/sugar bloom
Who publishes food chemicals, Codex
United States Pharmacopeia
What is food intolerance?
a person has difficulty digesting a particular food.
What are the two primary fatty acids in palm oil?
Oleic and palmitic
What salts can be used to promote coagulation when making tofu?
Calcium sulfate or magnesium chloride
what are 3 common units for expressing pressure from either the metric or English system?
kPa, Pa, torr, atm, psi, mmHg
Name the 4Ps of food marketing.
product, price, place, promotion
What vitamin needs an intrinsic factor for effectiveness?
B12
What is the structural 5-carbon unit of carotenoids? a) Lutein b) Isoprene c) Xanthane d) Pentane
Isoprene
Sensory panelists hesitation to use the extreme values on a rating scale is known as what type of error?
error of central tendency
What is the analytical method for measuring total carbohydrates?
Phenol-sulfuric acid method.
What does GC-MS stand for?
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Why is sucrose added to dough when making bread?
it increases viscosity & increases foam stability
Why is iron from meat so important? A.provides necessary nutrients, B.recommended by National Academy of Sciences, C.enhances taste of meat, or D.best source of iron in the form of heme iron
D. iron from meat is the best source of iron in the form of heme iron
How much air does saturated steam contain?
None
Julia Child's show, "The French Chef", was broadcasted on which station?
PBS
How so you measure sorption isotherms?
gravimetric (weight changes), manometric (vap press changes), hygrometric(eq RH determined)
What are the big 3 canned products?
Corn, tomatoes, green beans
Name the microorganism associated with Ergot poisoning.
Claviceps purpurea
Which of the following would be best for an athlete to eat before a race? a) A cheese sandwich b) A high protein bar c) A high carbohydrate bar d) A hamburger
c) A high carbohydrate bar
In 1946, BBC aired the first-ever cooking show, called "Cookery". What was the first dish ever cooked on television?
Lobster vol-au-vents
Give two examples of fillings used in calzones.
Salami, Ham/Vegetables, Cheese, Egg
What is the name of milk containing between 10.5%-18% milk fat?
Half and Half
what year was the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act pass and what president was involved?
1938, Franklin Roosevelt
Which of the following may help prevent a niacin deficiency?
Tryptophan
What is the agitated think film tubular evaporator, how does it work, what is it used for?
For very viscous foods, feed is spread on the inside of the cylindrical heating surface by wiper blades, small heating area and high cost.
What is the natural form of the double bonds in carotenoids -- cis or trans?
trans
How does Convection Heating work?
(canned liquid) the first heated portion of the liquid becomes lighter in density and rises thereby setting up circulation within the can. Coldest location at bottom of container.
What is the name of the pasta that translates to "little tongues"?
Linguines
An additive used to retain moisture in products is known as a _____.
Humectant
What is the name of pastry that uses yeast?
Viennoise Pastry
What is the geographic divide between Elgin and Western Butter?
Rocky Mountains
Lactic acid bacteria are a group of Gram-positive bacteria that are acid-tolerant. Name 5 genera.
Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Pediococcus, Streptococcus
Name two direct and two indirect methods of thermal processing.
Direct: steam injection, steam infusion, baking, frying, microwave cooking, retorting; Indirect: plate heat exchange, scraped surface heat exchange, tube type heat exchange.
Why would an aluminum can be preferred over a tinplate can for the packaging of a seafood such as crab meat?
Aluminum prevents the black iron sulfide that may form in tinplate cans
Name the methods for direct and indirect heating.
1) Direct heating: toasting, frying, steam injection; 2) Indirect heating: plate, tubular, shell and tube heat exchangers
Milk is an excellent source of vitamins and minerals expect for what 2 items?
Vitamin C and Iron
Name the genus and species for cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, savoy, and Chinese kale.
Brassica oleracea, these are all different cultivars of the same organism.
What famous case heard in the Federal Supreme Court establishes that the president of a food company is responsible for any adulteration or misbranding of his or her company's food products?
U.S. vs. Park
What does DE stand for in corn syrup?
dextrose equivalent
name the 2 most famous 'molded' cheeses.
Roquefort and Camembert
Nutrient retention is best ensured in quality food production using what three techniques?
Batch production; Minimize holding/cooking time; Minimize cooking temperature
What is the approximate fat content(in %) of the following foods? 1 serving of each, Chicken breast, no skin (4 ounces), salmon, king crab, leg of lamb
Chicken breast, no skin, 4% Salmon, 10% King crab~2% Leg of lamb – 21%
What is the chance probability for the paired comparison test?
Paired Comparison Test= 1/2
What is the citrus fruit that used to describe British sailors? What fruit did British sailors got their nickname from?
Lime
Who is the current IFTSA College Bowl Competition Chair and what school are they from?
Rania Marie Buenavista Kansas State University
Which genera contains bacteria that can fluoresce and contains members that commonly cause spoilage of fresh cut vegetables and meats?
Answer: Pseudomonas flurescens
What is the main difference between a triangle test and a 2 or 3-AFC test?
triangle tests the difference is unknown, 2-AFC the subjects are specified to what characteristic is different.
The inventor of which snack is now buried in that product's packaging?
Pringles (Fredric J. Baur, the inventor of the Pringles can, is buried with some of his ashes in a Pringles can)
What are the three types of clotting in cheese production?
Acid, heat coagulations of whey proteins, and enzymatic.
What degradative enzyme causes browning in apples, pears, bananas, and peaches?
Polyphenoloxidase
The PBS/HBO children's television show Sesame Street features a blue muppet character named after a snack and is always hungry for it. Name the character.
Cookie Monster
In the US the legal processing for low-acid foods requires what?
exposure to temps for a period equal to 12 D values fo C. botulism
What type of emulsion is foam?
A gas-in-liquid emulsion or air-in-water emulsion
What is the vitamin most associated with antioxidant activity in PUFAs?
vitamin E
In statistics, what is the Mode of a set of numbers?
The value which occurs most frequently in a set of numbers.
How much fruit juice is found in fruit punch?
1% fruit juice
The detection of coliforms in a sample of pasteurized milk purchased from the grocery store would indicate what about the milk?
Probably post-pasteurization contamination (inadequate pasteurization is also acceptable).
What two components make up the grain?
The pericarp and seed coat
What is the purpose of Acidity Control in processing?
The more acid present in a food, the lower the pH becomes, lowering the potential of microbial spoilage, and requires less heat treatment
Which genera of bacteria can fluoresce and spoil fresh cut vegetables and meat?
Pseudomonas
How many blocks are there in a Latin square?
Two
Explain the triple point of water
At 4.5 mm Hg pressure and 0.01 °C water exists in liquid, solid, and vapor states
Which MAP gas has bacteriostatic/bactericidal properties?
carbon dioxide
Why is uncompetitive inhibition considered "hypothetical"?
The enzyme-substrate complex is too brief to be observed
What is NSLAB and what are 3 examples?
Non-Starter Lactic Acid Bacteria; Lactobacillus curvatus, L. plantarum, Lactobacillus casei
Which muscle type is under involuntary control and striated?
Cardiac
What pigment is formed when chlorophyll loses its magnesium, phytol group, or both?
a. Pheophytin (loss of magnesium) b. Chlorophyllide (loss of phytol) c. Pheophorbide (loss of both magnesium and phytol).
What are chitterlings made from?
pork intestine
What is the amount of energy to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water from 14.5 C to 15.5 C?
1 Calorie
Per the Osborne solubility classification, provide the protein amount for whole wheat flour, enriched flour and cake/pastry flour.
whole wheat – 13% (14% is also acceptable), enriched – 12%, cake/pastry – 8.9%
Increases in ice crystal size within a frozen food as a result of migratory recrystallization can be minimized at a given storage temperature by minimizing what?
temperature fluctuations
The principle lipid component in milk is the class called which of the following: A) steroids B) phospholipids C) triacylglycerides
C) triacylglycerides
What is the minimal water activity for most molds?
0.75-0.80
what does RODAC stand for?
Replicate Organism Detection and Counting
What does S stand for in 30S, 50S and 70S ribosomes and what does it measure?
S stands for Svedberg unit, a non-metric unit for sedimentation rate. A unit used to measure how fast molecules move in an ultracentrifuge.
Clostridium Botulinum
A bacteria found in foods that produces toxins that are harmful when consumed. Very heat resistant, won't grow in acidic foods
What are the main volatile compounds in turmeric responsible for the flavor and color of turmeric?
alpha-turmerone and beta-turmerone (flavor); Curcumin (color)
Anthocyanins and tannins belong to what class of pigments?
Flavonoids
What does ultraviolet light do to fat oxidation?
It accelerates fat oxidation
What salt is traditionally used to coagulate tofu?
Calcium sulfate
Protein coat of virus is called:
Pepsid
As applied to the frozen food industry, what do the initials IQF stand for?
Individually Quick Frozen
Name 8 types of lettuce used commonly in salads.
Romaine, arugula, Batavia (French crisp or summer crisp), endive, butter lettuce, little gem lettuce, Mache (lambs lettuce), mescalin, mizuna, oak leaf lettuce, purslane, iceberg, radicchio, watercress
According to federal standards, 1 pound of evaporated milk is equivalent to how many pounds of fluid milk?
A. 2.1
In the usage of numbered recycling symbols, what number is used to represent PETE?
1
Name 5 primary functions of food thickeners.
Thickening, emulsion stabilization, suspending, gelation, crystallization, water binding, mouth feel, foam stabilization, flavor fixation, film formation
Give the time and temperature for batch, or LTLT, pasteurization.
62.8 °C (145 °F) for 30 minutes
What is the major component of most fresh foods?
Water
List two (2) hormones/neurotransmitters that can be produced from tyrosine metabolism?
Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Epinephrine
What type of pastry is typically used as the base for tarts, pies, or quiches?
short crust
Dark cutting beef is a result of a pH decrease in the muscle, which occurs when ___ is depleted before slaughtering.
Glycogen
Sweet Cherry botanical name?
Prunus avium
Coliform general characteristics.
rod-shaped Gram-negative nonspore forming and motile or nonmotile bacteria that can ferment lactose with the production of acid and gas when incubated at 35–37°C.
What are the Standards of Identity for high, medium, and low fat contents in chocolate/cocoa?
High fat (breakfast cocoa) – not less than 22% cocoa fat, Medium fat - less than 22% cocoa fat and not less than 10%, Low fat - less than 10% cocoa fat
Churros, eclair, and beignets use what type of pastry?
Choux
What are entomophagists?
people who believe that it is more beneficial and nutritious to feast on insects
Name the enzyme that converts glucose to fructose and vice versa.
glucose isomerase
Chickpeas, Lupins, and Beans are examples of what grain type?
Pulses
what is an enantiomer?
two stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images (stereoisomers are compounds w/the same molecular formula but different arrangement)
what water activity value is where monolayer moisture value is present?
0.25
The agency responsible for carrying out the Title III of the Bioterrorism Act is:
FDA
What is the percentage of chocolate in milk, sweet, bittersweet chocolate?
Sweet 3, Milk 10, bittersweet 35
When using terms such as "end hook," and "tightness," while discussing packaging, what sort of packaging are you referring to?
A (hermetically sealed) can.
A double seam consists of how many thicknesses of metal plate?
5 (at the juncture of the end and side of a three piece can there are 7 thicknesses)
What is the term 'Must' wrt wine production?
The mash of freshly pressed grapes and their juice
What are the different variables that are monitored in a retort?
temp material, temp steam, temp cooling water, process time, hearing and cooling rates
What are any of the conducting cells of the nervous system called?
Neurons
Who developed the flavor profile method?
Arthur D. Little
How many different vitamins are there? A.20, B.25, C.17, or D.13
D. 13
Edam was popuplar from the 14th century to 18th century due to its resistence of what quality?
Spoilage
Stirred yogurt is one of the two common types of yogurts. Name the other.
A. Fruit at the bottom, or sundae
What are different methods of food preservation?
Food preservation through energy input or temperature reduction (chilling, freezing, blanching, canning, pasteur)Food preservation through water removal (concentration: evap/freeze, frying, food dehydration: hot air, spray, drum, freeze dry, osmotic dehydration)
What is the name given to heat transfer that occurs primarily by mass movement of molecules?
Convective heat transfer.
Name two popcorn cultivars.
Japanese Hulless, Robust White/Yellow
What are some of the disadvantages of using a thermistor?
limited temperature range, low accuracy at higher temperatures, non-linearity at higher temperatures (resistance over temperature decreases exponentially)
Five different modes of chromatography.
Adsorption; partition; size exclusion/gel permeation/gel filtration; ion exchange; affinity. PAISA.
what compounds that are produced in the manufacture of hydrogenated oils have been implicated in causing increased serum cholesterol levels, and thus heart disease?
trans-fatty acids
In cheese making, when rennet comes into contact with milk, the milk curdles into 2 components. Name the 2 components/
Curd and whey
What sweetener did ira remsen discover in 1879?
Saccharine
Name 2 straight chain polyhydric alcohols used as food additives
sorbitol - modifying agent, humectant, flavor, and crystal modifier; mannitol - flavor modifier, inert base
What is the biggest factor in increasing thermal efficiency of continuous pasteurizers?
By using a larger size of the regeneration section
What is a common unit of brightness or luminous intensity?
candella
In extrusion, what are the sources of heat?
Heat from the temperature-elevating system; heat from shear force
What is the general name of foods prepared following Jewish religious traditions?
Kosher Foods
Pasteurization standards for milk were originally designed to destroy what and are currently designed to destroy what?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Coxiella burnetii
What gives the light blue color to milk?
The light blue color of milk is primarily due to the scattering of light by casein micelles and the presence of riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Define a refrigerant
A substance that has a boiling point of less than 32F
Which colloidal system has liquid as the dispersed phase and gas as the dispersing medium?
Aerosol
BlueNalu, a cell-based/cultured seafood developer, is known for it's unique offering of Bluefin Tuna Toro. What part of tuna does the animal-based tuna toro come from?
Fatty belly cut of tuna.
What does AE-HPLC stand for?
Anion Exchange High Performance Liquid Chromatography
What is the official state dessert of Massachusetts?
Boston Cream Pie
Name types of mixers.
1) Conical blender 2) Ribbon blender 3) Propeller 4) Turbine 5) Paddle agitators.
What non-nutritive sweetener has the chemical name 6-methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazine-4(3)-one (i.e. ketone)-2,2- dioxide?
acesulfame K
What is the name of bread leavened by chemicals instead of yeast?
Quick Bread
What is the Recommended Daily Allowance for thiamin (depends on age and gender)?
1-1.5 mg/day
What method is used to determine the fat content of milk?
Mojonier, Gerber, Babcock
a pH value is a measure of acidity. what is a pKa value the measure of?
acid strength, which are measured by titration
Arabica coffee botanical name?
Coffea arabica
What is another term for a twining wine, a wine without tendrils or suckers, most commonly associated with hot pox?
Bine
What does DRV stand for?
Dietary Reference Value
Most of us know Emmental cheese more commonly by what name?
A. Swiss cheese
What food product was the first to ever have a barcode?
Wrigely’s gum
Protecting consumers health and ensuring fair practices in the food trade are the goals of what international document?
Codex Alimentarius
What are some of the applications of freeze concentration?
coffee, citrus, juices, beer, wine, vinegar, dairy products, meat/fish extracts
What are the effects of drying on rehydration?
a comprehensive quality parameter (good rehydration, good drying process) a good indication as to whether the various processing conditions were correctly applied. Biomatrix changes during drying: loss of the elasticity of cell walls, a reduced swelling ability of starch gel, loss of the osmotic properties of cell walls, destruction of membranes and structural proteins. Rehydration is a measure for the severity of the destruction caused by drying
Rank sweetness from highest to lowest: sucralose, maltose, aspartame, stevia, sucrose
Sucralose > stevia > aspartame > sucrose > maltose
What is the package material that prevents entry of microbes and gas?
Hermetic
Which act established Land grant universities in 1862?
Land-Grant College Act
What is reverse osmosis filtration?
only water can pass through the membrane, filters out un-disassociated acids and monovalent species, pressure is 200-300psig
Prevention of damage in food during freezing is promoted by slow cooling to minimize ice nucleation. True or False?
False
What are the advantages of using Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Ultrafiltration (UF)?
Advantages of using membranes: - Low temperature - Lower costs - Lower floor requirements.
Give the Osborne protein classification.
Osborne developed a classification of plant proteins based on their solubility in a series of solvents. 1. albumin (in water). 2.globulin (in dilute salt). 3.prolamin (in 70% alcohol) 4.glutelin (in dilute alkali, 0.1M NaOH solution)
What is commercial under counter refrigerator known as
Low Boy
what is the predominant character compound in banana oil?
isoamyl acetate
Give the name of the inner, spongy layer of citrus rinds.
Albedo
What is the rarest most expensive caviar called?
Sterlet- tiny egg
What is another word for lipids?
Fats
List three positive effects of properly used thermal processing on the nutritive value of foods.
Improves digestibility, inactivates degradative enzymes, inactivates antimetabolites
In genetic engineering, what is the name of the cell that receives the DNA?
Recipient cell
In which dairy product is acetaldehyde a problem or defect
Yogurt
Potato flesh (the white part) is high in which vitamin?
Vitamin C
Colby cheese originated from _____
Wisconsin
What acts were both signed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1906, spurred by Upton Sinclair's novel?
Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act.
What is the SI unit for power and what are the respective dimensions?
Watts, joules per second
Describe electrical stimulation and the purpose it serves in meat tenderness/toughness.
Electrical stimulation prevents severe cold shortening by accelerating the rate of the processing leading up to rigor mortis by depleting ATP. The goal is to prevent the carcass from being chilled while pre rigor or while undergoing rigor mortis. This action reduces toughness and muscle shortening.
What 5 nutrients must by law be included in enriched bread?
thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, iron, folic acid
In separations such as distillation, what is the name of the plot used by engineers to describe the physical state at each step?
McCabe-Thiele plot
what disease is Mycobacterium tuberculosis thought to contribute to?
Crohn's Disease
Hungarian Wax, Bishop's Crown, Brazilian Starfish, Madame Jeanette, and Guajillo are all examples of what fruit?
Chili Peppers
Where does one find (ie legal citation) the defect action levels for foods
In the Compliance Policy Guides manual
Virtually all of what egg component resides in the yolk?
The lipid or fat (phospholipid, cholesterol, or any other lipid component is acceptable)
What company produces and markets sterling silver beef and pork and cattleman's selection beef?
Excel (Cargill)
What is the name of a food process which is considered to be a food additive under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act?
Irradiation
Name five spices which contain essential oil eugenol.
1) Cloves, 2) cinnamon, 3) Jamaica allspice, 4) sage, 5) sweet basil, 6) bay leaves, 7) sweet marjoram
What are the five classes of unit operations?
Fluid flow (fluids transportation, filtration, solids fluidization) heat transfer (canning, freezing, blanching) Mass Transfer (extraction, dehydration, frying) thermodynamic processes (gas liquification, refrigeration) Mechanical processes (solids transportation, crushing and pulverization, screening and sieving)
What is "unsaponifiable matter"?
Fat soluble matter remaining after saponification
A popular south asian delicacy, Balut is a dish cooked by boiling or steaming what and eaten from its shell?
Fertilized developing duck egg embryo
The pH of albumen in freshly laid eggs is 7.6 - 7.9. The pH rises to 9.7 during storage. Why does this occur?
Diffusion of solubilized CO2 through the shell.
What is the name of FD&C Blue No.1?
Brilliant Blue
What is the most commonly used proteolytic enzyme, an extract from the papaya plant?
Papain
What isomer is less expensive than Vitamin C?
Erythorbic acid
Optimum temperature for thermophiles is...
131-152 degrees F
Glycemic index refers to what?
How fast a food raises blood glucose
What are the foodborne bacterial intoxications?
staphylococcal intoxication: an enterotoxin produced by S. aureus, botulism: a neurotoxin produced by clostridium botulinum
Who was the first astronaut to eat in space?
Yuri Gagarin, beef and liver paste, and chocolate sauce from tubes, 1961
Display life of retail veal cuts can be improved by supplemental feeding of what vitamin for approximately 100 days before slaughter?
Vitamin E
Heat that causes a temperature to rise or fall as it is added or removed is called what?
Sensible heat
What is the compound in red food coloring that is extracted from insects?
Carmine
Modified atmosphere packaging involves manipulating the concentrations of gases in the headspace surrounding the product. What three gases are most commonly used?
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen
What are the substrates for the following enzymes: invertase, beta-galactosidas, and alpha-galactosidase?
Invertse (Sucrose), beta-galactosidase(Lactose), alpha-galactosidase (raffinose)
Cooked flavor of milk after thermal processing is because of?
release of sulfur compounds
What are the top 3 sea foods consumed in the U.S.?
Shrimp, Salmon, Tuna
explain bacterial soft rot.
spoilage caused by Erwinia carotovora and Pseudomonas marginalis. They break down pectins, giving a soft mushy consistency, bad odor at times in foods like carrots, onions, garlic, etc.
What is the term given to the process of kneading and aerating melted masses of chocolate to develop smoothness, viscosity, and flavor?
Conching.
What is the name of the pasta that translates "to cut"?
Tagliatelle
Give one example of Brassica vegetable.
broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage
These days you are likely to find some interesting produce at your local market. Which of the following is NOT a fruit or vegetable currently imported into the United States? A.Nilquat B.Burdock C.Ugli fruit D.Cardoon
A. Nilquat is just a nonsense word.
From a chemical reaction standpoint why are eggs used to glaze cakes?
They provide the protein needed for Maillard reactions.
Naturally occurring and synthetic agents that are used in food processing for production and stabilization of dispersions are called what?
surface active agents (surfactants)
Clingstone and Freestone are varieties of what type of fruit?
Peaches
What is the active ingredient in sichuan pepper that induces a tingling sensation?
Hydroxyl-alpha-sanshool
What is the purpose of Thermal Vapor Recompression?
Fresh steam is combined with used vapor saving energy during evaporation.
Which refrigerant is the trademark for a family of fluorocarbons manufactured by DuPont and commonly used as refrigerants, solvents, and in other applications.
Freon
For what foods has irradiation been approved as a preservation method?
Poultry, pork and spices
Certain lactic acid bacteria and yeast can colonize in the gut and assist in the body's naturally occurring microflora to reestablish. What are these organisms called?
A. Probiotics
What is the causative organism for flaccid paralysis?
c. botulinum
In quality control, what does the term cross contamination mean?
Mixing raw product with processed product
Olive botanical name?
Olea europaea
The pitot tube, orifice meter, and venturi tube are all devices designed to measure what?
Flow rate (liquid transport)
Given an example of a product that requires asceptic processing.
Liquid eggs, milk, milk products, long term products that need to be sterile
In 1992, the world's largest organism was discovered in Michigan; Upper peninsula. Give its genus and species name and name its edible product.
Armillaria ostoyae (humongous fungus) which yields edible mushrooms. The underground fungus is estimated to span 38 acres.
Name ten of the 14 mandatory dietary components required in the new nutritional labels.
total calories, calories from fat, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrate, dietary fiber, sugars, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, iron
a recent outbreak of E. coli linked to Taco Bell restaurants was initially blamed on green onions, but the FDA later found that the source of the outbreak was not green onions, but was actually from what?
lettuce
When did the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act come into US law?
1906
In what year was the Saccharin Act introduced which warned that the use of saccharin may be hazardous to your health?
1977
Enzymatic browning requires which agents?
Polyphenols, polyphenoloxidase, and oxygen
Upon cooking beef, one of the two major proteins of the meat connective tissue breaks down into gelatin. What is the name of the other major protein making up the connective tissue, the one that does not break down?
Elastin
To prevent the reoccurrence of staphylococcal food poisonings through spray-dried nonfat milk, the USDA incorporated DMCC levels as quality factor in the U.S. Standards for Grades of Nonfat Dry Milk. What does the acronym DMCC stand for?
Direct Microscopic Clump Count
Give three product or product category applications for lecithin as an additive?
The primary applications for lecithin are in baked products, dairy blends, baby foods, nutritional drinks, margarines, chocolates, chewing gums, and confectionaries
How much calorie reduction is needed for a food to be considered reduced calorie food?
1/3 calorie reduction
The Maritime Silk Roads, sea routes connecting the East with the West, were also known by what food commodity?
Spice/ spice routes
What are brix?
Brix = g solids / total solution g (Solids + solvent)
What is pineapple's botanical name?
Ananas comosus [Bromeliaceae (Bromeliad)]
What are two types of processes that involve the removal of thermal energy and at what temperatures are these two processes?
refrigeration (40 F or 4.4 C) and freezing 0 F or -17.8 C)
What pH distinguishes the difference between low acid and high acid foods?
pH 4.6
What is a name of sour cream that is higher in fat content and less sour?
Creme Fraiche
What happens at the triple point?
All 3 phases of a substance, solid, liquid, and gas, occur in equilibrium at a specific temperature and pressure that is characteristic for that substance
Name the four primary types of tissue?
Epithelial, Nervous, Connective, and Muscle
What is the term for butter without milk solids and water?
Clarified butter/ ghee
Which vegetable is the immature flower bud thistle found in sunflower family?
Artichoke
In sensory analysis, what type of scale is generally used for acceptance testing?
hedonic
What is added to Beurre Noisette and Beurre Noir after browning?
Vinegar, Lemon Juice
Name three effects of protein denaturation.
Decreased solubility, altered water-binding capacity, loss of biological activity, increased susceptibility to attack by proteases, increased intrinsic viscosity, inability to crystallize.
What milk type is characterized as milk with 0.5% milk fat?
Skim Milk
In whipped cream, the foam stiffens; what stabilizes it?
clumping of fat globules on the surface of the gas bubbles
What tea variant is known for its hint of pine, dried plum, and floweriness?
Keemun
Homo sapiens is a gram-positive short rod (True/False)
False - this is a human
What company first created condensed soup in 1897?
Campbell's
What is the word given to fine beef trimmings often used as fillers in ground beef?
Pink slime
How is fat mentioned on nutrition label?
Cal from fat, sat fat, total fat
what field of science investigates the physical nature of chemical compounds by applying the methods and theories of physics to chemical phenomena?
physical chemistry
What stromal protein comprises the Ligamentum nuchae?
Elastin
What toxic pigment is found in cottonseed endosperm?
Gossypol (it is removed during the oil refining process)
Name the 4 chemicals used in a Gram Stain procedure.
Crystal Violet, Iodine, Alcohol, Safranin
Name two unripened cheeses.
A. Cottage, cream, ricotta, farmers, Neufchatel, mozzarella, queso blanco, queso fresco, quark
IFT used to have divisions and specialized technology groups. What are they now called and when did this change occur?
Divisions, 1990
What specific part of the sirloin is referred in "sirloin"?
Bottom sirloin
In chemistry, what is a mixture of of two liquids with the same constant boiling point and composition throughout distillation called?
azeotrope
What alternative sweetener is banned in the U.S. but is approved for use in Canada?
Cyclamates--banned in US in 1969
What vitamin can be synthesized from tryptophan, and what disease does its deficiency cause?
niacin, pellagra
When was the beginning of IFT?
1939
Daniel Peter and Henri Nestle of Switzerland were famous for inventing what type of chocolate?
Milk chocolate
The HLB value is a number from 1 to 18 used to describe the solubility of effectiveness of what?
An emulsifying agent
Roti and Chapati are made by what type of flour?
Wheat flour (Atta)
What are 2 ways milk is dried into powder form?
Spray drying and roller drying
Name the fatty acid commonly associated with butter?
Butyric acid
As of 2005, what is the official soft drink of Maine?
Moxie
How do you determine whether an orange is ripe?
Acid to Brix ratio.
The rate of gelatinization is increased or decreased in the presence of added sucrose?
Decreased; sucrose competes for water and reduces peak viscosity and gel strength.
The phase transition directly from the solid state to the gaseous state that occurs during freezing drying is called what?
Sublimation
What are the prefixes for 10^9, 10^12, 10^15, and 10^18?
Giga (10^9), Tera (10^12), Peta (10^15), Exa (10^18)
The Mexican liquor Kahlua is primarily flavored with what?
Coffee
What food-related act was signed into law on November 9, 1990?
The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990
When vitamin D is added to milk to make fortified milk, is it before or after pasteurization?
vitamin D is generally added prior to pasteurization because it is heat-stable
What does M stand for with respect to unit of concentration?
Molarity
What is the second most predominant fatty acid in beef and pork?
palmitic acid
What is the conversion factor of kilocalories to kilo joules?
4.184 kilojoules per kilo calorie
The Delaney Clause prohibits the use of the suspected chemical at which of the following levels? (a) Above the level tested in chronic tests (b) At a level that is above 1/100 of the minimum physiological response in animals (c) Above the LD 50 (d) At any level above zero (e) If used above the ADI
(d) At any level above zero
which of the following solutions would have the lowest freezing point: A.1L of water w/1 mole of sucrose, B.1L of water w/1mole of amylase, C.1L of water w/1mole of NaCl, or D.1L of water w/1 mole of glucose
C. 1L of water w/1 mole of NaCl
What is spoilage caused by Erwinia carotovora and Pseudomonas marginalis that break down pectins, giving a soft mushy consistency, bad odor at times in foods like carrots, onions, garlic, etc?
Bacterial soft rot
How many flowers are in the design stamped on each side of an oreo cookie?
twelve
What natural color needs to be certified?
None
Name one amino acid that contributes significantly to the absorbance of light at 280nm.
Tryptophan
What amino acid deficiency causes black spots in shrimp or lobster?
Tyrosine
A certified food color is one: (a) That the US Government passed for safety (b) That the US Government passed for use in 1958 (c) That the US Government passed for purity (d) That has zero viscosity (e) None of the above
(c) That the US Government passed for purity
What are the main protein types in: corn, oats, rice?
corn-prolamins, oats-globulins, rice-globulin
What two enzymes degrade pectic substances?
Pectin methylesterase & polygalacturonase
What does FNS stand for?
Food and Nutrition Service
Name 3 types of retorts
Still, agitating, continuous, discontinuous, still with overpressure
Why are caseinates good functional ingredients in a number of processed food products that have both water and fat?
caseinates have amphiphilic structure; this means that these protein derivatives both have regions that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic
what are the 4 P's of the marketing mix?
Product, Price, Promotion, Place
Dehydration, definition and purpose
The removal of water from a food by heat and it lowers the water activity, concentrating flavors
What is the name of thick cream made by boiling milk than slowly cooling it in shallow pans?
Clotted Cream
What are the units for absolute humidity?
grams of water vapor per cubic meter volume of air
what uniform multi-state mandate requires the testing of milk for the presence of antibiotics?
Pasteurized Milk Ordinance
In the context of food safety and regulation, what does PRP stand for?
Pre-Requisite Programs
The name of which popular Arabic spice mix translates to 'head of the shop'?
Ras El Hanout
Cinnamon is a bushy evergreen tree of the Laurel family. The spice comes from what part of the tree?
Bark
What is the full form of FAO?
Food and Agriculture Organization
The Howard Mold Count was developed as a method of monitoring the quality of what type of food products?
Tomato products
Name three gums that are extrudates of trees.
Karaya, Ghatti, Arabic
What kind of an emulsion is mayonnaise?
oil in water (o/w)
(True/false) The organism responsible for making wine, beer, sauerkraut, and bread is Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoides
False
In milk, what does lactose react with to cause maillard browning?
Lactose reacts with the free amino acid side chain of milk protein (Mainly e-amino group of lysine residue)
What are the spore-forming foodborne pathogens?
bacteria such as the Bacillus and Clostridium species are able to form spores. These spores, also referred to as endospores, are the dormant form of vegetative bacteria and are highly resistant to physical and chemical influences.
The portion of the cereal grain that contains starch granules and protein bodies is called
endosperm
What is the primary difference between fruit jelly and fruit jam?
Jelly is made using fruit juice, while jam is made using whole fruits that have been smashed or crushed.
What is the ratio of internal to external resistance?
Biot number
What is the processing involving heat for cocoa beans to brew?
Roast
Which of the following is used for coloring foods such as fish, butter, rice and cheese: a) Annatto b) Yellow #5 c) Saffron
A. a) Annatto
What is pervaporation?
this coupled with biomass fermentation process for bioethanol production
What is rennin?
Proteolytic enzyme from the stomach of suckling calves.
To calculate using the perfect gas law, what type of pressure must be used?
absolute pressure
Which of the following food has a highest amount of zinc per gram: a. ground beef, b. chickpeas, c. oysters, d. milk?
c. oysters
During which phase of microbial growth is bacteria the easiest to kill?
log or exponential phase
What name is foccacia known as in Rome?
Pizza Bianca (White Pizza)
Bonus: Name two homofermentative and two heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria
Leuconostoc, Oenococcus; Some homofermentative: Pediococcus
Botulism was given its Latin-derived name because it was associated with what food?
Sausage
What are some advantages of using the formula (ball) method to calculate lethality?
allows use of semi-log curves for detailed analysis of time/temp data, can calculated processes of a rang of IT and RT utilizing heating factors, conservative process model
What is the classic Valencian dish made from rice, poultry, and seafood?
Paella
What is the term used to describe the removal of meat or muscle from a carcass while it is still warm, as opposed to chilling it first?
Hot-boning
The two twisted rope-like cords in eggs that serve to keep the yolk in the center are called what?
Chalazae.
What is the general nitrogen to protein conversion factor used in food analysis?
6.25, kjeldahl method
Clarified orange juice is referred to as: A.clear orange juice, B.see-through orange juice, C.orange serum, or D.no-pulp orange juice?
C. orange serum
What type of plant cell is most common in the edible part of plants?
Parenchyma cells
How many pints are in a half-gallon?
Four
Which is an mg determinant of cellulose fermentation in gut? a. ratio of cellulose:hemicellulose, b. ratio of lignan:cellulose, c. ratio of cellulose:resistant, d. ratio of mixing on inoculation
b. ratio of lignan:cellulose
Give the full names of the following federal agencies that have jurisdiction over the food industry: USDA, FSIS, NMFS, EPA, FTC, OSHA, NIST, BATF.
USDA-United States Department of Agriculture; FSIS-Food Safety Inspection Service; NMFS-National Marine Fisheries Service; EPA-Environmental Protection Agency; FTC-Federal Trade Commission; OSHA-Occupational Safety & Health Administration; NIST-National Institute of Standards and Technology; BATF-Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
What are the real names of the Pillsbury Dough Boy and his family members?
The dough boy: Poppin' fresh; Poppie Fresh, was released, followed by Granmommer and Granpopper, Uncle Rollie, a son (Popper), daughter (Bun-Bun) and Flapjack and Biscuit (the Fresh family’s dog and cat) in the years that followed.
What toxin causes acute liver damage?
Aflatoxin
What fraction of egg yolk are the lipovitellins (LDLs) and livetins found?
Plasma fraction
What is PDCAAS?
Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score, a method of evaluating protein quality based off of human amino acid requirements and digestibility
Which disorder is associated with too little or poor-quality dietary protein?
Kwashiorkor
What function does SDS have in SDS-PAGE?
It denatures the protein by breaking disulfide bonds, making it linear.
On average in the US how many tons of food will a person eat in their lifetime?
140 tons
What is the name of microorganisms growing in an environment lacking oxygen?
Anaerobic
What is the name of the french bread that has a high egg and butter content?
Brioche
What does the acronym associated w/food analysis techniques 'SEM' stand for?
SEM= scanning electron microscopy
According to the NLEA, what health claim can be made regarding sodium?
sodium and hypertension
name 2 spore-forming pathogenic bacteria found in foods.
Bacillus cereus, Clostridium botulinum
Who pays for USDA meat grading services?
Grading for quality is voluntary, and the service is requested and paid for by meat and poultry producers/processors.
Besides Salmon, name 1 other fish in the family Salmonidae.
whitefish, trout, char, grayling
The chemical name for vitamin E is ___.
Tocopherol
What is the full form of UCL with respect to statistics?
Upper Control Limit
High density polyethylene are made up of carbon chains that are highly branched?
FALSE (HDPE - linear LDPE - highly branched)
What term is used to describe the swelling of fat cells to accommodate fat?
Hypertrophy
What is the definition of pH?
Potential hydrogen
Bacterium of which genus can cause gastric ulcers?
Helicobacter (pylori)
State the full name that corresponds w/the recycling #7 for recyclable polymers.
Other (lexan polycarbonate returnable milk bottles)
Which state has the highest per capita consumption of jello?
Utah
Define commercial sterility.
When a food has been processed enough to prevent spoilage and pathogen growth. Some spores may be present.
What toxin is related to " Turkey X Disease " ?
Aflatoxin
Gall stones are composed primarily of what compound?
Cholesterol
What toxic pigment is found in the glands of cottonseed?
Gossypol
In the summer of 2011, the United States, Department of Agriculture created new food guildline, which shows the daily recommendation of the food groups in a diagram. What is the name of that new diagram?
Choose My Plate (No longer My Pyramid)
T-bone and porterhouse comes from what cut of beef?
Short Loin
Approx. how many BTU's are required to change 1lb of water to steam at one atm and 212F?
~1000 (970.6)
A positive catalase test shows the formation of _______ when hydrogen peroxide is added.
Effervescence due to the in vitro Oxygen production
Who is the father of puffed cereal?
Alexander Anderson
When heated, ammonium bicarbonate decomposes to form what end products?
Ammonia, Water, Carbon Dioxide
What is direct acid set cottage cheese?
A. Cottage cheese made with food grade organic acids rather than bacterial starter cultures
What organisms do the following media select for and how do the colonies appear on the media? XLD (xylose lysine deoxycholate), VRBA (violet red bile agar), EMB (eosin methylene blue), baird parker, macconkey
f) XLD- salmonella- red colonies- black centers and shigella-red colonies g) VRBA- enterobacteriaceae, pink colonies h) EMB- coliforms, E.coli turns metallic green i) Baird Parker-staph aureus- black j) Mcconkey- Macconkey- coliforms, pink- if lactose fermenting, colorless if not, E.coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staph aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium, Proteus vulgaris
What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of radio frequency heating?
advatanges: longer wavelength, deeper penetration depth, shorter treatment time, less equipment space requirement, volumetric heating; being a continuous process disadvantages: non-uniform heating,
What classic method is commonly used to determine fat content in milk?
Babcock method, also Mojonnier
What are the two types of certified food colorants?
lakes (water and oil soluble) and dyes (water soluble)
In thermal processing, what is the symbol used for the temperature response parameter for cooling curve? It is the time required for the straight line fitted to the log-linear portion of a cooling curve to pass through a one log cycle. It is also the negative reciprocal of the slope of the cooling curve.
F sub c
Swiss style yogurt is what?
Yogurt with fruits mixed
Why was Sassafras bark banned by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1976?
Due to the carcinogenic properties of its chemical safrole.
Ravioli translates to what action in italian?
To wrap
What is the full form of SQC with regards to food quality?
Statistical Quality Control
What is a disadvantage of UHT?
in milk some enzymes like proteases and lipases more heat resistant - can cause flavor changes during prolonged storage
Give 3 factors that determine the stability of emulsions.
particle size, pH of phases, type of emulsifier, size of globules, viscosity, interfacial tension, temperature
What are the flavor/antimicrobial compounds associated w/the following spices: Cloves, Cinnamon, Oregano, Thyme, Vanilla Beans, Garlic, and Onion?
cloves=Eugenol;cinnamon=cinnamic aldehyde;oregano=carvacrol;Thyme= thymol;Vanilla Beans= Vanillin ;Garlic=allicin;onion=allicin
Who was the first person in Germany to develop commercial refrigeration?
Linde
According to the code of Federal Regulations, if unpasteurized milk is used to manufacture cheese, how long must the cheese be aged prior to sale?
at least 60 days
What is the main function of bile in digestion and absorption?
Emulsify fats
What other changes can occur in food when pasteurizing it?
There can also be reductions in flavors (or production of off flavors), colors and enzymes and vitamins. Want to select for the right conditions to minimize changes to food while still killing the bacteria in a reasonable amout of time
What are the 3 main components of a microwave heating system?
magnetron, waveguide, and cavity
Which food has more zinc per gram? a. beef, b. chickpeas, c. pork chops, d. oysters
d. oyster
What is thermal vapor recompression?
As a way to reduce energy consumption a thermocompressor which uses high pressure steam as a motive fluid is added to a typical steam heated evaporator. The motive steam at approximately 150 psig enters the thermocompressor and expands as it passes through a diffuser=
What are the four federal food standards?
standard for grade, standard of quality, stand and definition of identity, standard of fill of containtainers
Which food has the highest fiber content? Five prunes, ½ cup cooked lentils, 2 cups iceberg lettuce, or ¾ cup bran flakes
1/2 cup cooked lentils
When is a microorganism considered dead?
When it fails to grow or reproduce in or on media.
What is the food colorant added to curacao to make blue curacao?
E133 Brilliant Blue
The process in which sugar is added to adjust grape juice before alcoholic fermentation is called?
chaptalization
What is the role of inulin in dietary fiber?
May lower blood cholesterol and glucose or serve as a food source for gut microflora.
Give the names of the essential fatty acids for human nutrition.
Linoleic and a-Linolenic acids
Which name for certain chemicals in biochemistry came from the Greek language, which means 'leaven'?
Enzyme
Test to detect carcinogenic antigens?
Ames test.
What milk protein is responsible for iron binding and enhanced iron adsorption into the body?
Lactoferrin
Kulfi is a delicious, milk-based, frozen dessert. What country is Kulfi native to?
India
Which is the most abundant amino acid?
lysine
Vegetables and fruits can be heated by microwave energy because they have a high "loss factor". The "loss factor" is mainly due to what compositional content of fruits and vegetables?
water
What was the name of the nutritional guideline system established in 1940 and phased out in 1968?
Minimum Daily Requirement (MDR).
The amount of effervescence in a sparkling wine is dependent on the amount of what compound?
CO2
What are 3 mesomorphic structures associated with lipids in the liquid state?
Lamellar; Hexagonal I, II; Cubic
What can be a replacement for sourdough?
1 cup of milk with 1 tablespoon of lemon juice or vinegar
What is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide?
Iron deficiency is the most common and widespread nutritional disorder in the world.
How many days is the gestation period for sheep?
147 days
What is the minimum Federal standard for the percent of milk solids nonfat (MSNF) in whole cow's milk?
0.0825
Which of the following has the greatest market share of food packaging? A. flexible packaging, b. glass, c. other metals or d. paper & board
D. Paper and board
What is the classification of fluids according to Reynolds number?
Small (<2100): Laminar or streamline flow; High (>4000): Turbulent flow
What is the acid present in fish oil?
Arachidonic acid
Name the following wheat types from lowest to highest protein content: Pastry, Bread, All purpose, Whole Wheat, First Clear
Pastry, All purpose, Whole wheat, Bread, First Clear
What is the gestation of a pig?
3 months, 3 weeks, and 3 days
What is the substrate for catalase?
Hydrogen peroxide.
Which country produces over 70% of the world's maple syrup?
Canada
What are isotonic solutions?
solutions that have the same osmotic pressure at the same temperature
Addition of sugar after gums are dissolved in water can enhance the dispersion of gum particles. (T/F)
TRUE.
Smallest & Largest AA by molecular weight:
smallest: glycine largest: tryptophan
What is the packaging material that is impermeable to gas?
Glass
What is the state muffin of Minnesota?
Blueberry
What is the difference between homopolymers and copolymers?
A homopolymer is synthesized using a single type of monomer; a copolymer uses more than one species of monomer.
What is gingerol and where is it found?
Characteristic ginger flavor from the ginger root
Which tea is blanched and fermented prior to drying to maintain the activity of the polyphenols and prevents oxidation of the polyphenols?
Green Tea
Which mineral enhances insulin activity? A. zinc b. iodine c. chromium d. manganese
Chromium
What type of radiation is of primary interest in food preservation?
Electromagnetic (gamma)
Carotenoids include what two groups of pigments?
Carotenes and xanthophylls.
What is the artificial color number for Erythrosine?
FD&C Red No.3
What are other names for the baobab tree?
Monkey Bread Tree, Tree of Life, Bottle Tree or Upside Down Tree
Mouthfeel of fat is most influenced by
solid fat content
How many regional sections are there in IFT?
53
Most commonly consumed single cell food.
Chicken egg
List the methods of artificial tenderizing.
mechanical means, applying low levels of salt (salt solubilizes meat protein), adding enzyme to meat, such as bromelin, ficin, trypsin, or papain, electrical stimulation (application of sufficient voltage to cause rapid muscle contractions)
Who is the current president of IFT?
Chris Daubert
What day in August is National Rice Pudding Day?
August 9th
Saltwater fish provide how many times more iodine than freshwater fish?
10-100 times more
Which compound is responsible for umami flavor?
MSG
What is an intermediate moisture food?
contains 10-50% water with an Aw of 0.60 - 0.90
S – (1- propenyl) – L – cysteine sulfoxide and thiopropanol – S oxide – are associated with the flavor of
Onions
What is the term for a male bovine?
Bull
What is enology?
The study of wine
What type of whey is produced during the manufacture of Cottage cheese?
Cottage= acid whey
Buckwheat and Quinoa are examples of what grain type?
Pseudocereals
What food writer and humor columnist, who has a fondness for Little Debbie Nutty Bars, retired from the Star Tribune after 39 years?
Al Sicherman
What is vitamin B2 also called?
Riboflavin
C20:5n3 represents which fatty acid?
(unsaturated fatty acid) EPA or Eicosapentaenoic Acid (from elongating a-linolenic)
Which was the first civilization to make marshmallows?
Ancient Egypt
What animal is associated with the TSE disease Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy?
Cats
What is the most important functional property of meat protein to determine juiciness of the final product?
Water holding capacity
What is the normal ultimate pH of beef longissimus?
5.6 - 5.7
Name three advantages of pasteurization of milk used for cheese production.
Destroy pathogenic bacteria and other odor causing bacteria, removal of undesirable gases, product uniformity, higher cheese yield, better control over acid development
What do you call the metal ions in dairy products that accelerate the deterioration and development of off-flavors?
Prooxidants
What is the mathematical model used in sensory descriptive determination test?
Thrustonian model
What was the real name of Chef Boiardi (Boy-ar-dee)?
Ettore “Hector” Boiardi
Why do bubbles form in boiling but not during evaporation?
in evaporation bubbles do not form because the vapor pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure. Bubbles form in boiling because the vapor pressure overcomes atmospheric pressure
Describe the brewing process.
Hops and wort are combined and brought to a boil to extract flavor and inactivate enzymes. Other proteins are precipitated out to preserve the beer's longevity.
Flavor is termed organoleptic because it is determined by:
A blending of odor and taste
On what food stuff is the mycotoxin patulin most commonly produced on?
apples
What analytical method reveals the most information about a lipid? A – fat index, B – solid/ liquid ratio, C – iodine value, D – Cloud point
A
What does obligate mean for microorganisms?
Absolute Requirements.
What are the three modes of heat transfer?
Conductive, convective, radiation.
The chlorophyll reaction in food processing whereby the magnesium is lost by replacement with hydrogen results in the formation of what pigment and what is the color?
Pheophytin – dull olive – brown
What cooking method uses a oven to cook meat?
Roasting
When a natural cheese is heated to a high temperature, the result will be:
stringiness, toughness, and a separation of fat.
The acetic acid in vinegar is derived from the bacteria oxidation of what substance?
Ethanol
IFT has approved undergraduate programs in Food Science at Universities in over 7 countries. Name 4 of them.
USA, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand, Argentina, Indonesia, China, Australia, Ireland, Costa Rica, Malaysia, United arab emirates, Honduras, Thailand
In 1991, who succeeded Frank Young as the Commissioner of Food and Drugs in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services?
(David A.) Kessler
What are the subtractive primaries?
cyan, magenta, and yellow
The extraction technique used by the meat industry to remove fats from most by-products that have no better market potential is called what?
rendering
What does GC stand for?
Gas Chromatography
What is the name of the waffle that is made thin with a syrup filling?
Stroopwafels
A higher attenuation factor does what to the distribution?
makes the distribution less uniform
True or False: Flour with a yellow color is more nutritious than white flour because it contains more provitamin A.
False - only one xanthophyll (not in flour) is known to possess pro-vitamin A activity for mammals
Tannins produce the dry feeling in your mouth after taking a sip of which of the following? Rum, beer, whiskey, red wine
Red wine
What is an advantage of UHT?
Process conditions independent of container size
What is the difference between Fischer and Haworth projections of carbohydrates?
Fischer projections are straight chains, while Haworth projections are cyclical
What substance is used in microbiology for microscopes in order to reduce the influence of refractive index of air?
immersion oil
What is the term for the full collection of genes present in a population of genetically similar organisms?
Gene pool
according to the NLEA, only 11 health claims will be allowed on food labels; name 5
calcium and osteoporosis,folate and neural tube defects,sodium and hypertension,dietary fat and cancer,dietary sat. fat/cholesterol and coronary heart disease,soy intake and cancer,fruits and veg and cancer
What are 5 methods of freezing?
plate/contact, still air/cold room/sharp, blast air, IQF/Fluidized bed, immersion/spray, cryogenic, sharp, rotary, spiral, band
What is the phenomenon when two particles merge and don't retain their properties?
coalescence
Combustion of 10 g of food in a bomb calorimeter increases the temperature of 1 kg of water by 5°C. How many calories are present in 100 g of this food?
50 (kcal)
What is the destination of the portal vein?
The liver
What is the term for lightly frying food and then stewing it slowly in a closed container?
Braising
which of the following is NOT a low-acid (pH 7-5.5) food: A.cheddar cheese, B.poultry, C.mayonnaise, or D.rice?
C.Mayonnaise
What microorganism is used to make koji in sake brewing?
Aspergillus oryzae
What is a hard swell?
Bulged ends of the can cannot be compressed by the fingers.
Top graded red and white wine
Judgement of Paris
What is the purpose of adding alkaline phosphates in processed meat products?
Increase water binding and act as antioxidants
What is a material property that determines the distribution of energy within the material?
attenuation factor
From which country does Reisling originate?
Germany
What unit of viscosity is equal to 1 gram per centimeter-second?
poise
True or False: The geometric center of a can is the slowest heating point for foods heated by convection.
False. The slowest heating point is near the bottom of the container.
Which government agency is responsible for regulating the use of food additives?
FDA
What flavor attribute does milk that has been UHT processed typically have?
cooked flavor
This condiment was originally sold as a medicine in the 1830’s.
Ketchup
Passed by Congress in 1990, the Waxman bill will bring important changes to the food industry. What is the Waxman Bill better known as?
The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990
Lysine is produced by which genus of bacteria?
Brevibacterium
What is the common name of 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine or methyl theobromine?
Caffeine
Does IR radiation have a longer or shorter wavelength than visible light?
IR radiation has a longer wavelength than visible light.
A food that is marketed as a modified food which does not fully meet the requirements of the standard is classified as
modified or immitaiton version of the standard food
What are the requirements for optimal evaporation?
Rapid rate of heat transfer Low temperature operation through the use of vacuum Efficient vapor-liquid separation Efficient energy use and recovery.
What are the only phenols approved for use in the microbiological preservation of foods?
Parabens
In what year was there a patent registered for use of a commercial refrigeration process for fish?
1842
Who is the Scientific Editor of the Journal of Food Science?
Owen Fennema
What three enzymes are used in the process of converting corn starch slurry to high fructose corn syrup?
Alpha-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase
What is the minimum water activity for most yeast?
0.87.
Stuart, Mahan, Desirable and Hastings are all varieties of what nut?
Pecans
What is the typical shelf life of pasteurized milk held under refrigeration?
12-16 days
What is the difference between Homofermentation and Heterofermentation?
Homofermentation is when bacteria produce mostly lactic acid; Heterofermentation is when bacteria produce lactic acid, butyric acid, acetic acid, Carbon Dioxide, and other end products.
Oxygen storage in slow twitch fibers is achieved by what molecule?
Myoglobin
What is the definition of flexible package films?
A thickness of .010 inches or less
In food packaging, highly sized SBS paperboards are often called 'food board'; what does SBS stand for?
Solid Bleached Sulfate
Guinness stout beer is a product of this country: England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland
Ireland
What is thermal death time?
TDT is the time at temperature T to reduce the number of microorganisms by a specific amount, varies from food to food.
What type of heat energy is added or subtracted from a system resulting in a phase or state change, but no change in temperature?
Latent heat (energy)
What is responsible for the trigeminal senses?
free nerve endings present in the oral and nasal cavities which are sensitive to irritants (capsaicin, acetic acid, ammonia, astringents) and act as a protection device against harmful chemicals
Which contains less butterfat: whole cream, light cream, or half & half?
Half & half
What is the difference between recombinant bovine growth hormone and natural bovine growth hormone?
Recombinant version has an additional Methionine
Titles of CFR pertaining to food.
Title 7, 9, 21, 27, 50
What is the pH range of wine?
2.5-4.5
What is the disease caused by the inability to digest phenylalanine?
Phenylketonuria
What is a function of dietary protein?
Enzymes, structural, tissue repair
Salt will enhance sweet and sour flavors while imparting bitter flavors T/F?
True
List 4 varieties of sour cherries.
Montmorercy, Morello, amarelle, early Richmond, meteor, north star
What is the equation for the Ideal gas Law?
PV = nRT
Name 3 physical agents capable of denaturing proteins.
Heat, Cold Mechanical Treatments, Hydrostatic Pressure, Irradiation, and Interfaces
What day is known as "Pancake Day" in christian countries?
Shrove Tuesday
Common names of following fatty acids: C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C20:0
4:0 (Butyric), 6:0 (Caproic), 8:0 (Caprylic), 10:0 (Capric), 12:0 (Lauric), 14:0 (Myristic), 16:0 (Palmitic), 18:0 (Stearic), 20:0 (Arachidic)
In culinary terms, what can be meat from deer, elk, moose, antelope, caribou, and pronghorn?
venison
Plant substances which are resistant to hydrolysis by the endogenous enzymes of the human digestive tract are more commonly known as___
Dietary fiber
Name the high molecular weight polyester deposited in the waxy cuticle of some plant epidermal cells.
Cutin
What are BHA and BHT and in which class of food additives do they belong?
Butylated hydroxyanisole, Butylated hydroxytoluene; antioxidants
What is the scientific name of the muscle from which canadian bacon is manufactured?
Longissimus dorsi
Typical mutton carcasses always have ___ joints on their front shanks.
spool
What does FTC stand for?
Federal Trade Commission
Silver nitrate is used as a titrant in food analysis to determine what food component?
Salt (sodium chloride). The silver reacts with the chloride to precipitate silver chloride in the mohr titration
When was E. coli O157:H7 first linked with serious food born illness and what was the food product?
1982, hamburger.
There are nine enzymes involved in the Kreb cycle. Name 4 of them.
1. Citrate synthase, 2. Aconitase, 3. Isocitrate dehydrogenase, 4. α-ketogultarate dehydrogenase, 5. Succinyl-CoA synthetase, 6. Succinate dehydrogenase, 7. fumarase, 8. Malate dehydrogenase, 9. pyruvate dehydrogenase
What does the acronym NADA stand for
new animal drug application
What is the purpose of counter-current air flow in spray drying?
drying air and particles move through the drying chamber in opposite directions, this mode is suitable for products which require a degree of heat treatment during drying, product will be overheated unless can withstand heat, temp of the powder leaving dryer is higher than exhaust air temp
Which taste qualities are NOT mediated by G-protein coupled receptors?
Sour, salty
What continent does Macadamian nuts originate?
Australia
What are the six colors of teas?
White, black, green, yellow, bluegreen, another type of yellow
What are three different methods for blow molding plastic containers?
extrusion, injection, stretch
Which is the most bioavailable precursor to vitamin A?
beta carotene
Rank the following fruits from highest water percentage to the lowest water percentage: orange, apple, grape, strawberry.
Apple, Orange, Grape, Strawberry
What happens to a bottle of wine if before you bottle it you forget to put the stuff in it that prevents it from fermenting?
It explodes
What is the name of the protein responsible for oxygen transport in the body?
Hemoglobin
What two food colorants may be added to butter?
Carotene, Annatto
Rank the following sugars from least to most sweet: sucralose, aspartame, neotame, monkfruit, sucrose
Sucrose, aspartame, monk fruit, sucralose, neotame
In the MUG test, what enzyme from E. coli is being tested?
B-glucuronidase
What is the hormone responsible for milk let down in cows and from which gland is it secreted?
Oxytocin hormone; pituitary gland
What is the recycling # for the packaging material polystyrene?
6
Meringue is supposed to be mixed in a bowl made of what type of metal, and why?
Copper; it reacts with proteins, affecting the mixing process.
What is the membrane around an egg yolk called?
Vitelline membrane
The acid orange 12 dye-binding test is used to determine what in milk?
True protein content of milk
The best corrugated flute style for stacking performance is: a. A-Flute b. B-Flute c. C-Flute d. D-Flute e. E-Flute
A-Flute (it is the thickest and therefore has the largest area to load)
Which regulatory agency is responsible for bottled water and which agency for piped water?
FDA for bottled and EPA for piped water
which fungus was the principle cause of the Irish Potato Famine?
Phytophthora infestans
What will the Recommended Dietary Allowance provide for?
The known nutritional needs of almost all healthy people
What is the name of the French dish with finely chopped raw meat
Steak Tartare
Which of these would be heaviest: a gallon of whole milk, a gallon of skim milk, or a gallon of whipping cream?
Skim Milk
What are the ten Focus Areas of IFT?
1. Food, health and nutrition; 2. Food ingredients and additives; 3. Food business trends; 4. Emerging science and technologies; 5. Food policy; 6. Food processing and packaging; 7. Food quality; 8. Product development; 9. Food safety and defense; 10. Sustainability
What is the flavor/antimicrobial compound associated with Cinnamon?
cinnamon= cinnamic aldehyde
Approximately how many eggs does the United States produce each year?
102 billion (in 2016)
The two polysaccharides that comprise starch are _________ and _______________
amylose and amylopectin
Two-part question: What are the present and previous departments of government that the FDA operates and operated) under?
Present - Department of Health and Human Services; Previous - Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
What term describes a compound added to a food to achieve a technical effect during processing, shipping or storage, that is later removed or reduced to an insignificant level?
A processing aid
What is Just noticeable difference (JND) in frozen foods?
Just noticeable difference (JND): defined as the length of time for a panel of human subjects to distinguish the product being evaluated from the same product held at a reference temperature (typically -35º C).
Why store olive oil in dark?
to prevent from photooxidation
What does the Ninhydrin assay measure?
amino acids
Name a solvent extraction method used to measure fat in foods?
Soxhlet, Goldfish or Mojonnier
This cultured dairy product is very popular in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia and accounts for as much as 70% of all cultured dairy products consumed worldwide. Name a fermented milk containing alcohol.
A. Kefir
What plant pigment is the precursor of Vitamin A?
β-carotene
fluid flow resulting in a Reynolds # of 10,000 would be what type of flow?
Turbulent
What are the core messages of the five keys to safer food outlined by the World Health Organization?
Keep clean, separate raw and cooked, cook thoroughly, Keep food at safe temperatures, use safe water and raw materials
How are potato chips protected from physical damage?
Bags are nitrogen-flushed
A chlorophyll molecule reacting with magnesium exhibits what shade of green?
Bright green
What compound in chicken feed can lead to arsenic in chicken?
Roxarsone
What is the boiling point of water in °F, °C, and °K?
212 °F, 100 °C, 373 °K.
What is 'Minimal Botulinum Cook'; give both temperature and time.
250 degrees F for 3 minutes
What does the FPLA require?
Use of retail packaging that are not deceptive
What are BOD, COD and what are their units of measurement?
biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, mg/L
Name one drink that is named for the wormwood plant?
Vermouth and absinthe
How is total acidity measured?
A. Titration
Which minerals interfere with each other's absorption in the gastrointestinal tract?
calcium and phosphorus
What enzyme breaks down each of these disaccharides: sucrose, maltose, and lactose?
Sucrose - Invertase, Maltose - Maltase, Lactose - Lactase
Name 5 chelating agents used in food.
EDTA, vitamin C, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, pyrophosphate, proteins
Enzyme pills available over the counter can be added to milk to predigest lactose to glucose and galactose. The name of the enzyme is ....
Lactase (b-galactosidase) or Lactase
Differentiate between homofermentative and heterofermentative lactic acid fermentations. What is the difference between homofermentative and heterofermentative bacteria?
-Homo: glucose converted to lactic acid -Hetero: glucose (and possibly other substrates) converted to lactic acid and ethanol (and sometimes other compounds) / Heterofermentative bacteria produce copious amounts of gas.
What are the two types of pies?
Savory, Sweet
Why can goats eat grass and paper while humans cannot?
Bacteria present in their stomachs break down the cellulose
Marasmus is a type of PEM disease. What does PEM stand for?
Protein Energy Malnutrition
Which dimensionless number can be used as an index of laminar or turbulent flow?
Reynold's number
Name 2 sun-dried fruits.
Raisins, tomatoes, apricots, figs
Why did early 19th-century cookbooks suggest cooking green vegetables in a copper pennypot?
It gave vegetables a bright green color due to a stable complex formed with copper.
Name the nutritional disorder and the nutritional deficiency characterized by four "D's": diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death
Pellagra, niacin deficiency
Three commercial uses of lactase
hydrolyzes lactose to glucose and galactose, prevent sandiness in ice cream, lactose intolerance
how many pascals equal one newton per meter squared?
one
What is the process of converting unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids?
Hydrogenation
How long does a US patent last?
20 years
Why should you store olive oil in a dark environment?
light oxidation
Barley botanical name?
Hordeum vulgare
What are the 3 most common types of human botulism?
Type A, B, E, F (rare)
Venison refers to the meat of what class of animal?
Game animals (Deer)
What term describes the concentration of an aroma in a food divided by its threshold?
aroma value or odor activity value
By what other name is goose liver patte known?
Foie Gras
In the United States, how much chocolate liquor must each of the following products contain? Milk chocolate, sweet chocolate coating, bittersweet chocolate
Milk chocolate: 10%; Sweet chocolate coating: 15%; Bittersweet chocolate: 35%.
What part of the pork does Boston Butt come from?
Shoulder
Low density polyethylene is a good oxygen barrier compared to nylon.
False
If the D value of the critical organism is three and the product is a high acid food, what should the F value of the process be?
F = 15 (=5D) (accept 15, 18 or 21).
Name two organisms responsible for foodborne illness that tolerate relatively high salt concentrations.
Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes.
What is the name of green tea that is then allowed to ferment and compost?
Post-Fermented Tea
Why cannot polybutadiene be used as an enamel on two-piece cans, but can be used as such on three-piece cans?
It cannot hold up under the stresses of the manufacturing process for two-piece cans
Three food groups exempt from mandatory nutrition labelling.
Fresh Produce, fruits, veggies, medical food, alcohol, bottled water, bulk fruits, airplane service foods, free samples, coffee, tea and spices
In an egg yolk, what is the phospholipid that acts as an emulsifier?
Lecithin
The oxidation of the iron in myoglobin to the ferric state results in the brown pigment called...
metmyoglobin (before cooking in fresh; if it is after cooking, its called dentaured metmyoglobin)
What is the process of staling called?
Retrogradation
Aborigines in tropical countries wrapped meat in papaya leaves before cooking; what effect did they achieve by this?
meat tenderizing action of proteolytic enzyme papain from papaya
What is the complex polymer of aromatic alcohols known as monolignols, comprised of phenylpropanoid units, and associated with the cell walls of plants?
Lignin
The most important sausage product in the US is the__________.
frankfurter
What does HLB stand for?
Hydrophilic lipophilic balance
What is the difference between a brine and a marinade?
A brine is salt-based, while a marinade is acid-based.
What animal source provides omega-3 fatty acids?
Fish
What does BT stand for in BT corn?
Bacillus Thuringiensis
blue sugar packet
nutrasweet (aspartame, a dipeptide NOT a carb) NOT natural
With respect to thermal processing, what does TA stand for?
Thermophilic anaerobe
Beta cyclodextrin is a cyclic malto oligo saccharide that forms inclusion complexes with various organic compounds. How many glucose units comprise one molecule of beta cyclodextrin?
Seven
Name 4 polyunsaturated fatty acids in foods and give # db's in each.
Linoleic (2), linolenic (3), arachidonic (4), EPA (5), DHA (6).
What was the first aircraft to have food and orbit the moon?
apollo 8
What colorant is added to make foods white?
Titanium dioxide.
List the 7 steps of HACCP in order.
1. Conduct a hazard analysis 2. Identify CCP 3. Set critical limits 4. Establish monitoring procedures 5. Establish corrective actions 6. Verification 7. Establish record keeping
Name the lean and primal cuts of pork.
Lean cuts: ham, loin, boston butt, and picnic Primal cuts: the above along w/belly
Give 3 visible signs of chilling injury.
poor ripening, pitting, collapse of structural integrity, development of off-flavors and rotting
What vitamin deficiencies result in beri beri and rickets?
B1 and D
What 1 bacteriocin is approved for food preservation in the US and in what product may it be used?
Nisin - pasteurized process cheese spread
State the full name that corresponds w/the recycling #6 for recyclable polymers.
PS=polystyrene
What is the name of gouda produced in the traditional manner, using unpasteurized milk?
Borerenkaas
What value measures the heat resistance of a microorganism?
D-value
How does high moisture content of foods affect browning?
High moisture content causes browning to happen more slowly
Time in minutes for one log reduction?
D-value.
There are only two herbs with names that contain 3 letters. Name one.
Bay, rue
Kirsch is a brandy made of which fruit?
Cherries
Name top 3 cheese producing countries.
US, Germany, France
The fruit known as monkey bread comes from which tree?
Baobab
Name the types of whey from cottage, Parmesan, cheddar, and Swiss cheese production.
Acid, sweet, sweet, and sweet (sweet whey is manufactured during the making of rennet types of hard cheese, while acid or sour whey is obtained during the making of acid types of cheese)
What is the purpose of pasteurization for low acid foods?
Primarily for the destruction of pathogens, and then secondly for the destraction of spoilage organisms and deactivate enzymes
What effect would the addition of sodium bicarbonate have to chocolate?
Smoother, less acid and less bitter chocolate flavor, darker color, and improved solubility (elevated pH enhances sugar-amino browning reactions and polymerization of flavonoids).
Which is the Sweetner developed by Cargill?
Eversweet
What nutrient in bacon may be good for pregnant women to eat?
Choline is an essential nutrient that plays a role in the normal development of the brain. Pregnancy and lactation are periods when maternal reserves of choline are depleted.
What does GPC stand for wrt food analysis?
Gel-Permeation Chromatography
The temperature at which water condenses is called what?
Dew point
Name an official method of food analysis for ash determination.
dry ashing
What is the principle-flavoring compound in oranges and onions?
Oranges: acetyl acetate; onions: ethyl thiocyanate
What is the common name for sodium chloride?
Salt
How is the pocket in pita bread formed?
Steam that is created by cooking at a high heat.
What is limonene?
An aroma component or compound. It is a colorless liquid hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic terpene. The common D-isomer possesses a strong smell of oranges.
What are the five basic tastes?
Sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami
What popular drink did a Dutch medical professor produce in his laboratory while trying to come up with a blood cleanser that could be sold in drugstores?
Gin
What is vitamin B5 also called?
Pantothenic acid
In 1946, BBC aired the first-ever cooking show, called "Cookery". Who was the first chef to have his own cooking show?
Philip Harben
What enzyme is most responsible for browning bananas?
Polyphenol Oxidase
Hyperkeratinization, xerosis, bitot's spots, keratomalacia, and hyperkeratosis are symptoms of a deficiency of ________?
vitamin A
What is the main pigment in carrots?
Carotene
What is the major fermentable sugar in brewer’s wort?
Maltose
Two general categories of freezing methods used in commercial food processing are_. Give examples.
Direct (air blast, immersion); Indirect (plate, scraped surface)
What is the more common name for (alpha-D-gal;actopyranosyl-(1_6)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-beta-D-fructofuranoside?
Raffinose
Why do bubbles form in boiling and not evaporation?
because the vapor pressure can overcome the atmospheric pressure
Cheese is categorized by what two factors?
Ripeness and hardness
Define "Apparently Acidity."
Acid in milk as from cow due to proteins, phosphates, carbonates, and citrates
Acetaldehyde is very important for which dairy product?
A. Yogurt
What does AOAC stand for?
Association of Official Analytical Chemists
What are mohr's titration and volhard titration used for?
determining salt concentration
20g or amylose is added to 80 g of water in a beaker and heated to boiling. What would be the observed boiling point (at sea level)?
100 C - not a true solution, so no boiling point elevation
According to the Grade A pasteurized milk ordinance recommendations of the FDA, what is the maximum bacterial plate count per ml allowed in Grade A co-mingled raw milk? What is the bacterial limit for commingled milk, or milk from various farms mixed together?
300,000 CFU/ml
Name three garlic cultivars.
California Early, Elephant, French Mild Silverskin, Mexican Purple
Define mycosis.
disease resulting from the invasion of living cells by a fungi
The combination of wintergreen, vanilla, and cassis (cinnamon) make up this commonly recognized flavor
Bubblegum
What is the effect of pH and temperature on the Maillard reaction?
High temperature and high pH increase the reaction rate.
What is the flavor/antimicrobial compound associated with Thyme?
Thymol
On St Patricks day, which food is used to color beer green?
Spinach
Blanching of tea leaves is performed to inactivate what enzyme?
PPO
What is the bitter component of grapefruit called?
naringen
How many square centimeters in a standard Petri dish?
35mm--area of 8.55 square cm. 50 mm or 5 cm--area of 19.60 square cm. 100 mm or 9 cm-- area of 56.75 square cm. 135 mm-- area of 143 square cm.
What are the % moisture, % CHO, % protein, and % fat of corn?
11, 72, 10, 4
Nutritional diseases resulting from a deficiency of niacin (B3) and cobalamine (B12) are ______.
Niacin (B3): Pellagra; Cobalamine (B12): Pernicious anemia
What was the first food eaten on the moon by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin Jr?
Bacon
Thinking, memory, and learning in the brain are closely linked to what levels in the body?
Glucose
What is the relationship between thermal death time and temperature for bacteria?
It is not only a relationship between TDT and temperature but also time, the time at a certain temperature needs to be above the TDT in order for the process to be affective. Also increasing temp will reduce processing time
In anaerobically stored fresh meat, what is the major type of spoilage organism?
Lactic acid bacteria.
What type of method is the phenol sulfuric acid value, and what does this assay determine?
colorimetric, total carbohydrates
What two amino acids are found in B-turns?
Glycine, proline
Name three spinach cultivars.
Bloomsdale, Melody, Space, Tyee
Which disease caused by niacin deficiency is designated by dermatitis?
Pellagra
What substance is used in meat curing to counteract the harsh flavor of salt?
dextrose
Can Clostridium botulinum grow at 0°F?
No
Hydrolysis of glycerol molecules from the TAG is called?
saponification
what is the common name of hexaphosphate inositol and what does this compound do?
phytic acid: it chelates minerals
An object that absorbs light in the red and the blue regions of the visible spectra will appear what hue?
green
what do these abbreviations related to shellfish toxins stand for? PSP, DSP, NSP, ASP
PSP=Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning,DSP= Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning,NSP= Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning,ASP= Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning
What is the driving force of osmosis?
chemical potential
What are the holes in Swiss cheese caused by and what are they called?
Carbon dioxide and they are called eyes.
What are disposable critical temperature indicators (CTI's)?
Low-cost (usually less than one cent) devices which are attached to cases and even individual packages to indicate when an unacceptable temperature has been reached.
"True tea" originates from Camellia sinensis. Name the five types of tea.
Black, White, Green, Oolong and Pu-erh
Baklava and borek are examples of what kind of pastry?
Filo
How did cheese-makers overcome the kosher problem of rennet?
its produced from a microbiological source as chymosin
Name the six classes of enzymes.
Transferases, Hydrases, Isomerases, Oxidoreductases, Ligases, Lysases
Trans fatty acids occur naturally in what type of animal?
Ruminant animals
which mold (genus only) is a major concern for microbiological spoilage in commercially produced bread?
Rhizopus (Rhizopus stolonifer is the full name)
What is the SI unit for density?
Kg/m3
What are the major antioxidants found in Rosemary extract?
Rosmarinic acid, carnosol and carnosic acid
What does the BET equation relate to for foods?
Aw of monolayer of water
What is the name of the Scandinavian dish that is composed of whitefish that has been dried and soaked in lye?
Lutefisk
What is the collapse problem with freeze drying?
don't want to cross rubbery stage during freeze drying, otherwise the food will collapse
Name four of the granulation types of sucrose in industry.
Confectioners AA, Manufacturers, Bakers Special, Brown Sugar, Sanding, Bottler's, Powdered Sugar.
A soxhlet extractor was originally designed to extract what from solid foods?
Lipids
List 5 types of biases that may be caused by order of presentation in sensory evaluation
Contrast effect, group effect, error of central tendency, pattern effect, time error/positional bias
Define titratable acidity of milk and milk products.
measures the amount of alkali required to neutralize the components of a given quantity of milk and milk products, and is expressed as a percentage of lactic acid. This test is used to determine milk quality and to monitor fermentation of cheeses
What is the first alteration observed in ultrastructural integrity of postmortem muscle fibers?
Z disk degradation
which of the following is NOT a method used to determine the fat content of a food: A. soxhlet extraction, B. mojonnier extraction, C.goldfish method, D.karl fischer
karl fischer
Name the compounds in legumes that are non-nutritive.
Lectins, trypsin inhibitors, growth inhibitors.
What are the advantages of drum drying?
products have good porosity and hence good rehydration due to boiling evap, can dry very viscous foods, such as pastes and gelatinized or cooked starch not easily dried by other methods, have high energy efficiency, clean and hygienic, easy to operate and maintain, dryers are flexible and suitable for multiple but small quantity production
What is the chemical precursor of vitamin D3?
7-dehydrocholesterol
Cryogenic freezing of fruits and vegetables generally refers to freezing at what temperature?
-70 F
Where is Mofongo from?
Puerto Rico - fried plantain-based dish
What are mycoses?
When molds and fungi colonize body surfaces. There are various types, categorized based on how deep into tissues they inhabit.
Typically, how old is a calf at time of slaughter?
less than 3 months
What are two equations for water activity?
P/Po ( partial vapor pressure of food moisture at T divided by saturation vapor pressure of water at T) and ERH/100 (equilibrium relative humidity at T divided by 100)
What are the different types of freeze concentration units?
Ice Crystallization (Direct contact freezers, Indirect-contact freezers) and Separation Devices (Mechanical press, Centrifugal, Wash column)
What is characterized by extensive fat infiltration into muscle fibers, often caused by denervation of muscles?
Steatosis
in the assessment of GMO foods, herbicides and pesticides, the USDA, FDA, and EPA utilize a 6-criterion list, which is often referred to as FONSI; what does the acronym FONSI stand for?
Finding Of No Significant Impact
How many days does it take to make 1 jelly bean?
10 days (7-14 days)
What end product does the Voges-Proskauer test detect?
Acetoin
This award is considered to be the most prestigious of the IFT awards and is bestowed for consistent and essentially lifetime contributions to food science and technology. Name the award.
The Nicholas Appert Medal.
What are the dominant organic acids present in grapes, spinach, and blackberries?
Tartaric, oxalic, and isocitric acid
What syndrome in swine brings an increased susceptibility to PSE (pale, soft, exudative) lean?
Porcine stress syndrome
Name two types of heat exchangers used to process particulate foods?
Scraped surface and tubular
What two assumptions are made in the Michaelis-Menten equation?
Formation of enzyme-substrate complex, rapid equilibrium with free enzyme
Stability of eggs not dependent on: Protein conc, pH, H2O addition, presence of sugar
H2O addition
What is the major rate limiting or regulatory enzyme in glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase
Name 2 enzymes that are mostly used for meat tenderization.
papain and bromelain
what is the main function of food additives know as emulsifiers?
to stabilize water-in-oil or oil-in-water systems
What are adjuncts used in breweries?
Additional source of sugar used to supplement the malt, usually corn, wheat, or rice.
What amino acid is essential for new born, especially premature born?
Arginine
Sweet acidophilus milk is made by growing active strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus in skim milk and then keeping the milk refrigerated before consumption (True/False)
False
Name three watermelon cultivars.
Big Stripe, Bush Sugar Baby, Crimson Sweet, Jamboree, Mickylee, OrangeGlo, Pinata, Royal Jubilee, Stars and Stripes, Summer Gold, Verona, Gem Dandy, Matrix, Black Diamond
What is the difference between a high-methoxyl pectin and low methoxyl pectin?
High-methoxyl pectin requires a significant amount of sugar to gel properly, but low-methoxyl pectin requires less.
Which is the most used plastic in food packaging? a) LDPE; b) HDPE; c) PET; d) PS
a) LDPE
Which grape variety is used for jam, jelly, and juice?
Vitis Labrusca
Which vegetables belong to the allium family and which to the cruciferae? Onions, garlic, broccoli, spinach, leeks and cabbage
Allium – onions, garlic, leeks Cruciferae – broccoli, spinach and cabbage
How many kilocalories does 1g of fat provide?
9 kcal/g
What type of protein causes Mad Cow Disease?
Prions
The step in which fatty acids of higher melting point are separated by cooling during edible oil manufacturer is called?
winterization
The most recent addition to the allowable materials in commercial curing of pickles is ____.
d or l-alpha tocopherol.
What is the common name of the fruit Citrus grande?
Grapefruit
Botanically, how is a tomato classified?
As a fruit.
Describe the flow direction of water across a cell membrane in an isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solution
Isotonic=no net flow (equilibrium);Hypotonic= water flows into the cell;Hypertonic= water flows out of the cell
How many meters are in one angstrom?
1 x 10^(-10)
Why is freeze drying different from other forms of drying?
Water sublimes from ice to the vapor phase
What are 2 problems that can occur in beef carcasses from a quality standpoint if you chill the carcass too quickly?
Cold toughening, cold shortening, "heat ring," reduced grade, and darker color.
What is the main advantage of an agitating retort over a still retort?
increase in heat transfer, decrease time for geometric center to reach desired temperature
Give the names of two major breeds of dairy cattle.
Holstein, Jersey, Brown Swiss, Shorthorn, Ayrshire, and Guernsey
Rank the following sugars in order of increasing solubility: sucrose, fructose, and lactose
Lactose, Sucrose, Fructose
Molds grow in an oxidation-reduction potential of...?
Positive Values.
What is the aleurone layer?
A protein-rich layer surrounding the endosperm of cereals.
What compound in black pepper stimulates a heat sensation?
piperine
What is the Codex Alimentarius Commission?
A group of 144 countries that develop standards for food commodities internationally
Name 7 of the 14 mandatory dietary components that must appear on the nutrition facts panel as part of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990
Serving size or other common household unit of measure customarily used; the number of servings or other units per container; number of calories per serving; number of calories per serving derived from total fat; number of calories per serving derived from saturated fat, amount of total fat, cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates, sugars, total protein, and dietary fiber per serving or other unit, and subject to conditions, vitamins minerals or other nutrients
What temperature should you cook poultry to?
165 degrees F.
In 2002 there was a worldwide vote to pick the newest color of M&Ms chocolate candies. What color was voted in: A.black, B.gold, C.silver, or D.purple?
D. purple
What are the flour to water ratios for cream puffs, muffins, popovers, and biscuits?
1:1 (cream puffs), 2:1 (muffins), 1:1 (popovers), 3:1 (biscuits).
What enzyme is involved with enzymatic browning of fruits and vegetables?
Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO).
At what frequency are radio waves typically at?
less than 300 MHz
What is the general equation for produce respiration?
C6(H2O)6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Skirt steak is fabricated from which beef primal?
Short plate
How many monomers does Stachycose have ?
4(Galatose+Galatose+Glucose+Frutose)
What is the alcohol level in alcoholic root beer?
0.004
What does FSIS stand for?
Food safety and inspection service
Under what title number in the Code of Federal Regulations are the FDA's regulations published?
21 CFR
When drying/storing sesame seeds what is the maximum percent moisture allowed?
6%
On average, about what % of dietary vitamin C is obtained from fruits and vegetables?
about 90%
What type of glass container can withstand a higher temperature drop, a large container or a small container?
Small container
What is the major ingredient in your dog/ cat's food? a. Grains b. Meat. C. Starch (potato) d. Corn.
Meat (because they are naturally meat eaters)
What is the 2025 Firmenich flavor of the year?
Milky Maple
What is the reaction of acid-catalyzed combination of two monosaccharide molecules?
Reversion.
What sausage is probably produced in the greatest amount in the world? In some regions, the green pistachio nut is a traditional ingredient.
mortadella
What is the name of a new beef product produced by low-temperature rendering followed by rapid chilling of the protein?
Fat Reduced Beef
what is BGH?
Bovine Growth Hormone: regulates growth and milk production
What is the definition of a saturated fatty acid?
A fatty acid with no double bonds on the alkyl chain.
Golden rice is enriched with what nutrient?
Vitamin A
Name food borne pathogen that grows below 10 C.
Listeria Monocytogenes
Name three major hop-growing countries.
Germany, U.S., Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, UK.
Name 3 factors influencing the consistency of commercial fats.
Proportion of solids in the fat, number, size, and kinds of crystals, viscosity of the liquid, temperature treatment, and mechanical working.
What is the scale to measure percent sugar?
Brix
Whey normally contains how much lactose?
5% by weight.
The polysaccharides in oats that provide viscosity and filtration problems in the brewing industry are called
beta glucans
True/False: freshly caught fish have a flesh pH of about 6.9.
False: its about 7.2
What is the brand of seasonings/spices most often used in the US?
McCormick
What is counter-current operation?
counterbalances resistance to drying, highest temp at lowest moisture content, increase danger of scorching, complete volume shrinkage can take place
Which step in the Maillard reaction involves a reaction between a dicarbonyl and amino acid?
Strecker Degradation
Which edible oil can be used as a lubricant?
rapeseed oil
What chocolate company is credited w/having the 1st diagram showing the location of each piece of candy in an assorted box?
Whitman's Candies
What is a blind experiment?
The subjects do not know if they are in the experimental group or control group.
What organism is included in the fermented sausage starter culture?
Pediococcus cerivicea
What is the term introduced by the Japanese that refers to chemicals enhancing food and palatability?
Kokumi
Glucose can be broken down either aerobically or anaerobically using what pathway?
Glycolysis EMB pathway
The high concentration of ____ in oats gives them a soapy taste?
lipids
What is the most common yogurt flavor?
A. Strawberry
What does TSA stand for?
Trypticase Soy Agar
What type of general whey is Ricotta cheese made from?
A. Sweet whey
Glucose isomerase has been used for more than 30 years by the starch industry for the manufacture of what?
High fructose syrups
True or false: Dark meats tend to have a higher fat content than white meats.
True
Outbreaks of Salmonellosis from consumption of raw almonds in 2000 and 2004 were caused by rare phage types of Salmonella Enteritidis. What were these two rare phage types?
PT 30 in 2000 and PT 9c in 2004
How many molecules are in a mole?
6.022 x 10^23
Quick Freezing
32 F to 25 F in 30 minutes, developed by Birdseye
What is the most prudent and practical means of processing milk in third world countries?
Ultra-High Temperature (UHT)
When making lemon pie, the lemon juice should be added:
when the filling is removed from the heat
How many layers of puff pastry is necessary for 2 folds for 3 times?
27 ((2+1)^3)
What processes are used to separate and isolate whey proteins from the lactose and minerals in whey?
Ultrafiltration and diafiltration
The Christie—Atkins—Munch-Peterson (CAMP) test is used to identify what foodborne pathogen?
Listeria monocytogenes
What is the name of thick cream made by heating a full cream of cow's milk, then cooled slowly in shallow pans?
Clotted cream
Scromboidosis is one of the most common seafood poisonings. The ingestion of what compound is responsible for the illness?
Histamine
Antioxidants are almost always what class of chemical compounds?
phenols
What are the two species of Vanila beans used in US food industry?
Vanilla Planifolia and Vanilla Tahitensis
Passing an oil through Fuller's earth is a process called ___.
Bleaching
Acid that is present in milk due to proteins, phosphates, carbonates, and citrates rather than from bacterial fermentation is known as what?
Apparent acidity.
Name four bonds involved in tertiary structure of protein.
Hydrophobic, ionic, hydrogen, disulfide
What main compound is responsible for the smell of lavender?
linalool or linalyl acetate
The "Standard of Identity" for margarine specifies that it contain at least WHAT percentage animal or vegetable fat?
0.8
What are the changes in ice crystals during recrystallization?
Three categories: - Isomass, a change in shape of the ice crystal resulting in reduction of surface-to-volume ratio. - Accretive, the joining of two ice crystals to form a much larger crystal. - Migratory, an increase in size of crystals and an overall reduction in the number of ice crystals as a result of liquid water migrating from one crystal to another.
What transparent plastic film is commonly used for retail packaging of fresh meat?
polyvinyl chloride (also acceptable: "PVC").
In which year did belgian chemist ernest solvay patented his method for the industrial production of sodium carbonate?
1882
What company discovered the process of spherification of liquids?
Unilever
What is "Radappertization"?
Reducing the number of microorganisms by exposing food to ionizing radiation.
Who developed cocoa butter, cocoa powder, and the Dutching process?
Coenraad Johannes van Houten
The Babcock centrifuge was designed to measure what?
Butterfat
What poisoning occurs when bacteria in fish decarboxylate histamine?
Scombroid poisoning
Name the four major categories of cheese.
Soft unripened, soft ripened, semi soft ripened, and hard
which media may be used to selectively enumerate coliforms?
Violet Red Bile Agar (VRBA)
What three qualities of meat are used to determine grading?
Color, age, marbling.
The D value of green peas is 0.2 minutes. What is the F value at 250 Fahrenheit?
12D so 2.4 minutes
Haagen Dazs is : A. the new last name of Sonja haagen after she married frank Dazs, B. a century old Dutch ice cream company that started marketing in the US in 1957, C. The name of an ice cream company originally founded by US entrepreneur Reuben Mattus, who thought up the name while taking a shower, D. an ice cream company founded by pillsbury company
C
How many kPa is one atm?
101.3
Name three hazards identified by HACCP.
Biological, Chemical, Physical
In what year did the USDA and FSIS make meat plants have to implement HACCP?
1996
What type of flowers produce vanilla pods?
Orchids
What do each of the following stand for: AAAS, IAMFES, and ADSA?
AAAS: American Association for the Advancement of Science; IAMFES: International Association of Milk, Food and Environment Sanitarians; ADSA: American Dairy Science Association
Where was Phi Tau Sigma founded and When?
1953 at U. Mass
Light/lite:
: if fat makes up 50%+ calories, fat content reduced 50%. If fat makes up less than 50% calories, calories reduced by 33.3% or fat reduced by 50% compared to reference food
Name three functions of enzymes used as food additives.
speed up reaction; lower viscosity; improve extractions; enhance separations; improve their flavor, texture, digestibility, and nutritional value, enhancing product yield, improve preservation
Who is the Editor in Chief of Food Technology magazine?
Bill McDowell
Which of the following muscles is most tender? a. longissimus lumborum b. semimembranosus c. psoas major d. biceps femoris
c. psoas major (or tenderloin)
With respect to brewery, what is wort?
Mashed beer product that consists of simple sugars, malt, and small dextrins
Name four of Ben and Jerry's Core ice cream flavors.
Boom Chocolatta Cookie Core, Brownie Batter Core, Coconuts for Caramel Core, Cookies and Cream Cheesecake Core, Karamel Sutra Core, Peanut Buttah Cookie Core, Peanut Butter Fudge Core, Salted Caramel Core, and Spectacular Speculoos Cookie Core (Updated 2017)
What is the property of a substance such as a liquid or dough that is measured by its resistance to flow?
Viscosity
What is elaidic acid?
Trans-9-octadecenoic acid
The usage levels of antioxidants are generally defined on the basis of the fat content of the recipient food and are limited to what % total antioxidants?
0.0002
What fruit is a Starkspur® Golden Delicious?
Apple
What is the basic assumption of the null hypothesis?
That there is no difference between samples.
What is a steam table? What is it used for?
A steam table gives different boiling point and what the vapor pressure has to be to achieve boiling (local pressure=vapor pressure at boiling) and then what the enthalpy of liquid vapor and liquid is at that temperature and you can subtract the two to get latent heat. It is used to find the boiling point at different pressures and also the amount of energy needed for vaporization at that point.
What two factors largely determine the degree of thermal processing required?
pH of foods and rate of heat penetration into canned products
What is the most common form of MAP used to extend the shelf-life and maintain the natural integrity of fresh and cured meats?
Vacuum packaging.
A food product uses a polyol for sweetening and is labeled as sugar free. Will this food product have calories from the polyol? 1. Yes, polyols have 4 kcal per gram like sugar. 2. Yes, however, polyols have more than 4 kcal per gram. 3. Yes, however, polyols have less than 4 kcal per gram. 4. No, polyols are essentially without kcals.
3
How does elevation effect boiling point?
As altitude increases the air pressure (external pressure) decreases, therefore at higher elevation the air pressure is less so the boiling point lowers. This is important in the food industry because if you want to minimize quality degradation then evaporation should take place at higher elevations where it doesn't have to reach as high of a temperature to achieve the same effect.
A ribbon blender is preferred over a propeller-type agitator when mixing which types of ingredients?
low speed= cake dough mixing; high speed= dissolving solid ingredients into a liquid component.
Why does enriched flour rise more than whole wheat flour?
Contains food for yeast like amylases and ammonium sulfate
How many grams of HCl are needed in 1 liter of distilled, deionized water to produce 1 molar HCl?
36.45 grams
Which book brought attention to the effects of widespread use of pesticide?
Silent Spring
What enzyme causes hydrolytic rancidity in milk?
Lipase
Reduced fat ice cream has how much less fat than regular ice cream?
At least 25%
A pound of butter, eggs, flour, and sugar makes which type of cake?
Pound cake
What do CIP and COP stand for?
CIP-Clean In Place; COP-Clean Out of Place
Give 5 examples of leavened bread.
Miche, Challah, Felipe, Carrot Bread, Taftan, Sourdough Bread, Brioche, Ciabatta, Bagels, Focaccia, Pizza Dough, French Bread (Baguette), Dinner Rolls, Pita Bread
What beef cut of the plate is used to create pastrami?
Navel
Which describes a class 2 recall? a. minor violations not subjecto FDA action b. exposure but no health consequences c. exposure may cause health consequences d. reasonable use or exposure will causes serious health consequences
c. exposure may cause medically reversible health consequences
Under wbat section is food regulated in the code of federal regulations?
Section 21
What are the 3 basic meat curing ingredients?
salt, sugar, and nitrite (or nitrate)
Purified and frozen minced fish containing a preservative and is often used as an intermediate seafood product used in making structured products is referred to as what?
Surimi
What four chemicals involved when conducting a Gram stain?
Crystal violet, iodine, alcohol-acetone, safranin
A thermal death curve plots ___ against _____.
temperature vs. time
(True/false) Genetic engineering involves splicing chromosomal genes into a bacterial plasmid and later allowing the chromosomal gene to be expressed by a bacterium
True
Recycle symbol '1' designates which polymer?
PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate)
What is the range of BCU used in baking applications?
The BCU range will be from 0.00 (darkest) – 5.25 (lightest) BCU.
What are two common reducing agents that break disulfide bonds in proteins?
2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), dithiothreitol (DTT)
List two unacceptable flavor compounds in beer, and what flavor do they impart?
Diacetyl - butter or butterscotch; dimethyl sulfide - cooked vegetable, corn, black currant; Ethyl nicotinate - medicinal; Acetaldehyde - green apples; short chain fatty acids - cheese, goat, body odor and wet dog; alcohols other than ethanol - coconut or solvent character
What is the color of deoxymyoglobin?
Purple
What drupaceous fruit were Hawaiian women once forbidden by law from eating?
Coconuts and bananas
How much fruit juice is in a juice blend?
100% fruit juice
What is the name of milk containing between 18%-30% milk fat?
Light Cream
List the following olive oil grades from most pure to least pure. US virgin olive oil not fit for human consumption without further processing, US extra virgin, US virgin, US olive oil, US refined olive oil
US extra virgin, US virgin, US virgin not fit for human consumption without further processing, US olive oil, US refined olive oil
Which is not a property of the muscle protein collagen? a. white color b. elastic c. heat degradable
b. elastic
What enzyme is lacking in people suffering from the metabolic disorder Favism, which causes a type of anemia?
lack of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Given a closed vessel of an ideal gas at room temperature, what happens to the density of the gas when the temperature of the vessel is raised to 100 C?
the density remains the same.
What are edible meat by-products better known as?
Variety meats
What is required to be present on a meat label?
Product name, net weight, address, handling statement, safe handling instructions, inspection legend, nutrition facts panel, ingredients list
How many pounds are there in a kilogram?
2.2
What is the color of freshly slaughtered beef?
Deep purple
What are the 3 processes by which genetic material may be exchanged between bacteria?
Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction
Tofu is made of ______.
Soybean curd
What fish has the highest fat content?
Salmon
What is the method to measure the efficiency of refrigeration?
COP
In which direction does DNA replicate?
5' to 3'.
Explain TDT (Thermal Death Time) Studies.
Done to determine an organism's heat resistance (D-value) in a specific product to develop a process for that product
To be called peanut butter the product must contain 90% peanuts. Name 3 items used as the other 10% of peanut butter.
salt, sugar(sweetener) hardened vegetable oil, or emulsifier
describe the general properties of the film used for packaging fresh red meat.
the film must cling, resistant to oil, be reasonably impermeable to moisture loss to prevent weight loss, but permeable to oxygen to maintain the fresh red bloom of oxygenated myoglobin
What kind of milk is Roquefort cheese made from?
Sheep's milk
In 2015, Campbell's launched a line of six organic soups. This line now contains nine premium soups. Name five of the nine flavors.
Organic Chicken Noodle, Organic Chicken Tortilla, Organic Creamy Butternut Squash, Organic Lentil, Organic Garden Vegetable With Herbs, Organic Sun-Ripened Tomato Basil Bisque, Organic Mega Noodle Soup, Organic Chicken and Stars, Organic Disney FrozenⓇ Cool Shapes
Durian botanical name?
Durio species [Malvaceae (Mallow)]
What is the general name given to liquefied gases of extremely low boiling point, such as liquid nitrogen at -196 C and liquid carbon dioxide at -79 C, which are commonly used in immersion freezing of foods?
Cryogenic fluids
The B vitamin deficiency that can result in pernicious anemia is?
Vitamin B12
Products more than .5 oz, what should it contain on the label?
Name of the product and weight or amount
Name one genus of bacteria that can cause ileocecitus, a disease that mimicks appendicitis.
Yersenia, Camplyobacter, Salmonella
Name 4 types of modified packaging.
modified atmosphere packaging, controlled atmosphere packaging, nitrogen flush packaging, vacuum packaging, active packaging, intelligent packaging, aseptic packaging, edible packaging, Biodegradable Packaging, Nanotechnology-Enhanced Packaging, Skin Packaging
What is the substrate for lactate dehydrogenase in glycolysis to produce lactate?
Pyruvate
The manager of a deli is looking for beef to use for barbecue. How can he determine the best product to meet his needs?
Look for the grade of beef to meet his need
What is the white part inside an orange peel called, and what is it a good source of?
Albedo; it is a good source of pectin
Name 5 non-caloric sweeteners with the chemical name and common name.
cyclamate = Sucaryl Saccharin – Sweet n Low, E954 Acesulfame-Potassium = Ace-K, E950, Sunett, Sweet One Aspartame = Nutrasweet, Equal Sucralose = Splenda Rebaudioside A = Stevias, Reb-A, Pure Via, Truvia Monkfruit sweetener (mogrosides) = Nectresse
What is a blood condition characterized by a decreased number of circulating RBCs, hemoglobin, or both?
Anemia
What's the name of two enzymes that can do the same thing?
Isoenzymes.
What do we call dried plums?
Prunes
What is the base of profiteroles?
Choux pastry
What are sequestrants?
Metal chelator
Historically, which fruit has been the symbol of American hospitality?
pineapple
The lamb shoulder is correctly separated from the lamb rack between what ribs?
4th & 5th
Name 5 spices that have antimicrobial activity.
garlic, cinnamon, cloves, onion, horseradish, and mustard
What is the name of the process used by winemakers to create young highly colored and fruity wines?
carbonic maceration
How is the aging or ripening of meat generally done?
Hanging the carcass in a cold room anywhere from 1-4 weeks at 2 degrees C, while controlling humidity and wrapping carcass to avoid moisture loss
Which body has more BTU's: 5 gallons of water at 70?F or 1 gallon of water at 150?F?
Five gallons at 70?F
What is levulose?
Fructose
What is the concern between eating canned white tuna versus canned light tuna?
canned white tuna is made from albacore which has 3 times the amount of mercury than skipjack tuna used in light tuna products.
What two amino acids have the highest pKa?
arginine and lysine
What is UHT used for? What are some examples?
Used for liquid foods: milk, juices, cream, wine, baby food, tomato products, salad dressing
Three different prolamins in grains.
Zein in corn, gliadin in wheat, hordein in barley, kafirin in sorghum
In the Middle Ages this spice was used to pay rent and taxes.
Black pepper
What is required for Maillard reaction?
Reducing sugar, asparagines (lysine), and high heat
What are four parameters which affect the efficiency of lye peeling operations?
Concentration of lye; Time; Temperature of solution; Lye and peel removal systems
What is the most popular instrument for measuring the textural quality of foods?
Instron
DFD in meat stands for?
Dark, firm, dried
BHA can be used as a preservative in meats. What does BHA stand for?
Butylated hydroxyanisole
What is phenolphthalein use for?
pH indicator, acid=colorless, base=red violet
What is the process of sterilizing the product and package separately called?
aseptic or ultra high temperature (UHT) processing
What are the three categories of freezing equipment used in the food industry?
1-The air blast freezers / cold storage freezers 2-The cartoon freezers / box freezers 3-The spiral belt freezers 4-The fluidized bed freezer / IQF freezer (or tunnel freezers) 5-The immersion freezers / brine freezers 6-The plate freezers / block freezers 7-The contact belt freezers 8-The impingement freezers / flat product freezers 9-The cryogenic freezers
Give 5 initiators of lipid oxidation.
metal ions, UV light, temp., oxygen, presence of conjugated double bonds, and free radicals
Ice cream must have a milk fat of what %?
0.1
Is crystallization endothermic or exothermic?
crystallization is exothermic
Flour and water mixtures that are used for manufacture of extruded pasta products are called what?
Alimentary pastes (do not accept batters)
In cheese production, why is rennet added after pH has been slightly reduced by the starter cultures?
The activity of clotting enzymes (rennet) is higher in acid media.
BSE is a prion that causes mad cow disease. What does BSE stand for?
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
What is teflon made of?
Fluorinated hydrocarbon polymer
Per Codex in order for a food to be called semi bitter chocolate, what percentage of its weight must be made up of chocolate solids
a. 15% b. 30% c. 45% d. 70%
What is the most shopliftedfood product in the world?
Cheese
state the non-caloric sweetener(s) found in diet coke from a soda fountain.
Diet Coke from a soda fountain= aspartame and saccharin
What are two functions of fiber in the diet?
Bulking agent/filler, increases gut flow, fermented into SCFAs for absorption by enterocytes of large intestine.
Name 2 parameters affecting the thermal processing of canned foods.
1) Surface heat transfer coefficient 2) Heat transfer properties of food and can 3) Difference between steam temperature and initial product temperature.
Lignans which are found in flax seed, wheat bran, oats and barley contain both:
anticancer and phytoestrogen properties
Which of the following gels can be set chemically: A.Agar, B.Low-methoxy pectin, or C. Locus bean gum?
B. Low-methoxy pectin
at which pH does the indicator phenolphthalein turn from colorless to red?
8.2-8.3
What is the processing difference between fresh pack and salt stock (genuine) pickles?
Fresh pack pickles are only marinated (with vinegar and salt and sometimes sugar) , whereas salt stock pickles are fermented.
What happens to the physical properties of an egg when stored below -6°C?
The yolk viscosity rises irreversibly, giving it a gel-like consistency (this is called egg yolk freeze-thaw gelation)
Is HTST suitable for food products with large discrete particles?
No
In University, TA is typically understood to mean teaching assistant. However, this initalism also refers to what type of spoilage in canned food?
Thermophilic, anaerobic spoilage
What characteristic typifies a pome fruit, and name 2 examples?
has a compartmented core; apples, pears
Clarified butter fat after water is removed is called?
Ghee or butter oil
What temperature should ground pork be heated to?
160 F
To give maximum stacking strength in a corrugated box, should the fluting be verticle or parallel to the depth dimension?
Vertical
What is the cholesterol content of peanuts?
0%
A noncoding section of DNA in a gene from eukaryotes is called what?
Inron
what is the most commonly used natural colorant in food?
annato
Which enzyme is used in the test to check for proper pasteurization of milk, and what is the name of the test?
Alkaline phosphatase; the alkaline phosphatase test
What food colorants are exempt from FDA certification?
Natural colorants from animal, vegetable, and mineral sources. Examples include chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanins, betalains, caramel, riboflavin, carmine, turmeric, crocetin.
Explain how gamma rays destroy microorganisms.
Gamma rays induce free radical formation, which can interact with DNA and other cellular constituents, which would destroy the organism.
Which part of the digestive system involves the highest amount of nutrient absorption?
Small intestine
What is the milk clotting enzyme found in rennet and derived by biotechnology?
Chymosin
What is the nutritional claim made on a regular bottle of Coca-Cola?
very low sodium 35 mg or less per 240 mL (8 fl oz)
Muscle tissue is often allowed to stand post-rigor at refrigerated temps to yield a more tender meat. What is this process called?
resolution of rigor
Name the two researchers who developed the most widely used and accepted machine to measure meat tenderness.
Kenneth Warner (developed in 1920) and Lyman Bratzler (developed in 1932)
Lemon botanical name?
Citrus limon [Rutaceae (Citrus)]
Which IFT committee has oversight of IFTSA?
Sections and divisions
What type of gene identifies which cells have been transformed in gene transfer work?
Reporter gene
At the end of her "French Chef" show, Julia Child always says ...
Bon appetit
How does Mechanical Vapor Recompression save energy during evaporation?
Vapors from a single stage are compressed to higher pressure in a mechanical compressor and then reused as steam in the steam chest. Only a small portion of fresh steam is needed. Present advantages: - Reduced cooling-water requirement - Energy recovery schemes are still feasible - Low temperature between steam and product is used - Short residence time at high temperature - Results in high quality.
What is the name of the Fruit Loops mascot?
Toucan Sam
What is the purpose of dipping an apple into citric acid?
To prevent browning by chelation of metal ions
What does ISO stand for?
International Organization for Standardization
who first developed a commercial refrigerated biscuit dough process?
Lively Willoughby in 1930
what is the common metric unit for acceleration?
acceleration= meters/seconds^2
What are the units of a Reynold's number?
It has no units/ it is dimensionless
On average how much casein is in sheep’s milk?
4-5%
Which compound found in chocolate is toxic to dogs?
Theobromine
What term is commonly used to describe the taste or tartness of fruits and fruit juices?
sugar to acid ratio or Brix to acid ratio (higher ratio -> sweeter flavor)
What is distilled wine known as?
Brandy
In the US, scampi refers to a dish usually prepared from shrimps. However, in UK, scampi is legally defined as which seafood species?
Lobster
Give the thermal process temperature for pumpkin packed in 50 gallon drums.
280-300F
an electromagnetic wave w/ 10^10 cycle/sec is what type of wave?
microwave
Give the time and temperature for UHT pasteurization.
137.8 °C (280 °F) for 2-3 seconds
Probiotic & prebiotic combined are called?
synbiotic
Absence of what amino acid causes black spots in shrimp or lobster?
Tyrosine.
What toxic chemical may be found in packages made from recycled paper?
PCB
What are the requirements for using the word reduced?
contains 25% less of a given nutrient or a 25% reduction in calories.
What additive improves the water binding properites of muscle proteins?
Polyphosphates
9 major allergenes that must be declared in US.
Dairy Egg Soy Wheat Peanuts Treenuts Fish Shellfish Sesame
What is CAMP and what does it test for?
An assay for Listeria monocytogenes; Christie Atkins Munch-Petersen
state the Arrhenius equation.
ln K= -Ea/RT or K=e to the -Ea/RT
Lactose is commonly isolated from whey. Name two ways this can be accomplished.
Crystallization or nanofiltration.
Name 3 types of food deterioration.
physical, chemical, biological
In a pipe, what type of flow occurs when the Reynold's number is less than 2100?
Laminar
Name 3 foodborne pathogens that are responsible for more than 75% of human deaths caused by known pathogens in the US.
Salmonella, Listeria, and Toxoplasma. Followed by norwalk-like viruses, campylobacter, and E. coli O157:H7
The wheat type having the lowest protein and weak gluten is
soft white winter wheat
According to the FAO, a serving a magnesium supplement must contain a minimum of what percentage of the recommended daily intake?
15%.
Name two variety of waffles origininating from Belgium.
Brussels, Liege
What type of flow has the Reynold number of 6000?
Turbulent
What 5 general provisions were established in the 1958 Food Additives Amendment?
1)Additives were defined; 2)Burden of proof for approval shifted to industry;3)Delaney Clause outlawed carcinogens;4)GRAS list was established;5)GMP's were established
What color is oxymyoglobin on the surface of meat?
Bright red
What are the different ways to set up membrane filtration?
Batch operation, continuous operation (single pass , feed and bleed)
In February of 1990 the FDA approved the use of the fat substitute Simplesse for what category of products?
Frozen desserts
What is the common name given to the statement which bans food additives which are shown to be carcinogenic?
Delaney Clause
Why are lethality calculations important?
Allows us to compare the effect of different temperature and time combinations on microbial destruction. Also the temperature changes constantly in a retort and we want to know the effect of the temperature time profile on killing microbes
Why is listeria monocytogenes of greater concern in refrigerated foods than in foods stored at ambient temperature?
L. m. is a psychrotroph that selectively grows at low temperatures
What fruit naturally contains benzoic acid?
Cranberries
Annatto is added to color cheese. What group of pigments is this colorant derived from?
A. Carotenoids
Worldwide, what is the most widely used container for processed foods?
The tin can.
What is the name of the dairy product made by the fat and protein of churned cream?
Butter
What is the difference between Bingham plastics and Newtonian Fluid models?
Bingham plastics have a yield stress
Name 3 hard cheeses.
Parmigiano-Reggiano, Pecorino Romano, Grana Padano, Comté, Gruyère, Gouda (aged), Manchego (aged), Cheddar (aged), Jarlsberg, and Emmental
What nut, in its natural state, contains poisonous oils that are eliminated when roasted?
Cashew
What is another name that a sweet potato is mistaken for?
Yam
What is the name of the meat made from young calves?
Veal
Normal pasteurization of shell eggs provides a shelf life of about how many weeks?
Four weeks
What is the major iron-binding protein in whey?
lactoferrin
GDL is an example of a leavening acid. What does GDL stand for?
Glucono delta lactone
When a hen eats a diet full of xanthophylls, where are they deposited?
The egg yolk
What general class of packaging materials is used in aseptic brick packs and pringle cans?
Laminates (plastic/seal, aluminum foil/barrier, plastic, paper/structure, plastic/protect)
What are the described flavors of the following compounds: Diacetyl, acetic acid, acetaldehyde, ethyl hexanoate, propionic acid, 1-octen-3-ol?
Diacetyl – butter, acetic acid - vinegar, acetaldehyde – nutty or apple, ethyl hexanoate – fruity, propionic acid - Swisss cheese, 1-octen-3-ol – mushroom
What are the advantages and disadvantages of spiral membrane modules?
Advantages: Compact, Minimum energy consumption, Low capital/opening cost Disadvantages: Not suitable for very viscous fluid, Dead space, Difficult to clean, Faulty membranes - change whole module
The reaction of secondary amine with nitrous acid results in the formation of powerful carcinogens called
nitrosamines
There are many styles of canned mushrooms, name four of them.
whole, buttons, sliced whole, random sliced whole, stems & pieces, stems & buttons
What is the unit for dose rate in ionizing radiation preservation?
Gray
What does ADAF stand for?
American Dietetic Association Foundation
Do enzymes become a part of the final product of enzymatic reactions?
No
What is the concentration of casein and whey in the protein fraciton of cow's milk?
~82% of milk protein is casein & 18% is serum, or whey protein
Who developed the equations to predict falling rate drying?
Sherwood
Blue, Tanner, Dungeness are varieties of what food product?
Crab
Q: What are the six items that must be present on the label of a meat product?
A: Name, net weight, ingredient statement, company, storage instructions, inspection legend.
What is the common radiation source for irradiating foods?
Cobalt 60 gamma
What are the two types of bloom in chocolate?
sugar bloom and fat bloom
What are the 3 primary colors?
Red, Blue, and Green
What is the principal constituent of eggshells?
Calcium carbonate
In wet milling of corn, why are ground kernels pumped into water-filled troughs?
To encourage the germ to float to the top for skimming.
What are the eight vegetables in original V8 juice?
Celery, parsley, watercress, carrots, beets, tomatoes, spinach, and lettuce
Name 6 fatty acids in chocolate.
Capric, caprylic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, oleic
the structure of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase (PPO) contains which metal?
Copper
what does the acronym PCB stand for?
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Which protein in milk is not secreted by mammary glands?
Bovine serum albumin
What is the Scoville rating or value of pure capsaicin?
15,000,000-16,000,000 Scoville value
What is the morphology of how polymers can be classified?
Linear and branched.
One ton of grapes create how many cases of wine?
60
What does SG stand for in food analysis?
Specific Gravity
In what direction is paper the strongest for pulling, the machine direction or the cross-machine direction?
Machine direction
Define the percent overrun in ice cream.
the volume of frozen, finished ice cream in excess of the volume of the liquid mix.
What is the name of Fromage Blanc in which there are live cultures?
Fromage Frais
What are the three main cuts of poultry?
Breast, Thigh, Wing
Do vegetables go through a post-harvest climacteric rise in respiration comparable to that in fruits?
No, there is no clear-cut division between maturation and breakdown in vegetables.
Inulin is a polysaccharide found in some plants. What is the monosaccharide that makes up this polymer?
Fructose
The imitation ice cream in which milk fat is replaced with another animal or vegetable fat is known as what?
A. Mellorine
In South Asian and in the carribean, mutton refers to what animal?
Goats
What are two types of enzymatic spoilage caused by Pseudomonas fluorescens refrigerated foods?
proteolysis and lipolysis
What is the transformation of a gas into a liquid called?
Condensation
What fruit ripens from the inside out?
Pear
What is the template for PCR and Real Time PCR?
DNA for both
How many times per year is the newsletter of the Institute of Food Technologists Student Association published?
3
Where is heating by hot water used in the food industry?
mainly glass containers, flexible pouches, polymer - trays glass thicker so decreased conductivity, provides lower thermal shock then steam - flexible pouches and polymer trays are thinner and therefore can increase temperature rapidly
What is the difference between intoxication and toxicoinfection?
intoxication is caused by a toxic compound found in the food; toxicoinfection is a type of infection in which the symptoms are caused by a toxin produced by a microorganism
Unfermented beer is called:
wort
What is the most accurate and sensitive method for quantitative determination of metals and metalloids
Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Atomic Absorption spectroscopy
What common purpose is sodium metasilicate, Sodium hexametaphosphate, and sodium pyrophosphate is served in the food industry.
alkaline cleaners.
This American crop has the nickname "goobers"?
Peanuts
The Food and Drug Administration is attempting to overcome the dictate of zero tolerance given by the Delaney clause by applying the legal principle given what latin name?
de minimus
What are good sources of riboflavin?
liver,Eggs,& Milk
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a group pf bacteria present in decomposing plants and milk products and produce lactic acid as the major product of carbohydrate fermentation. The genera that comprise the LAB are its core:
Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Lactococcus and Streptococcus
Give the first and last names of the Swedish biologist who developed the modern system of biological nomenclature.
Carl Linnaeus
What does PKU stand for?
Phenylketonuria
What bacteria is added to Swiss cheese for eye formation?
Propionibacterium shermanii
What is 'surimi'?
a stabilized myofibrillar (myosin and fibrils) protein from fish muscle
which of the following food categories is NOT approved for treatment w/irradiation: A.fruits, B.milk and dairy products, C.animal and pet foods, or D.none of the above?
B. milk and dairy products
Name the main microorganism used in malolactic fermentation.
Oenococcus oeni
In the 2022 Food Code by FDA what is the term used for the application of cumulative heat or chemicals on cleaned food-contact surfaces that, when evaluated for efficacy, is sufficient to yield a reduction of 5 logs, which is equal to a 99.999% reduction of representative disease microorganisms of public health importance.
Sanitization.
In which year was the first lab cultured meat consumed?
2013
A man-made hybrid of wheat and rye is known as what cereal?
Triticale.
According to U.S. federal regulations, the weight of one gallon of ice cream must be a minimum of:
4.5 pounds
What defect in Frankfurter's is caused when there is too much connective tissue?
Gelling out
What is retrogradation?
the insolubilizing effect, initiated when long carbohydrate molecules begin to crystallize
What is important in Retail storage?
Convenient visibility is important.
Name 5 unit operations in the food industry.
Material handling, cleaning foods, cleaning equipment, separating, disintegrating, pumping, heat exchange, cooling, evaporating, drying, forming, controlling, packaging
Name 3 applications for radio frequency in food processing.
baking, drying, defrosting, pasteurization/sterilization, kill pests still in walnut shells
Steam table disease is caused by consumption of meat dishes adequately cooked but held at 50-55 degrees C for several hours. the causative agent is _____________.
Clostridium perfringens
What two agencies publish updated dietary guidelines in US every five years?
USDA and HHS
Which of the following can be an official method of analysis or an AOAC method for certain food matrices: A.Dumas, B.Soxhlet, C.Karl Fischer Titration, D.Muffle Furnace Dry Ashing, or E.All of the above?
E. All of the Above
What are the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures?
Primary - amino acid sequence. Secondary - alpha-helix, beta sheet. Tertiary - one complete protein chain with cross bonds linking it together. Quaternary - four separate protein chains assembled as one.
What is done to Gouda cheese to give its distinctive taste?
Brine
What added ingredient keeps confectioners sugar from clumping?
corn starch
What type of sugar is fructose?
(Keto)hexose monosaccharide
Starting with 1 atm, how are the following units related; atmosphere, inches of mercury, pascal, psi?
1 atm = 30in Hg = 101,325 Pa = 14.696 psi
Define 'defect action level".
Level of contamination that calls for seizing a product
What happens in the freezing phase?
Freezing: to freeze mobile water of product,(fast freezing small ice crystals and slower drying, slow freezing large ice crystals and faster drying)
what is a pelagic fish?
saltwater fish that is found in the middle and surface water layers of the sea. ex. herring, mackerel, salmon, tuna, sardines, and anchovies
Name six ingredients of Ras El Hanout, a popular Arabic spice mix.
Cardamom, cumin, clove, cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, allspice, dry ginger, chilli peppers, coriander seeds, peppercorn, sweet and hot paprika, fenugreek, dry turmeric, etc.
What is an alternative to hydrogenation of lipids that is through to be more healthy but still change functionality of lipids?
interesterification
A cookie recipe calls for one cup of butter; you will be using shortening instead. How much shortening should you use:
7/8 cup
Name one advantage of Kjeldahl over Dumas method.
In dumas method, the sample size is too small compared to Kjeldahl method, so the interruption due to air has higher probability, hence greater error.
What does TOC stand for regarding water quality?
Total Organic Carbon
What is the thickness of a 20 points paperboard carton?
0.02 inches (1 point= 1/1000 inch)
Which of the following fats has the highest percent of mono unsaturated fat: Lard, canola oil, or olive oil?
olive oil
How do microbial inhibitors work?
By acting on the whole cell, cell wall, or cell membrane in order to interfere with the genetic mechanism of the cell, interfering with the enzyme systems of the cell, or by binding to essential nutrients to kill the cell or stop reproduction.
Name three advantages of can enemles.
Less corrosion, maintains quality of contents, contributes to product storage stability, improved cost savings.
The smoke point temperature for fats is:
above 442 degrees F
In the 1920s, which company developed the method for the use of refrigeration to reduce the temperature of the food below the point of ice crystallization?
Birdseye
Given in the proper order, what are the four steps in cleaning and sanitizing food equipment?
Cleaning, rinsing, sanitizing, air drying
Classifying baking powders containing the following ingredients as either fast acting or slow acting. Tartrates, orthophosphates, sodium acyl pyrophosphate, sodium aluminum phosphate, sodium aluminum sulfate.
Tartrates, orthophosphates: Fast acting sodium acyl pyrophosphate, sodium aluminum phosphate, sodium aluminum sulfate: slow acting
what is the term for an ingredient that is added during processing that is later, during shipping, handling, and storage is altered, removed, or diminished?
a processing aid
What structural feature of carotenoids is responsible for the color of these plant pigments?
alternating double bonds in alkyl chain between the rings.
What tuna variety is used for sushi?
Pacific Bluefin
Anthocyanins are pigments responsible for what colors, and in what type of foods?
Red, blue, and purple colors of some flowers, fruits, vegetables, juices, wines, etc.
The part of the beer making process that involves heating malt and water to 60 C to facilitate enzymatic reactions is called
mashing
Name two of the main antimicrobials used in aquaculture throughout the world.
penicillins (like amoxicillin, ampicillin), phenicols (florfenicol), macrolides (erythromycin), tetracylcins (Oxytetracycline), aminoglycosides (streptomycin), sulfonamides, fluroquinolones
What has the Federal Government set as the maximum fat content of a hot dog: A.10%, B.25%, C.30%, or D.5%?
C. 30%
What does the Bernoulli equation allow us to calculate?
It allows us to find the pressure at a particular height
What does PVC stand for?
PVC= polyvinyl chloride
Which category of food materials can be heated by microwave?
Dielectric material.
What portuguese sweetbread is prepared using potato flour?
Pao Douce
What is the address of IFT world headquarters?
525 W Van Buren St., Suite 1000, Chicago, IL 606067
How is saturated steam used in exhausting?
flush retort with steam to remove air, Also air a thin boundary layer around the containers which reduces heat transfer from steam to containers
Rank the following in order of their tolerance to low water activity (highest resistance to least): yeasts, bacteria, molds
molds, yeasts, bacteria
What is the main spirit found in each of the following cocktails? Pina colada, daiquiri, john Collins, flying grasshopper, margherita
Pina colada – rum, Daiquiri – rum, John Collins – gin, Flying grasshopper – vodka, Margherita - tequila
Most food gums are polydisperse and polymolecular.
TRUE.
What innovation in beef marketing did IBP perfect in 1967 that dramatically changed the beef industry?
Break down carcass into smaller parts (vacuum packaged, bone and unwanted fats removed)
The band They Might Be Giants sang a song called 'John Lee Supertaster'; what compound could John Lee readily detect?
bitterness of either phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) or propylthiouracil (PROP)
What are the 2 terms used to describe paper orientation?
machine direction, cross direction
In proton NMR, what compound is used as the zero-point reference?
TMS: Tetramethylsilane
What is FAD?
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
As the PE content increases, what happens to brittleness?
decreases
What is the demersal fish?
saltwater fish that is found at or near the bottom of the sea, ordinarily on the continental shelves; cod, haddock, whiting, and flat fish such as flounder and halibut, ocean perch, shrimp, oysters, clams, and crab
The direct ancestor of the 1906 Food and Drug Act was first introduced in 1892 by Senator Algernon S. Paddock, a close associate of Dr. Harvey Wiley. Which state did Senator Paddock represent?
Nebraska
What does the hunter color scale measure?
L, a, b values
what is the common metric unit for mass?
mass= kg
What biomolecules are identified by the following acronyms: FAD, NAD+, ATP
flavin adenine dinucleotide, nictoinamide adenine dinucleotide, adenosine triphosphate
Which additive banned in Europe in 2020?
TiO2
What does JND stand for?
Just-Noticeable Difference
List three food sources that contain flavonoids.
Fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds, stems, flowers, tea, wine, propolis, honey
What is the primary flavor compound of clove?
Eugenol
What does the word 'chef' mean in French?
Chief
If 2 M NaOH solution contains 80 g of NaOH, how much NaOH does a 1 M solution contain?
40 g
Name 4 fruits that are members of the rose family.
pears, apples, cherries, and strawberries
What body implements the FAO/WHO Food Standards Program, protects health and interests of consumers, and encourages fair international trade in food?
Codex Alimentarius Commission (CODEX).
Give two amino acids which contain two ammonium and related groups.
arginine, lysine, asparagine, glutamine
Which 4 countries comprise the 'Old World' region of wine production?
FIGS= France, Italy, Germany, Spain
Alcohol which is 150 proof contains how much alcohol by volume?
0.75
The storage molecule of Glucose in liver & skeletal muscle for animals is?
Glycogen
What is the function of the Forced-circulation Evaporator?
Use of external pumping for viscous liquid with particulate: example: tomato products.
What unit operations take place during evaporation?
Thus evaporator operations basically involve energy transfer (heat for vaporization and condensation), mass transfer (moisture removal), fluid flow (feed and vapor flow)
What is the name of a vitamin B2 deficiency?
ariboflavinosis
What is the can defect that would result from too large a headspace?
Paneling
Amino acid found exclusively in animal based protein and milk is considered essential to cats and infants?
Taurine
What test is used to monitor changes in the acidity of cultured milk products?
A. Titratable acidity expressed as percent lactic acid
In 1990 which state became the first to ban tetra-pak juice boxes in its landfills?
Maine
What is another name for Carambola?
Starfruit
If the pressure at the bottom of a 10 meter lake is 1.2 atmospheres, the surface area of the lake is 200 square meters, and the temperature is 25 C, what is the pressure at the bottom of a 10 meter test tube with a surface area of 20 square centimeters?
1.2 atmospheres
What color is a Granny Smith Apple?
Green
Name the specific protein in egg white that binds Iron. What egg protein coagulates at the lowest temperature?
Conalbumin or ovotransferrin
What city became immortalized as "hog butcher of the world" by poet Carl Sandburg?
Chicago
What leavening agent is used in brussels waffles?
Yeast
What are the four main stages in the life cycle of the Drosophila fruit fly?
Egg, Larva, Pupa, Adult Fly.
What is the isoelectric point of casein?
4.6
What is the protoplasm of cells mostly composed of?
Water
The USDA FSIS requires that the internal muscle temperature of poultry be decreased to what temperature © or lower within 8 hours of slaughter?
40 F
Name 4 scales used to measure specific gravity in beverages.
Plato, Baume, Balling, and Brix.
Kopi Luwa is the world’s most expensive coffee. What is the cost of 1 lb of this coffee?
$700 per pound (USD)
What is the latin name for atlantic salmon?
Salmo Salar
What are the 3 USDA quality grades of rabbits?
US Grade A, US Grade B, and US Grade C
What nuts are used in marzipan?
Almonds
What form of heat transfer is used in drum dryer?
conduction
Oat botanical name?
Avena sativa
what compound commonly used in transformers for heat dissipation was feared to be extremely carcinogenic?
PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl)
A plate freezer is a direct or indirect freezing method?
Indirect (NOTE: the other team does not get a chance to answer)
Put these peppers in order from the least to greatest based on their Scoville units: Poblano, Carolina Reaper, Cayenne, Birds eye chilli, Jalapeno
Poblano - 1250 Jalapeno – 5000 Cayenne – 50000 Birds eye chilli – 100000 Carolina reaper - 1500000
Difference between glucose and galactose
4th carbon hydroxyl group orientation
What graph tracks the course of the drying process of a food, relative to water content and water activity?
desorption isotherm
What element inside each kernel is responsible for making it pop?
Water
What is the major stumbling block for the growth of food irradiation?
consumer acceptance
What is nip feeding for drum drying?
simplest, only for double drums, for thin solutions like milk/whey, adjust gap bwn drums control film thinkness, uniform distribution essential, pendulum feed, or perforated pipe used to supply material into pool in space between drums
What by-product of the brewing industry is used in baking?
Yeast
Oriented PET is a commonly used packaging material for two-liter soft drink bottles. What does PET stand for?
Polyethylene terephthalate
What does CI stand for?
Confidence Interval
What is aspartame made of?
aspartic acid and phenylalanine (acceptable to add “and methanol”)
What is the major rheological property that distinguishes a Newtonian fluid from a Bingham plastic fluid?
A yield stress. (A Bingham plastic fluid has a yield stress and a Newtonian fluid does not. If the contestant has described the difference to the judges' satisfaction without actually saying "yield stress", the answer may be accepted)
Overcooking meat results in: A.greater shrinkage and decreased tenderness/juiciness, B.makes meat more moist, C.produces a lower cost per serving, or D.all of the above?
A.overcooking meat results in a greater shrinkage and decreased tenderness and juiciness
What are the four methods used for peeling potatoes and apples?
Mechanical, Heating (blanching), Lye peeling, Dry caustic peeling
what state did Rep. James Delaney, author of the famous Delaney Clauses, come from?
New York
Name two compounds that result in mushroom aroma.
2-octanol, 1-octan-3-one
What are the 4 basic chemical classes of certified dyes?
azo, anthraquinone, carbonyl, phthalocyanine
what are the units of the Reynolds number?
it is unitless
Which of the following is not a major mineral? Ca, Fe, K, S, Na
Sulphur
Define and differentiate between GMPs and cGMPs.
GMPs are Good Manufacturing Practices used by the food industry; cGMPs are Current Good Manufacturing Practices regulations under FDA codified at 21 CFR 110
Tomato botanical name?
Solanum lycopersicum [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]
Name seven examples of tree nuts.
Brazil nuts, cashews, chestnuts, hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios, walnuts
Which meat has the shortest time before the beginning of rigor mortis: A.Pork, B.Lamb, or C.Beef?
A. Pork
what water activity value is where max rate of quality loss occur?
0.8
What city has hosted the most IFT annual meetings?
Chicago
What is the difference between a food law and a food regulation?
Law: Enacted by an elected governing body (Congress). Regulation: Written and enforced by an agency with appointed members. FDA regulations are also federal laws. Also regulation can be found in title 21 COF and the public typically can input before FDA issues a final regulation
If a protein is present in a solution at a pH greater than its isoelectric point, what charge would it be carrying?
Negative Charge
Why is summer sausage shelf-stable?
pH is near the isoelectric point of myosin and actin
Alar is the trade name for what chemical compound?
Daminozide
Iceberg lettuce was called crisphead until what year?
1930
How are vacuum pressure, atmospheric pressure and absolute pressure related?
Absolute pressure = atmospheric pressure-vacuum pressure
When was the Bureau of Chemistry, later the FDA, founded?
1862 (Originally Division of Chemistry, became Bureau of Chemistry in 1901)
Q: Who is the FSIS?
A: Food Safety and Inspection Service
The milling of rice involves a process called what?
polishing
What does BOD stand for regarding water quality?
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Emulsifying proteins are called what because of their ability to harden during the cooking cycle?
heat-coagulable proteins
Which phosphates are allowed in food?
Phosphoric acid, Sodium phosphates, Potassium phosphates, Calcium phosphates, Magnesium phosphates, Ammonium phosphates
Why is skim milk fortified with Vitamin A?
Vitamin A is lost during processing.
In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) what purpose do ammonium persulfates (APS) and TEMED serve?
They act as catalysts, speeding the polymerization of acrylamide.
Nonthermal process which is called as purple blow torch, inactivates 99% of norovirus on fruit surface?
Cold plasma
Define "microencapsulation".
Microencapsulation is the science of trapping components (core or active) into a secondary material (encapsulant, wall material, carrier, or cover), producing small solid particles (1–500 μm in size). These particles are able to release their contents at a specified rate or under specific conditions.
What are the different types of food materials?
Types of food materials: liquid solutions and gels,(milk, juice, gelatin), capillary-porous ridged cells, (wet sand, wheat, corn), capillary porous colloidal materials (plant tissue, meat). Hygroscopic foods are those in which the partial pressure of water vapor varies with the moisture content
what cheese is associated w/ Penicillium roqueforti?
Blue Cheese
The standard identity for yogurt in the US requires the presence of what 2 organisms?
Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and streptococcus thermophilius
For water, the effect of increasing coordination number is most noticeable at what temperature range?
0-4 degrees celsius
What is the sum of non-digestible substances that composed of polysaccharides and lignin? Or Another name for non-starch polysaccharides?
Total dietary fiber, dietary fiber
What compound is produced by the chemical isomerization of lactose?
Lactulose
Why is the recommended storage temperature for potatoes greater than 25 degrees C?
Lower temperatures result in more reducing sugar formation creating the potential for browning (called Cold-Induced Sweetening)
What is the only yeast that is currently used as a probiotic?
A. Saccharomyces boulardii
Name 3 popular grapevine species used as wine grape rootstock.
Vitis rupestris, Vitis riparia, Vitis lincecumii
What is the thermal center in in-container sterilization?
conduction -(solid) geometric center, Convection- 1/3 of height from base
What is food quality used to indicate?
used as indicator to measure food during shelf life. Quality changes are less/slower when the product is dried
The Baby Ruth candy bar was introduced in 1920 by the Curtis Candy Co. Who is it named after?
Eldest daughter of President Grover Cleveland (not the baseball player)
What is the % moisture, % CHO, % protein, and % fat found in the average wheat?
11, 69, 13, 2
In what salt form is calcium most readily solubilized for addition to foods for fortification?
as Ca caseinates or whey fractions other forms commonly used -- Ca carbonate: used in fortified foods Ca lactate: organic source, used as supplement Ca citrate: most common over-the-counter supplement
What fraction of egg yolk are the lipovitellin, phosvitin, and LDLg found?
Granule fraction of egg yolk
What causes the paleness of PSE?
High proportion of extracellular water.
What determines the shell color of eggs?
The breed of chicken
there are an increasing number of people who believe that it is more beneficial and nutritious to feast on insects; what are these people called?
entomophagists
What is the full form of ppm?
Parts per million
What does "ETEC" stand for in microbiology?
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
What is butter without salt called?
Sweet butter.
From what source is C. bot first isolated?
Smoked ham
What plant is actually the world’s largest herb?
the banana plant (it doesn’t actually have boughs or a woody trunk!)
What does TBHQ stand for and what is its function in food?
Tertiary butylhydroquinone, it is used as an antioxidant in fats and oils
List four kinds of food deterioration.
Microbial, insect & rodent, chemical, enzymatic.
What are the four fat-soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
name 3 monomer subunits that comprise lignin.
para-hydroxy coumaryl alcohol,coniferyl alcohol,sinapyl alcohol
What are the pre-fixes for million, billion, and trillion?
Mega, Giga, Tera (10^6, 10^9, 10^12)
what enzyme in cheese will reduce diacetyl into acetoin?
diacetyl reductase
Which food processing technique could be named as 'controlled spoilage'?
Fermentation
Which extra component makes a martini a dirty martini?
Olive brine
About how many taste buds does an adult human have?
10000
At what pH is benzoic acid most effective?
pH 4.5-5
What are the substrates for Miso production?
Koji (fermented rice) and Soybeans
A shear thickening fluid is called what kind of fluid?
Dilatant
What recipe, first published over 50 years ago, has been requested most frequently through the years by the readers of "Better Homes and Garden"?
The recipe for hamburger pie
To be classified as Champagne a sparkling wine must have 90psi or 6 atm of pressure. What is the concentration of sugar added, known as the liqueur de triage, to achieve this pressure during the 2nd fermentation?
24 g/L
How many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin bind?
4
What do you call meat from cattle over a year old?
Beef
Single drum, double drum, and twin drum are all types of what?
(drum) Driers
What is the % by weight of water in a watermelon?
92%
What is the scientific name for common wheat?
Triticum aestivum
How does the CDC define "outbreak"?
The number of persons (2 or greater) that got ill and the illness is linked to the same cause or causative agent.
Flour bleaching targets what type of food pigment?
carotenoids
In meat processing, what does the acronym STPP stand for and what is its primary function?
Sodium Tripolyphosphate - increases yields - increases pH --> more water holding capacity of meat proteins
what is the legume that is classified by the sedimentation coefficients of its protein fractions 2s, 7s, 11s, and 14s?
Soybean
What is queso menonita, a frequently used cheese in Mexican restaurant, is more commonly knows as?
Queso Chihuahua
What is the name of the alternate liquid crystalline forms of the same fat?
Mesomorphs
Another name for decimal reduction time is?
D-value
37. What gas mixtures are typically used in controlled atmosphere storage of fruits and vegetables?
Low oxygen and high carbon dioxide or nitrogen
What is the Japanese probiotic drink made from Lactobacillus casei Shirota?
Yakult
What year did the Food network 1st start broadcasting: A.1970, B.1985, C.1993, or D.2000?
C. 1993
What base is used in the saponification process?
potassium Hydroxide or Sodium Hydroxide
What are the four methods used for peeling potatoes?
Mechanical (abrasion), heating, lye peeling, dry caustic peeling
What is responsible for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy?
proteins known as prions
What is the derived SI unit defined by the power that gives rise to the production of energy at the rate of one joule per second?
Watt
What is the selective agent in the following medium: proteose peptone?
Sodium Azide.
What is the name of the temperature at which dissolved fats are no longer completely soluble, precipitating out as a second phase?
Cloud point
Where do lean fish store their fat?
lean fish store fat in their liver (cod is example)
What pastry tool is used to chop fat into flour?
Pastry Blender
Which is the first fruit shown in pacman?
Cherry
Differentiate between evaporated and condensed milks.
Condensed milk is processed similarly to evaporated milk except it may be homogenized and/or vitamin D fortified; it is not subjected to further heat treatment.
What is the CDC's gold standard for microbe fingerprinting?
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)
What is Solid Fat Index?
measurement of solidity of fats
The specific class of protein that is acted upon by rennin to bring about clotting of milk casein is called what? Name the protein that stabilizes the casein micelle.
κ-casein
From the inside to the outside, list the components of the four layers found in the "tin" can.
Enamel (inside), Tin, Tin-iron alloy, Steel (outside)
Glutelin oryzenin is found in what food?
Rice
Give three examples each of crystalline and non-crystalline candies.
Crystalline: fondant, fudge, butter creams. Non-crystalline: lollipops, caramels, marshmallows.
What is the state fruit of West Virginia?
Golden Delicious Apple
What should be the size of milk fat globules after homogenization?
less than or equal to 2 microns
What would be acceleration of a 2 kg mass when 60 N force is applied?
Accl: 30 m/s2
How many teams will be competing in the College Bowl competition finals in June?
8
What is the D-value if the time required reducing the population by a factor of 10 is 2 minutes?
2 min
What type of water can be used as a substitute for blood plasma?
Coconut water
How many carbon atoms are in one molecule of beta-carotene?
40 (most carotenoids are made up of 8 isoprene units)
What biochemical polymer found in plants is the most abundant biochemical on earth?
Cellulose
What are the four main types of quick bread flour?
Pour, Drop, Soft, Stiff
Name advantages of fructose over glucose in food processing.
1) 1.5 times sweeter than glucose; smaller amounts needed. 2) More slowly absorbed, does not stimulate insulin or increase blood triglycerides. 3) Less cariogenic. 4) Readily soluble in water, sweetest in cold water, enhances flavor. 5) Undergoes Maillard browning at lower temperatures.
what are the 2 methods meat may be cooked in fat?
panfrying and deep-frying
What are the Physio-Chemical reactions affecting product quality?
1. Component migration - migration of components in and out of foods. Water - foods can pick up or lose moisture from the environment. 2. Phase change - loss of product quality over time - stale bread due to retro-gradation of starch - slow crystallization of elements of starch.
What milk type is characterized as milk with 3.25% milk fat?
Whole Milk
Where does cheddar cheese originate from?
A. England
What is required for a product to bear the label "organic"?
Products labeled “organic” must contain at least 95 percent organically produced ingredients (excluding water and salt). Any remaining ingredients must consist of non-agricultural substances that appear on the NOP National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances.
In the brewing industry what physio chemical process is saccharification referred to?
refers to the enzymatic hydrolysis of malt starches into simple sugars, that can be part of yeast fermentation.
What was the first year of the IFTSA product development competition?
1991
What carbonyl compound is a major component of flavor in tomatoes?
cis-3-hexenal
Name the sections of the large intestines.
Cecum, colon, and rectum
What bacterial form can survive boiling at 100 deg C for 30 minutes?
the spores
Maltol and ethyl maltol are effective at sparing what common food ingredient
sugar
Oily fish that underwent temperature abuse are at risk of what poisoning?
Scrombroid
If you had 10 mL of sweetened iced tea that was 10% sucrose, how much water would you add to dilute the tea to 0.1% sucrose?
990mL water
A tetrasaccharide associated with flatulence is ______.
stachyose
What aging process uses a vacuum to prevent meat loss?
Wet Aging
Name the amino acids with the one-letter codes: I, F, T, S, A.
Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, threonine, serine, alanine
the PMO was developed by the FDA to provide a model of uniformity and adequacy for a certain product; what does PMO stand for?
Pasteurized Milk Ordinance
Beriberi is caused by a deficiency of what vitamin?
B1
Name 2 food born pathogens that can grow at refrigerator temperatures.
Yersinia enterocolitican, aeromonas hydrophilia, listeria monocytogenes
Which cheese is made from the by-product of cheese production?
Ricotta Cheese
Based on FDA definition, four substances exempt from the definition of food additive.
Pesticide residues, color additives, new animal drugs, dietary supplements
What is the name of the flask involved with the disproval of the theory of spontaneous generation?
Swan or goose neck flask
Who is the father of bacteriology?
Louis Pasteur
According for the US standard of identity for butter and margarine, what is the minimum fat %?
0.8
What are the two main varieties of oranges grown in Florida for orange juice production?
Valencia and Hamlin
Name a non-milk dairy product that the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance regulates?
Grade "A" Condensed and Dry Milk Products and Condensed and Dry Whey
Among the following plastic films, which one is the most oxygen permeable? Plain celophane wrap, low density polyethylene, mylar (polyester)
low density polyethylene
Name 3 gums which are exudates from trees.
Gum Arabic, Gum Karaya, Gum Tragacanth
The animal fat which is characterized by containing appreciable amounts of shorter chain fatty acids (C4 – C12) is
Milk fat
During freeze drying, water is removed by a change in state. What is this process called?
Sublimation
Until a few years ago, nearly all steel used for cans was coated to inhibit corrosion. What was the material used to coat the can?
Tin
What component of curry is responsible for its yellow color?
Turmeric
What process is most effective in removing proteins from whey?
Ultrafiltration or microfiltration
what is the iron-binding protein in egg albumen?
conalbumin or ovotransferrin
Which of the serum proteins in milk is most sensitive to denaturation by heating?
Immunoglobulin
Define the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins.
Primary=amino acid sequence, secondary=alpha-helix, beta sheet. Tertiary=one complete protein chain with cross bonds linking it together. Quaternary= four separate protein chains assembled as one.
What is the definition of calorie?
The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.
For a mixture of gases in a container, the total pressure exerted is the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert if it were alone. Which law is it? (a) Boyles' (b) Charles' (c) Dalton's (d) Avogadro's
(c) Dalton's
What vitamin is prevented from being absorbed by raw egg white?
Biotin
What are the two main ingredients of a popular Latin American dessert 'dulce de leche'?
Milk and sugar
How is microbial growth controlled during refrigerated storage?
Low temp - Slows the rate of micro growth at each step - Reduce lag phase - Slow growth in exponential phase - Reduce generation time.
What are the typical organisms used in the production of cottage cheese?
lactococcus lactis subsp lactis, lactococcus lactis subsp. Cremoris; homofermentative fast acid producing
What is the common name of methoxybenzene?
Anisole
Why is stannous chloride added to asparagus canned in glass jar and how much SnCl2 is allowed?
It controls the discoloration (black spots) of the product due to oxidation of the pigment rutin; not more than 15 ppm in glass containers with unlined metal lids and not more than 20 ppm with inert, lined lids
What sterol synthesized by plant upon exposure to UV convert to Vit D
Ergosterol
A product with a drying ratio of 5 yields 1 kg of dry product for every how many kg of water removed?
4 kg of water removed.
In order to be described as lean, a serving of meat, poultry, seafood, a game meats must contain less than how many grams of fat, saturated fat, and mg of cholesterol?
< 10 g fat, < 4 g saturated fat, < 95 mg cholesterol
What are the components of a super critical fluid extraction system?
Solvent compressor or pump, an extractor, temp/pressure control system, a separator/absorber
Name a commonly used household chemical leavening agent and the gas it generates.
Sodium bicarbonate generates CO₂
what do we call high-protein food from yeast and other microorganisms?
single cell protein or SCP
What is petroleum ether?
Mixture of low molecular weight hydrocarbons
What Japanese delicacy consists of very fresh raw meat or fish sliced into thin pieces?
Sashimi
How long does trademark registration in the U.S. last?
20 years
What is catalase?
An enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide to water plus oxygen.
What are 2 types of microbiological testing used to identify and verify microorganisms in foods?
culture media, immunoassay, or polymerase chain reaction.
A bacteria commonly used to transform plants is what?
Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
In high pressure processing, the pressure is of the order of which?
1000 atm.
Sucralose is how many times sweeter than sugar?
600 times sweeter.
What does GDA stand for on nutrient labels?
Guideline Daily Amount
What is the purpose of the heat penetration test in thermal processing?
to determine the temperature of slowest heating zone in a food container, and use the time/temperature data to calculate a thermal process that will render the product commercially sterile
which protein is the most hydrophilic in casein?
Kappa-Casein
What are the observable physical characteristics of an animal with porcine stress syndrome?
Higher temperature; extreme muscularity; muscle tremors; reddening of skin; anxious behavior
Thermistors are NTC sensors. What does NTC stand for?
negative temperature coefficient
In which year was the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act enacted?
1967
What sirloin is known as the most prized part of the beef?
Top sirloin
For what pathogen(s) is/are there a zero tolerance in ready to eat processed foods?
Salmonella species and Listeria monocytogenes.
Name two substances that may be used for commercial caffeine extraction?
Methylene chloride or supercritical carbon dioxide or water
What is the name of the bacterium used for surface ripening in Limburger Cheese?
A. Brevibacterium linens
Sauerkraut results from what type of fermentation process?
lactic acid
What french custard contains almonds?
Frangipane Cream
cobalamin; B12 deficiency causes?
Pernicious Anemia
What protein structure refers to the spatial arrangement obtained when a linear protein chain with a secondary structure folds further into a compact three dimensional form?
Tertiary structure
What are the two chemicals used in spherification?
Sodium alginate, calcium chloride
Name 4 of the 8 names for dark roasted coffee.
Espresso, French Roast, Italian Roast, Vienna Roast, Spanish Roast, Turbo Roast, New Orleans Roast, Excessively Dark Roast, Continental Roast, Cafe de Olla, Charcoal roast
Which digestive organ has the highest concentration of lactase enzyme?
Small intestine
What are the 6 grade sizes of eggs?
Jumbo, X-Large, Large, Medium, Small, Pewee
Which of the following is a non-reducing sugar? A. Lactose, B. glucose, C. sucrose, D. maltose
C. sucrose
What are the disadvantages of freeze drying?
Cost much more than conventional drying methods, certain products are damaged by freezing before drying, freeze dried products more rapidly pick up moisture, freeze dried products are very fragile, some freeze dried products bleach when store
Capillary tube and rotational are two types of what instrument?
Viscometer
Name three protocols for measuring reducing sugars.
Somogyi-Nelson, Fehling's, Benedict's methods.
When you eat tapioca pudding you are partaking of which one of the world's major crops? a) Wheat b) Rice c) Barley d) Cassava e) Soybeans
Cassava
Name one of the two truly crogenic freezing media used in freezing fruits and vegetables.
Liquid nitrogen or dry ice
How do sodium chloride and sucrose affect foam stability?
Sodium chloride reduces foam stability and sucrose improves foam stability.
When was L. monocytogenes first recognized as a foodborne pathogen?
1981
The Beer-Lambert Law is A=ECL;what does the 'E' stand for in the Beer-Lambert Law?
E is Molar Extinction Coefficient
What does TSC agar stand for and what does it select for?
Tryptose Sulfite Cycloserine Agar is used to select for Clostridium perfringens
What does ALACC stand for?
Analytical Laboratory Accreditation Criteria Committee
Microwave, ultraviolet rays, and gamma rays are all ionizing radiation (True/False)
False
Is Brie cheese classified as soft unripened, soft ripened, or semi soft ripened?
A. Soft ripened
Which is the major ion used in muscle contraction?
Ca++
Name the four classes of proteolytic enzymes based on active site.
Serine, metallo, aspartyl, cysteine
What is the name of the sweetener that does not participate in maillard browing?
xylitol
Which thermoduric, acidophilic, spore forming bacterial species is an emerging spoilage issue for juice and beverage processors?
Alicyclobacillus
What is the most shoplifted food product?
A. Cheese
Give 3 examples of warm season cereals.
Millet, Maize, Sorghum, Rice, Teff, Pearl Millet
How much heat is needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius?
1 Kelvin
How is fungi differentiated from algae and other higher plants?
It lacks chlorophyll
What do the initials WVTR stand for and how is WVTR expressed?
WVTR - water vapor transmission rate; WVTR is expressed as grams of water vapor transfer per 100 sq in of film of 1 mil thickness per 24 hours under defined conditions of temperature, humidity and pressure
Chlorophyll is easily destroyed by:
heat
When and where was the first annual feeding tomorrow for early IFT foundation fund run held?
New Orleans in 2001
What is the main aroma compound found in banana oil?
Isopentyl acetate
Name the vitamin associated with: Pellagra, Beriberi, Scurvy, Ricktes
Pellagra: Niacin, Beriberi: Thiamine, Scurvy: Vit C, Rickets: Vit D
By volume which country is number one in butter and ghee?
India
What does the term 'hermetic' refer to?
a container that is absolutely impermeable to gasses and vapors throughout its entirety, including its seams
What is specific gravity?
ratio of density of a substance to the density of water at a given temperature
Fillet, Chaterubrind, and Beef Wellington comes from what part of the tenderloin?
Center Cut
What meat processing procedure is used to obtain pork with high pH and high water holding capacity?
Hot-boning
What are the ingredients of TGY agar?
trypton, glucose and yeast extract
Name the five ingredients used in Long island iced tea.
vodka, rum, gin, tequila, triple sec
What dish is derived from the stomach lining of ruminant animals?
tripe
What is the name of foam that forms during churning?
Buttermilk
Food radiation can destroy all the following in food except:
Prions
For what city in Wisconsin is Colby cheese named?
A. Colby, Wisconsin
What are the 5 classes of unit operations?
fluid flow (fluid transportation, filtration, solids fluidization) Heat transfer (canning, freezing, blanching) Mass transfer (extraction, dehydration, frying) Thermodynamic processes (gas liquefaction, refrigeration) Mechanical processes (solids transportation, crushing, pulverization, screening, and sieving)
What are myoglobins? What are its 3 forms?
Myoglobins are pigments responsible for color of meats. The 3 forms are: metmyoglobin, oxymyoglobin, and dexoxymyoglobin
What year was the "Fair Packaging and Labeling Act" enacted?
1966
What are the types of intermolecular forces that can be formed in colloids?
Ion-dipole; ion-ion, dipole-dipole, covalent bond, ion-ion.
What 2 products does milk separate into during the production of cheese?
Whey and Curd
What does cGMP stand for?
Current Good Manufacturing Practices
What major substrate cannot be used for gluconeogenesis?
Fatty Acids (Acetyl-CoA)
What is the most abundant polymer in plants?
Cellulose
What is the primary function of Leuconostoc cremoris in sour cream production?
Flavor production (diacetyl)
A deficiency of what vitamin adversely affects tissue respiration and oxidation of glucose and results in the disease known as pellegra in humans?
Niacin
Two bacteriocides allowed in foods.
xanthan gum, gellan gum
What type of bacteria love high heat?
thermophiles
Maize (Corn) botanical name?
Zea mays
What is mechanical vapor recompression?
Use compressor to increase pressure of vapor to increase energy efficiency. Mechanical energy supplies via a compressor or fan compresses the process vapor to a higher pressure (and condensing temperature) where it is reused as the heating steam
Name the main 8 cereal grains
Oats, corn, wheat, rice, barley, rye, sorghum, millet
True/False: cyanocobalamin is the largest vitamin molecule and contains cobalt in its structure, giving rise to an essential requirement for the mineral cobalt in nutrient.
True
Name 3 methods for determination of protein content in a purified protein solution.
Lowry BCA UV at 280 or 220 Bradford Dumas Kjeldahl Biuret
What pigment was first designated as anthocyanins?
Blue pigment in flowers
Semolina is found from what part of the durum?
Wheat middlings
Name 3 of the 4 most common trigeminal sensations.
oral heat, metallic, astringency and pungency
What are the thick and thin filaments in meat?
Thick=actin; thin=myosin
Polyethylene is available in low density, medium density, and high density forms. As density increases, what happens to the impact strength properties?
The film impact strength decreases.
Who governs meat and poultry labeling?
USDA-FSIS
What is the country of origin of Primost cheese?
Primost= Norway
Regular orange extract contains 250 flavor compounds. How many are found in artificial orange?
6
Give three reasons for drying foods.
The main objective of drying food is to prolong its shelf-life beyond that of the fresh material, while at the same time minimizing undesirable changes in appearance, texture, flavor, and nutritional value during the drying process. In addition to the preservation of the product, drying can bring about savings in storage and transport of foods owing to the reduction in weight and bulk that occurs during most methods of drying.
What end product(s) are produced in homofermentation?
Homofermentation is when bacteria produce mostly lactic acid
What icing contains almond meal?
Marzipan
What is the botanical name of chicken?
Gallus gallus domesticus
What compound is added to sausage formulations to function as an antioxidant, antimicrobial agent, and "fix" the color of the product?
Nitrite (sodium or potassium)
How many water molcules can one water molecule bind to?
4
Name three functions of enzymes used as food additives
speed up reaction; lower viscosity; improve extractions; enhance separations; improve their flavor, texture, digestibility, and nutritional value, enhancing product yield, improve preservation
What are the parts of a continuous retort?
Pre-heat, steam chamber, air cooling, (hydrostatic cooling), cooling bath, can feed and can discharge
If a solution of ascorbic acid obeys Beer's Law and a 1 M solution gives an optical density of 0.75, what will be the optical density of a 2 M solution?
1.5 absorbance units
How does FSIS define a Class III Product Recall?
A Class III recall involves a situation in which eating the food will not cause adverse health consequences.
Which genus of bacteria are used in the production of kimchi?
Lactobacillus
Which amino acid can be used to determine the concentration of collagen in meat?
Hydroxyproline
The US Supreme Court unanimously agreed that this item was a vegetable, despite its genus and species.
Tomatoes
What is the group of red and yellow pigments found in beets, cactus fruits, and pokeberries?
Betalains
The majority of stored energy in the body is in the form of A.glucose, B.ATP, C.amino acids, or D.triglycerides?
D. triglycerides
What is the name of the chief chemist who crusaded for federal efforts to regulate the food industry in the early 1900s?
Dr. Harvey Wiley
What does the Italian word linguine mean?
Little tongue.
For what test is the Methylene Blue reduction used?
Estimate of bacterial population
How many eggs does a typical laying hen produce in a year?
250-290 eggs per year
Sauerkraut fermentation can be broken down into 3 different phases, early, middle and late. What bacteria is responsible for fermentation in each stage and what is their major fermentation products?
Early – Leu. Mesteroides, acetic acid Middle – L. plantarum, lactic acid Late – L. brevis, lactic and acetic acid
Name the 10 states in the FoodNet active Surveillance Program.
Californa, Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, and Tennessee
What pastry do panakes in Europe closely resemble?
Crepe
What is case hardening?
A condition in drying where outer cells collapse to form a water-impenetrable layer, making rehydration difficult.
In a HACCP plan, an undeclared allergen contamination is considered as what type of hazard?
Chemical
Discuss the pressure differences between a pump placement and the design of the system and the implications of each?
Where you have the pump, directly before it there is really low pressure caused by vacuum and right after it you have really high pressure which gradually becomes lower. Depending on where you have the pump, if something breaks, the high pressure will flow towards the low pressure, so you don't want the high pressure to be where the raw milk is causing it to flow into the pasteurized milk because then you will lose the whole batch from cross contamination because the milk is now already past the sterilization point, but it the high pressure is with the treated milk, it will flow back to the raw and will not contaminate the already processed milk.
What fruit is the international symbol for hospitality?
pineapples
What is Free-run juice wrt wine production?
The juice separated from the seeds, stems, and skins following the INITIAL crush
The maximum freezer storage time for pork is: A.24 months, B.3 months, C.6-9 months, or D.none of the above?
D. none of the above (fresh pork can be stored frozen for 4-6 months/can be stored refrigerated for 3-5 days)
What is the IFT Council?
An IFT governance body composed of representatives from Sections and Divisions which serves as the grass roots forum and approves constitution and bylaw revisions
What is the minimum weight of a gallon of ice cream?
4.5 pounds (2 kg)
Name the chemical used to delay the ripening of apples that caused concern among consumers in 1989?
Daminozide or Alar
Why can birds eat chili peppers and not be bothered?
They can’t taste capsaicin
What is the range of refrigerated temperature?
40°F (4°C) or below; the freezer at 0°F (-18°C).
What organelle serves as the primary packaging area for molecules to be distributed throughout the cell?
Golgi apparatus
What organism is responsible for Q fever?
coxiella burnetii
How does rennin act to destabilize the casein micelle?
it divides k-casein into para-k-casein and glycomacropeptide
Of the three radioactive particles: alpha, beta, and gamma, which two are commonly used in food irradiation?
Beta and gamma
Often phage or viruses are used for DNA cloning, what is this process called?
Transduction
How is citron different from most other citrus fruit?
It is primarily pith with only a small amount of juice/pulp
The Delaney Clause specifically prevents the use of food additives that are __________.
Carcinogenic
The milk product that is 42 percent sucrose and 12 percent lactose is:
condensed milk
A brandy is 90 proof, so what is its percent of alcohol?
45% alcohol
The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 is enforced by which government agency?
EPA
Name the protein in skeletal muscle that is the best "binder protein" in processed meats?
Myosin.
What does the acronym ISO stand for?
ISO means equal under International Organization for Standards
What is the coordination number of stable ice-I?
4
Cows from pastures with sewage sludge may have high levels of what toxin?
Dioxin
What law is represented by F = kQ1Q2/d2, where Q1 and Q2 are the magnitude of the charges on two particles, d is the distance between their centers, and k is a constant?
Coloumb's law
What does FID stand for?
Flame Ionization Detector
Skim milk has a bluish tint due to the scattering of light by what component?
Casein micelles
What is the name of the precursors to doughnuts, found in Germany?
Olykoeks (Oliebols)
What is a farinograph used for?
shear and viscosity (or properties is acceptable) of dough
What is th SI unit for pressure?
Pascal
Cholesterol is a sterol that: a) Comes only from the diet b) Is produced in the liver as a precursor to hormones c) Is the major cause of heart disease d) Combines with fatty acids to form triglycerides e) Causes cancer of the liver
b) Is produced in the liver as a precursor to hormones
What is the scientific name of soybean?
Glycine max
Name 4 components of refrigeration.
Compressor, condensor, evaporator, expansion valve
What is the winterization process for an oil?
Cooling the oil and filtering of the solids formed so that long chained saturated fats do not crystallize at low temperatures.
Ripening in a fruit can be measured by what ratio?
The sugar to acid ratio
what president signed into existence the USDA and this country's Land Grant College System?
Abraham Lincoln in 1862
In French this is fromage, what it is called in English?
Cheese
Black pepper botanical name?
Piper nigrum
What are some factors that may affect aseptic processing?
if the product has particulates, size of particles, viscosity, product thermal sensitivity
What is the time temperature combination required for foodservice operators to safely cool cooked foods?
Answer: food must be cool to 70 degrees Fahrenheit within two hours, and then 41 within four hours, and the total cooling time should not exceed six hours.
What are susceptors?
Heat susceptors are metalized surfaces that are components of packages of food intended for microwave cooking. The heat susceptor absorbs the microwave energy and becomes extremely hot, promoting the browning and surface crispness of food.
Papaya botanical name?
Carica papaya
EDTA and citric acid are examples of what group of additives used in foods?
metal chelators - prevent oxidation
What are the three vegetables in mirepoix?
Onions carrots and celery
In indirect heating, what is heat regeneration?
using sterilized product to heat sterilized product and thereby cooling the sterilized product
Give the michaelis-menten equation and give two assumptions underlying its derivation.
V0 = Vmax ([S]/([S] + KM)); This equation includes the assumption that during the early stages of the reaction so little product is formed that the reverse reaction (product combining with enzyme and re-forming substrate) can be ignored (hence the unidirectional arrow under k3). Another assumption is that the concentration of substrate is much greater than that of total enzyme ([S] >> [Et]), so it can essentially be treated as a constant.
What are the four categories of food additives established by the FDA?
GRAS, prior sanctioned, regulated, banned
Which area of the US prefers brown shell eggs?
New England
Almond botanical name?
Prunus dulcis
Saccharin is how many times sweeter than sugar?
300-500 times sweeter.
What are the chemical classes in the carotenoid compounds?
xanthophylls (which contain oxygen) and carotenes (which are purely hydrocarbons and contain no oxygen)
What is the term used for Dulce de Leche in France, translating to milk jam?
Confiture de lait
According to the Arrhenius equation, what happens to the rate of a reaction if the temperature increases?
Increases.
Turgor pressure in vegetables is due to what pressure?
Osmotic pressure
Name 3 factors that contribute to the preservative actions of smoking foods.
Temperature (heat kills cells), drying and salt lower water activity, and smoke contains chemicals that are antimicrobial and antioxidants
Describe the TDT curve, what are the axes, the slope?
The x axis is temperature and the y axis is thermal death time. Z value = 1/slope of thermal death time vs temperature
Which enzyme is used as indicator in blanching?
Peroxidase
St. Anthony's Fire outbreaks are now very rare. It is caused by a toxin on rye or wheat produced by what ?
claviceps purpurea
What scientific group is thought to have started the Industrial Revolution?
Lunar Society of Birmingham
Which of the following has the largest diffusion coefficient in water at 20 degrees C: A.ammonia, B.Hydrogen, C.Oxygen, or D.Chlorine?
B. Hydrogen
In what year was FFA founded? A. 1935 B. 1946 C. 1928 D. 1917
1928 (Future Farmers of America)
How do you calculate lethality?
Area under the curve of time vs lethal rate
What study was conducted in 1991, 1995, and 2000 to establish baselines for beef quality shortfalls and identify targets for desired quality levels?
National Beef Quality Audit
The lactic acid in cheese is made from what compound?
Lactose
In no-added nitrate and nitrite meat products, the industry is adding which vegetable as a source of nitrate?
Celery root
Name 3 functions of packaging in protecting food from deterioration.
Recontamination with microorganisms, attack by insects and rodents, moisture gain or drying out, air and light, mechanical abuse.
Which federal agency is responsible for regulating the sale and use of pesticides in the United States?
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
What does RDA stand for?
Recommended Daily Allowance
What icing contains egg white, powdered sugar, and lemon or lime?
Royal Icing
Glucono lactone is used as a food additive when slow what is needed?
Acidification.
The R-Index is a sensory difference test which is based upon what theory?
The Signal Detection Theory, which addresses the signal-to-noise ratio present in all human sensory systems
Name extrinsic factor in foods which affect microbial growth.
Environmental conditions where the food is stored
What is the genus and species of the pumpkin commonly used in pumpkin pie filling?
Cucurbita moschata
GMP regulated five products
Infant formula, low acid canned foods, drinking water
The most common contaminant which is used to hold vacuum in the isolation apparatus, and causes large, widespread peaks in the gas chromatogram which mask peaks of many important flavor compounds is _______.
silicon grease
Give three classes of enzymes relevant to foods.
Oxidoreductases; Hydrolases; Lyases; Isomerases
List two methods for making cheese.
Rennin (enzyme) and adding acid (lowering pH)
Name the fruit used to flavor gin.
juniper berries
What is the main heat exchanger for pasteurization?
Plate
What does IMF stand for and what is the range of water activity?
intermediate moisture foods, 0.6-0.9 water activity
What milk product is 42 % sucrose and 12% lactose?
Condensed milk
Name the two primary fatty acids within coffee beans.
linoleic and palmitic acid
What is the type of packaging called where the headspace is flushed with a mixture of gases at the time of packaging so that the fresh product finds it difficult to respire?
Modified Atmosphere Packaging or Controlled Atmosphere Packaging
What do the letters HTST, PSIG and CSTR stand for in reference to food processing?
High temperature short time; pounds per square inch gauge; continuous stirred tank reactor
What viral disease in cloven-hoofed animals causes fluid-filled blisters on their mouth, tongue, teats, muzzle, and skin between their hooves?
Hoof (foot) and mouth disease
When was the Food Quality and Protection Act enacted and what did it do?
in 1996 and it gave the EPA control over pesticides in food
What term refers to microorganisms added to the diet in order to provide health benefits beyond basic nutritive value?
probiotics
What is the shape of the federal inspection stamp for exotic meat?
A triangle
What does PDA stand for?
Potato Dextrose Agar
The heat-seal layer in retortable foil pouches, such as meals ready-to-eat (MRE's) is what plastic material?
Polypropylene.
What is a good natural source for the enzyme Xanthine Oxidase?
Milk
Give the genus and species of 3 molds that are used in the production of blue cheese.
Penicillium roqueforti, Alt. names: P. glaucum, P. gorgonzola and P. stilton
Corn is used as the main food component in many Latin American countries. What is the main nutrient deficiency of corn?
Lysine
What french pastry translates to "lightning"?
Eclair
Rank the following membrane separation methods based on increasing pore size: microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and ultrafiltration.
RO, UF, MF
Since commercial sterility must be assured throughout the food container, thermal process evaluation uses the ___ value in the container to assure sterility.
Slowest heating point (or cold point)
What's the country of origin for the following beers: Sapporo, Heineken, Molson, Bass?
Japan, Netherlands, Canada, Germany
Products of corn wet milling:
protein, starch , oil and fiber
What is 'psychophysics'?
The discipline within psychology that investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and their subjective correlates, or percepts.
Name 3 of the most common fatty acid in red meats.
oleic, palmitic, stearic
What are 4 officer positions on the National IFT Executive Committee?
Chairman, Chairman-elect, secretary, treasurer, councilor, alternate councilor, member at large
What toxin is present in rhubarb leaves?
Oxalic acid
What are the three spices or herbs that contain the essential oil eugenol?
Cloves, cinnamon, and sage
What are some two reasons for roasting cocoa beans for chocolate making?
Flavor development, separate outer husk from inner bean (makes cracking and winnowing much easier), virtually sterilizes cocoa been (prevent growth of bacteria/fungi/molds), even color and texture
With conductive heat transfer, the cold point of a can to be thermally processed is where?
At the geometric center
Peanut butter contains approximately what percentage of protein and fat?
25-30% protein and 50-55% fat
The seeds of the Arachis hypogea, a legume, are roasted and ground into a protein-rich, viscous, spreadable paste; what is this paste commonly called?
Peanut Butter
What percent of the world population includes insects in their diet?
0.25
which type of chromotography is described by : a substrate is covalently bound to the column matrix; as the effluent passes through, a specific targeted compound attaches to the bound substrate and becomes trapped on the stationary phase.
Affinity Chromotography
How old is IFT?
50 years old in 1989, founded in 1939; 73 years old in 2012.
Which two physical phenomena play a role in colloidal stability?
Van der Waals attractive forces and electrostatic repulsion due to charge.
T/F: Both carrots and potatoes are tubers.
False, carrots are roots.
What is another name for a single banana?
Finger
A liquid with a Reynold's number of 1000 is exhibiting what type of flow?
Laminar
What preserving process loses the most vitamins and minerals?
Canning
The Beer-Lambert Law is A=ECL; what does the 'A' stand for in the Beer-Lambert Law?
A is absorption
What is the name of the pasta that translates to "little strings"?
Sphaghetti
What company introduced the first microwave oven?
Raytheon Company
What are three forms of water in foods?
Free Water, Adsorbed Water (loosely bound), and water of hydration (tightly bound)
How to express in concentration, ppm equivalent as weight per volume?
mg/L or microg/ mL
What does the acronym IFIS stand for?
International food information service
Give the country of origins of the following ethnic foods: Kimchi, Tempeh, Idli, Miso.
Kimchi - Korea, tempeh - Indonesia, idli - India, Miso - Japan
How many different flavors of jelly beans exist?
50
Give 3 methods for the production of corn syrup from starch.
acid hydrolysis, acid-enzyme hydrolysis, enzyme-enzyme hydrolysis
The hydrolysis of a specific bond in kappa casein (phe 105 - Met 106) results in what?
destabilization of the casein micelles (cheese curd formation)
When does buffering occur in foods?
When a weak acid and conjugate base are present in the same food.
What is the cheapest thickener in the U.S. and what is the most expensive?
Cheapest - unmodified corn starch ($0.18/gk) expensive - agar ($26-31/kg)
What is the equation used to convert deg C to deg F?
F= 9/5C+32
Yeast and mold are both fungi (True/false)
True
Give the names of two specific forms of nitrosamines present in cured meats.
Nitroso-dimethylamine (7.3 ppb), Nitroso-diethylamine (2.6 ppb).
Name the first flavors of Jell-O.
raspberry, strawberry, lemon, and orange
What is the most common psychotropic bacteria associated with milk spoilage?
Pseudomonas species
What do the following abbreviations stand for: SPC, ANOVA, TQM?
SPC-Statistical process control, ANOVA-analysis of variance, TQM-total quality management
What is the predominant organic acid found in grapes?
tartaric acid
What is the simplest and cheapest method for food drying?
Sun drying
What material are most plastic bakery bags made of (the typical grocery store bread bags, for example)?
Low density polyethylene
Put the following 5 crops in order of least to greatest based on total extractable oil percentage by weight. sesame, sunflower, soybean, copra, rapeseed
Soybean (14) Sunflower (32) Rapeseed (37) Sesame (50) Copra (62)
Bacteria overgrowth on fish can result in the production of scombrotoxins. Name one food process that Scrombotoxins are resistant to.
smoking, cooking and canning
True/False: Riboflavin is quite resistant to heat but very sensitive to light and this is why brown milk bottles have seen limited use in the past.
True
What is pheophytin?
the olive green pigment found in broccoli that has been either over-cooked or cooked in acid
What is the application of Stoke's Law in food processing?
Separation rate of oil in water emulsion
Name names three intrinsic factors and three extrinsic factors that affect microbial growth in food products.
Answer: Intrinsic: water activity, pH, nutrient content; Extrinsic: temperature, storage environment, humidity.
The FDA and the AMI recommend cooking hamburger to ___°F, and increase from ___°F, to ensure destruction of E. coli O157:H7.
155°F, 145°F
Name three factors that contribute to the preservative actions of smoking foods.
Temperature, drying (which lowers aw), and smoke contains antimicrobial and antioxidant chemicals.
What is the most popular tea variety in Japan?
Sencha
Which equation describes the relationship between temperature and water activity?
Clausius Clapeyron Equation
What 3 properties are the major functional uses of eggs in products?
coagulation when heated, foaming ability, emulsifying properties
What type of pressure should a sensory evaluation room have?
Positive pressure to maintain cleanliness.
At what frequency are microwaves typically at?
300 MHz to 300 GHz
Depot fats and related animal fats are characterized by their high content of which fatty acids?
primarily C16 – C18 saturated, and C18:1 and C18:2
The magnification of a microscope with an eye piece of 10X and an objective of 97 X is what?
970X
What is the difference in pudding made with egg substitute instead of whole egg?
Coagulation temperature is lower
What is the minimum temperature pork should be cooked at to kill Trichinella?
145 F
Please provide 5 of the 6 “technologies” that are part of the definition of food technology.
Selection, preservation, processing, packaging, distribution, and use
Name the 4 steps of refrigeration.
Compression, condensation, expansion, evaporation
What is a strecker degradation?
part of a browning reaction, where an amino acid and a dicarbonyl produce CO2 and flavorful aldehydes
What is the only fruit or vegetable that is never sold processed, only fresh?
Lettuce
What purpose Na pyrophosphate serve in foods?
alkaline cleaners
What are natural casings made of?
Sheep intestine.
What is dew point temperature?
temp at which air becomes saturated with moisture (RH=100%) and any further cooling results in condensation of water form air
What is the recommended amount of meat to be included in a daily diet? A.one 12 oz serving, B.two 6 oz servings, C.one 8oz serving, or D.two 2-3oz servings
D.two 2-3 oz servings
What is the processing difference between green tea and black tea?
in green tea, leaves are steam-treated before drying to inactivate enzymes and avoid color change from green to black; In black tea, manufacturing enzymes are not inactivated, but fermentation occurs which changes color from green to black prior to drying
Vitamins commonly used as antioxidants:
Vitamin E (tocopherols) and Vitamin C
When M. Nicholas Appert developed the principle of canning or thermal processing in the 1800's, which organism was he attempting to inactivate?
None (microorganisms were not discovered until much later)
Name two refrigerants that are not CFCs.
NH3 and SO2
What proteolytic enzyme is a component of pancreatic juice?
Chymotrypsin
What is a conjugated protein?
a protein with chemical components, in addition to amino acids (examples: lipoproteins and metalloproteins)
What are the four C's of food safety?
1. Clean hands, equipment, utensils and work area with soap and hot water. 2. Cook food until the temperature reaches at least 140 F. 3. Chill foods immediately after purchasing and after serving. Maintain at a temperature of less than 40 F. 4. Avoid cross-contamination from bacteria by keeping raw foods away from cooked and ready-to-eat foods.
What are the 2 parameters describing supercritical fluid?
temperature and pressure
What is the only meat wholesale cut traded on the chicago mercantile exchange?
pork bellies
in Scromboid poisoning, what serves as the precursor to histamine formation?
amino acid Histadine
Why are polyester films often coated with PVDC or polyolefin before use as a food packaging material?
Polyester alone is not heat sealable
Lyophilization refers to the process of what?
Freeze Drying
What type of wheat is used to make cookies, etc.?
Soft red wheat
What breed of dairy cow has the highest milk production?
Holstein
Peach/Nectarine botanical name?
Prunus persica
What is the distillation method used to measure moisture called?
carl-fisher
Which protein in milk micellar structure is not affected by Ca+?
K-casein
What was the first year for IFTSA?
1982
The force required to bite through something describes which sensory attribute?
Hardness
Intermittent boiling of spores for 1 hour each for 4 times will kill the spores. This process is called
Tydallization
What food may get its name from the German word for stirrup?
Bagel. From beugel meaning stirrup. This origin comes from an Viennese baker trying to honor King Jan Sobieski of Poland after the Austrian empire's victory over the Turkish army. Another origin story is that Bagel came from the Yiddish beygl.
Lacto ovo vegetarians avoid which of the following groups of foods: a) Eggs, milk, and red meat b) Fish, poultry, meat, and eggs c) Fish, poultry, and red meat d) Eggs and milk
Fish, poultry, and red meat
Methyl cellulose dissolves faster at what temperature?
Decreased temperature, increase dissolution
What does OSHA stand for?
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Arrange them according to saturated fat percentage: butter, coconut, pork fat, olive oil
coconut (90), Butter (63), pork fat (37.5), olive oil (14)
What are the three spore-forming foodborne pathogens?
bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, clostridium botulinum
Name 2 types of pumps used primarily in food industries.
Rotary (centrifugal) and positive displacement
What two grains make up crispix?
rice and corn
Which contains more vitamin C; strawberries, tangerines, parsley, sage, rosemary or thyme? What major herb is used to garnish dishes? What is the green leafy vegetable that contains about 1200 mg of minerals per 100 g fresh?
Parsley
What is the normal freezing point of milk?
-0.540°C (range from -0.530 to -0.550°C is acceptable)
What is the legal citation for the good manufacturing practices regulation applied to all foods?
21 CFR 110
Cassia cinnamon botanical name?
Cinnamomum cassia [Lauraceae (Laurel)]
Which part of the seed of a grain contains oil?
Germ
During the process of drying what is the point after which the drying rate starts to decrease?
Critical point or critical moisture content.
Khanom Wong is a doughut from what country?
Thailand
What are the three parts of a tenderloin?
Butt, Center Cut, Tail
Hot water crust pastry commonly uses what kind of fat?
Lard
What are the 3 major end products of food fermentations?
Lactic acid, acetic acid, and ethanol
Inulin in plants is made by the monomers of?
Fructose
As a percent, how much total sugar is consumed in the brain?
0.75
Microparticulated egg white and milk protein blended and heated until it forms a fluid is commercially available under what trade name?
Simplese
Salmonella was first isolated from salmon fish in an outbreak in Washington State in 1889 (True/False)
False
What is the most heat resistant pathogenic organism in milk? What is the target of milk pasteurization?
The time and temperature of milk pasteurization are designed primarily to inactivate what organism?
What is the name of a pie, paste, or loaf, filled with forcemeat?
Pate
Why do we determine F values?
This allows us to be able to compare the different processes
What is the name of the product made from fermented mare's milk?
A. Koumis
What toxin is related to turkey X disease?
Aflatoxin
Name the body of FAO WHO concern refreshed standards including additives and pesticides. In foods allowable limits micronutrient supplementation.
Codex Alimentarius Commission
Why is stannous chloride added to asparagus canned in glass jars, and how much is allowed?
1) It controls discoloration due to oxidation of rutin 2) Not more than 15 ppm in glass containers with unlined metal lids; 20 ppm with inert, lined lids.
What are the characteristics of hermetic packaging?
Impermeable to gases and vapors throughout its entirety
In 1878, Kuhne proposed the term 'enzymes' for proteins that he extracted from yeasts and the stomach; what is the meaning of the Greek root 'enzyme'?
"in leaven" or "in ferment"
Waxes are composed of what two basic chemical entities?
Fatty Acid (Ester linked) to Fatty Alcohol
The IFT individual award with the highest monetary value is the ____.
Nicholas Appert Award ($5,000)
Name the three main components of cereal grains.
endosperm, germ, bran
The N-acetylmuramidase enzyme found in egg white that hydrolyses the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria has the common name of what?
Lysozyme
what is the purpose of using a rotary retort for canned soup?
the rotation causes currents in the liquid, which causes more efficient heating during retort.
Why should ethylene be removed during the shipping of bananas?
It is a plant hormone that induces ripening in climacteric fruits like bananas
Name 5 types of air convection dryers (heated air dryers)
Kiln, cabinet, tunnel, Solar, conveyor, fluidized bed, air lift, rotary, spray drier, Freeze Dryers, Vacuum Dryers
Name 3 non-nutritive sweeteners approved for use in the USA?
Saccharin, Aspartame, Acesulfame-K, stevia, sucralose, neotame
What are the varieties of oranges used for orange juice production?
Pineapple, Homosassa, Parson Grown, Hamlin, Washington Navel, and Valencia.
What are the 8 pieces of information required on a meat label?
1. Product or cut name, 2. Inspection legend and establishment number, 3. Handling statement, 4. Net weight, 5 address or signature line, 6. Safe handling instructions, 7 ingredients statement, 8. Nutrient facts
Per Codex, what % cocoa dose semi-bitter chocolate need to be? a. 15 b. 30 c. 45 d. 70
b. 15%
Which lactic acid producing bacteria found in sourdough bread takes its name from a California city?
Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis
What is the so called "trigeminal senses"?
Free nerve endings (of the trigeminal nerve) present in the oral and ansl cavities which are sensitive to irritants (capsaisin, acetic acid, ammonia, astringents) and act as protection device against harmful chemicals, also detect texture and most other food characteristics
What enzyme is used to determine if milk has been accurately pasteurized?
Alkaline phosphatase
What are crustaceans?
invertebrates characterized by a hard outer shell and jointed appendages and bodies. They usually live in water and breathe through gills. Higher forms of this class include lobsters, shrimp, and crawfish; lower forms include barnacles, and fish lice.
What is the general term that describes a device used to measure the force required to move a plunger a fixed distance through a food material?
Penetrometer
What does GATT stand for?
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Which microorganism creates a heat stable toxin?
Staphylococcus aureus
Which organism is responsible for Primary Fermentation in wine?
Fermentation done by yeast, initial fermentation
What is nutrient density?
ratio of nutrient content/ energy from carb, fat, protein (in grams) to the total food energy content (in kcal/joules)
Ingestion of gradients and other insects as may cause a reaction in people allergic to which common?
shellfish crustaceans
Enzymes that catalyze transphosphorylation are called what?
Kinases.
What is the name of the bread that originated from Native America and made out of cornmeal?
Cornbread
Give 4 advantages of retortable pouches over tin cans and jars.
Reduced heat exposure, improvements in taste, colour, and flavour; fewer nutrient losses, rapid heating in pouch, requires less disposal space, pouches and containers do not corrode externally and there is a minimum of product–container interaction, easy to open, no risk of cuts to consumer opening container, reduction in storage space requirements and lighter weight, savings in shelf space, easy to handle and display, opportunity to market multipacks, energy requirements for container construction are less than that for cans.
How does Alka-Seltzer relieve heartburn?
Sodium Citrate (a weak base) neutralizes stomach acid.
A wheat class that is used to make stiff doughs for pasta products is: A) soft B) hard C) durum
C) durum
What term describes the ability of fat to exist in different crystalline forms?
Polymorphism
Name the three largest beef packers in the USA.
IBP, ConAgra, Excel (Cargill)
What are teratogens?
agents capable of causing a mis-read in DNA, leading to birth defects
What is the most popular tea variety in China?
Longjing
What is the required minimum weight of a gallon of frozen ice cream?
A. 4.5 lbs
What are the various complex proteins produced by living cells that act independently of these cells. They are capable of producing certain chemical changes in other substances w/o themselves being changed in the process?
Enzymes
In regards to packaging what does a body hook refer to?
The hook on the body of a can that engages the lid to make a hermetic seal
List all the different types of thermocouples.
J, K, E, T, N, B, R, S
Q:In 1963 the FDA approval for a new processing method was given, only to be revoked in 1968. What was the product and process?
A: Bacon and Irradiation
How many teaspoons of sugar does the average North American consume every day: A.9tsp, B.19tsp, C.22tsp, or D.39tsp?
C. 22tsp
Back bacon and Canadian bacon is made from what cut of the pork?
Loin
What term describes the state of chemical and metabolic equilibrium?
homeostasis
Pork tenderloin should be free of what major food component?
Fat
Convection, conduction, and radiation are terms which describe what?
Types of heat transfer
What is the pH of milk?
6.8
Fish from warm tropical waters is at risk of what toxin?
Ciguatoin
What is the name used to describe the temperature at which air reaches 100% saturation with water?
Dew point
State Stoke's law.
F = 6(pi)r(eta)v; Drag force = 6(pi)sphere radius.fluid viscosity.velocity of the sphere
What is the unit commonly used in expressing energy values of foods?
Kilocalorie
What is the name of the spice mix used in Ethiopian and interesting culture that contains ingredients like chili peppers, garlic, ginger, and fennel?
Berbere Seasoning
In order, name the first three ingredients in a regular Coke and in Diet Coke.
Regular: Carbonated water, high fructose corn and/or sucrose syrup, caramel color; Diet: Carbonated water, caramel color, aspartame.
What is flavor scalping?
The flavor compounds migrate into packages.
Quality assurance employees in beef packing plants routinely perform AQL tests. What does the acronym AQL represent?
Acceptable quality limits
Name five major food thickeners and stabilizers.
Modified starch, unmodified starch, guar gum, alginates, casein, carrageenan, xanthan gum, pectin, CMC, methyl cellulose, locust bean, gelatin.
What is BHT, BHA and their uses
They are both synthetic antioxidants added to food to preserve natural compounds and food quality
What is the measurement of oxygen utilized in the stabilization of organic matter by microorganisms over a 5 day period at 20 C called?
biological oxygen demand
The DeLaney Clause of the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act did NOT pertain to: a. preservatives, b. processing aids, c. pesticides on raw products for agricultural use, d. pesticides on food, e. color additives
c. pesticides on raw products for agricultural use
Pretzel making capital of the U.S. is
Pennsylvania (Hanover Pretzels!)
Give 5 examples of long pasta.
Bucatini, Fettucine, Linguines, Lasagna, Sphaghetti, Vermicelli, Ziti, Tagliatelle, Pappardelle, Capellini (Angel Hair), Bigoli, Spaghettoni
In sauerkraut production, salt promotes the growth of what group of bacteria?
lactic acid bacteria
what does the acronym associated w/food analysis techniques 'FTIR' stand for?
FTIR= Fourier Transform Infared Spectroscopy
How are food categories classified based on pH?
Low acid over 4.5 Medium acid and acid 3.7 to 4.5 High acid below 3.7
How many monomers are in stachycose?
4 – 2 galactose, glucose and fructose
What is produced from Yeasts in the mixing of dough?
CO2 and Ethanol
What is a psychrometric chart?
A psychrometric chart is a graphical representation of the psychrometric processes of air. Psychrometric processes include physical and thermodynamic properties such as dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, humidity, enthalpy, and air density.
Name the methods for direct heating and indirect heating.
1) Direct heating methods: toasting, frying, steam injection, steam infusion, spray drying, baking 2) Indirect heat exchangers: plate, tubular, shell and tube, scraped surface heat exchanger.
Occasionally, the FDA will allow controversial additives to foods that may harm a subset of US consumers, w/the stipulation of requiring a statement that provides customers w/ 'informed consent'. What is the statement of for products containing aspartame?
Phenylketonurics: contains phenylalanine
What are the 3 ingredients used to make Grand Marnier liquor?
cognac brandy, essence of bitter orange and sugar
In which decade did Harry Streenbock of the University of wisconsin find that irradiating foods w/ultraviolet light increased their Vitamin D content?
1920's
From what source was Clostridium botulinum first isolated?
Answer: Smoked ham
Which chemical bond has functional groups on opposite sides of the chain?
Trans-bond
What would be a safe processing time for heat processing green beans in a boiling water bath? A. 30 minutes B. 300 minutes C. Depends on the size of the food container D. None of the above
D: None of the above
What does APHA stand for?
American Public Health Association
Name 2 glycosidic linkages in mixed-linked glucans in oats and barley.
B-1-3 and B-1-4
List 5 of the original ingredients found in Pepsi.
Lemon oil, kola nuts, sugar, water, caramel, nutmeg
Explain Moisture Removal.
The removal of water from food to lower its moisture content to inhibit food spoilage. Done by adding solutes, like sugar and salt
The expenditure of energy required to maintain basic life processes is called BMR. What does BMR stand for?
Basal Metabolic Rate
Explain Blanching.
Process used to inactivate enzymes and set color
What are the effects of drying on microflora?
dehydration id a good method to prevent microbial proliferation, rehydrated foods need to be consumed more or less immediately, high d-value at low moisture-more resistant to thermal processing
What is black strap rum?
Rum to which black strap molasses is added
What is the spectrum range for thermal radiation?
0.1 um to 1000 um (1 mm)
Name four varieties of noble hops.
Noble hops are classic European varieties that are responsible for the signature flavors of pilsner and other Continental lagers. The four noble varieties are: Hallertauer Mittelfrüh, Tettnang, Spalt, Saaz
Vitamin B7 is chemically known as?
Biotin
What is the Pasteur effect in terms of metabolism?
The Pasteur effect is a biological phenomenon that describes how oxygen affects the production of energy in cells. It can refer to how oxygen affects yeast fermentation, platelet storage, or the metabolism of cells. The Pasteur effect can also refer to how oxygen suppresses the accumulation of products from anaerobic metabolism. It can also be attributed to changes in the balance of phosphate compounds.
What are three goals of conching?
To remove undesirable volatiles, to drive off moisture, and to coat all particles of cocoa solids and sugar with cocoa butter
What country is the world's largest cultivator of coffee?
Brazil
What happens to the freezing point as ice is removed?
As water is removed from the system and the concentration of solids increases and the freezing point of water decreases.
What weekly report published by the Public Health Service contains all data on foodborne illnesses?
Morbidity and Mortality Report
Black spot formation on shrimp can be prevented by using: A.beta carotene, B.ascorbic acid, C.tocopherol, or D.ascorbyl palmitate?
B. ascorbic acid
What is a transformation in terms of biotechnology?
Genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s). Bacteria can acquire new genetic material by taking up free DNA (often plasmids) from their surroundings.
Q: What two pieces of information must be shown on the principle display panel of a package containing greater than .5 ounces of a food product?
A: Weight declaration and the name of the product.
Excess vitamin A is a concern for pregnant women because it causes?
Birth defects
Name two pentoses and two hexoses.
Pentose: D-xylose, L-arabinose; Hexoses: D-galactose, D-glucose.
What is the circular, single stranded exonuclear DNA known as?
Plasmid
In the 2022 Food Code by FDA what term is used as a category for flightless birds such as an emu, ostrich, or rhea?
Ratite.
Describe the winterization process for an oil.
Colling the oil Filtering the solids formed This filtering ensures that the long chained saturated fats do not crystallize at low temp
Sugar beet is not a suitable source for molasses.
TRUE.
What are the 2 cultures used in yogurt production?
Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus
At what pH does phenolphthalein change color?
pH 8.5
Name four types of commercial thermal processing.
Dry oven, steam retorting, HTST, UHT, aseptic, hot fill, frying, flaming, baking, broiling
What milk is Koumis made of?
A. Horse or mare's milk.
what agency regulates the production, labeling, and sale of Turkey?
Turkey= USDA
What is the name of air-dried salted beef aged two to three months?
Breasola
As temperature increases, what happens to the density of a solution?
Decrease
Where are lipovitellin and livetins found?
Egg yolks
Pasteur developed the pasteurization process and saved the French dairy industry in 1866 (True/False)
False
In the 2022 Food Code by FDA what is the term used for the process of moderating the temperature of a food such as allowing a food to gradually increase from a temperature of -23C (-10F) to -4C (25F) in preparation for deep-fat frying or to facilitate even heat penetration during the cooking of previously block-frozen food such as shrimp.
Slacking.
What is the difference between dietary fiber and crude fiber?
Dietary fiber consists of all material that is physiologically indigestible by the human intestine and crude fiber is anything that survives a strong acid digestion by a strong base digestion (in vitro).
In plastic polymer packaging, what does the term "thermoplastic" refer to?
The ability of the plastic polymer to be melted repeatedly without any physical or chemical change.
Name three potato cultivars.
All Blue, Caribo, Desiree, Kennebec, Norland, Red LaSoda, Russian Banana, Yukon Gold
What amino acid found in crystals in aged cheese is associated with headaches?
A. Tyrosine
Which agency enforces pesticide tolerances in raw foods?
FDA
Name four primary products from corn.
Starch, fiber, oil, protein
In what year did President Franklin D. Roosevelt sign the present Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act?
6/25/1938 12:00:00 AM
What are common adjuncts added to beer?
Adjunct add more starch which gives it more flavor & affects alcohol content. Oats, Wheat, Corn, & Rice.
the occurence of which amino acid along a peptide chain is primarily responsible for a disruption of secondary structure of proteins?
proline
What is the lachrymatory factor in onions?
Thiosulfinate or thioropropanal sulfoxide
What is the common name for potassium bitartrate and how was it originally sourced?
Cream of tartare, byproduct of wine making
If you take a vitamin/mineral supplement every morning and exceed your RDA, what would help determine if you are consuming too much of a nutrient?
Tolerable upper limit
What chart gives the dew point, wet bulb, dry bulb temperature, relative humidity . . . ?
Psychrometric chart
Until a few decades ago, Freon-12 was commonly used in what food processing operation?
Refrigeration
Define specific heat and provide its units.
The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass by 1 degree (Kcal / kg¼C or Btu / lb¼F or J / mol K)
Which country eats the most eggs per person per year?
Japan
Define whether these are found in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells: true nucles, circular DNA, unicellularity, no membrane-bound organelles, size of 10-100 micrometers
eukaryotic: nucleus, size ; prokaryotic: circular DNA, unicelluar, no membrane-bound organelles
What is a savory, usually acidic, sauce in which meat is soaked to enrich its flavor or to tenderize it?
Marinade
What property of a protein can be determined using SDS electrophoresis?
molecular weight
Which of the following does not have an official regulatory definition under FDA regulations?Dietary supplement, food, functional food, all of the above
functional food
What is the primary purpose of the FDA?
Enforce the federal food, drug, and cosmetic act
What is the name of the machine that destroys insect eggs in flour?
Entoleter
What is the honorary society of food science and who founded it?
Phi Tau Sigma, founded by Dr. Gideon "Guy" Livingston in UMass in 1953
What organizations or agencies publish the following reference texts? A)bacteriological analytical manual; b) compendium of methods in the microbiological examination of foods; c) standard methods for the examination of dairy products
a) Food and Drug Administration (FDA), b&c) American Public Health Association (APHA)
What is the flavor/antimicrobial compound associated with Vanilla Beans?
Vanilla Beans= Vanillin
The Journal of Food Science used to be called this:
Food Research
In beer manufacturing, what ions in water essentially gives malty characteristic?
Melanoidins
Which heating technology strongly depends on presence of polar molecules?
microwave cooking
What is the incubation period for Listeria monocytes?
3-70 days
How does the Wiped-Film or Agitated thin-Film Evaporator work?
Surface is continuously agitated or wiped to prevent build up: example: purees.
What phytochemical class is mostly abundant in soybeans and have significant physiological contributions?
isoflavones
What are some of the external conditions that affect drying?
Humidity, relative humidity, are velocity, dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point temperature, specific volume, enthalpy, geometry of the food
What is a component of cementing material between plant cell walls that is converted to pectin in fruit as the fruit matures?
protopectin
Chocolate prevents dental caries.
True
In the 2024 Academy award nominated movie 'The Holdovers', one of the central characters suffers from Trimethylaminuria, What is the main characteristic, symptom, or effect of Trimethylaminuria condition?
The person's body cannot breakdown TMA and smells like rotten fishes.
Give 2 examples of pseudocereals.
Buckwheat, Quinoa, Amaranth, Chia, Kañiwa, Fonio
What chemical is used to sterilize tetrapak packaging?
H2O2
What is the first protein that was artificially synthesized?
Insulin
What chocolate company shares part of its name w/ a red planet?
M&M Mars
If water and orange juice are placed in a freezer at the same time, which will freeze first and what is the name of the law that governs this phenomenon?
the water freezes first: freezing point depression is due to increased concentration of dissolved solutes governed by Raoult's Law
34. What changes occur in starch during ripening?
Hydrolysis to sucrose, fructose, and glucose
Which of the following four choices is the first of seven elements of an effective Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP), program in food processing? a. Monitoring critical control points; b. Establishing limits for the critical control points; c. Developing and implementing a verification system; d. Identifying potential hazards
d. Identifying potential hazards
Name a food that has an alkaline pH.
Egg whites, pretzels, hominy, olives, shrimp.
What graphs the relationship betwee water content and water activity?
sorption isotherm
The FDA action level for mercury in shark and swordfish is: A) zero B) 20 ppb C) 1 ppm D) 10 ppm
C) 1 ppm
Name two concerns regulatory agencies have when considering approval of transgenic food.
1. Is the nutrient content of the food adversely affected? 2. Is the content of natural toxins increased? 3. Is there any risk from new metabolites from the rDNA? 4. Is there any risk from the DNA inserted?
In general, red meat is a good source of what three minerals?
iron, phosphorus, and zinc
What is the standard against which all sweetners are measured in terms of quality of taste and taste profile?
Sucrose (table sugar)
A food product with an initial population of 1X10^10 organisms was given a heat treatment of 5D values. What is the bacterial population after heating?
10^5.
How many kilocalories does 1g of carbohydrates provide?
4 kcal/g
Explain the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
Anorexia nervosa: Self-starvation Bulimia nervosa: Repeatitive cycles of binge eating alternating with self-induced vomiting or starvation
What country eats the most lamb and mutton per capita per year?
New Zealand
Name the primary iron-binding protein in milk.
Lactoferrin
The flavor profile has become a standard approach to the sensory measurement of aromas and flavors. What company developed this method in 1948?
arthur d. little inc.
With respect to food flavor, what are potentiators?
Compounds that enhance or accentuate existing flavor
What term is given to the organs of the thoracic cavity which include the heart, lungs, and trachea of a sheep?
Pluck
In what year was the US Poultry Products Special Act enacted?
1957
What compound is used to color American Cheese yellow?
Anatto
Which Wrigley's gum will not stick to most dental work?
Freedent
What two factors determine the flour type?
Protein content and ash
What are the three main classes of carrageenan?
Iota, Kappa, Lambda
What does MSG stand for?
Monosodium Glutamate
Which country has the most widely accepted use of retortable pouches?
Japan
How many calories are produced from a meal containing 100g carbohydrate, 10g fat, and 20g protein?
570
What is the D value?
Time in minutes, at specified temperature to destroy 90% or 1 log reduction of the microorganisms in a population.
The 17th century case of ergotism is popularly known as?
Salem witch trials
What is the percent RNA and protein in a ribosome?
60% RNA, 40% protein
What is the commercially available electronic instrument used in the food industry which has a relationship to the olfactory response of humans?
Electronic Nose
Name the five vegetables traditionally found on the platter of a New England boiled dinner.
Potatoes, carrots, cabbage, beets, and onions
What B vitamin is called the anti-pernicious anemia factor and is important in nucleic acid formation and in fat and Carbohydrate metabolism?
B12
Eversweet was developed by which company?
Cargill
The two most popular means of measuring temperature in heat penetration tests involve what two devices?
1) Thermocouple (requires electrical hookup) 2) Thermistors (uses radiotelemetry)
The farmer’s share of the retail food dollar varies greatly among foods. Can you guess the share for eggs? A. 15 %, B. 29%, c 50% and d 65%
B. 29%
In drying, one term used by engineering to describe the property of the air is humidity. What are its units?
pounds of water per pound of air (or kg water per kg air)
Define thermisation aka thermization wrt milk processing.
sub-pasteurization heat treatment applied to raw milk, typically in the range 62-65 deg. C for 10-20 sec that isn't intended to destroy any pathogens of concern. It's used to extend the storage life of raw milk prior to normal pasteurization by controlling psychotrophic bacteria early on.
what does the abbreviation related to shellfish toxin ASP stand for?
ASP is Amnesiac Shellfish Poisoning
Plum (European) botanical name?
Prunus domestica
Another term for Black Spots in Shrimps
Melanosis
What grain has been cultivated for more than 8,000 years?
Amaranth
In beer making when does dry hopping occur?
hops that are added after the wort has cooled.
What is the most commonly used chemical for bleaching flour?
Benzyl peroxide
What quantitative analysis method is based on the oxidation of reducing sugars by copper ions under alkaline conditions?
Fehling's test
What two myofibrillar proteins form cross-bridges during muscle contraction?
actin and myosin
What is the USDA legal limit for moisture in dried apples?
22%
What gas is absorbed and what gas is produced during the climacteric rise or ripening of fruit?
Oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is produced.
In 1990, which state became the first to ban tetra-pak juice boxes in landfills?
Maine
Mg is more effective than Li in causing the salting out phenomenon in hydrocolloids.
TRUE.
What are the units for basal metabolic rate?
J/hkg bodymass
What are some of the factors that affect osmotic dehydration?
molecular species, concentration of osmotic solution, temperature, time, pressure(vacuum), size and shape of product
what is the most water-soluble amino acid at room temp?
proline
Adult onset diabetes usually occurs as a result of?
Obesity
What are the stabilization factors for colloidal suspension?
Particle size, viscosity, electrostatic interaction.
Name the different components of the food pyramid and the recommended number of servings for each.
Grains (6-11 servings); vegetables (3-5), fruits (2-4), dairy (2-3), proteins (2-3), fats, oils and sweets (sparingly)
What is the movement of molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of low to high solute concentration called?
Osmosis
What French restaurant guide has a ranking scale from 1-20?
Gault Millau
When was the Federal Meat Inspection Act passed?
1906
Dark cutting beef is characterized by dark color, firm and dry texture. This problem is associated with meat having: A) low ultimate pH B) high ultimate pH C) rapid pH decline
B) high ultimate pH
Give 3 alternate names of size exclusion chromatography.
gel filtration chromatography, gel permeation chromatography, and molecular sieve chromatography
Which Serbian-American inventor born in present-day Croatia, also an electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, and a futurist is attributed with the invention of alternating current and also has a unit of magnetism named after him?
Nikola Tesla
True/False: chlorophylls which are responsible for the green color of plants are permitted as food colors in the US.
False
What are three positive effects of thermal processing on the nutritive value of foods?
inactivation of degradative enzymes (destruction of anti-nutrients) increased bioavailability of nutrients, reduction of microbes
What chemical compound is responsible for the fishy smell?
Trimethylamine
What is the term given to inspection of animals prior to slaughter?
Antemortem inspection
Which of the following is considered the strongest muscle in the human body? A. Biceps brachii B. Triceps brachii C. Gluteus maximus D. Rectus abdominis
C. Gluteus maximus
What are the three layers of Retortable Pouches?
Outer layer of polyester film (strength, temp, printability), middle layer of aluminum foil (barrier properties), inner layer of polypropylene (heat seal).
What is the name of the structural carbohydrate found in lobsters, crab, shellfish, and insects?
Chitin
The health trend hit the National School Lunch Program in May 1990, when the USDA's Food and Nutrition Service started requiring schools participating in the program to offer what food item?
Lowfat milk
What is polarography and how is it used in food analysis?
Polarography is a technique that measures the current flowing through a solution during electrolysis. It's a type of voltammetry that uses a liquid metal electrode to analyze substances that can be oxidized or reduced. Polarography can be used in food analysis to determine the concentration of various substances, including pesticides, lead, and food dyes, by measuring the mass-transport limiting currents of electroactive species in liquids.
What is centrifugal separation?
utilizes fundamental physical laws and centrifugal force. Centrifugal force is produced through rotation around an axis. The force generated through the rotation acts in an outward direction. Depending on the speed of the rotating body, it increases or drops on the circular path. Mechanical separation technology makes use of this property when light, heavy or substances of different density have to be separated from each other.
According to his facebook page, what is Mr. Peanut's astrological sign?
Virgo
if fluid milk is priced at $10 per 100lb, how much does the water cost in the milk?
milk is 87% water, so $8.70
Why are the seven principle cereal grains?
Rice, corn, wheat, barley, sorghum, rye and oats
What are the USDA meat grades for young pork?
US No.1, US No.2, and US No.3.
Name 6 of the 8 (or 7?) pathogenic types of botulinum toxin.
A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F, G
Trichinosis is caused by Trichinella spiralis; what class of microorganism is this?
Nematode
Pâte brisée, pâte sucrée, and pâte sablée are three basic types of what?
French pastry doughs
Define “defect action level”.
the level of contamination that calls for seizing a product.
When did Upton Sinclair write The Jungle which described the adulteration of the meat industry in Chicago?
1906
What agency manages the UPC system?
Uniform Code Council
Which wheat protein responsible for celiac disease?
Gliadin
What is the advantage to the consumer in buying subprimal cuts? A.higher quality, B.identifies the cut of meat, C.identifies the USDA grades, or D.usually results in lower cost per serving
D. usually results in lower cost per serving
What does "HACCP" stand for?
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
What is the theoretical retinol value for b-carotene and a-carotene?
b-carotene: 2, a-carotene: 1
the right of states to determine their own laws for food inspections and regulations is ensured by what amendment to the US constitution?
the 10th amendment
What is the name of the reaction between sugars and amines that causes changes in color of some food products during heat treatment?
Maillard Reaction
Marshmallow botanical name?
Althaea officinalis [Malvaceae (Mallow)]
The theoretical expression describing the force which must be applied before a substance will flow freely is called ...
yield stress
What is the equation for conduction and how can you reduce evaporation time?
Q=KA[ΔT/L) where Q equals the heat rate, K is thermal conductivity, L is thickness of wall, A is surface area of the wall, ΔT is the difference in temperature between two sides. When you increase the area you increase A and reduce evaporation time, also when you increase the temperature difference you increase Q and reduce evaporation time
What is the dimensionless number that has a value describing whether there is laminar or turbulent flow in a pipe?
Reynold's number
The conoffast aseptic packaging system is unique in that it consists of a laminate made of polyethylene/polypropylene/polyethylene/Saran/polyethylene, and needs no chemical sterilant. Optimally, how is a sterile surface on the material obtained?
The two outer polyethylene layers are peeled away, leaving sterile surfaces
What are the three steps in retorting?
Preheating, sterilization, cooling
What is the main difference between a lager yeast and ale yeast? State the scientific names and optimum temperatures for both.
Ale - top fermenting and ferments at warmer temp; Lager - bottom fermenting and ferments at cooler temps. ale: 10~25 C, lager: 0-13 C. ale: saccharomyces cerevisiae; lager: saccharomyces pastorianus (formerly saccharomyces carlsbergensis)
Name the lactic acid bacteria involved in pickle fermentation.
A. Leuconostoc mesenteroides (heterofermentative starter) B. Lactobacillus plantarum (heterofermentative) C. Pediococcus cerevisiae
which of the following elements is found in a molecule of the pigment xanthophyll but not in a molecule of betacarotene: nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon
oxygen (this is the difference between betacarotene and retinol/al)
How are fortified wines made?
addition of extra alcohol to regular wine
What root is the typical flavor of root beer derived from?
Sassafras tree roots
What are the 4 MOST utilized cereal grains in the world?
(1) Wheat (2) Rice (3) Maize (4) Barley (or sorghum)
Of the following which is a fermented product: bologna, summer sausage, brausweiger or bratwurst?
summer sausage
Which of these is a fermented product? Surimi, tofu, miso
miso
What senses are used in sensory evaluation?
Sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing.
What are the advantages of non thermal processing over thermal processing?
prevention of thermal off flavors, better flavor, better nutrient retention
Sangak, Rugbrod and Maltese bread are examples of what type of bread?
Sourdough
Durio zibethinus is a distinct smelling tree fruit that is native to South Asia. What is the common name for this fruit?
Durian
Name countries of origin: Baklava, Sooyah, Loco Loco, Loco moco
Baklava: Turkey; Sooyah: Nigeria; Baubate: South Africa; Loco loco: Peru, Loco moco: Hawaii (US)
Name the three main ingredients of a “turducken”.
Turkey, Duck, Chicken
What is the full form of OMA?
Official Methods of Analysis
Name 5 associations that are associated with IFT.
A.A.A.S A.O.C.S American society of microbiology A.O.A.C. Codex alimantarius commission Council of Scientific Society presidents National Inventors Hall of fame-selection Committee Canadian IFST Phi tau sigma SOT
What is the name of the international symbol used to label foods that have been processed by irradiation?
Radura
Name four types of peeling methods.
Hand peeling, flame peeling, mechanical peeling, lye peeling, hot water peeling, steam peeling, abrasion peeling, cryogenic peeling.
Name six of the Girl Scout cookies.
Thin Mints, Samoas/Caramel deLites, Do-si-dos/Peanut Butter Sandwich, Dulce de Leche, Cranberry Citrus Crisps, Lemonades, Peanut Butter Patties/Tagalongs, Savannah Smiles, Chocolate Chip Shortbread, Thank U Berry Munch, Thanks-A-Lot, Trefoils/Shortbread
What is the chief whey or serum protein in cow's milk?
β-lactoglobulin
Butter is what type of emulsion?
Water in oil
More (for added nutrients)
10%+ of the RDI
In organisms that create alcohol, pyruvate must first be converted to what compound before being converted to alcohol?
Acetylaldehyde
Breakdown product of Daminozide.
UDMH - unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine
What is the graph of water activity vs. water content called?
moisture sorption isotherm (MSI)
What happens if whipped cream is whipped too far?
The fat begins to turn into butter
The recommended maximum temperature for dry food storage areas should not be greater than: a) 45°F (7.2°C); b) 50°F (10°C); c) 60°F (15.6°C); d) 70°F (21.1°C)
d) 70°F (21.1°C)
What is thermal conductivity?
a measure of a material's ability to transfer thermal energy
What is the meaning of the term 'nutrient dense' food?
Nutrient density compares the amounts of essential nutrients to the amount of calories that a food contains; the greater the nutrient contribution of a food relative to the calorie content, the more nutrient dense it is.
Phytoestrogens, isoflavonoid compounds having a weak estrogenic activity in the body are found in:
Soybeans
What was originally used in beer for its antimicrobial properties?
Hops.
What does the term "cold sterilization" mean?
Sterilization by radiation because no heat is generated
What is the time between ribbing and grading of beef carcasses called that allows oxygenation of the ribeye pigments?
Bloom Time
What is the molar concentration of disassociated H+ in pure water at 25°C?
1 x 10^-7 M
Why is the measurement of phosphatase enzyme used to assess the adequacy of milk pasteurization?
Phosphatase naturally occurs in milk and it exhibits thermal inactivation characteristics similar to Coxiella burnetii
PAH and HCA are potential carcinogens in red meat. What does PAH and HCA stand for?
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic amines
The genus of psychrotrophic bacteria associated with flavor defects in refrigerated milk?
Pseudomonas
give the traits necessary to completely define a microorganism as a fecal coliform.
gram negative rod, facultative anaerobe, ferments lactose at 44.5 degrees Celsius
Describe three functions of emulsifiers in ice cream.
Form small droplets following homogenization, partially stabilize fat emulsion during aging, partial coalescence of fat during freezing aiding in air entrapment
In the US, butter is packaged in sticks weighing how many grams?
110 g
Food Chemistry codex publisher is:
US Pharmacoepia
What is a functional food?
a typical food that has had specific nutrients added to it.
What health benefit is attributable to oat bran?
Lowers the level of serum cholesterol
How are food freezing systems categorized?
2 categories: Indirect contact and Direct contact systems. How to select: Depends on type of food and type of package.
A structural protein of meat composed of high concentration of proline and hydroxyproline is ___?
Collagen.
Pulses are high in what nuritent?
Protein (fiber also acceptable)
What organizations govern the regulation regarding seafood?
Mostly FDA/USDA regulates farmed catfish/US Dept of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin Fisheries Service manages the nation’s fishery resources in U.S. territorial waters/EPA sets standards for levels of contaminants in recreational fish
Color Additive Amendment of 1960
defines color additives, sets rules for certified and uncertified colors, provides for the approval of colors that are exempt from certification and allows the FDA to list color additives for specific uses and set quantity limitations. Also contains a Delaney Clause.
Name an enzyme involved in fruit softening.
pectin esterase, polygalacturonase, pectin lyase
What does HARPC stand for?
Hazard Analysis and Risk-based Preventive Controls
In molecular biology, what is a vector?
A self-replicating high molecular weight DNA sequence that can be absorbed by the host cell, leading to expression of the inserted gene.
What does JIT stand for?
Just in Time
Pomegranate botanical name?
Punica granatum
Which of the following is the most thermally labile vitamin: A.vitamin K, B.Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), C.Vitamin C, or D.Vitamin A?
C.Vitamin C
What is drum drying?
Horizontally mounted hollow cylinders made of high grade cast iron or stainless steel, a supporting frame, a feeding system, a scraper and auxiliaries
What common process is used to produce emulsifiers from whey proteins?
A. Heating
Which U.S. President signed the Wholesome Meat Act into law?
Lyndon B. Johnson
Give the name of the package most commonly used for UHT milk.
Brik pak or tetra pak
What two vegetables are combined in succotash?
Corn and beans
What is the name of group of chemicals that are carcinogenic and may be produced while using nitrates in meat processing?
Nitrosamines
Which test would you use to determine whether Coke is sweeter than Pepsi?
Paired comparison for sweetness
What is the cause of the haze in beer?
incomplete protein hydrolysis during mashing or insufficient protease activity
What factors determine the quality grade of beef carcass: A.maturity of the carcass, B.marbling, C.color, firmness, and texture of the lean, or D.all of the above?
D. all of the above.
Is glass a crystalline or non-crystalline structure?
Non-crystalline (amorphous)
What is the full form of QA?
Quality Assurance
Mad cow disease is caused by?
Prions
True or False. The greater the temperature difference between the heating medium and the food, the greater will be the rate of heat transfer.
True
List the five French mother sauces.
Tomate, Béchamel, Velouté, Espagnole, Hollandaise
What is the difference between mellorine and ice cream?
A. Mellorine contains essentially the same ingredients as ice cream; however, the milk fat is replaced with another fat, usually vegetable fat
What is an incipient contaminant?
naturally present on the food product
What are 2 sources of cholesterol in human blood?
your diet and your liver (endogenous synthesis)
Describe the beer fermentation process
The act of using yeast and simple sugars to produce ethyl alcohol and CO2
What are the 4 components of a refrigeration system?
condenser, expansion valve, compressor, evaporator
What is the major protein in milk?
Casein
A gene with reversed orientation with respect to its regulatory sequence is called what?
An antisense gene.
What are the components of cereal grain:
(1) bran (2) germ (3) endosperm
Vitamin B6 supplement contain the chemical form of which vitamin?
Pyridoxine
Ratio of viscous/elastic portion in rheology:
tan delta or damping factor
Bitter compounds in coffee after roasting?
Chlorogenic acid, phenyl indane
What are the advantages of a plate heat exchanger?
low initial cost, high heat transfer efficiency, small hold up volume in heat exchanger, easy to inspect and disassemble unit, flexibility of the system (can be readily expanded/contracted to perform multiple duties)
Who published the book 'The Jungle' in 1906?
Upton Sinclair
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Seafood Inspection Program insures the safety and quality of seafood consumed in the US. This agency can be found in what government department?
Department of Commerce
According to research reported by the United Press International, what is the most recognized smell in the world: A.popcorn, B.peanut butter, C.coffee, or D.freshly baked bread?
C. coffee
What is Newton's First Law?
Every body persists in its state of rest or motion in a straight line unless acted upon by a force.
What is the address for the Washington DC office of IFT?
818 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20006-2702
Which country produces the most potatoes?
China
CFSAN is one of the oldest federal agenices whose primary function is consumer protection. What does "CFSAN" stand for?
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
A plot of 1/Vmax plotted against 1/ substrate concentration is called what?
lineweaver burk plot
In what year was the first Nicolas Appert award awarded?
1942
What vegetable oils are approved for use in butter manufacture?
None
Who was the 1st athelte to appear on a box of Wheaties?
Lew Gehrig
Phytic acid has what detrimental effect?
Chelates minerals
match the following TSE diseases w/the animals associated w/them: Chronic Wasting Disease, Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy, Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, and Scrapie. Human, Goat, Deer, Cat
Chronic Wasting Disease=deer;Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy=cats;Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease=Human;Scrapie= goat
Name four examples of Traditional Nonthermal Processing.
1) modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) 2) controlled atmosphere storage (CAS) 3) nitrogen flush packaging 4) vacuum packaging
The Fehlings test uses CuO, which reacts with aldehydes. In glucose presence, what is the color of the precipitate formed?
Red
What is the function of the additive sodium silicoaluminate?
Maintains free-flowing properties
What waffle variety is known for its heart shape, originating from Germany?
Bergische
What causes rigor mortis?
The formation of permanent cross bridges between actin and myosin filaments due to calcium ion release after death.
Classify each emulsion types: margarine, mayonnaise, milk
Margarine: water in oil; mayonnaise and milk: oil in water
In 1908 what new taste was discovered?
Umami
Name two plastic forming techniques.
injection molding, extrusion blow molding, compression forming, vacuum forming
According to the USDA, what are the three safe ways to thaw frozen foods?
Refrigerate, immersion in cold water, microwave thawing
What year was a recipe for the modern, chocolate brownie first published?
1904
What is the process that keeps milk fat from floating atop the liquid component of milk?
Homogenization
How does frequency affect dielectric properties of foods?
it changes the dielectric constant, higher frequency lower dielectric constant
Kielbasa is a polish sausage made primarily of coarsely ground pork with some amount of beef blended in. What is the typical seasoning used in Kielbasa?
Garlic
when used as an oxygen scavenger in a redox reaction, ascorbic acid serves as a ________.
reducing agent
What is Koji?
Rice fermented with Aspergillus oryzae
Which vegetable has the highest concentration of vitamins and minerals? a) Broccoli b) Cauliflower c) Potatoes d) Lettuce
Broccoli
What does p mean in pH?
-log
Function of benzoate.
Benzoate acts as a preservative by inhibiting the growth of mold, yeast, and some bacteria.
What federal agency controls meat processing quality?
USDA
What is freezer burn?
Dehydration
What is the log of 1?
0
Who are the 2 scientists who developed the DNA model?
James Watson and Francis Crick
Define defect action level.
the term used to describe the allowable tolerances of natural or unavoidable foreign material in foods which could be a health hazard to the public
What compounds oxidize to form brown color in fruits and vegetables?
Polyphenols
What are the major attributes measured in sensory evaluation?
Appearance, aroma, flavor, texture and consistency, viscosity, noise.
Dr Pepper boasts that their characteristic flavor is made up of how many individual flavors?
23
In directed interesterification, higher melting and least soluble TG molecules in the mixture crystallize. This is achieved by _________________.
lowering the reaction temperature
What commercial product can be described as dilute acetic acid?
Vinegar
Describe the meaning of a 307x 409 can.
It is 3 7/16 inches in diameter and 4 9/16 inches in height.
How many layers are baklavas in Greece, an ode to the years of Christ's life?
33
Name the number of the regulation that one must follow if you process foods by acidification.
21 CFR 114
What is the word that means “to the tooth” when referring to cooking pasta?
Al dente
Who was the first female IFT president?
Mary K. Wagner (1997-1998).
List the 6 steps of natural meat fermentation process.
1)grinding and mixing;2)curing;3)Remix and stuffing;4)drying;5)Tempering;6)fermentation and smoking
What is the capacity of a US beer barrel?
31 gallons
Name two reasons why air removal is important in retort pouch products.
Air in pouch after storage enhances spoilage (lower quality, oxidation occurs); More efficient heat transfer-air is a good insulator; If air is not removed before heating the pouch may explode
In packaging materials, covalent bonds are more commonly found than ionic bonds.
TRUE.
Name 3 forms of non-digestible polysaccharides found in foods.
cellulose, inulin, hemicellulose, polydextrose, pectin, beta-glucan
What is the trade name of polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) or copolymers of PVDC and polyvinyl chloride?
Saran
Name four citrus-producing states.
Florida, Texas, California, Arizona.
In dairy processing, what do the initials CIP stand for?
Clean in place
what is stem and blackening in raw potatoes caused by?
phenolic compounds
Washing the curd removes what compound?
Lactose
What is the name of the yeast considered spoilage in beers unless in lambic beer? A. Saccharomyces Cerevisiae B. Saccharomyces Carlsbergenus C. Britanamyces D. Candida albicans
C. Britanamyces
what water activity value is where mold growth can occur?
0.6
The following acronyms related to food analysis stand for, AA, ICP- AES and HPLC.
Atomic absorption, Inductively coupled plasma Atomic emission spectroscopy, High performance liquid chromatography
What is a simple or single sugar called?
Monosaccharide
What two components are required for a buffer?
Mixtures of weak acid and conjugate salt.
Name the two synthetic antioxidants and two natural antioxidants.
synthetic: BHA, BHT, PG, TBHQ; natural:alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, ferulic? Acid, sesamol
Carot botanical name?
Daucus carota subsp. sativus
The meat inspection act involves which meats?
Beef, pork and lamb
How does high sugar content in foods affect the drying process?
High sugar content causes foods to dry slower, as sugar attracts water
What is patulin, with what food products is it associated, and how is it usually analytically determined?
A mycotoxin formed by Penicillium, Aspergillus and Byssochlamys genera associated with apple juice products; determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
What are indirect food additives?
"Indirect" food additives are those entering into food products in small quantities as a result of growing, processing, or packaging.
What term is defined by weight per unit volume?
Density
What is Liquid oxidation and how does it relate to Maillard Browning?
1. Liquid oxidation - causes an oxidized flavor or rancidity. - Vacuum packaging, antioxidants, inhibitors, and modified atmosphere storage can prevent or inhibit liquid oxidation. 2. Maillard Browning - chemical reduction between reducing sugars and proteins leads to the brown color.
Name 3 major functions of sulfuric acid in the Babcock test?
Dissolve colloid components Dissolve fat globule membranes Produce heat to liquefy fat Provide differences in specific gravity for easier separation of liquid fat
Which chemical class is catechin in?
Flavan-3-ol
Give the chance probability for the following discrimination tests: triangle test, duo-trio test, paired comparison
Triangle Test= 1/3;Duo-Trio Test=1/2;Paired Comparison Test= 1/2
A schiff base structure is formed between what two functional groups?
Carbonyl and amine
Name the sugar source for following drinks: rum, tequila, sake, bourbon, mead
Rum: molasses, mead: honey, bourbon: corn, tequila: agave, sake: rice
Food and Drug administration is responsible for the enforcement of food additives regulation in US. Which canadian agency is responsible for the same?
CFIA (Canadian food inspection agency)
What is an alternate name for pastry cream?
Confectioner's custard
Starvation due to lack of food is called what?
Marasmus.
Bundle of herbs is called?
Boque garni
What common purpose is served by sodium metasilicate, sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium pyrophosphate?
They are all alkaline cleaners
What are the components of total acidity?
A. Volatile acidity and fixed acidity
What is the purpose of proximate analysis?
It quantifies the food's five major components; it's based on gravimetric (weight) based procedures.
Who chaired the bill proposing the Food Additives of 1958?
James J. Delaney
Water has high specific heat due to
H bonding
Name 5 colorants exempt from certification
Annatto extract, Astaxanthin, Astaxanthin dimethyldisuccinate, Dehydrated beets (beet powder), Ultramarine blue, Canthaxanthin, Caramel, [beta]-Apo-8'-carotenal, [beta]-Carotene, Cochineal extract; carmine, Sodium copper chlorophyllin, Toasted partially defatted cooked cottonseed flour, Ferrous gluconate, Ferrous lactate, Grape color extract, Grape skin extract (enocianina), Haematococcus algae meal, Synthetic iron oxide, Fruit juice, Vegetable juice, Dried algae meal, Tagetes (Aztec marigold) meal and extract, Carrot oil, Corn endosperm oil, Paprika, Paprika oleoresin, Mica-based pearlescent pigments, Paracoccus pigment, Phaffia yeast, Riboflavin, Saffron, Spirulina extract, Titanium dioxide, Tomato lycopene extract; tomato lycopene concentrate, Turmeric, Turmeric oleoresin.
What is the minimum temperature for holding food on a steam table.
140 F or 60 C
What equipment is needed for osmotic dehydration?
osmotic dehydrator with vibrating basket (jacked vessel, basket, shaft, eccentric, spout) batch operation
The color pigment that produces white color in vegetables is:
Anthoxanthin
What is caramelization and provide the caramelization temperatures for sucrose, glucose and fructose?
Oxidation of sugar Sucrose – 160 C or 320 F Glucose – 160 C, 320 F Fructose – 110 C or 230 F
With respect to thermal processing, what term (or symbol) is defined as the number of equivalent minutes at a temperature of 250?F delivered to a container or unit of product calculated using a z-value of 18?F?
F sub zero, Sterilization process equivalent time
name 4 of the 6 primary classes of pathogenic E. coli that cause diarrhea.
Diffuse-adhering (DAEC), enteropathogenic (EPEC),enterotoxigenic (ETEC),Enteroinvasive (EIEC),Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC),Enteroaggregative (EAEC)
Glucuronic acid is an example of: fructose metabolite, sugar acid, sugar alcohol, glucose metabolite
Sugar acid
What is an emulsion?
A system containing 2 immiscible liquids
what metric prefix is used to denote a value of one billion?
giga-
What does the acronym IMViC stand for?
The Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer, Citrate tests (these are used to identify coliform organisms)
Which fatty acid would be expected to have the highest iodine value: linoleic, oleic, or linolenic?
linolenic (18:3) more unsaturation
Which law, passed in 1906, is known as the Pure Food Law?
Federal Food and Drug Act (of 1906)
Minamata disease was caused by the consumption of fish containing what?
Mercury.
Arrange these foodborne pathogens in the increasing order of their approximate onset time of symptoms due to infection or intoxication: Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, and Vibrio cholerae
Staphylococcus aureus (2-4hr), Clostridium perfringens (6-12hrs), Vibrio cholerae (18-36hrs), Listeria monocytogenes (1-30 days or more)
What is the first type of descriptive analysis test used in food sensory science?
Flavor profiling
What is misbranding?
a food has been improperly labeled or filled/packaged to be misleading
What color is the inside of a cranberry?
white
What are the parameters that are controlled during post harvest preservation of fruits and vegetables?
temperature and humidity
If meat contains 16% protein, what is most likely the water content?
Approximately 57.5% to 60.8% moisture.
What FD&C lake pigment was banned in 1990 by the USFDA?
Red no. 3 lake
What animal's milk is used to make authentic Italian mozzarella cheese?
A. Buffalo/water buffalo milk
Two main functions of emulsifying salts in processed cheese making?
Flavor, emulsification
What is used to pasteurize spices?
ethylene oxide or gamma radiation
Which bacteria, typically found on raw chicken, is the leading cause of bacterial diarrhea in the united states?
Campylobacter jejuni
Thermophiles
Bacteria that love high heat
Explain Traditional Nonthermal Processing methods.
Chemicals added to food for preservation to control aW and extend shelf-life through packaing
Which organisms does MacConkey Agar select for?
MacConkey Agar selects for Gram Negative Bacteria
Conalbumin is a protein found in __.
Egg white.
Mofongo', a common dish in Dominican restaurants and kitchens, actually originated in which country?
Puerto Rico
Which comprises for 20% calorie intake in world
Rice
Why is ascorbic acid sometimes added to flour?
it acts as an oxidizing agent in a dough system, causing cross-linking between gluten protein thus imparting strength to the dough
What ketohexose is most significant to food chemists?
Fructose
What is the name of the pasta that translates "to wrap"?
Ravioli
The finer the polysaccharide, the more viscous the solution. (T/F)
TRUE.
beta-d-galactosidase is added to dairy products for what three reasons?
Hydrolyzes lactose to galactose and glucose- latter combination is sweeter than lactose; prevents sandiness defect in ice cream; makes products consumable for lactose intolerant individuals
What does the microscopic technique 'CLSM' stand for?
CLSM= Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
% protein in nuts: chest nut, hazel nuts, peanuts, pecan, pistachios
Hazelnut (15g), chestnut (2), peanut (26), pecan (9), pistachio (20)
When were large food processing plants (500 or more employees) required by USDA to implement HACCP?
January 1998.
Wheat flour is characterized by a relatively high concentration of what two protein classes?
Prolamines and glutelins.
What does SPME stand for in analytical chemistry?
Solid Phase Micro Extraction
What are the component of a freeze dryer?
Heating system, refrigeration system, vacuum system, condenser
What would be the internal temperature (degrees C) of a steak cooked to a medium degree of doneness?
60-63C or 145 F
How is the boiling point of water affected by boiling on the moon, adding gelatin, boiling on Mount Everest, and adding table sugar?
Decrease, no effect, decrease, increase.
In the S.I. system of units, there is only one energy unit. What is it?
The Joule
State the full name that corresponds w/the recycling #3 for recyclable polymers.
PVC=polyvinyl chloride
Why do we perform a desugaring step before drying egg whites?
To degrade traces of glucose and avoid Maillard browning or discoloration during drying
Margarines are a source of:
trans hydrogen atoms
What type of tea is wilted, crushed, and fully oxidized?
Black Tea
When preparing hot chocolate, it is common to observe:
A scum on the surface of the heated product.
What is HTST method in dairy technology and what are the requirements?
High Temperature Short Time is a pasteurization process for milk: 72 degrees C for 15 seconds
What is the name of meat from young sheep?
Lamb
Define suppression in the context of the interaction of stimuli presented simultaneously as mixtures.
The effect created when one substance decrease the perceived intensity of a mixture of two or more substances
What is wet bulb temperature?
temperature of air measured by a thermometer whose bulb is covered by a wet cloth
Why are the first small crystals remelted and recrystallized in freeze concentration?
Bc melting required the addition of heat and changing from solid to liquid. Known as ripening and forms the heart of separate nucleation and growth process
Yakult is a Japanese probiotic yogurt-like product made by fermenting a mixture of skim milk and sugar. What organism is used in the fermentation of Yakult?
Lactobacillus casei
What is the lethal rate used to calculate?
converts the thermal death time at temperature T to equivalent thermal death time at a reference temperature in order to destroy the same population of spores
What is the favorite ice cream flavor in the US?
Vanilla
What is the function of glucagon?
release glucose from storage to raise blood sugar levels (glycogenolysis)
What taste bud touches, but doesn't taste?
Filiform papillae.
What is FSIS?
Food Safety Inspection Service
What is the breed of dairy cow that produces milk containing the highest percentage of milk fat and milk protein?
Jersey
Meat is regulated by?
USDA
What is the name of compounds that can act as either an acid or a base?
Amphoteric
What is the molarity of pure HCL in a pH 7 solution?
10-7 molar
What was the original intent of salting butter?
Preservation
According to the National Yogurt Association, what is the minimum number of live bacteria in the final yogurt at packing for it to have a "live active culture" seal on the product?
A. 108 colony-forming units per gram
Who is the first president of IFT?
Samuel C. Prescott
What is the fibrous Italian cheese, that's name means spun curd due to the due to the unique stretching process?
Pasta filata, also known as “stretched curd” or “spun paste”, refers to the process of heating and stretching curd directly before forming a final cheese
what equation can be used to relate the effect of fluid flow through pipes to a pressure drop?
Bernoulli Equation
Name 3 types of sensory difference tests.
duo-trio, triangle test, difference from control, sequential tests, similarity tests
On what continent were potatoes first cultivated in ca. 200 AD?
South America
Name four molecular characteristics of proteins desirable for film and foam formation.
soluble; large; amphipathic; flexible domains; interactive regions; disposition of charged groups; retention of structure; and polar residues
To what temperature should chicken be cooked?
165 deg F
Name the enzyme used to remove O2 from the headspace of canned or bottled products.
Glucose oxidase
What causes the blue-green color in blue-veined cheeses?
A. Spores of P. roqueforti
Sodium free/no sodium
<5mg/serving
What is the purpose of having a back pressure device for the hold tube?
to prevent flashing or boiling
What are the key differences between the FDA and the USDA?
FDA is smaller and covers safety and labeling of food, drugs, makeup and medical devices. USDA is larger and covers all aspects of food and food production.
What does FIFO stand for in food service?
First in, first out (stock rotation and storage principle)
Give two dicarboxylic amino acids.
Glutamic acid and aspartic acid
Name three tangelo cultivars.
Orlando, Minneola, Nova
What are the microorganisms that prefer to live without oxygen?
anaerobic
C22:6n3 represents which fatty acid?
(unsaturated fatty acid) DHA or Docosahexaenoic Acid (from elongating a-linolenic)
what are the crystals that can form on the inside of a cork of a wine bottle?
Tartaric Acid (this is not considered a defect)
Why are PVPP, gelatin added to beverages?
Clarification
which primary microorganisms are responsible for contagious mastitis in cows?
Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus agalactiae
Which is more tender, the left leg of a chicken, the right leg of a chicken, or are both equally tender?
The left is more tender (they generally dig for food with the right leg)
In 1926, the Michelin man began to award stars for fine dining. What does each star mean?
3>2>1. 1 star: high quality cooking, worth a stop! 2. excellent cooking, worth a detour 3. exceptional cuisine, worth a special journey
List the 8 beef quality grades from highest to lowest quality according to the USDA.
Prime, Choice, Select, Standard, Commercial, Utility, Cutter, and Canner
Name the plastic used in McDonalds’ clamshells before the company stopped using them.
Polystyrene
What are the effects of drying on shrinkage?
Shrinkage (reduction in volume due to moisture loss): biopolymers cannot support their weight in the absence of water, gravity causes to shrink, collapse of cell walls and from gel-like to fibrous, important phenomenon impacting dried food quality (reducing wettability, changing texture, decreasing product absorbency) isotropic anisotropic(fish and seafood, fruit and veg)
Made with different cheeses around the world, the New York style of this dessert uses cream cheese.
Cheesecake
What is roe in Japanese cuisine?
Fish eggs
What two compounds are most commonly used as standards for bitterness in sensory evaluation?
Quinine and Caffeine.
Steady state mass balance equation
Mass in - mass out = mass acumulation
Do resistance thermometers or thermocouples have a higher upper limit temperature?
thermocouple
What talk show host was sued by cattle producers because of an episode aired in April 1996 about Mad Cow Disease?
Oprah Winfrey
Provide five key concepts in the definition of milk.
The lacteal secretion, practically free of colostrum, from the milking of one or more healthy cows, with not less than 8.25% solids-non-fat, and not less than 3.25% milk fat
At what temperature is all detectable water frozen?
-72F, -60C
What does EIEC stand for?
Enteroinvasive
Which of the following gums is not from a plant source: A.Guar, B.Locus bean gum, C.Carageenen, or D.Xanthan?
D. Xanthan
What term is a measure of ability to store electrical energy?
dielectric constant
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
1938
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that allows genetic information from RNA to be transmitted into DNA (True/False)
True
What are the effects of drying on flavor?
heat treatment reduce volatiles, introduces additional compounds, mechanisms (evap, autoxidation fatty acids, thermal decomp, maillard reactions, inactivation volatile forming enzymes) factors: temp moisture content, vapor pressure volatiles, solubility volatiles in water, open pore structure of food)
Who sets legal tolerances for pesticide residues in foods?
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Which first lady helped popularize ice cream in the US by serving it at White House dinners?
Dolly Madison
what is a terrior in the winemaking industry?
the soil
Name the five mother sauces of French cuisine.
Bechamel, Veloute, Tomato, Espagnole, Hollandaise
What is the name for the outside coating of wheat?
Bran
What are the 4 principal sweeteners used in icings and glazes?
Sucrose, Dextrose, Invert Sugar, Corn Syrup
Toxins produced by molds are called _________?
mycotoxins
name four genera of bacteria known as coliforms.
Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, and Klebsiella
What is the pH range of beer? a. 2-3 b. 3-5 c. 5-6 d. 6-7
b. 3-5
with what food source does the North American Mycological Association deal?
mushrooms
The IFT individual award with the highest monetary value is the ____
Nicholas Appert Award.
What does NSLAB mean and name four?
Non-Starter Lactic Acid Bacteria; L. plantarum, L. casei, L. curvatus, Pediococcus
Atomic Mass Spectroscopy separates molecules according to their m/z ratio. What is the m/z ratio
ratio of mass to charge
What is primary acid in peaches and apricots?
Malic acid
what is the minimum temp for carmelization to occur?
160 degree C/ 320 F
In 1883, the brothers Oscar and Meyer lease a failing Chicago meat market and made the company, a success within five years, named the company.
Oscar Meyer.
What is the difference between the following types of data: nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
Nominal = the items examined are placed in two or three groups that differ in name but do not obey any particular order or any quantitative relationship; Ordinal = the panelist places the items examined into two or more groups that belong to an ordered series (e.g. level of intensity); Interval = panelists place the items into numbered groups separated by a constant interval (e.g., three, four, five, six); Ratio = panelists use numbers that indicate how many times the stimulus in question is stronger than a reference stimulus presented earlier; Nominal data contains the least information. ordinal data carries more information and can be analyzed by most nonparametric statistical tests. Interval and ratio data are even better because they can be analyzed by all nonparametric methods and often by parametric methods. Ratio data is preferred by some because it is free from end of scale distortions, however, in practice, interval data, which is easier to collect, appears to give equal results
How is a café latte made?
espresso shot in glass, add steamed milk then a layer of foamed milk
Generally, what is the net rate of heat transfer of food?
rate of absorption- rate of emission
Turkey with what is considered the national dish of Mexico?
Mole
What is the Delaney Clause
1958 the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was amended to include coverage of food additives.
There are 2 main differences between scotch and whiskey. What are they?
geography, scotch is made in Scotland, and bourbon in the USA (Kentucky). Scotch is made from malted barley and bourbon from distilled corn.
In beer making what is the liquid fraction of the mash called?
Wort
What is the main ingredient in guacamole?
Avocado
Which of the statements about dietary fats is NOT true? A. consumption of fat should be <30% of daily calories. B. the healthiest diet contains no meat. C. moderate amounts of fat are essential for fat-soluble vitamin absorption or D. Fat adds flavor
B. Healthiest diet contains no meat.
What is the most abundant egg white protein and about what percent of the total egg white protein does it comprise?
Ovalbumin, 54%
An exoenzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of maltose units from the non-reducing end of starch is what?
B-amylase
What is the enzyme from pineapple that has medicinal uses?
Bromelain
What is the benchmark citrus fruit for marmalade production in Britain?
Spanish Seville orange, Citrus aurantium var. aurantium
according to a 1999 CDC report on foodborne illness, almost all rates of infection by specific microorganisms decreased w/ the exception of which pathogen?
Salmonella
Sharp freezing can be described as ___________?
still air freezing
Alcohol that is 150 proof contains how much alcohol by volume?
75%
Determine whether the following characteristics are of eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells:
does not have membrane bound organelles (pro) true nucleus (eu) Size 10 ^100 (Eu) does not have membrane bound organelles (pro) unicellular (pro)
The chef prepared pudding for the satellite kitchen and when it was served it had liquid on top of the gel. This is:
syneresis
What is the % sugar w/v of a solution with specific gravity of 1.06 and 15 brix?
15.9% (15*1.06)
In order list the 7 steps of HACCAP.
1. Conduct a hazard analysis, 2. Identify CCP, 3. Set critical limits, 4. Establish monitory procedures, 5. Establish corrective actions, 6. Verification, 7. Establish record keeping
How many FDA regions are there in the United States?
5 (Northeast, Central, Southeast, Southwest, Pacific) (updated 2/2005) CHECK and UPDATE (this info changes often)
In plants, what amino acid is used to synthesize ethylene?
Methionine.
In North America, what is the standard size of the pallets used in the Dairy industry?
40"x 40"
In this discrimination test of sensory evaluation panelists must choose whether or not two coded samples are different.
paired comparison
What is the freezing method used in ice-cream making?
Scrapped surface
Name a halophilic food infectious bacteria
Except for V. cholerae and V. mimicus, all Vibrio species are halophilic (salt requiring) Example: Vibrio parahaemolyticus
What is the optimum moisture percentage for RTE breakfast cereal?
3-5%
Define wheat middlings.
Wheat middlings (also known as millfeed, wheat mill run, or wheat midds) are the product of the wheat milling process that is not flour.
In sensory tests what scale is used to measure the appropriateness or optimum level of specific attributes?
Just about right
What is the approximate number of flavorists in the world?
500
As a source of energy, what is the world's most important cereal?
Rice
What does QMS stand for?
Quality Management Systems
Describe how a material is heated using radio frequency heating.
the radio frequency generator creates an alternating high frequency electric field between two electrodes (or capacitor), the material being heated is conveyed between the electrodes causing power water molecules in the material to continuously reorient to face opposite electrodes. the friction from the molecular movement causes the material to rapidly heat volumetrically
What are the three USDA consumer classes for eggs?
AA, A, and B
Match the bread to their respective countries: Brioche, Cornbread, Focaccia, Pita, Roti, Scone
Brioche: France, Cornbread: US, Focaccia: Italy, Pita: Greece (Middle East), Roti: India, Scone: UK
Give 5 examples of pasta types.
Long, Short, Filled, Minute, Pasta all'uovo, Pasta al forno, Fresh Pasta
Name the three methods of producing a vacuum in cans.
Mechanical, thermal, or live steam injection
Of the following films, which has the highest oxygen permeability? (a) nylon; (b) polyester; (c) polyethylene; (d) saran
(c) polyethylene
Thin strips of mutton is known as what?
Macon
What is the method of recovery of fats from fatty tissue called?
Rendering
Which disease is caused by niacin deficiency, characterized by diarrhea, dementia and dermatitis?
Pellagra
in the human mouth, Streptococcus mutans converts sugar into what substance that causes tooth decay?
Lactic acid
What is the purpose of the "hot break process" in tomato processing?
Inactivate pectin degrading enzymes
Name two diamines responsible for the odor in meats (spoiled)?
cadaverine, putrescine
Which form of tocopherol is approved for use in bacon? What is its purpose in bacon?
Alpha tocopherol, both d- and l-forms. It inhibits nitrosamine formation.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of tubular membrane modules?
Advantages: Feed stream with particulate matter can be put through membrane, Easy to clean Disadvantages: High energy consumption, High hold up volume
Name the ingredients of pound cake.
flour, sugar, egg, butter
Q: Where was the first IFT National Meeting held?
A:Chicago
The word biscotti is derived from the Latin words 'bis coctus', but what does this mean in English?
twice baked
Name 5 out of 10 parts of a knife.
Tang, butt, rivets, handle, heel, spine, tip, edge, bolster, point
What is the amino acid that is most responsible for off-flavor development in milk?
Methionine.
What are the labels on a 9-point hedonic scale?
Neutral; Like/Dislike Extremely, Very Much, Moderately, Slightly
How does the Short-Tube Evaporator function?
Steam is fed through the inside of internal tubes, while evaporating product flows around the outside. Density changes cause warmer fluid to rise and cold to sink. Used sometimes in sugar processing.
What is triple sec?
Orange-flavored liqueur, originated in France, 20-40%
What causes ergotism (st. anthony's fire)?
caused by eating toxic alkaloids produced by the fungus Claviceps purpurea. On wheat, barley, rye, oats, and wild grasses. Max. level of ergot allowed 0.1% dry weight in barley, oats, 0.3% dry weight in wheat and rye
Name three fruit derived enzymes and their sources, commonly used as meat tenderizer.
papain: papaya, bromiline: pineapple, Actidin: kiwi, ficin: figs
What government agency is responsible for the inspection and grading of fish and fishery products or the inspection of seafood in the U.S.?
The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) of the Department of Commerce
What beef dish contains raw beef?
Carpaccio
According to the NLEA, which of the following food components is NOT associated w/ risk or prevention of certain types of cancer: A.dietary fat, B.fruits & vegetables, C.dietary sat fat/cholesterol, or D.none of the above?
C. dietary saturated fat and cholesterol
Describe the chemical that causes burning eyes when chopping onions.
Propanthiol S-oxide
What is the strongest biochemical bond?
Covalent
In kJ per mol, what is the bond dissociation energy of the O-H bond in a water molecule?
460
What does COD stand for regarding measuring organic compounds in water?
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Give 3 reasons why the baking performance of flour might vary.
Flour components, such as protein, starch, and lipids change, and these changes directly affect dough rheological and baking characteristics. Storage conditions. Storage temperature, moisture content, relative humidity (RH), atmospheric oxygen content, light, and microbial activity all affect
What french puff pastry is known for frangipane cream and royal icing?
Conversation Tart
With regards to dairy products, RBSA stands for?
Recombinant bovine serum albumin
What scale is used to measure the bitterness of commercially brewed beers?
IBU (International Bitterness Unit)
The process of pasteurizing fluid dairy products by heating to 125-137.8C (257-280F) with a holding time of 2-5 sec to kill all pathogenic organisms, permitting storage at refrigerated temperature for an extended time is known as what?
Ultra pasteurization
What naples pastry is made from salty bread dough?
Calzones
What amino acids comprise aspartame?
Phenyl alanine and aspartic acid.
What is the water activity of intermediate moisture foods?
0.6 - 0.85
What term refers to water-insoluble pigments that color by dispersion throughout a food material?
FD&C lakes
What is the standardized method of brewing tea?
ISO 3103
Please rank the size of bacilli, cocci and helicoidal bacteria.
Helicoidal>bacilli>cocci
What type of heat exchanger is preferable for high viscosity sauces/foods in an aseptic process system?
scraped-surface
30. What is the relationship between aroma and taste in flavor?
Aroma produced by volatile compounds; flavor rpovided by nonvolatile components.
What year was the Maillard reaction discovered?
1912
Which American crop has the nickname "goobers"?
Peanuts
Term for temp at which Vapor Press = press of surrounding?
Boiling pt
What french pastry is made from merengue, sugar, almond meal, and food coloring?
Macaron
PSE pork is an important problem that occurs in certain breeds of hog. PSE stands for what?
Pale, Soft, Exudative
A liquid with a Reynold's number of 6000 is exhibiting what type of flow?
Turbulent
What vegetable oils are approved for use in butter?
none
Who first isolated and identified DNA?
Friedrich Miescher
Which bacteria must be tested for under the final rule for pathogen reduction and HACCP? And which bacteria should meet performance standards?
generic E. coli, Salmonella
What is an edible wolf peach?
A tomato
What color are anthocyanins at acidic pH and basic pH?
acidic=red, basic=blue or yellow
Native to China, what is wolf berry also known as?
Goji berry
Give an example of an essential fatty acid.
Linoleic Acid
What is the most common psychrotropic bacteria?
Pseudomonas
what color are maraschino cherries after picking?
Whitish-green
in 1215 England, this legal document included statements setting single standard measures for wine, ale, and corn.
the Magna Carta
Give the temperature and z value for the commonly used/standard F sub zero value that is based on the destruction of a population of C. botulinum.
temperature: 18 F or 10 C, z value: 250 or 121
What is the D value of a bacterial population which is decreased by a factor of 10 in 2 minutes?
2
Compounds that consist of one molecule of fatty acid esterified to glycerol are called?
Monoglycerides
What microorganism does Baird-Parker agar select for?
Baird-Parker= Staphylococcus aureus
Carcinogen allowed in foods.
Aflatoxin up to 20ppb
What chemical compound is responsible for the "hot" principle of jalapeño peppers?
Capsaicin
What kind of chart is used to find wet bulb temperature, dry bulb temperature, and percent relative humidity?
Psychrometric Chart
In spoilage of thermally processed canned foods, what is meant by the term flat-sour growth?
Spoilage without gas production
What is hysteresis?
Hysteresis represent the history dependence of physical systems. If you push on something, it will yield: when you release, does it spring back completely? If it doesn't, it is exhibiting hysteresis, in some broad sense.
The first digit of an enzyme's EC number assigned by the international union of biochemistry identifies ________________.
General reaction type that they catalyze.
European national Food Science organizations are organized into the European Federation of Food Science and Technology. Where is this group based?
Wageningen University, the Netherlands
How hot should you cook a burger before eating it?
160 degree F
Name the enzyme found in onions responsible for irritating the eyes once an onion is cut; also, name the compound formed by this enzyme and describe the mechanism in the eye this compound stimulates.
Chrymatory-factor synthase. Chrymatory-factor synthase forms sulfenic acid which rearranges into syn-propanethial-S-oxide. This stimulates the lachrymal glands within the eyes which causes the irritation.
Which law passed on January 4, 2012 aims to ensure that the U.S. food supply is safe by shifting the focus of federal regulators from responding to comtamination to preventing it?
The Food Safety and Modernization Act
The recommended maximum storage time to maintain quality in a freezer for beef is: A.20 months, B.16 months, C.1 year, or D.14 months?
C.1 year (Steaks:6-12 months,Chops:4-6 months, Roasts:4-12 months)
What are the major lipid components of egg white?
None; the lipid composition of egg white is negligible (0.03%).
What is the term used to describe diseases that can be trasmitted from human to animal, and vice versa?
Zoonotic
Please name a common detector specifically used to measure volatile sulfur compounds such as dimethyl sulfide.
PFD – pules flame photometric detection ( other acceptable answers PFD, pulse flame detection or SCD – sulfur chemiluminescence detector)
Polymorphic forms of lipids in chocolate?
5
The latin motto of the FAO is "fiat panes." What does the translate to?
"Let there be bread"
a microbial population of 3,000 CFU/ml that is exposed to a 2D process will theoretically have a final population of what?
30 CFU/ml
What has fewer calories/gram, Aspartame or Saccharin?
Aspartame has 4 cal/g, Saccharin has 7 cal/g
To meet health regulation and prevent foodborne illness, prepared food must be held at what temperature if it is to be served warm?
At or above 60°C (140°F)
What are some of the factors that affect the dielectric properties of foods?
frequencies, food composition, moisture content, product temperature, physical state of water in the food, fat content, and product density
What is a technique used to inject pickle simultaneously and automatically through a series of hollow needles, the shafts of which have numerous, evenly spaced holes along their lengths?
multiple injection pumping (stitch)
Which lipoprotein transports triacylglycerols and cholesterol from the intestine to other parts of the body?
chylomicrons
The cause of an outbreak of a foodborne illness was traced to Brie cheese. What bacterium is primarily responsible?
Listeria monocytogenes
What are the limitations of freeze concentration?
High cost, Difficulty in separation of ice from solid, Low upper limit on concentration, Has no effect on enzymes and microbes
Name the sulfur containing essential amino acids.
methionine
Which citrus fruit has an edible sweet peel?
Kumquat
What Finnish product is made by fermenting milk with the mold Geotrichum candidum and bacteria Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis?
A. Viili
What is the name of the vitamin bound by avidin in raw egg white?
Biotin
Rio, Marsh White, and Ruby Red are all varieties of which fruit?
Grapefruit
Chemical additives are typically added in what range? A. 1-5% by weight B. ppm to <1% by weight C. ppb to ppm
ppm to less than 1% by weight
what cheese is associated w/ propionibacterium shermanii?
Swiss Cheese
What nation produces 2/3rds of the world's Vanilla?
Madagascar
Ingles coming procedure is used for what assay?
Fiber Assay
C18:0 saturated fatty acid is commonly known as?
Stearic acid
what Japanese dish composed of raw tuna is often implicated in foodborne illness outbreaks?
sashimi
in enzymatic reactions, what is 'activation energy'?
the energy required by the reactant to reach transition state from the ground state
What does Thiobarbituric acid number or value tell you?
degree of lipid oxidation
How many times may a U.S. trademark registration be renewed?
Any number of times
What does Ras El Hanout, a popular Arabic spice mix, means in english?
Head of the shop, top shelf
What three food commodity groups have the federal government proposed mandatory HACCP plan implementation?
Seafoods, meats, poultry
Name two mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species.
Zearalonone, Trichothecenes, Fumonisins, and Fusarin.
By weight, what are the three most common GRAS substances in foods, besides water?
Salt, sugar, corn syrup
What was the round copper container first used to deliver pizza in Naples in 1800s?
Stufa
What two compounds buildup during vigorous exericse?
NADH, Lactate
anchovies all come from what family of fish?
Engravlidae
Hydrogenation of oil does what?
Makes it more solid at room temperature
Define the ingredient MSNF used in commercial ice cream.
A. Milk solids not fat - the dairy solids other than fat - 37% protein, 56% lactose, and 8% minerals
In the islet of Langerhans, there are alpha and beta cells, which produce two different hormones. Which cells produce which hormones?
Alpha cells produce glucagon and beta cells produce insulin
Describe the mechanism by which CaCl2 firms plant tissues.
divalent Ca++ binds the carboxyl groups of adjacent pectin polymers forming bridges and tightening the structure
What is the general term for a physical change in number, size, shape, orientation, or perfection of ice crystals during frozen storage?
Recrystallization
The semi-liquid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum is called what?
Chyme
What are the main sugars present in fruits?
Sucrose, glucose, and fructose
Which food is made by fermenting soaked and cooked soybeans with a mold, usually rhizopus?
Tempeh
What does CFR stand for?
Code of Federal Regulations
Which Mass spec technique relied on large protein fingerprint for bacteria?
MALDITOF MS
What is a Barrow?
castrated young male slaughter hog
what is the anti-sticking agent approved by the FDA that can be added to processed cheese?
Lecithin
in the purification of cottonseed oil, what is the name of the toxin removed?
Gossypol
In 2016 which country became the first to ban supermarkets from throwing away food? Instead, they have to donate it.
France
What icing contains chocolate?
Ganache
Name 5 of the IFTSA competitions/awards.
chapter of the year, excellence in leadership award, college bowl, IFTSA & MARS product development challenge, student food packaging development competition, IFTSA developing solutions for developing countries competition, smart snacks for kids product development competition, graduate research video competition, undergraduate research competition, food science in action competition.
What is the complementary nucleotide sequence to A-G-C-T?
T-C-G-A
What does a gauge tell you?
A gauge can only tell you the difference between the pressure it is measuring and the atmospheric pressure.
What vitamin deficiency causes Beriberi?
Thiamin (vitamin B1)
from a food safety standpoint, what temp range is considered 'the danger zone'?
40-140 degree F (4.4-60 degree C)
Vitamin B12 Deficiency can cause?
Megaloblastic anemia
In US Standrd of butter nad margarine, what is min fat content
80% for both
Pasteurization time and temperature is based on the destruction of which microorganism?
Coxiella burnetti
Name two types of controlled atmosphere packaging.
Shrink wrapping Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) Vacuum Packaging Gas Flushing Packaging Active Packaging (e.g., oxygen scavengers, moisture control) Controlled Humidity Packaging Barrier Packaging (films that control gas exchange) Freshness Packaging (using antimicrobial or ethylene absorbers)
In eggs, what is weeping?
The release of water from under-coagulated egg white foam
What is the name of beef pickled or cured in brine?
Corned Beef
Identify three types of fungi commonly consumed in foods.
Yeast, molds and mushrooms
What is accomplished by passing steaks or boneless sub-primals through a bank of needles or through a steak macerator?
Mechanical Tenderization
Cranberry botanical name?
Vaccinium sg. oxycoccus [Ericaceae (Heather)]
What is the main type of bond found in starch molecules?
Covalent bond
Western honey bee botanical name?
Apis mellifera
What are emulsifiers?
Polar chemicals that help bind two unmixable liquids together.
Which of the following foods should a sulfite-sensitive individual avoid? wine, frozen hash brown potatoes, fruit cocktail with maraschino cherries, sauerkraut
All
Grading of meat is based on the subjective evaluations of these main factors.
Carcass maturity, degree of fat marbling, muscle firmness; color also considered
What is the major antioxidant in rosemary extract?
Diterpenes - carnosic acid
What are BCUs?
Baking Contrast Units
What are the names of some FD&C colors?
Blue #1 - brilliant blue, Blue #2 - indigotine, Green #3 - fast green, Red #3 - erythrosine, Red #40 - allura red, Yellow #5 - tartrazine, Yellow #6 - sunset yellow
what is the main ingredient of hummus?
Chick peas (garbanzo beans)
Which mycotoxin is associated with liver cancer? a. aflatoxin b. ochratoxin c. patulin
a. aflatoxin
What is the quantitative determination of organic nitrogen and therefore protein?
Kjeldahl method
What is the leavening base used in baking soda?
Sodium Bicarbonate
Name one example of each of the following used in food and beverages industry: Fungi Yeast Mold Bacteria Single-cell food
Fungi: Actinomucor, Amylomyces, Mucor, Rhizopus, Monascus, Neurospora, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida, Endomyces, Hansenula, Saccharomyces, Torulopsis, Trichosporon, Zygosaccharomyces/ Just say mushrooms Yeast: Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces Mold: Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Neurospora Bacteria: Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, thousands of names Single-cell foods: eggs, microalgae such as spirulina, chlorella
What is the basis of all reducing sugar tests?
Color reaction (reduction of a metal ion).
What compound is abundant in banana?
Potassium
Dextrose equivalent
Dextrose equivalent (DE) is a measure of reducing sugars relative to dextrose, expressed as a percentage on a dry basis
Meat from young goats in italian is known as what?
Capretto
What is the difference between dried food and dehydrated food?
dehydrated food as no more than 2.5% water on a dry basis and dried food can be more than 2.5%
Which company makes Twinkies?
J. M. Smucker company (owned by Hostess Brands, also acceptable)
The primary yeast used in baking is what?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
What type of enzymes are commonly added to fruit prior to juice production?
pectic enzymes (specifically polygalacturonase, pectinesterase, and cellulases, and other enzymes)
What nation produces 80% of the world's vanilla?
Madagascar
Why was the Animal Crackers box designed with a string handle?
The animal shaped cookie treats were introduced in 1902 as a Christmas novelty, and packaged so they would be hung from the Christmas trees.
What is the critical Reynolds Number for tube flow?
2100
Phytochemicals in plants and plant-based foods are powerful antioxidants and metabolism regulators that help prevent chronic disease. Which of the following are phytoestrogens?
lignans
What term is used for cooking meat in plastic bags in a water bath for a long time for a lower temperature than usual?
Sous Vide
what growth factor cannot be used in cows in England?
bovine somatotropin
What foodborne parasite is found in cat litter?
Toxoplasma gondii
Name four factors that affect the volume and stability of egg white foams?
Temperature, pH, salt, sugar, fat, liquid, starch, amount of whipped air, time of whipping, etc.
What is the Peroxide Value a measure of?
Fat Oxidation
Someone has suggested that you use sucrose in your confectionary product where Maillard browning is desirable, will this cause a problem?
yes, because sucrose is a non-reducing sugar
What are some of the osmotic agents?
mono-, di-, polysaccharides, inorganic salts, ethanol, polyols
What is the process by which eggs, or ova, are produced?
Oogenesis
Primary yeast used in baking is what?
Saccharomyces cerevisae
Name two of the three properties of a saturated steam that are listed in a steam table.
Specific volume, enthalpy, or entropy
CIE L*a*b* (CIELAB) is a color space specified by the French Commission internationale de l'éclairage. What is the translation of the name of this commision in English?
International Commission on Illumination
In the making of chocolate, following roasting, the cocao beans are loaded into a machine called a winnower; what does this machine do?
It removes the outer hulls and separates the 'nibs' by size
The best relative humidity for smoke application to pork hams at 60-80 ℃ is:
d. 60%.
What does the term "polydisperse" describe?
Range of molecular weight (MW).
What is the most common technique used to make dried pet food?
Extrusion
What is the artificial sweetener that was recently removed in 2000 from the carcinogen list?
Saccharin
In sensory analysis, the assignment of symbols, usually with 3-digit numbers, to test samples so they can be presented to a subject without identification is called ______.
coding
What does LD50 mean?
The average amount of a drug, toxin, chemical substance/mixture or microorganism capable of killing 1/2 of the test animals exposed under specific test conditions. Median lethal dose (LD50) is commonly expressed in mg/kg, by oral intake or skin exposure.
The word 'biscuit' derives from a latin word 'biscotus'. What is the literal meaning of this word?
Twice cooked (bis- twice, cotus- cooked)
What vitamin is essential for normal blood clotting?
Vit K
What name is given to several different types of packaging that provide absolute protection for the product against post processing contamination by microorganisms?
Hermetic
Name two adaptogens and their flavor notes.
Ashwagandha root: Bitter and Astingent Cordyceps: Savory umami and deep earthy-nutty flavor Ginseng: Bitter and earthy Holy Basil (Tulsi): Astringent and peppery spiciness
What usually causes anemia?
Iron deficiency
Molecules that are important to the flavor of foods are usually what?
Fat soluble
At what pH can a food be called an acid food?
a pH less than 4.6
How much fruit juice is found in fruit nectar?
25-50% fruit juice
Is a pectin a CHO, a Protein, or a fat?
Carbohydrate
In food engineering, with respect to refrigeration, what is a COP?
Coefficient of Performance
What is the batch pan method, how does it work, what is it used for?
Oldest method of evaporation next to solar evaporation, heating of sample using jacket or internal coils, it has high residence time (many hours). Still used to make jams and jellies
Name one major muscle found in a beef round.
Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus.
What is the effect of pH on benzoate mechanisms and effectiveness as a food additive?
Benzoate is most effective at a pH below 4.5, where it exists in its undissociated form.
Which of the following cheeses has the highest % of calcium: A.Parmesan, B.Swiss, C.Cheddar, or D.Limburger?
A. Parmesan
China and India are the largest exporters of what commodity?
Tea
What is tangential flow filtration?
increases permeate passage through the membrane, greatly improves efficiency
What are the advantages of freeze drying?
Low thermal damage, good vitamin retention with minor exceptions, rapid product shrinkage, long shelf life if product are suitably packaged, retention of biological activity, best in terms of quality
What does NAD stand for?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
Which enzyme is found in saliva and promotes the digestion of the breakdown of starch in the mouth?
Amylase
What two metal wires compose a T-type thermocouple?
copper and constantan
In terms of dehydration please describe how osmosis works.
as water on the surface evaporates, the water moves from the interior to the surface due to the new concentration gradient.
This sweetener has about 150-250 times the sweetness power of sucrose and is a dipeptide of aspartic acid and phenylalanine 1-methyl ester
Aspartame
The lactose content in human milk is higher than in cow milk?
TRUE.
To what % is water allowed to be added to ground beef?
0%
What is the purpose of an ascorbic acid dip for fruits prior to freezing?
Prevention of browning (vitamin C is oxidized by polyphenol oxidase rather than the plant catechol-tannin complexes)
what happens to the texture of cooked fish as post-mortem pH decreases?
it toughens
Name the three classes of product recalls and the health hazards associate with them.
Class I: Serious health hazard; Class II: Possible health hazard; Class III: No health hazard
what plant is tapioca derived from?
Cassava
What is the predominant component of the Gram (+) cell wall?
Peptidoglycan
What does a hydrometer measure?
concentration of dissolved solids
List the five most expensive spices in order from most to least expensive.
Saffron,Vanilla, Cardamom, Cloves, Cinnamon
Q: Identify the federal government publication you would use to find the most recent changes in fda regulations.
A: Federal Register
In the brewing industry, what is 'pitching'?
addition of yeast to the cooled wort
The quantity of heat required to effect a change of state in a substance is known as ______ _____?
Latent heat
What organization publishes standards for the design and manufacture of milk processing equipment?
3-A Sanitary Standards, Inc.
What compound is used to distinguish supertasters?
PROP (propylthiouracil)
What is the protein content of acid whey?
0.6% by weight
Sauce Maltaise is prepared by adding orange zest and blood orange juice to which French mother sauce?
Hollandaise
What is the Lag constant for heating?
Jh = Tm - T1 / Tm - T0
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid is the precursor of what plant hormone?
ethylene
Used for clarification in beers, what does PVPP stand for?
Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone
What is the boiling point of water in Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin?
212 F, 100 C, 373 K
A vitamin that is a 6-carbon compound with a very similar structure to glucose and is found in fruits and vegetables is what?
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
In Reverse phase HPLC, what component retains highly hydrophobic impurities from going onto the analytical column and permanently interacting with the stationary phase which ultimately prolongs the analytical column's capacity?
Guard column
What popular canned sausages are similar to frankfurters, although more bland in flavor and smaller?
vienna sausages
What is the latin name for deer?
Cervus
Which vitamins can also be used as antioxidants?
vitamins C and E
In glycolysis ___ moles of NADH are produced per mole of glucose consumed.
2
A two-stage homogenizer uses a pressure of what through the first stage valve and what through the second stage valve?
2000-2500 psi 500 psi
What does the acronym PDCAAS stand for?
Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (compares the amino acid content of a protein w/human amino acid requirement and corrects for digestibility)
Is cellophane a petroleum or natural fiber product?
Natural Fiber
What is the US RDA for protein?
If PER > casein, then 45g per day; If PER < casein, then 65g per day (PERcasein = 2.5)
What are the types of pasteurization methods?
Batch type and continuous type
What compound is produced by lactobacillus San Francisco (Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis) that is important to making sourdough bread?
lactic acid
What Pentose abundant wood is used to make a non-cariogenic sugar alcohol commonly used in chewing gum.
Xylitol , xylose
Over time, how does the pH inside of an egg change?
Increases
What hydrocolloid's largest use is a stabilizer in chocolate milk and ice cream?
Carrageenan.
In poultry, what is a wattle?
The bright red piece of flesh that hangs from the neck of the turkey
What is the name of the equipment used to puff cereal grains?
Extruder (Gun)
Under what Presidential Administration was FSMA signed into law?
Barack Obama
What does the Karl Fischer test measure?
Moisture content (usually when present in trace amounts)
What type of HPLC utilizes a polar column and a less polar solvent (stationary phase)?
Normal Phase HPLC
What are the different types of membrane materials available?
polymers most common, inorganic more stable. Synthetic membranes : PVC. Polymeric membranes: widely used for UF, wide tolerance to pH temp and chlorine. Ceramic membranes: made from mineral materials such as glass aluminum oxide, and zirconium oxide, expensive and can be brittle, mainly for MF. Glass membranes. Metallic membranes: ability to withstand extreme chemical and thermal stress. Zeolite membranes: a solid with lots of tiny holes. Can have different selectivity, long term stability at high temp resistance to harsh environments and high pressure drops. Inertness to microbial degradation and easy cleanability and catalytic activation
Of the following four choices, which is the purpose of food laws and regulations? a. Ensure the safety and wholesomeness of the food supply, b. Prevent economic fraud or deception in food labeling, c. Inform consumers about the nutritional content and healthfulness of foods, d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Provide the common name for mahi mahi fish.
dolphin or Dorado
Semolina is used to mainly make what grain product?
Pasta
What is dry bulb temperature?
temp of air measure with thermometer freely exposed to air
The best Vitamin A precursor that occurs in food is called?
B-carotene
How much chocolate liquor must each of the following contain? (milk, semisweet, bittersweet)
Milk - 10%, semisweet - 15%, bittersweet - 35%
What are the enzymes calpains and cathepsins associated with?
Meat tenderization/ degradation
Which step in poultry processing loosens the feathers and makes plucking and pinfeather removal easier?
Scalding
True/False: Vitamins function in enzyme systems, which facilitate the metabolism of proteins, Carbohydrates, & fats.
True
Shortcrust pastry uses a 2:1 of what two ingredients, respectively?
Flour, Fat
What color is the inside of a pistachio nut?
Green
What is zymology?
the science of fermentation
What happens to the melting point of a lipid/oil when its overall level of saturation is increased?
melting point increases
list 2 approved application of gamma irradiation in foods.
inhibit sprouting in tubers and bulbs,reduce microbial population in spices,destruction of salmonella in poultry,destruction of spoilage microorganisms
The internal pressure in plant cells is ___.
Turgor pressure
This substance is formed from gliadins, glutenins and glycolipids when water is mixed with wheat flour.
gluten
The Good Manufacturing Practice Regulations for the packing and thermal processing of low-acid foods in hermetically sealed containers is located in which federal publication?
Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations
What is the difference between accuracy and precision
accuracy is how close the experimental value is to the true value, precision is how close experimental values are to themselves
What name is given to the small circular DNA molecules that carry genetic information independently of the main bacterial chromosome?
Plasmids
What type of tea is wilted, but unoxidized?
White Tea
Marsh Ruby, Ruby Red, Melogold, Oro Blanco (White Golden) and Star Ruby are varieties of what?
Grapefruit(citrus fruit)
Under FSMA, The Preventive Controls for Human Food Rule exempts some smaller scale processors from some parts of the rule. Are these processors "Covered Facilities" or "Qualified Facilities"?
Qualified Facilities are exempt from some parts of the rule, and may not need to have a full safety plan as defined by the rule.
What is the principle behind adsorption chromatography?
Polarity of compounds.
Name the two methods of making two piece steel cans.
The two methods are draw redraw, and drawn and wall ironed.
Name plastic polymers used in packaging.
HDPE, PET, polypropylene
What does ADI stand for?
Acceptable Daily Intake
Green bean canning pathogen?
C. botulinum.
In what country did the Jerusalem artichoke originate?
USA
The study of dielectric properties concerns ____ and ____ of electric and magnetic energy in materials
storage and dissipation
What is the difference in a pudding made with an egg substitute instead of a whole egg?
the coagulation temperature is lower
Who is more sensitive to sweet and salty tastes, men or women?
Women.
Who was the French inventor of airtight food preservation, and is also known as the "father of canning"?
Nicolas Appert
What is the probability of a duo-trio test?
50%
The protein source in TVP (textured vegetable protein) is:
Soy
The mash obtained in the fermentation of soy to produce soy sauce is called
miso
What is poutine?
A common Canadian dish from Quebec made with French fries, topped with a light brown gravy-like sauce and cheese curds
What are the toxic glycosides present in lima beans and cassava?
cyanogenic glycosides
What particular concern does ammonium bicarb pose when used in a leavening system?
a product must be baked to dryness to eliminate off-flavors
What does ETEC stand for?
Enterotoxigenic
In which states are the following IFT sections located: Puget Sound; Magnolia; Nutmeg; Dogwood; Cactus
Washington and Alaska; Mississippi; Connecticut; North Carolina; Arizona
What is a measurement based on weight gain of a test subject divided by its intake of a particular food protein during the test period?
Protein efficiency ratio (PER)
True/False: riboflavin functions in the oxidative processes of living cells and is essential for cellular growth and tissue maintenance.
True
what is the reason for lactose intolerance in humans?
inability to hydrolyze lactose due to lack of lactase enzyme
Which vit increases Ca absorption?
Vit D
What does FCC stand for?
Food Chemicals Codex
What antibiotics to chicken decreased the merits to the antibiotic to humans?
Cephalosporin
What does the term phenotype refer to?
The observable properties of an organism.
What are the applications of freeze drying in the food industry?
products include veggies, juices, fish, and other processed products, military meals, also used in the floral industry
Give 5 examples of flatbreads.
Matza, Bazalama, Focaccia, Piadina, Kulcha, Pita, Naan, Tortilla, Lavash, Roti, Chapati, Paratha, Injera
How are two piece jar lids made?
draw and redraw
Which amino acid is part of hemoglobin?
histidine
What is the name of the mascot for Frosted Flakes cereal?
Tony the Tiger
What are some of the disadvantages of a tubular heat exchanger?
excessive pressure drops, inability to open and inspect surfaces, only 70-75% regeneration which is lower than plate heat exchangers, fouling tendencies because of low shear, restriction of products by viscosity and particle size
state the non-caloric sweetener(s) found in Bottled Pepsi.
Bottled Diet Pepsi= aspartame
True/False: a low range or small standard deviation indicates a greater uniformity or less variability in the process.
True
Which amino acids absorb light under UV range?
phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan (all with aromatic groups)
What does rendering involves?
Heating and cooking of raw materials to liquify the fat to break down membranes or other structures that hold fat.
Name the by-product of the manufacture of most cheeses. This fluid contains almost 50% of the solids initially present in whole milk. What's the liquid used in cheese production? Myost, Primost, Gjetost, and Ricotta are all cheese manufactured from what starting material?
A. Whey
What company does Starbucks donate 100% of its leftover food?
Feeding America
What is the unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI)?
Gray
Between which two ribs should a pork carcass be ribbed to measure loin eye area?
10th and 11th
Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, gelatin, egg albumin and Icing glass are commonly added to beverages direct processing, why?
To clarify because they form complexes with tannins and polyphenols which then precipitate out.
Name two methods for irradiation of foods.
Cobalt 60, x-rays, or E-beam
In food what method is used to measure heavy minerals?
ICP-AAS or ICP-OES
When was Journal of Food Science first published and by what name?
1936, Food Research
How many kilocalories does 1g of protein provide?
4 kcal/g
which of the following food fats contain the highest proportion of saturated fatty acids: A.lard, B.beef tallow, C.butter fat, or D.coconut oil?
D. coconut oil
What is the psoas major muscle of meat animals better known as?
Tenderloin
What is the classification of fluid flow that has low velocities, no lateral mixing and moves in parallel layers?
Laminar
Which was the 1st clear plastic packaging material used in food?
Cellophane
What is the name of the pasta that translates to the plural form of "bride and groom"?
Ziti
Which of the following are micronutrients and which are macronutrients: calcium, iron, zinc, and sulfur.
Sulfur and calcium are macronutrients. Iron and zinc are micronutrients.
What sushi roll has avocado, imitation crab, and cucumber?
California Roll
The characteristic mixture of ground spices often used in Indian cooking is popularly known as what?
Garam masala (masala also acceptable)
How does a cooker cooler continuous retort work?
cans carried over conveyer through 3 sections of tunnel each at different presser
What are the ingredients of mayonnaise, according to the standard of identity?
at least 65% of vegetable oil, 2.5% acetic or citric acid, and egg yolk
What are the harmful compounds formed during hydrogenation of fatty acids
trans fatty acids
In the 1940's, legislation was passed requiring that all grain products crossing state lines be enriched with which vitamins and minerals?
Iron, Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), and Niacin (B3)
Why is flour added to confectionary frosting?
As a flow agent and anti-caking agent
Integration of lethality will determine which value?
F- value
What English bakery item is made from either oatmeal or wheat and with baking powder?
Scone
Rank the following beers from lightest color to darkest color as described by the European Brewery Convention or EBC. Dunkel, Porter, Pilsener, India Pale Ale, Stout and Saison
Pilsener, India Pale Ale, Saison, Dunkel, Porter, Stout
What effect does ascorbate have on curing with sodium nitrite?
Faster curing action by reducing nitrate to nitrite
Explain what beer's law equation is used for, state the equation, and explain what each variable is.
Beer's law is used in calculations dealing with spectrophotmetric analyses. Absorbance = elc. E is the molar absorbtivity constant, L is the length of the cell holder/cuvette and c is the concentration of the solution
What is the toxin found in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum)?
Solanine - glycoalkaloid poison
What spice from the dried leaves of an herb in the mint family gives pork sausage its typical flavor?
Sage
What was the very 1st Little Debbie snack cake sold in 1960?
Oatmeal cream pie
How is CO2 produced in traditional champagne manufacture?
additional sugar (24g/L) is added prior to bottling, whereafter yeast participate in a 2nd fermentation to produce CO2
What makes cheese orange? What substance is commonly used to color cheese?
A. Annatto
Eggplant botanical name?
Solanum melongena [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]
What is the Molisch test used for?
Carbohydrates
Give the nonnutritive sweetener used in the production of the following artificial sweeteners: NutraSweet, Sweet One, Sweet’N Low, Splenda, Equal.
NutraSweet – Aspartame Sweet One – Acesulfame potassium (Acesulfame K) Sweet’N Low – Saccharin Splenda – Sucralose Equal – Aspartame
Name a notable plant phytosterol
Campesterol, sitosterol, or stigmasterol
What is the best way to assure that meat is cooked to a temperature that will kill any bacteria that may be present?
Meat thermometer
Why are corrugated boxes produced with flutes in the vertical direction?
Flutes provide structural reinforcement- improve strength in terms of crushing and stacking
What percentage of the fat in milk exists as triglycerides?
0.98
What is the oxidation state of iron when meat is in a red color?
+2
Egg yolks are one of the few food that naturally contain which vitamin?
Vit D
Name three methods for the calculation of lethality.
general, formula (ball) method, and numerical
What food product comes from the Norse word "kaka"?
Cake
What is the main flavor of Earl Grey Tea?
Bergamot orange
Which of the following pigments is not an anthocyanin: a) Peonidin b) Betanin c) Malvidin
Betanin
Enhancement or suppression involves the interaction of stimuli presented simultaneously as mixtures. Define Synergy in this context.
The effect of the presence of one substance increasing the perceived combined intensity of two substances, such that the perceived intensity of the mixture is greater than the sum of the intensities of the components
What rheological model best describes the flow behavior of melted chocolate?
The Casson or Casson/Steiner model (the Windhab model is also acceptable and recommended by the IOCCC as of 2000)
What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of microwave heating?
Advantages: Higher heating rates; no direct contact between the heating source and the heated material; selective heating may be achieved; greater control of the heating or drying process; reduced equipment size and waste Disadvantages: Radiation; the texture of food, color, and taste will change
What beef hide defect costs the industry millions of dollars, but is a law some states ?
Branding
Cow's milk is considered to be an ideal food for human health being rich in vitamins and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus however milk lacks one very important mineral. Which one is that?
iron
What are some advantages of aseptic processing?
convenience (many foods can undergo aseptic processing), safety (protect against spoilage and foodborne illness), flavor and freshness (captures the natural flavors and has a fresh clean taste), natural (no need for preservatives)
Define lethal rate.
F250/FT0 = minutes at 250?F/minutes at retort temp; T0 = 10 (T-250)/z
What is the relationship between ERH and water activity?
Aw = ERH/100
Define coextrusion
The process of extruding 2 or more materials through a single die with 2 or more orifices arranged so that the extrudates merge or weld together into a laminar structure.
Those that contain biologically active components for health promotion are called what?
Nutraceuticals
Who invented the first continuous centrifugal cream separator?
Dr. Gustav De Laval in 1878
Air freezing, indirect contact freezing, and immersion freezing are three methods of food freezing. Which of these types of freezing is typified by the Birdseye Multiplate Freezer?
Indirect contact freezing
The labeling of a sausage biscuit is regulated by which agency?
FDA
Used frequently in mixology, what is oleo saccharum and its main ingredients?
Oleo-saccharum is Latin for 'oil-sugar' and is the name given to the syrup made by using sugar's hygroscopic property to extract the fragrant natural oils in citrus fruit peels – most commonly lemons.
What are the three coordinates of the Munsell color chart?
Chroma, value, hue
Name 3 strains of mold that produce mycotoxin.
Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Claviceps purpurea, Penicillium citrinin, Penicillium expansum, Fusarium spp.
List one of the three safe methods to defrost food.
refrigerator thawing, cold water thawing, microwave thawing or (cooking without thawing)
Milk is unusual because about 12% of the fatty acids are which of the following? a) Unsaturated b) Short-chain c) Long-chain
Short-chain
What does NLEA stand for?
Nutrition Labeling and Education Act
What toxic compound was once found in root beer?
Safrole, also known as shikimol
Who has the prime responsibility for the safety, wholesomeness, and nutritional quality of food?
- Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the USDA seeks to ensure that meat and poultry products for human consumption are safe, wholesome, and correctly marked, labeled, and packaged if they move into interstate or international commerce. FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) seeks to ensure that all other foods are safe, sanitary, nutritious, wholesome, and honestly and adequately labeled
The internal temperature of a congratulations steak must be at what degree?
71 C, 160 F
What is the multiple effect design?
Where vapor from the previous evaporator is used to evaporated more water from the concentrate in the next evaporator. utilizes the latent heat of the vapor
True/False: Niacin is very stable to heat, light, and oxidation, but like other water-soluble vitamins, it can be leached from foods during processing and cooking.
True
What acid in milk is used to produce diacetyl? What acid in milk is fermented for flavor compounds? What acid in milk is fermented by bacteria to provide a source of diacetyl and flavor compounds in fermented dairy products?
A. Citric acid
What does the acronym IPM stand for?
Integrated Pest Management
What compound is formed during glycolysis in the absence of oxygen?
lactic acid
What variety of grape is used for fume blanc wine?
Sauvignon Blanc
Name 5 organelles of cells:
Mitochondria, nucleus, vacuole, ribosome, Golgi apparatus.
using 4 significant figures, tell us how many pounds a gallon of water weighs.
8.345 lbs
What is the latin name for sheep?
Ovis aries
what chemical structure is common to all phenolic compounds?
aromatic ring w/a hydroxyl group
Name 4 classes of phenolic compounds in tea.
Catechins, Flavonoids, Theaflavins, Tannins
Tea comes from which of the following plants?
Camellia Sinensis
The quality of shrimp remains generally good up to what pH?
7.7
What is the name of the Indian beverage made from tea leaves, often added with spices, milk, and sugar?
Chai
Tea botanical name?
Camellia sinensis
Name 2 refrigerants used in mechanical compression refrigeration systems other than Freon and its replacements and how is the efficiency of the compressor expressed?
hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC); COP
Epidemiology is the study of infection of the epidermis or skin (True/False)
False
What are the % moisture, % protein, oil, and CHO content of raw soybeans?
40, 7-8, 31-32, 21
Which alkaloid compound is an anti-malarial agent and is the standard for bitter taste sensation?
Quinine
Why is Vitamin C sometimes added to frankfurters?
To enhance the rate of cured color formation in the frankfurter
Name 3 foods that are sources of Listeria.
Soft cheese made from unpasteurized milk, hot dogs, ready to eat deli meats, refrigerate spates or meat spreads, unpasteurized milk, refrigerated smoked seafood, raw sprouts
What kind of fish is scrod?
Usually a young cod, but depending on the restaurant, it could be anything
What is the genus and species of the fungus that caused the Irish famine?
Phytophora infestans
What are the biochemical reactions affecting product quality?
1. Enzymic browning - occurs in fruits and vegetables after bruising and processing. Phenolic compounds react with phenolases with oxygen to produce yellow-brown pigment. - Vacuum packaging, modified atmosphere packaging, sulphites, citric acid or ascorbic acid reduce the effects of browning. 2. Glycolysis - Breakdown of glycogen in living tissue - happens after harvest/slaughter oxygen causes breakdown of tissue and softening of structure. 3. Proteolysis - Proteases enzymes attack protein matter in food breaking them down to peptides or shorter chain amino acids. 4. Lipolysis - Lipolysis causes loss of product quality. - Lipases cause catalysis of hydrolysis of triacylglycerols into fatty acids and glyceride breakdown."
what are carotenes and xanthophylls?
classes of carotenoids. Carotenes are purely poly-ene hydrocarbons while xanthophylls contain oxygen in form of hydroxyl, epoxy, or oxo group
Name 4 basic requirements that are necessary during aseptic packaging.
sterile environment (or aseptic zones), sterilize product contact surface of the package by using heat/chemicals/high energy radiation, hermetically sealed containers, monitoring of critical factors such as air quality, sealing, temperature
In regard to sensory evaluation, differentiate between "triangle test" and "duo-trio test".
Both are classified as difference tests. A triangle test consists of three samples, two are the same and one is different. The participant is asked to identify the different sample. A duo-trio test consists of three samples in which two are the same and one is different. One of the samples is presented as the reference sample and the participant is asked to identify the matching sample.
What is a 'withdrawal period' regarding the use of drugs and hormones?
the length of time before slaughter that the use of a hormone or drug must be discontinued.
Spider cheese is made by fermenting quark with rye flour and what arthropod?
Cheese mites. Milbenkäse, called Mellnkase in the local dialect and often known as Spinnenkäse, is a German speciality cheese. It is made by flavouring balls of quark with caraway and salt, allowing them to dry, and then leaving them in a wooden box containing rye flour and cheese mites for about three months.
What is the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes?
Type I: The person produces no insulin at all. Type II: Fat cells resist insulin or the body cannot use insulin.
What are the primary factors for determining the value and general acceptability of a beef carcass: A.cutability and quality, B.Tenderness and Juiciness, C.Dressing % and Yield, or D.Dressing % and Quality?
A. Cutability and Quality.
Under FSMA, for how long must records be retained?
Under FSMA, records must be retained for at least 2 years
Why is it important to incorporate air into a dough during mixing?
Because yeast (CO2) has to fill existing air holes in the dough to ensure proper fermentation and texture.
How many ribs are in a beef forequarter?
12
What is the % of Hard Wheat in white bread?
12-14%
What is the main difference between bulls and bullocks?
Bulls have older skeletal maturity, in the B or older class, while bullocks have younger skeletal maturity, in the A class
The Delvo test is a commonly used rapid method for detection of antibiotic residue in milk. What organism is used in this test?
Bacillus stearothermophilus.
US department of commerce
Regulate seafood
State the full name that corresponds w/the recycling #5 for recyclable polymers.
PP=polypropylene
Who is the "father" of microscopy?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
What is the primary purpose of Processing Food?
To preserve food and create a specific desirable food product
in packaging ready-to-cook meats, what type of film should be used if the product is to be heat-shrunk?
PVDC (polyvinylidene chloride)
What term refers to very low Coronary heart diseases despite a diet high in solid fat?
French paradox
What are the different types of osmotic dehydration?
Impregnation soaking process, osmotic dewatering, dewatering impregnation soaking, solvent drying
What egg protein is responsible for most of the viscosity of thick albumen?
Ovomucin
What is the primary purpose of retorting low aci canned foods?
reduce spores of C. bot by 10^12
This word means "sausage poisoning". It is caused by a powerful toxin that affects the nervous system.
botulism
What is the Recommended Daily Allowance for Calcium?
1000 mg for adults
What 2 companies invented HACCP?
NASA and Pillsbury
What is the term used to describe the least energy capable of producing a sensation?
absolute threshold
Name three types of gels that set with addition of cations.
Alginate, Carrageenan, Low Methoxyl Pectin
What are the time-temperature combinations used in the following thermal processes for the pasteurization of milk: Batch/LTLT, HTST, and UHT?
A. Batch/LTLT: 62.8 °C (145 °F) for 30 minutes B. HTST: 71.7 °C (161 °F) for 15-20 seconds C. UHT: 137.8 °C (280 °F) for 2-3 seconds
What does the term "Pff" in pork meat mean?
Protein, fat-free
What type of tea contains muscatel tones?
Darjeleeng
In August 2013, Chef Richard McGeown cooked what for the first time?
A hamburger from lab-grown meat
Botulinum toxin type H is the deadliest substance in the world, but type A is used for what commercial application?
Botox
What are the 2 most common approved sources of gamma rays in food irradiation?
Cobalt-60 and Cesium-137
name the simplest amino acid.
glycine
What is the product of a reverse transcriptase?
cDNA
How many different amino acids are there?
20
When wine is said to be completely dry it is lacking in what?
Sugar
What is the name of Dulce de Leche in Mexico made with goat's milk?
Cajeta
What carbohydrate is only naturally produced in milk?
Lactose
In a water molcule, what are the H-bond acceptor sites?
H-O bonds
Describe osmosis in terms of dehydration
As water on the surface evaporates, water moves from the interior of the product to the surface due to the concentration gradient.
What are the six stages of tomato ripening?
Green, Breakers, Turning, pink, light red, red
What is the most widely used seasoning in the world?
Salt
How many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one mole of glucose to CO2 and H2O? During complete respiration how many ATP molecules are produced?
38
What is the principle reason that invert sugar is important when making candy? 1. improves flavor 2. controls crystallization 3. decreases cooking time 4. improves color
2
Carefully controlled mechanical tests on food products give what kind of results?
Objective
What color is myoglobin when iron is in the ferrous state and water is bound to the pigment?
Purple
What is the Aw limit or requirement for filing a process when heat-processing foods in hermetically sealed containers?
0.85
what nuts are also called Filberts?
Hazelnuts
Name 2 functions of H2SO4 in the Babcock milk fat test.
Digest proteins, generate heat to melt fat, increase density of serum
Which spice is associated with eugenol, kaempferol, and rhamnetin as sources of flavor and is known to have anti-inflammatory activity? Eugenol is the active pungent component of what spice?
Cloves
What term describes plants that can grow in high-salt environments?
Halophytes
The dimensionless ratio of the heat transfer coefficient at the surface of a solid to the heat conductance to the center of the solid is known as what?
The Biot number
What is the number assigned to a meat-packing or processing plant approved for state or federal inspection?
Establishment number
Name two types of rancidity.
Hydrolytic and oxidative
According to the FSIS, what is the maximum allowable percent antioxidants used in fresh sausage based on fat content?
0.02% (200ppm)
Define 'Cheddaring'.
Method used to drain off whey and develop texture and acidity; it is accomplished by slicing drained curds into large blocks which are stacked and turned every 15 minutes until a titratable acidity of 0.5-0.6 is reached
The degradation of what compound in cooked fish causes it to be flaky?
Collagen that is turned into gelatin
What class of pigments has 2 cyclic aromatic rings, one with oxygen included?
flavonoids
When and by whom was Rocky Road ice cream invented?
William Dreyer is claimed to have created Rocky Road after the stock market crash of October 1929. He reportedly "hoped the name would give people something to smile about" during the Great Depression.
Who led USDA's Poison Squad in 1902, a group that tested compounds on human beings?
Harvey Wiley
Eureka & Lisbon are most common varieties of _____
Lemon
The sun can be approximated as a blackbody at what temperature?
5800K
When/where was the feeding tomorrow fun run held 1st time?
New Orleans, 2001
What is Krausening (used in beer production)?
natural carbonation, the CO2 from fermentation collected and added back into the beer later
While dough is being mixed, yeast produces which two compounds by anaerobic respiration?
Carbon dioxide and ethanol
Name 3 pieces of equipment that thermocouples are frequently used in
ovens, furnaces, flue gas, and other areas that have temperatures above 250 C
almost all flavor compounds that have a branched chain structure are derived from what group of precursors?
amino acids
Due to congressional action, the safety of food additives must be proven by the food industry rather than the regulatory agencies such as the FDA. Give the year and the name of this legislation.
1958, Food Additives Amendment to the FD&C Act
What spoilage compound is associated with a medicinal off odor caused by alicyclobacillus?
Guaiacol
what is protopectin?
a component of cementing material between plant cell wall. In fruits, it is converted to pectin as fruit matures.
What happens to carbohydrates if eaten in excess?
If eaten in excess, they are stored as fat
Of the following four choices, water at 18 C boils at approximately which absolute pressure? a) 0.2 kPa b) 2.0 kPa c) 20.0 kPa d) 200.0 kPa
b) 2.0 kPa
What are the sugar alcohols formed by the reduction of the following sugars: glucose, fructose, and xylose?
sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol
What is yield stress?
minimum shear stress required to initiate flow
What enzyme is responsible for cold-induced sweetening of potatoes?
Phosphorylases (esp. phosphofructokinase)
What is the scientific name of the most tender muscle in a beef carcass?
Psoas Major
What food components are measured by the following. 1. Karl fisher itration, 2. Nekson’s reagent, 3. Anthrone method
1. Water, 2. Protein, 3. Carbohydrate
what agency regulates the production, labeling, and sale of wine coolers?
wine coolers= FDA
What type of flour contains the most protein?
First Clear
What happens to enthalpy of steam when the temperature increases at constant pressure?
increases
What is an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water?
Catalase
What are some disadvantages of a plate heat exchanger?
limited to low viscosity products, re-gasketing costs can be high, fouling tendencies may exist for some products
Fresh garden herbs may be used to enhance the flavor of many foods. In comparison with dried herbs, approximately how much of minced fresh herbs are generally recommended for use?
Three times as much
What does PAGE stand for?
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Give the numerical factor for converting %N to %crude protein to one decimal point for: soybeans, dairy products, meat products.
soy = 5.7, dairy = 6.4, meat = 6.3
What end product(s) are produced in heterofermentation?
Heterofermentation is when bacteria produce lactic acid, butyric acid, acetic acid, Carbon Dioxide, and other end products.
What term refers to the measure of foreign material present in grain sample?
Dockage
What is a probiotic?
Bacteria that promote intestinal health and desirable intestinal microflora
IAFIS stands for
International Association of Food Industry Suppliers.
What is kwashiorkor?
protein malnutrition in the presence of adequate calories
Name 5 proteins with good foaming properties.
egg white proteins, the globin part of hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin, gelatin, whey proteins, casein micelles, B-casein, wheat proteins, soy proteins
When should babies begin to eat solid food?
4-6 months old (American Academy of Pediatrics)
Parathyroid hormone regulates the absorption of what mineral?
Calcium
Put these nuts in order from least fat content to greatest based on a 1 ounce serving. Pine nuts, cashews, macadamia, chestnuts, almonds
Chestnuts, cashews, almonds, pine nuts, macadamia
In what year was the blue M&M introduced?
1995
Typically, what causes the formation of characteristic flavor compounds in vegetables?
tissue damage, either from heating, chewing,stressing, etc.
The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence of a ray of light on the surface separating two media to the sine of its angle of refraction is called:
refractive index
Vitamin B9 Deficiency can cause?
Megaloblastic anemia; associated with neural tube defects, may mask B12 deficiency
Five fruits/vegetables from the family solanaceae.
Potatoes, tomato, pepper, eggplant, different types of peppers
what does the acronym NFPA stand for?
National Food Processors Association
What is glucono delta lactone?
GdL (glucono-delta-lactone) is a widely used acidulant in meat products, especially for dry cured sausages. It is used when a slow release of acid is required. In the presence of water it reverts to gluconic acid. The lowering of the pH inhibits growth of bacteria and accelerates the drying
Which of the following statements regarding the bovine growth hormone, or bovine somatotropin (bST), is true? More than one statement may be true. a) bST, when consumed by humans, is broken down into active fragments by normal human digestion b) bST is normally found in cow's milk, even if the cow is not administered additional bST. c) If injected into humans, bST is inactive and has no observable effect. d) Milk from cows treated with bST contains bST in amounts comparable to the upper limits of levels found in untreated cows.
All are true
What is Cobalt-60 used in?
g-irradiation
What enzyme is measured when the Falling number test is used on cereal-based products?
amylase
What sugar is not detected using Nelson’s reagent assay?
Sucrose
What are the three common cuts of wings?
Drumette, Wingette, Wing Tip
How much sucrose and lactose are in condensed milk?
42% sucrose and 12% lactose
what is the most commonly added synthetic antioxidant in breakfast cereals?
BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene; phenolic antioxidant used to preserve fats and oils)
What percent of the American food supply is wasted each year by being thrown away?
30-40%
Putting pressure on top of coffee to make the first espresso (strong in taste but weak in caffeine) began where?
Italy
Vitamin B2 is chemically known as?
Riboflavin; Made into FAD/FADH2
Who is the current director of the FDA?
Dr. Stephen M. Hahn was sworn in as the 24th Commissioner of Food and Drugs on December 17, 2019.
The dispersion of one liquid in another immiscible liquid is called what?
Emulsion
What are the two steps in rennet coagulation of milk?
Enzymatic cleavage of K-casein, aggregation and gelation of caseins.
Muscle proteins are degraded during aging by what enzymes?
Calpains
Who created the first successful formula for commercial bubble gum, called Dubble Bubble, in 1928?
Walter Diemer
In a canning operation, what is the juncture of the double seam and the side seam of the can called?
Crossover or lap
What is the dairy industry's most important kind of air convection drier?
The spray drier
Which U.S. state has the highest number of farms?
Texas
What nut is in honey nut cheerios?
Almonds
What mineral is best known as an antioxidant?
Selenium
Concerning cognac, what does VSOP stand for?
very superior old pale
What seafood poisoning occurs when bacteria decarboxylate histidine to histamine?
Scombroid poisoning
Ruhemann's purple is formed by what reaction used in food analysis?
Reaction of Ninhydrin with amine group of amino acids.
What is the meaning of 'cutability' of a carcass?
Cutability refers to the yield of lean meat in a carcass.
"Enriched" grains do NOT have what substance added back?
Dietary fiber
Peanut butter contains approximately what percentages of proteins and fat?
27% for protein and 49% for fat
What year was the journal Food Technology established?
1947
What meant standing in old french but now means tough bread?
stale
The following are a varieties of what fruit: Flame Tokay, Emperor, Muscat, Malaga, and Catawba?
Grape varieties
The sugar found only in milk is?
Lactose
in 1986, the president of this corporation was issued a $100,000 fine and sentenced to 1 day in prison for mis-labeling adulterated apple juice for infants.
Beech Nut
To what temperature must milk be cooled to within 2 hours after milking or after completion of milking?
45°F or 7°C (Grade "A" Pasteurized Milk Ordinance)
What molecular characteristics are measured by IR absorbance?
Bending/stretching of bonds (bond vibrational frequencies).
What are the % moisture, % CHO, % protein, and % fat found in rice on the average?
11, 64, 8, 2
Couscous is made from what?
Semolina, durum wheat
A high molecular weight polyester deposited in the waxy cuticle of some plant epidermal cells is called what?
cutin
What may happen in the lower aesophagal sphincter if not closed tight enough after eating?
Acid reflux
What is another name for the egg white?
The glair/glaire or albumen
Watermelon botanical name?
Citrullus lanatus [Cucurbitaceae (Gourd)]
What does PIA stand for?
Pseudomonas Isolation Agar
Name 3 tests that can be used to measure the fat content of milk.
Primitive Centrifugal Methods, Gerber, Babcock, Rose- Gottlieb, Schmidt Werner
match the following common descriptions w/the correct classification of flow behavior: pseudoplastic, dilatent, Bingham plastic, Thixotropic
Pseudoplastic= shear thinning;Dilantent= shear thickening;Bingham Plastic= yield stress; Thixotropic= thickens w/time
Which countries are the leading producers and exporters of tea?
India, China
For two carcasses of equal weight, which is worth more, Yield Grade 1 or Yield Grade 5?
Yield Grade 1.
Vinegar fermentation is done by...
Acetobacteria
What flavorful condiment comes from a root commonly grown in southwestern Illinois?
Horseradish
Name 7 of the 14 mandatory dietary components that must appear on the nutrition facts panel as stated in the Nutrition labeling and education act of 1990.
total calories, dietary fiber, trans fat, sugars, total fat, Vitamin A, Cholesterol, Vitamin C, saturated fat, sodium, iron, calcium, total carbohydrate, protein
Name the French liqueur made from elderflowers.
Saint Germain
Which fundamental taste sensation exhibits the most variability in terms of perception?
bitter
Relating to food service, in a three compartment sink what is each sink used for?
washing, rinsing, and sanitizing
What chemical is added to milk during cheese making for curdling?
Rennet
What is the optimal blood glucose range in milligrams per deciliter?
70-100 mg/dL.
Why is 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, also called ethephon, sprayed on tomato fields?
It forms ethylene which causes uniform ripening prior to harvest
Can a food be marketed as a modified food product under a standard name even if it does not meet all the requirements of the standard?
If listed as a modified or imitation version of the standard product
The thermal process evaluation uses the ___ value in the container to assure sterility.
Slowest heating point (or cold point).
Which agency is responsible for carrying out the Title III of the Bioterrorism Act?
FDA
Aspartame, an artificial sweetener, should not be consumed by people with what metabolic condition?
PKU
The lamb wholesale shoulder is comparable to what wholesale cut of beef?
Chuck.
what is the commercial name for Pediococcus organisms commonly used in the meat industry?
Lactacel
What year was IFT founded?
1939
What does DSHEA stand for?
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act
How many categories of uses does caramel fall under?
four
What percentage of the total workforce currently works in the foodservice industry?
10%
A homemade baking powder can be prepared by mixing:
Baking soda and cream of tartar
What is the full form of GMP?
Good Manufacturing Practices
The IMPS number 1173 is used for what cut of meat?
A beef retail cut (IMPS = Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications)
What organization governs microwave regulations?
FCC
A food sample was analyzed for aerobic plate count by diluting 100 and 1,000 times separately. the # of colonies on plate w/1:100 dilution was 240 with 1:1,000 was 35. What is the exact aerobic plate count of the food sample?
(240+35) X 100/(1X1 + 0.1X1)= 25,000 CFU/ml
What is the country of origin for Kolsch, a type of beer?
Germany
What is a cornmeal based suspension of head meat and/or pork sausage originating from the pennsylvania dutch?
scrapple
Which federal agency has jurisdiction for regulating alcoholic beverages?
Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau of the U.S. Department of the Treasury.
The small deposits of fat within meat muscle generally characteristic of higher grades of meat is known by what name?
Marbling
When nonfat dry milk solids are stored for a long time, the browning and off-flavor are a result of:
maillard reaction
What are 5 characteristic toppings of a Cobb salad?
Tomato, bacon, hard-boiled eggs, avocado, chives, Roquefort / blue cheese, red wine vinaigrette
True/False: vitamin B12 is not synthesized by bacteria and molds and is a commercial by-product of antibiotic production.
False
What is the name of the pasta that translates to "butterflies"?
Farfalle
What is the name of italian jowled bacon that is dry cured but not smoked?
Guanciale
List the following events in order from least current to most current: The Jungle, Clarence Birdeye, Basic 4 Food Pyramid, Louis Pasteur publication, Implementation of the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act.
Pasteur: 1857 The Jungle: 1906 Clarence Birdeye: 1920s FDCA: 1938 Basic 4 Food Pyramid: 1950s
Which U.S. president signed legislation in 1862, establishing the first U.S. Department of Agriculture?
Abraham Lincoln
What is the state fruit of Tennessee?
Tomato
Which is the main yeast used in beer production?
Saccharomyces uvarum, ales use S. cerevisiae (same as wine)
For a chemical equation such as H+ + OH- = H20 at equilibrium at 25?C, which of the following is always true? (a) S = 0 (b) H = 0 (c) G = 0 (d) all of above
(c) G = 0
Inosine methylene blue agar is used for?
Lactose fermenting
What product consists of pasteurized milk or low-fat milk inoculated with Lactobacillus acidophilus believed to provide health benefits?
A. Acidophilus milk or sweet acidophilus milk (when not incubated)
What is defined as an amorphous inorganic product of fusion that has been cooled into a rigid condition without crystallizing?
Glass
What is the name of the cocktail that contains white rum, mint, soda water, lime juice and sugar?
Mojito
Difference between fungi, algae, and other higher plants?
Photosynthesis
What does value, hue and chroma means?
Value: lightness or darkness Hue: predominant wavelength Chroma: intensity of color
What is Convective heat transfer?
Convective heat transfer: refers to the contact between product and the refrigerant, it is higher in liquid nitrogen.
Why can microwaves go through glass but not metal?
glass is dielectric
How is invert sugar made?
Inversion of sucrose (hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose) by citric acid, ascorbic acid, cream of tartar, or lemon juice
Explain/ define laminate packaging.
Combination of two or more layers of packaging materials that produce a film with a combined characteristics of each component made by: extrusion (molten material) and adhesion (layers glued together)
What term is defined as the number of degrees required for a specific thermal death time curve to pass through one log cycle?
Z-value
What tree's resin was used to make the 1st commercial chewing gum in 1850: A. Birch, B. Spruce, C. Pine, or D. Oak?
B. Spruce
What is the name of milk heated to 83 C, in which all enzymes are destroyed?
Scalded Milk
A substitute sweetener made from orange rind is_.
naringin dihydrochalcone( a flavone glycoside)
Why is Japanese rice more sticky?
HIGHER Amylose content (linear starch with a-1,4 bonds only)
When was the USDA created and who did Abraham Lincoln appoint as its first leader?
1862. Charles Wetherill
The farmer's share of the retail food dollar for eggs is approximately:
d. 65%.
What four types of animals are legally called meat?
bovine or cattle, pigs, lambs, goats
What is the name given to the volume of gas between the surface of the food product and the package?
Headspace
Even though bread has sucrose, a non-reducing sugar, how does it brown?
sucrose breaks down into glucose and fructose
Presently, all grain products crossing state lines are required to be enriched with which vitamins and minerals?
Iron, Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), and Folate.
What is CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
what is the only major vitamin the human body that is known to be capable of manufacturing but may not be synthesized in adequate amounts?
Vitamin D
How many pints are in one quart?
2 pints
What is the chemical nomenclature for caffeine?
1,3,7-trimethylxanthine
What is the most widely used microorganism for wine fermentation?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Which are the 2 essential fatty acids for human beings?
Linoleic (omega 6) and linolenic (omega 3)
state the non-caloric sweetener(s) found in Fresca.
Fresca= aspartame
Are coffee beans decaffeinated before or after roasting and why?
Before, to prevent loss of flavor
What is the predominant protein found in Gouda cheese?
Caesin
What method used for protein analysis aids the researcher in determining relative percentage of alpha helix and beta sheets in a single protein?
IR spectroscopy, circular dichroism, Xray crystallography
What happens in the secondary drying phase?
removal of non-freezable water(sorbed or bound water) via evap, temp limit ↑0C, process done to lower water activity
What is the full form of N with respect to unit of concentration?
Normality
If a reaction has "zero-order" kinetics, upon what does the reaction rate depend?
It is independent of reactant concentrations and remains constant under fixed conditions.
This compound is a polymer of glucose. The adult human body usually contains less than a pound. Most of it is found in the liver and muscle.
Glycogen
What compound is considered the universal methyl group donor in metabolic processes?
Methionine
Which organelle in muscle cells controls calcium flux?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
What is done in packaging potato chips to prevent damage?
Flush bag with nitrogen gas
Which bacterium is used in setting adequate heat treatment in canning industry to eliminate Clostridium botulinum?
Clostridium sporogenes PA 3679
In September 2020, dried woodear mushroom were recalled because of which Salmonella serovar?
Salmonella stanley
How many coffee beans are present in a cherry?
2
What template is used to conduct real-time PCR?
cDNA (Complementary DNA)
What experimental design should be used in consumer testing when there are too many samples to serve to each panelist? A. completely randomized design, B. randomized block design, C. balanced and complete block design, D. factorial design
C. balanced and complete block design
Name the Basic Principles of Food Processing.
1) moisture removal 2) heat treatment 3) low-heat treatment 4) thermal processing 5) nonthermal processing (traditional & nontraditional) 6) acidity control
In statistics, when sample size is 30 or larger, the t-distribution approximates what distribution?
Z-distribution (Normal)
What are the top three states in the value production of cucumbers for pickles?
Michigan, Florida and North Carolina
What is the average lifespan of a taste bud?
10-14 days
What are the two main culinary uses of egg foam?
Angel food cake and meringue.
what is 1 UNIT in determining enzyme activity?
Micromoles/minute
Give 3 advantages of food dehydration over sun drying.
more controlled conditions, shorter drying time, better sanitary conditions, no climate losses due to weather, some products (such as milk) cannot be sun dried
Pesticide Chemical Amendment (Miller Act)
1954
Plasmalogens are a unique group of phospholipids that occur in small amounts in muscle tissue and milk. The 1 position of glycerol is linked to a 16 or 18 carbon what functional group?
Aldehyde
What is a tubular centrifuge?
limitations for solids <25kg, has relatively high speed and length to radius ratio, useful clarifying lightly loaded suspensions
Over the years, the most commonly used additive in processing meat products is: A.pepper, B.sodium chloride, C.papain, or D.bromelin?
B.Sodium Chloride
Name three methods of egg preservation?
Mineral oil (coating over egg shell of fresh eggs), refrigeration, addition of food additives such as salt or antimicrobials, pasteurization, freezing, and dehydration
To the nearest percentage, what will be the percent of calories from fat in a product that contains four grams of fat, four grams of protein and five grams of carbohydrate?
Fat 9 kcal, CHO 4kcal, protein 4kcal; fat calories = (4*4+4*5+4*9 = 72), (4*5/72 = 50%)
What term is used for beef that is gray-brown throughout and firm?
Well Done
An important group of non-starch polysaccharides that contributes to the baking quality of rye flour is what?
pentosans
Please list the following from least alcohol to highest alcohol by percentage. Cider, vodka, beer, port, Shochu
beer, cider (cider or beer may be swapped), port, Shochu, vodka
Where was the first recorded outbreak of botulism and what was the source?
(not submitted, just for knowledge) Germany (18th century) and Blood Sausage.
What is the main components causing browning in bananas?
enzyme (ppo) and phenols
Give two methods by which aseptic packages are commercially sterilized.
H2O2 rinse, steam, dry heat.
In Microwave processing, what is penetration depth?
The penetration depth is used to denote the depth at which the power density has decreased to 37 % of its initial value at the surface.
What is the purpose of doing exhausting?
To prevent air expansion with heat, removes container distortion. Removal of O2 prevents internal corrosion in containers and prevents oxidative changes in foods.
In sucralose, some hydroxyl groups are replaced with which element?
Chlorine
if the HUE value is 10, you are measuring the color of: A.tomato, B.lemon, C.green apple, or D.onion?
A. tomato
How many pecks are in a bushel? 2, 4, 8, 16
b. 4
What is the purpose of GC-MS?
To separate volatile compounds and identify them based on mass/charge ratios
On February 14, 1994 the American Technology Preeminence Act of 1991 took effect. What did this law mandate?
The net quantity of contents must be stated in both English units as well as metric units
Which amino acid has the greatest molecular weight: tryptophan or tyrosine?
Tryptophan
Which of the following states is the joint leader, with Minnesota, in US turkey production: A.California, B.Texas, C.North Carolina, or D.Memphis?
C. North Carolina
a rapid pH drop in post-mortem pork causes decreased water binding by muscle tissue. What is this condition called?
PSE: Pale, Soft, exudative
Which of the following is the strongest form of radiation: a. alpha, b. beta, c. gamma?
c. Gamma radiation.
Name one of the two truly cryogenic freezing media used in freezing fruits and vegetables.
Liquid nitrogen or dry ice
Does a smaller or larger electrode gap result in faster heating of the product?
smaller electrode gap
What state is the pretzel making capital of the U.S.?
Pennsylvania
What is the area under a lethal rate curve defined as?
lethality
What does BSA stand for?
Bovine Serum Albumin
A US gallon is equivalent to how many UK gallons (out to 1 significant figure)?
0.8
What is the slowest freezing method?
Sharp freezing
What is the state appetizer of Rhode Island?
Calamari
What part of the Crocus sativus flower is used for the saffron colorant?
The stigma.
What does the “c” stand for in the equation E=mc^2?
the speed of light
What is hydrogenation?
Addition of Hydrogen to the double-bonds of unsaturated oils. This changes liquid oils into semisolids and makes the fat or oil less susceptible to oxidation and rancidity. It causes fat to be more saturated.
At which pH level of that shrimp become progressively spoiled: A.7.7, B.7.8, C.7.9, or D.8.0?
C. 7.9 or higher
What is an emerging infectious disease (EID)?
an infectious disease whose incidence has increased in the past 20 years and could increase in the near future
what agency regulates the production, labeling, and sale of the following products: wine coolers, Emu, Turkey, Lite Beer
wine coolers= FDA; Emu= FDA; Turkey= USDA, Lite Beer= Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB)
Botrytis cinerea is a mold found on grapes. What 2 wine styles require botrytis during growing or processing?
Sauternes and Tokaji
The enumeration technique for microorganisms which uses 3 sets of tubes with, 3, 5, or 10 tubes per set is called what?
most probable number
Grocery bags are primarily made of what material?
LDPE
Compared to soluble fiber, insoluble fiber is more effective at?
Decreasing constipation and binding water
PCB is a pollutant that can be in fish. What does PCB stand for?
polychlorinated biphenyl
Put these amino acids in order from smallest to largest molecular size: arginine, alanine, and cysteine.
alanine smallest, cysteine, arginine largest
Microorganisms that can survive low water activity conditions are called
xerophilic
Why are chelating agents used in dairy products?
de-aggregate casein complexes
What are five mycotoxins, and what is one food each is commonly found in?
aflatoxin- (peanuts, tree nuts, corn), patulin- (apples), roquefortine c (blue cheeses), ochratoxin a (grain, pork, coffee, wine grapes), citrinin (grains)
Juice or beverage spoilage by Alicyclobacillus primarily leads to what spoilage compound, associated with a medicinal off odor?
Guaiacol
Explain why a virus cannot cause a toxicoinfection or an intoxication.
Viruses are obligate parasites;they do not produce toxins and can only cause invasive infections
classify the following as either endothermic or exothermic: melting, condensation, evaporation, boiling, freezing, crystallization
melting=endo; condensation=exo; evaporation= endo; boiling= endo; freezing= exo; crystallization= exo
Explain Innovative Nonthermal Processing.
Refers to new technologies that preserve the food supply without raising the temperature; to eliminate thermal degradation of food quality
What dessert was invented by Franz Sacher in 1832?
the sachertorte
What are the names of the three gnomes tha represent Kellog's Rice Krispy Cereal?
Snap, Crackle, and Pop
PSE and DFD meat are common defects in meat products; what do these 2 acronyms stand for?
Pale, Soft, Exudative and Dark, Firm, Dry
FSIS
Food Safety and Inspection Service
Lactose is composed of
glucose and galactose
What is the normal pH range of post-rigor pork muscle?
5.4 - 5.6
If sugar is decreased in a recipe for yeast bread, the result will be:
decreased volume
What is the main class of color compounds found in raspberries?
Anthocyanins
List four method used to find the total number of microorganisms in foods.
pour plate, surface spread plate, surface drop, agar droplet, and microdilution
Which of the following classes does nitrite use in hot dogs fall under: A.food additive, B.GRAS, or C.pre-sanctioned
C. Pre-sanctioned
What is the antimicrobial compound within an egg?
Lysozyme
Which of the following vegetables can tolerate the highest atmospheric C02 levels during storage? a) Broccoli b) Cauliflower c) Potatoes d) Lettuce
Broccoli
Which of the following molds has a foot cell: Aspergillus, Penicillium, or Alternaria?
Aspergillus.
Differentiate between evaporated and sweetened condensed milk.
A. Evaporated milk is made by evaporating water from whole milk under a vacuum. It may be homogenized and/or fortified with vitamin D and then sterilized in cans. By contrast, sweetened condensed milk is canned without sterilization with 18% sucrose acting as a preservative.
Freezer Burn
A condition that occurs when frozen food has been damaged by dehydration and oxidation. Usually due to substandard packaging
What is the botanical name of goat?
Capra aegagrus hircus
Why does a hold tube have an upward slope?
to eliminate air pockets and ensure self draining
What food is most associated with the foodborne illness agent enterobacter sakazakii?
Infant formula
What does the microscopic technique 'TEM' stand for?
TEM= Transmission Electron Microscopy
What city hosts a Solar egg frying contest every July 4?
Oatman, Arizona
What does WHO/FAO stand for?
World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization
What bacon refers to the lean meat of the boneless pork shoulder?
Cottage
Under ideal conditions, how many hours are required to double the yeast population used in vinification?
2 hours.
What enzyme, only present in the liver and kidney, converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose?
Glucose-6-phosphotase
Glycolysis comes from the Greek roots glykos and lysis. What are the literal interpretations of these two terms?
Glykos means sweet, and lysis means losing/disappearing/breaking down. Overall, it means a loss of sweetness
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?
The equation to estimate the pH of a buffer solution containing given concentrations of an acid and its conjugate base
What does PTO stand for?
Patent & Trademark Office
The single most important phase of a sterile canning operation is what?
retorting
What six items must be present on the label of a meat product?
Name, net weight, ingredient statement, company, storage instructions, inspection legend.
Soy flour is produced by solvent extraction of dehulled soybean meat. What is the protein content of this product?
0.5
What two beef wholesale cuts yield "middle meats"?
ribeye roll, lip-on; tenderloin; strip loin; top sirloin butt
What are the prolamins in corn called?
Zein
What is the name of butter sauce made by reducing vinegar and white butter?
Beurre Blanc
Name the two principal whey proteins.
Beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin.
An enzyme that catalyzes formation of hydroperoxide from fatty acids is what?
lipoxygenase
A typical plastic milk bottle is made by a process known as:
Extrusion blow molding
High/excellent source of:
20%+ of the DRI/RDA
What is the volume (in liters) of 1 mol of gas at standard temperature and pressure?
22.4 L
What is OSHA and when was it passed?
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
name the 4 antimicrobial defenses of eggs.
shell, membranes, lysozyme (lysis of cell walls), avidin (binds biotin; needed for m/o growth), conalbumin (chelates iron)
the degree of unsaturation of a fat is measured by the ______value.
iodine value
What is the difference between somesthesis and kinesthesis?
somesthesis = tactile sense, skin feel; Kinesthesis = deep pressure sense of proprioception
Why are phosphates in processed meat products?
These agents increase the functionality of the muscle/meat proteins and water holding capacity of the meat proteins.
Which act requires inspection of all meat if it is moved within or between states?
wholesome meat act of 1967
In 2025, how many calories are in a McDonald's' Big Mac?
580
what does the acronym associated w/food analysis techniques 'NMR' stand for?
NMR= nuclear magnetic resonance
What is the structural difference between pheophytin a and chlorophyll a?
Pheophytin a is chlorophyll without a Magnesium ion
What is the first milk of cows, usually discarded?
Colostrum
What is another name for dihydrogen monoxide?
Water, H2O
Name 5 dietery fibres.
cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, guar gum
Name a fruit in which fat contributes to most of the calories?
Avocado, olive, and raw coconut meat
What does IFT stand for?
Institute of Food Technology
Chiffon, marble, and bundt are types of what?
Cake
When can one-tailed test be used for sensory testing?
Never
What does the acronym PMO stand for and is it required?
PMO - Pasteurized Milk Ordinance; it is not required
Give the egg shell composition.
CaCO3 - 94%, MgCO3 - 1%, Ca3(PO4)2 - 1%, Organic matter - 4%
What is the name of the beef that is salted, seasoned, and smoked, from Romania?
Pastrami
Name 5 essential minerals.
Calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfur, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, selenium, chromium, molybdenum, and fluoride.
the classification of a microorganism based on its response to an antibody assay is called what?
serotyping
What class of compounds causes bitterness and astringency in red wines?
phenols, polyphenols or phenolic compounds
Which of the following is NOT a true cereal grain: A.sorghum, B.buckwheat, C.millet, or D.triticale?
B. buckwheat
What waffle variety is commonly heart shaped and have a sweet topping?
Scandanavian
Classify the following dietary fibers as soluble or insoluble: hemicellulose, cellulose powder, gum, oatbran
Insoluble: Hemicellulose, cellulose powder, gum Soluble: oatbran
What is the most common pathogen found in cheese outbreaks?
Monocytogenes
Name three Cauliflower cultivars.
Alverda, Brocoverde, Majestic, Snow Crown, Violet Queen
What is the difference between Vietnamese cinnamon (cassia) compared to Ceylon cinnamon?
Vietnamese is oilier and more flavorful but has less health benefits and is cheaper with higher levels of coumarin. Vietnamese (Cinnamomum Loureiroi) and Ceylon (Cinnamomum Zeylanicum or Cinnamomum Verum).
What part of the food industry is regulated by the U.S. Department of Treasury?
Purity and safety of alcoholic beverages, and other distilled beverages
Why do bacteriologists incubate pathogens at 37C?
It is the human body temperature
What is the purpose of Refrigeration storage?
To extend shelf-life by slowing down derogatory reactions and limiting microbial growth.
Q: What is the difference between professional members and members?
A: Only professional members may,vote and hold elected office.
Vodka is made by first fermenting a food. Name 4 foods that are typically fermented to make vodka.
sorghum, corn, rice, rye or wheat, potatoes, fruits (even just sugar is acceptable)
what kinds of acids are the most effective acid-based antimicrobial preservatives in foods?
weak organic acids, because only undissociated acids can cross the cell membrane
Bromate is added to flour for what purpose?
Oxidizing agent
Name the acid coagulated cheese.
Quark
Classify the following baking powders as fast or slow acting: Tartrates, Na Al phosphate, Na acid pyrophosphate
Tartrates: F; Na Al Phosphate: S; Na acid pyrophosphate: S;
In apple juice, titratable acidity should be reported as which acid equivalent?
Malic acid
Halibut is particularly high in which fat-soluble vitamin?
Vitamin A
What does ANOVA stand for?
Analysis of Variance
Why is refrigeration combined with other methods?
Combined refrigeration with other preservatives techniques to enhance shelf life. MAS (Modified Atmosphere Storage).
What is IFTs definition of food science?
Employs biological, chemical, and physical research to develop the basic understanding necessary to provide a nutritious, safe, and acceptable diet.
How is the pasteurization time and temperature selected?
It is based upon the principle of D value, higher temperature, shorter time
Describe error of habituation.
Tendency to continue to give the same response when a series of slowly increasing or decreasing stimuli are presented
What are the three main steps in the autooxidation of lipids?
Initiation, Propagation, Termination
Lists three types of Vanilla as to their source and give their properties.
Madagascar – highly flavorful, spicy. expensive, Mexican Vanilla – woody flavor,Tahitian Vanilla – floral flavor
What are the three ingredients mainly found in mirepoix?
Onions, carrots, and celery
Name of four compounds that may be used as humectants.
glycerol, sorbitol, sucrose, and NaCl
What is the most effective way of inactivating botulism toxin?
Heat
what agency regulates the production, labeling, and sale of Lite Beer?
Lite Beer= Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB)
What is the yellow pigment in patent wheat flour?
Xanthophyll, a type of carotenoid that gives color to wheat flour.
Discuss the principle of HTST processing and why it is used.
By heating food at a high temperature and short time, many desirable nutrients and sensory components can be retained but many undesirable microorganisms and enzymes can be destroyed. It is based on the principle of different z values for vitamins and bacteria
Name four additives that are legal for use in making cheese.
Rennet, annatto, calcium chloride, and starter culture
Pectin with a 50-58% of the carboxyl groups esterified with methanol is known as what?
High-methoxyl pectin
What does DRI stand for?
Dietary Reference Intake
What is the likely source of the hemorrhagic e. coli that contaminates hamburger?
cow's cut during slaughter
What does GMP stand for and why does it exist?
Good Manufacturing Practice, to make food products sanitary
Hops, used in the brewing of beer comes from which part of the Humulus lupulus plant?
flower or blossom
What law gave FDA power to make the food industry keep records on traceability of foods?
Biosecurity Act of 2002
What is the hormone released by cows that allow milk to be released?
Oxytocin
What are the units of basal metabolic rate?
Joule/hour/kilogram body mass or watt (joule/second) to ml O2/min
Which preserving process loses the most vitamins and minerals?
Canning
Tomato catsup is described as a: a. Newtonian fluid or b. Non-Newtonian fluid.
b. Non-Newtonian fluid.
Which agency establishes pesticide tolerances in raw foods?
EPA
What is the nutritional claim that can be made when a product serving is less than 140 mg of sodium?
Low sodium
Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) of 1990
made nutrition labeling mandatory on most food products and established definitions for health and nutrient claims.
One of the important functions of Vitamin D is?
Calcium absorption
What is the exact address of IFT headquarters?
525 W. Van Buren, Ste 1000, Chicago, IL 60607.
What fruit has a fat content of about 20%, about 20 times the average of other fruits?
Avocado
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1oC is called what?
Calorie
What three micro-organisms are involved in the production of soy sauce?
Aspergillus seed starter, soy yeast, lactic acid bacteria.
Type of food spoilage organisms depend on food composition and intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Give 3 each of intrinsic and extrinsic factors
intrinsic: physical structure, Moisture content, pH. Extrinsic: temperature, relative humidity, gas atmosphere, light
Food Technology was established in what year?
1947
What is the oldest known vegetable?
The pea
What levels of ethylene are generally needed to initiate ripening in fruits?
0.1 to 1.0 ppm (some fruits need as little as 0.01 ppm).
What gives waxy corn its properties?
No amylose
many fungi are dimorphic. what does dimorphic mean?
they can change from a yeast form to a mold form
What cheese has the most moisture?
A. Cottage Cheese
What are three genera of fungi commonly used in food production?
Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Saccharomyces
What are the four macronutrient sources of calories?
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins and alcohol
What is the name of the pasta that translates to "little worms"?
Vermicelli
This important packaging material was patented in 1810 by Peter Durand of England.
Tin can
The first federal food law was passed in 1906. What was it?
Food and Drugs Act and/or Meat Inspection Act, both June 30th, 1906.
How do you get latent heat from the steam table?
You take the enthalpy of saturated vapor minus enthalpy of liquids, or there will be a column enthalpy of evaporation which is equal to latent heat
How is orange juice defined by the US code of federal regulations?
unfermented juice obtained from mature oranges of the species Citrus sinensis or of the citrus hybrid commonly called Ambersweet
The typical process controller used on a retort is called a PID controller. What do the initials PID stand for?
Proportional Integral Derivative
What are the 8 key elements in an aseptic processing system?
the product, flow control (pumps), deaerator (optional), product heating, hold tube, product cooling, surge tank, filler for packaging
What is the name of viscous liquid in which legumes have been washed?
Aquafaba/fava
What does xenobiotic mean?
A. It is a foreign compound found in an organism that is not normally expected to be present in it
Stale beer frequently contains elevated levels of what compound?
trans-2-nonenal
What is the genus of jalapeno and other peppers?
capsicum
In statistics, what is the Arithmetic Mean?
It is what is commonly known as the average; it is the sum of all values divided by the number of values.
What is a well-known gum used by microbiologists in bacteria cultivation and by food technologists in icing production?
agar-agar
How is the cell wall structure of a Gram+ cell responsible for the cell's Gram-stain reaction?
G+ bacteria have a very thick cell wall consisting of peptidoglycan. These are dehydrated by the alcohol, causing the pores to close, thus preventing the Crystal Violet-Iodine complex from leaving the cell
What is conventional filtration?
perpendicular flow causes a quick buildup of solids on membrane surface and reduces flux
How many calories do you consume every time you lick a stamp?
1/10th of a calorie
the presence of mold Botrytis cinerea in wine can create a problem in: A.fermentation, B.crushing, C.filtration, or D.aging
C. filtration: it produces B-glucans, which are large polymers that clog filters
What is turgor pressure?
Turgor pressure or turgidity is the main pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells and bacteria cells; It is determined by the water content of the vacuole
What is the desired crystallization type for tempering chocolate?
Type 5
What does SPC stand for in microbiology?
Standard plate count
What microorganism does Bismuth-Sulfite agar select for?
Bismuth-Sulfite= Salmonella
Name the top U.S. quality grade of beef.
Prime
What was the first college bowl competition and when?
Atlanta 1985
What substance did Canadians Charles Best and Fredrick Banting discover in 1922?
Insulin
Rank these sweeteners from highest to lowest sweetening power. Sucrose maltose, aspartame, sucralose, stevioside.
Sucralose, Stevioside, Aspartame, Sucrose, Maltose
What insoluble constituent makes approximately 12% of an egg's total weight? What part of the egg contains the most calcium?
The shell
What type of whey is produced during the manufacture of Swiss cheese?
Swiss= sweet whey
What does DV stand for?
Daily Value
Raw, unroasted cashews, are considered inedible sue to their containment of what toxin?
Urushiol
What is gibberellic acid?
A plant growth regulator (hormone) occurring in the seeds of some plants; aids in seed germination.
Who set up the first cannery in the United States?
William Underwood.
Give two ingredients used in the cream of macaron.
Butter cream, Ganache, jam, Clotted cream
Give the significance of the following dates for U.S. food law: 1785, 1850, 1862, 1906
1785-The Massachusetts “Act Against Selling Unwholesome Provisions,” 1906- Pure Food and Drugs Act was signed by President Roosevelt 1862- President Abraham Lincoln founded the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
What are two natural inhibitory substances found in eggs?
Lysozyme, ovomucoid, conalbumin, avidin, riboflavin.
What are the m/o responsible for traveler's diarrhea?
e. coli
If you have a method that you want to use to measure the % fat in a product and it is not AOAC approved, how would you determine if it is accurate?
take known fat percentages and run them with the method to perform a standard curve so that you can determine the linear range of your method and assure its accuracy.
Enzymes that catalyze transphosphorylation are called:
Kinases
What is a mycelium?
a single mass of hyphae (plural: mycelia)
What is the name of veal from calves slaughtered as early as 2 hours old?
Bob Veal
What are the substrates for Strecker degradation?
Dicarbonyl, amines
What does a headspace scavenger such as ascorbate do in a container?
Reduce headspace [O2]
Which of the following contains the greatest mass of sugar: A.10 dates, B.12 oz. Coke, C.1 cup Vanilla ice cream, or D.1 medium orange?
A. 10 dates
the saturated 12 carbon fatty acid is commonly known as what?
Lauric Acid
What is carboxy-methyl-cellulose often used for?
Thickening
What process is used to separate the lipid and solid content to achieve a uniform fat concentration in milk?
Homogenization
what does the acronym NARMS stand for?
National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System
What are the driving forces of membrane processes?
Transmembrane pressure, concentration gradient, chemical potential, osmotic pressure, electric field, magnetic field, partial pressure, pH gradient
How many oxygen molecules can bind to hemoglobin?
4
What is the alkaloid in irish potatoes?
solanine
What is a California Long White?
A potato
What is the name of meat from old sheep?
Mutton
In which country fresh smoked kielbasa originated?
Poland
What is the main component of the thick filaments in muscle cells?
Myosin
The high fat content of ice cream helps keep it smooth by decreasing ice crystals. Other ingredients that reduce ice crystals include:
fat, corn syrup or protein
What is the integrating part of the entire nervous system?
Central nervous system
What are the two main types of chinese flaky pastry?
Huaiyang/Cantonese
Who is the current commissioner of the FDA?
Dr. Margaret 'Peggy' Hamburg (since 2009)
Mallard Duck botanical name?
Anas platyrhynchos
Cleavage of K-casein gives
para kappa casein, glycomacropeptide
What is the name of butter made from fermented cream?
Cultured Butter
The ester of which 2 compounds compose chlorogenic acid?
quinic acid and caffeic acid
Why do we use steel instead of aluminum can in high temperature processing?
Steel can is more consistent
What is the difference between all purpose flour and cake flour?
Total protein content
Fat crystals are held together by what forces?
Van der Waals
What specific class of enzymes is thought to be responsible for the disruption of the fat globule membrane in raw milk?
Phospholipases (If lipase is given, ask for a more specific answer)
What type of label claim is the following statement and example of ‘pop tarts are a good source of calcium’?
nutrient content claim
What is moisture content (dry vs wet basis)?
all calcs need to be done dry basis x=X_w/〖1-X〗_w , X_w=(mass water)/(mass of moist food)*100,X=(m water)/(m dry solid), Web basis is = (m water)/(m moist food (total mass)) x 100
What two pieces of information must appear on a food package's principle display panel?
Name of product (statement of identify) and net quantity of contents.
What is the FDA action level for aflatoxins in nearly all US commodities?
20 ppb (animal feeds and milk are exceptions)
Name 8 of the 12 methods to preserve foods.
pickling, salting, smoking, canning, bottling, pasteurization, refrigeration, sterilization, dehydration, lyophilization, chemical additives, radiation
What are the advantages of processing with a hydrostatic cooker relative to a still retort?
Continuous flow; external pressure balances internal pressure during heating and cooling, leading to more efficient processing.
What is exhausting?
Removal of air from headspace of container
In poultry, what is the difference between a "broiler" and a "fryer"?
Both are types of chicken that are raised for meat. Fryer are just a bit larger in weight than broiler.
What are the steps necessary in sauerkraut production?
Shred cabbage; salt cabbage at 2.25-3%; pack the cabbage to remove air pockets; create an anaerobic environment; hold at 21 degrees C for 3-4 weeks
Name 3 types of heat treatment during food processing and what is their purpose
blanching (inactivates enzymes), pasteurization (kill pathogenic bacteria), and sterilization (kill all bacteria and other organisms)
What kinds of food emulsions are? (1) Butter (2) Mayonnaise (3) Milk
Butter = water in oil, Mayonnaise = oil in water, Milk = oil in water
What is the spontaneous loss of fluid from a food gel is called?
syneresis
Arrange according to size of starch granules: potato, rice, corn, tapioca
Corn, rice, tapioca, potato
What respiratory condition might cause someone to be allergic to cysteine?
asthmatics
What color of grapes are dark and golden raisins made from, and how do the processes differ?
Both are from green grapes: Dark raisins are sun-dried and golden raisins are hot-air dried
What is the name of FD&C Green No.3?
Fast Green
Scromboid poisoning happens with fish high in what amino acid?
Histamine
Which milk product is concentrated to 2.25 times the solids of normal milk and then sterilized in cans in continuous pressure retorts at 245 °F or 118.3 °C for 15 minutes?
A. Evaporated milk
In which of the following tests do you need a reference comparison: duo-trio, hedonic, paired comparison
duo-trio; paired comparison
True or False: Yeast contains glutamic acid.
True, 8-10% of whole yeast
In areas where corn was introduced as a staple crop a new disease soon developed. What is the disease and what causes it?
Pellagra, Niacin deficiency (50-80% of corn's niacin is unavailable)
Explain 'Ghost peaks' in chromatography.
Ghost peaks are unknown or unwanted peaks that may interfere with the chromatogram and become a concern in qualitative and quantitative analysis. These peaks may appear at the same retention time as that of the analyte of interest, or there may be very less resolution between the analyte and these peaks, due to which the quantitative analysis is adversely affected. The ghost peaks can also be termed extraneous peaks, artifact peaks, system peaks, pseudo peaks, vacancy peaks, eigen peaks, induced peaks, and spurious peaks. These peaks may arise from unknown impurities or artifacts within the system, such as contaminants from a dirty injector, carrier phase, extractable contaminant, autosampler vials, and caps, or from a contaminant carried over from a previous injection.
What are cabinet/tray/compartment dryers?
Thin layer of product, air moves either cross-flow or through flow, cheap to build and maintain, mainly for fruits and vegetable, uneven drying, more rapid drying where trays enter, good for pilot testing
Who ended the spontaneous generation debate?
Louis Pasteur
Fish fats are different from beef fat mainly because they are which of the following? Colored, PUFA, More stable
PUFA
What fungus has a crown, spores, gills, and a stalk?
Mushroom
What is the measurement of the oxygen used in the stabilization of organic matter by microorganisms over a 5-day period at 20C called?
Biological/Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D).
What is a substance not naturally part of a food but deliberately added to fulfill some specific purpose?
Food additive
What is the color pigment in turmeric?
Brilliant yellow
What is the dressing percentage of a steer that had a live weight of 1,250 lb. and a carcass weight of 800 lb.?
62-64%
What are the three main types of meringues and how are they made?
Italian, Swiss and French French is egg whites beaten with sugar. Italian is a egg white beaten with hot sugar syrup. Swiss is egg whites beaten with sugar over heat.
What is the genus of Jalapeño and other peppers?
Capsicum.
Kraft paper is commonly used as butcher wrap. What does the German word Kraft mean?
Strong
What hormone reduces calcium concentration in blood?
Calcitonin
What is the name of a single slice of bacon in the UK?
Rasher
Define the saponification number.
milligrams of KOH to saponify 1 gram of fat
What are the substrates for soy sauce production?
Wheat (or Rice) and Soybeans
Another name for thermal resistance constant is
z-value
(True/False) Coxiella burnetti is a chlamydia
True
Name 4 water-soluble vitamins.
B1 – thiamine, B2 – riboflavin, B3 – niacin, B5 – pantothenic acid, B6 – pyridoxine, B7 – Biotin, B9 – folic acid, B12 – Cobalamine, vitamin C
A Newton is defined as which of the following? (a) The work done when a point of application of 1kgm/s2 is displaced a distance of 1m (b) The force that gives a mass of 1 kg an acceleration of 1m/s2 (c) The power that give rise to the production of energy at the rate of 1 m2kg/s2 (d) None of the above
(b) The force that gives a mass of 1 kg an acceleration of 1m/s2
What is the titrant used in the Mohr titration for salt determination and what is the end product of the chemical reaction?
Silver nitrate is used as the titrant and the silver reacts with chloride to form a silver chloride precipitate, silver chromate is the end product.
Bromelain for pineapple, ficin from figs or papain from papaya may be added to meat to serve as what type of agent?
Tenderizers
What is the limiting amino acid of most cereal grains?
lysine
in what test is Kovac's reagent used?
indole test of IMViC (series of tests to identify organisms in coliform group)
Name the packaging material made out of cellulose.
Cellophane (paper is acceptable too)
What enzyme is not inactivated by blanching?
Peroxidases
True/False: an organic substance is one containing carbon-carbon bonds or carbon-hydrogen bonds.
True
What is the forced circulation evaporator, how does it work, what is it used for?
This is for viscous fluids, liquids with suspended solids and some degree of scaling and fouling. Product is pumped at high velocity through a heat exchange section where boiling is prevented by the application of hydrostatic pressure. High velocity helps to prevent scaling and fouling and to increase heat transfer rate, absence of boiling also helps reduce scaling, capital investment and operation cost high
What two organisms are involved in vinegar production and in what order?
s. cerevisiae and acetobacter
What is the country of origin of Gouda cheese?
Gouda= Netherlands (Holland)
What is the mechanism of evaporation?
Evaporation is an endothermic process (gets colder as it reaction goes on), evaporation lowers the temperature because the higher moving faster (hotter) molecules are being removed. Cohesive forces keep molecules together, and evaporation is the escape of those molecules
how much Hg is allowed in shark meat
1 ppm
What is 'The Park Principle'?
Supreme Court Case (US vs. John Park) in 1975 that established the precedent for criminal liability of food company executives w/o the need of establishing intent
which of the procedures listed is designed to kill most microorganisms: A.radappertization, B.radicitation, or C.radurization?
A. radappertization
A gritty texture in ice cream is due to what?
Lactose crystallization
What two essential amino acids contain Sulfur?
Cysteine, methionine
Concerning meat inspection, what does FSIS stand for?
Food Safety and Inspection Service.
What are springers, flippers, and hard swells?
Categories of swollen cans
What is the minimum soluble solids % (Brix) allowed in jellies?
65% or 65°Brix
What 4 ingredients are necessary for making soy sauce?
Soybeans, wheat, salt, water
Name the genus and species of bottom fermentation in lager beer.
Sacchromyces pastorianus
What characteristic acid is formed during Swiss cheese fermentation?
A. Propionic Acid
What genus of lactic acid bacteria contains both homo- and heterofermentative species?What is the microaerophilic bacteria used in dairy production?
Lactobacillus spp.
Which of the following has the highest pH: maple syrup, sweet corn, walnuts, or egg whites?
A. Egg whites
What organ stores bile for release?
Gall bladder
In thermoprocessing, what is the difference between "sterility" and "commercial sterility"?
Sterility: free from microorganism Commercial Sterility: Free from pathogenic microorganisms and reduced levels of spoilage microorganisms that does not affect quality of a product
Define apparent acidity.
A. Acid due to non-acid species (e.g., in cow's milk, acid due to proteins, phosphates, carbonates, and citrates)
Gluten can be extracted from dough made from flour and water by:
rinsing with water
Which of the following are reducing sugars and which are not : sucrose, trehalose, maltose, fructose, glucose
sucrose, trehalose are non reducing
Why is raw soybean meal not as good a source of essential proteins as cooked or heat processed soybean meal?
soybeans contain trypsin inhibitors which reduce digestibility of soy protein; heating denatures the inhibitors
What does HPLC stand for?
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
What part of which plant is Locust Bean gum extracted from?
Locust bean gum comes from the seeds of the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua)
What is the main carbohydrate in milk?
Lactose
Under what Act was the FDA established?
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
what's the impairment or absence of smell called?
anosmia
When viscosity of a fluid increases, what happens to the reynolds number?
Increase
Which food preservation process uses low level of radiation to kill pathogens in food products?
Irradiation
Normally the lipid levels in fruits and vegetables are less than 1%. What are the two exceptions?
Avocado (20%) and olive (15%).
What is the source of tetrodotoxin?
Puffer fish
What are the 5 main types of botulism?
foodborne, infant, wound, Adult intestinal toxemia, Iatrogenic botulism
Solanine, a naturally occurring toxic compound found in potatoes, increases in concentration faster during what type of storage condition temperature?
Warm storage
Name the 4 layers of a tin can.
Steel, tin, iron alloy, tin, enamel
What are the 3 effects of high temperature on whey protein?
denaturation, coagulation, cooked flavor
What may occur in vegetable oil if trace heavy metals leach into the product from processing equipment?
lipid oxidation may accelerate
What color is observed when red, green, and blue pigments are mixed in equal amounts?
White
What are lactic acid bacteria?
A group of Gram+, non-spore forming, catalase negative, aerotolerant anaerobes, which carry out the fermentation of sugars
In dairy, what is PMO?
Pasteurized Milk Ordinance
What is the name for the phenomenon that draws water into food materials?
Capillary action (surface tension).
For the fluorescent analysis of vitamin C, dehydroascorbic acid is allowed to react with what compound to form a fluorescent derivative?
O-phenylenediamine (or dimethyl-O-phenylenediamine)
Pacific salmon contains what genus?
Oncorhynchus
What swedish pastry is known as kanelbulle?
Cinnamon bun/Cinnamon roll
What is the name of the pasta that translates "to line"?
Rigatoni
Name the theory that originally explained the phenomenon of protein gelation.
Ferry's Mechanism, 1948
Who is the publisher of Food Technology magazine?
IFT
How do you convert deg F to deg R?
deg F + 459.67 = deg R
Deficiency of Vit K, phylloquinone and menaquinone, causes?
Bleeding diathesis
Name the volatile fatty acids in milk and state the number of carbons in each.
Butyric (C4) Caproic (C6) Caprylic (C8) Capric (C10) Lauric (C12)
What is LD50 value?
dose of a substance that will kill 50% of the test subjects
Hops botanical name?
Humulus lupulus
What country is the world’s largest producer of Vanilla?
Madagascar
G protein couple receptors detect what three tastes?
Bitter, sweet, umami
What is kefir?
A. Fermented milk (goat, buffalo, or cow) produced using lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus lactis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Leuconostoc cremoris, etc.) and yeasts (Saccharomyces kefir, Candida kefyr, Kluveromyces fragilis, etc.)
What is the act of debasing food using food additives?
Adulteration
Name 5 antimicrobial spices.
cinnamon, cloves, mustard, allspice, horseradish, onion, garlic, oregano, thyme, cumin, rosemary, ginger, basil, fennel, coriander, black pepper
What four ingredients are necessary for making soy sauce?
Soybeans, wheat, salt, water.
What USDA grades of beef are generally found in the grocery store: A.Prime and Standard, B.Choice and Select, C.Cutter and Canner, or D.Select and Standard?
B. Choice and Select
What is the primary alkaloid found in cocoa and chocolate?
Theobromine
Name three Cantaloupe cultivars.
Ambrosia, Caravelle, Israeli, Magnum 45, French Orange, Minnesota Midget, Mission, Perlita, Rocky Sweet
What is the artificial color number for Allura Red?
FD&C Red No.40
What does WONF stand for?
With Other Natural flavors
Rank the following lipoproteins by size: HDL, VLDL, LDL, IDL, chylomicrons
chylomicrons>VLDL>IDL>LDL>HDL
What are 4 advantages of radiant heat?
non-contact heating, fast response, reduced heating time, uniform heating, reduced quality losses, versatile, simple, compact equipment, and significant energy saving
What beverage is clotted cream mainly used in?
Cream Tea
What is the Kjeldahl factor for dairy products?
6.38
What is perigo factor?
Formation of a substance or an agent which is ten times more inhibitory to Clostridium spp than nitrate alone when medium with added nitrite is heated is called perigo factor (named after the microbiologist Perigo, J A).
When was the dietary supplement health and education act enacted?
1994
What is the main type of flour used in pasta?
Semolina
What are the 4 purposes of evaporation in industry?
To reduce the volume of the product, to economize on packaging, shipping storage and distribution costs. To pre-concentrate liquid foods such as fruit juice, milk and coffee before product enters a dehydration process, thus saving energy in subsequent operations. To increase solids content of food and hence preserve it by lowering water activity. To reduce the microbial load and stabilize the product
Caramel coloring is mostly used in what food?
Beer
Name three beet cultivars.
Cylindra, Detroit Dark Red, Pacemaker II
What is the enzyme used to make curds in cheese formation? Name the enzyme that is responsible for the hydrolyzation of casein of milk in cheese formation. Name the enzyme that is used to precipitate casein from fluid milk in order to produce cheese.
Rennin (or more properly Chymosin)
Various microscopic techniques are used to evaluate the microstructure of foods and food products. What do the following microscopic techniques stand for: CLSM, SEM, and TEM
CLSM= Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy;SEM= Scanning Electron Microscopy;TEM=Transmission Electron Microscopy
What vitamin is responsible for the prevention of certain kinds of anemias, is involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids, and is synthesized by microorganisms?
Folacin (or folate/folic acid)
Amontillado sherry originates from what country?
Spain
The quality assurance system called HACCP stands for ...
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points
What color are Staphylococcus aureus colonies on Baird Parker agar?
Black.
Is the osmotic pressure higher or lower inside a growing cell as compared to the external environment?
Higher, Cell elongation during growth is followed by influx of water into the vacuole
Freedom of Information Act (all actions of government must be made public)
1971
What receptor is used by hot peppers and what does it stimulate?
-Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1). Also known as vanilloid receptor 1 or the capsaicin receptor -Causes heat sensation in neurons.
What is the major protein of milk? What is the standard protein for protein digestibility test? What protein is universally considered to be nutritionally complete?
Casein
Name three asparagus cultivars.
Jersey Giant, Apollo, Atlas, Jersey Gem, Purple Passion, Jersey Knight
What is Maillard reaction?
Reaction that occurs between reducing sugars and free amino acids, results in brown, flavorful compounds
Discuss energy consumption with spray drying.
the lower the percent solids, the more energy required for spray drying (that why evaporate before spray dry) heat consumption KJ/ 1kg water = 6000/spray dry, 2600/evap1stg, 1300/evap2stg, 430/evap6stg
What are the two selected agents in Baird-Parker media?
is a medium for the enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in foods which was first reported by Baird-Parker (1962) contains Lithium chloride and tellurite
What is the concentration of casein in human milk compared to cow milk?
Lower concentration
Which tannins can tan? hydrolysable, condensed tannins, phyto, non-condensed
Condensed tannins
Name the only fruit or vegetable that is never sold frozen, canned, processed, cooked or in any other from except fresh.
Lettuce
What is one equation for determining percent overrun?
A. %OR = (volume of ice cream - volume of mix / volume of mix) X 100 A. %OR = (weight of mix - weight of ice cream / weight of ice cream) X 100
A proteolytic enzyme isolated from fig tree sap and used for meat tenderization is called ___.
Ficin
Why are linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids considered essential fatty acids?
n-6 and n-3 cannot be synthesized in the human body
What does the AACC stand for?
American association of cereal chemists
What military leader offered a prize to scientists to develop preserved foods for the armies of France?
Napoleon Bonaparte [Napoleon's Food Preservation Prize (1795)]
Usually how old are broilers or chickens produced for meat?
5 to 7 weeks
What position implies that there are specific differences between samples?
Alternative hypothesis.
What are the two underlying principles of the Babcock test?
To dissolve fat from solids-non-fat (SNF) and to separate fat from SNF by centrifugal force.
what does a piezometer measure?
pressure
What are the highest bacterial counts allowed in grade A pasteurized milk?
SPC = 20,000/ml; coliforms = 10/ml; raw milk = 100,000 cfu/ml
Polyethylene is most often used in laminated packaging materials for __________
heat sealability
which laws, appearing in the general form of driving force over resistance force, describes the following processes: mass transfer, heat transfer, and electrical conductance
mass transfer=Fick's Law; heat transfer= Fourier's Law; electric conductance= Ohm's Law
Classify the followng microorganisms into intoxication or infection: C. bot, Campylobacter jejuni, Staph aureus, Aspergillus flavus, Salmonella
C. bot: intoxication, Campylobacter jejuni: infection, Staph aureus: intoxication, Aspergillus flavus: intoxication, Salmonella: infection
A common secondary package for food is a corrugated box in a style known as an RSC. What do these initials stand for?
Regular slotted container.
A mint julep is an alcoholic drink consisting of sugar, water, mint, and what alcoholic spirit?
Bourbon Whiskey
What is the state of muscle when permanent cross-bridges form and prevent sliding of filaments so that the the muscle becomes inextensible?
rigor mortis
What does AES stand for?
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Which federal agency regulated the production. manufacturing and distribution of food?
Food and Drug Administration
The ability of an organism to survive thermal processing is termed what?
Heat resistance
Name 6 major pigment groups found in food sources.
Chlorophylls, Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, Flavonoids, Betalaines, Anthoxanthins, Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Hemoglobin, Myoglobin
The irradiated product that most US consumers have eaten is what?
spices
What is the difference between a climacteric fruit and a non-climacteric fruit?
Climacteric fruits continue to ripen after harvest, non-climacteric fruits do not
What is the slogan of IFT?
Feeding the minds that feed the world
What is the fate of excess dietary amino acids? a) Stored for future metabolic use b) Excreted c) Used to synthesize proteins d) Converted to intermediates
A. d) Converted to intermediates (pyruvate, oxaloacetate, and alpha-ketoglutarate)
In polysaccharide structure analysis, which analysis is for characterizing the linkage types?
Methylation analysis.
Amaranth botanical name?
Amaranthus (caudatus, cruentus, hypochondriacus) [Amaranthaceae (Amaranth)]
What is the name of round eclairs?
Religieuse
How many FDA regions are there in the U.S.?
6
What does SCOBY stand for and what is it used in the production of?
Symbiotic Culture Of Bacteria & Yeast (used for kombucha production)
If you have 8 panelists who will try all 4 samples, what type of experimental design would you use and how many degrees of variance would you have?
randomized complete block design; degrees of variance 8-4 = 4
What is the pastry that was the precursor to croissants, from Hungary?
Kifli
Temperature of liquid nitrogen in celcius, farenheit, kelvin, and rankin.
-196 C, -320 F, 77 K, 140 R
What are the 3 elements found in carbohydrates?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What food will never rot and has been recorded to last 3,000 years?
Honey
What animal is associated with the TSE disease Chronic Wasting Disease?
Chronic Wasting Disease= deer
Which of the following modes of heat transfer are used in the retort: A.conduction, B.Convection, or C.Radiation?
A. Conduction and B. Convection
yellow sugar packet
sucralose (splenda) NOT natural
What type of detergent should be used to clean fat from equipment?
alkaline
What three scientific journals are published by IFT?
(1) Journal of Food Science, (2) Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, and (3) Journal of Food Science Education.
What is the pungent compound in mustard seed, cabbage and horseradish?
sinigrin
Name the polyol that is found in triglycerides.
Glycerol
The Embden-Myerhof pathway is also referred to as what?
the glycolytic pathway or glycolysis
Name a binding agent that inhibits calcium absorption.
Oxalic acid and phytic acid
What beverage is made by having 2 yeast fermentations?
beer (1 in the vat and 1 in the bottle) or champagne
What law gives the FDA the power to demand a recall of a product?
The FDA has no such power. Recalls are voluntary.
what is the ideal pork color described in the pork quality standards?
reddish pink
what are beta-glucans?
glucose polymers containing both beta 1-3 and 1-4 links
What vitamin, when fed to cattle, has increased retail case-life of fresh beef?
Vitamin E
What is the relationship between pasteurization time and temperature?
The higher the temperature the shorter the pasteurization time required
Omega-3 fatty acids are typically found in what group of oils or from what animal source?
Fish oils
Name two fruit and two vegetable plants with their coordinating scientific genus and species names.
Apples: Malus domestica Strawberries: Fragaria ananassa Banana: Musa acuminate, balbisiana and paradisiaca for the hybrid Tomatoes: Solanum lycopersicum Pineapple: Ananas comosus Watermelon: Citrullus lanatus Lemon: Citrus limon Orange: Citrus sinensis Pomelo: Citrus grandis Peach: Prunus persica Apricot: Prunus armeniaca Cherry: Prunus avium or Prunus cerasus Lettuce: Lactuca sativa Corn: Zea mays Green beans: Phaseolus vulgaris Peas: Pisum sativum Broccoli/cabbage/cauliflower/brussels sprouts: Brassica oleracea Cucumber: Cucumis sativus Carrot: Daucus carota Onion: Allium cepa Beets: Beta vulgaris Asparagus: Asparagus officinalis
What is active and passive modified atmosphere packaging?
Active - respiration of product will produce the intended or necessary store environment, that is, the storage atmosphere changes over time; passive: intended atmosphere is applied and stays the same through the storage period
Most carbohydrates, exist in their D form in nature, which carbohydrate is primarily found in L form.
Arabinose
The organism that causes 'flat sours' in canned tomatoes is
bacillus stearothermophilus
Energy is lost when the flow of a liquid is altered or distorted, such as when there is a bend in a pipe. The energy loss at fittings is proportional to what property of the fluid flow?
The velocity head of the liquid (just velocity is acceptable)
What percent of juice is needed to label as 100% juice?
1
Define absolute zero and provide the kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit temperatures for this point.
temperature at which particle motion stops (is minimal), 0 kelvin, -273.15 Celsius, -459.67 Fahrenheit.
What is the botanical name of ostrich?
Struthio camelus
What type of rays are used principally in irradiating foods?
Gamma rays, beta rays.
Beef Stroganoff can use what part of the tenderloin?
Tail
What is a bacteriophage composed of?
A nucleic acid molecule surrounded by a protein structure.
according to the National Yogurt Association, what is the minimum # of live bacteria in the final yogurt packing for it to have a 'live active culture' seal on the product?
10^8 CFU/g (100 million cultures per gram at time of manufacture)
what is the main difference in the manufacturing steps between red and white wine production?
red wine is fermented w/ the grape skins on
What is the name of the toxic alkaloid usually found in tomato leaves?
Tomatin
What microorganism causes ropiness in milk?
Alcaligenes viscolactis
In 2024, which company joined National Fisheries Institute as the first cell-cultured seafood company?
BlueNalu
Which food product from Africa won the 2016 World Food Prize?
The orange-fleshed sweet potato
What temperature should whole pork be heated to?
145 F
What is the common name for the pelt removal process during sheep slaughter?
Fisting
What pastry type uses steam as a leavening agent?
Choux
What vegetable in Egypt was buried with people?
Onion
What is the expected spoilage agent of UHT sterilized milk?
Heat-stable enzymes that survive the sterilization process.
What are the round bones in the following cuts: chuck arm pot roast and round full cut round steak?
Chuck arm pot roast: humerus; Round full cut round steak: femur
What are some of the benefits of using a conveyor system in an air impingement oven?
help cook food well/evenly, control temperature and time, control cooking, cook large amounts of food in a continuous process, shorter process times, improved product quality, can use for both heating and freezing foods
Expand the following: TLC, HETP, HPLC, GFC, SFC
TLC (Thin layer chromatography), HETP (Height equivalent theoretical plates), HPLC (High pressure or High performance liquid chromatography, GFC (Gel Filteration Chromatography), SFC (Super critical Fluid Chromatography)
Chart in engineering for physical properties during process like distillation
McCabe Thiele Chart
Which of the following set of four conditions would you select for an optimal drying process of any food? a) low temperature, high relative humidity air, and a large surface area; b) low air velocity, long time, and high temperature; c) large surface are, high air velocity, and vacuum pressure conditions; d) atmospheric pressure, low temperature, and low air velocity
c) large surface are, high air velocity, and vacuum pressure conditions
Our bodies are composed of the following nutrients put them in order of least concentrated to most concentrated carbohydrates, vitamins, protein, water, minerals and fat.
vitamin, carbohydrates, minerals, protein, fat, water
Improvement in baking quality occurs during storage of flour. What is this called?
Maturation or aging
Who is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of IFT?
Christie Tarantino-Dean
What herb is considered a key component of a traditional American turkey stuffing?
sage
Within plus or minus ten percent, approximately how many cans are used in the food packaging industry annually?
Approximately 300 billion cans are used annually in the food packaging industry worldwide. Within ±10%, this range would be 270 billion to 330 billion cans per year.
In 2008 and 2009, which state had the highest value of production (production multiplied by average price per pound) of honey?
North Dakota
Please list two method for making cheese.
1. rennin(renet), enzyme 2.addidng acid or lactate, lowering the pH to achieve pI of casein
What is the major nutraceutical compound found in red wine and grape skins?
reservatrol
By what method or physical constant are gelatins rated?
Bloom test (jelly strength)
What is the main acid in lemon juice?
Citric acid
What does IMP stand for with respect to nucleotides?
Inosine Monophosphate
What organ produces and secretes the major fat-digesting enzyme?
Pancreas
What is performed prior to grinding in the production of coffee?
Roasting
Sweet Potato botanical name?
Ipomoea batatas [Convolvulaceae (Morning Glory)]
What is the % of fat in cream that is used to make butter?
36-44% fat
FSIS and CFSAN recommend cooking hamburger to what internal temp?
160 degrees F or 71 degrees C
Name the toxin present in Tonka beans.
Coumarin (1-3%)
In high pressure processing, the pressure is of the order of which of the four?
1000 atm
What is the usual protein content range of cereal grains?
8-13%.
Rank these cheeses from lowest moisture content to highest moisture content. Neufchatel, Romano, Gruyere, Munster, edam
Neufchatel, Munster, Gruyere, Edam, Romano
For each fruit provide the season (autumn, winter, spring, and summer) for when they are harvested. Pears, blueberries, dates, oranges, pomegranates, cherries, limes
pear – autumn (late summer is acceptable) Blueberries – summer (spring is also acceptable) Dates – Summer Oranges – winter Pomegranates – fall and/or winter Cherries – summer Limes - summer
What ice cream company registered the slogan "Dedicated to Perfection"?
Häagen-Dazs
What microorganism was responsible for the potato famin in the mid-19th century?
Phytophthora infestans
What is IQF?
Individually Quick Frozen
What types of evaporators are used in the food industry?
Short tube Long tube (rising and Falling film) Forced-circulation evaporator Wiped film/agitated thin-film evaporator Plate evaporator: rising/falling film Centrifugal/conical evaporator.
What is the difference between SDS-PAGE and Urea-PAGE?
SDS-PAGE separates proteins solely based on size, whereas Urea-PAGE separates proteins based on their charge to size ratio.
What property does Aspergillus glaucus have that allows it to grow on dried fruit?
It is xerophilic.
A wedding cake is to be baked tomorrow. The cook will need five pounds of _____ flour.
Soft wheat
The Folin-Ciocalteu measures what food constituents?
phenolic acids
What is the top U.S. agriculture export based on value?
Soybeans
Manganese is a trace element that is an essential nutrient for humans. List 5 foods that are good sources of manganese.
raisin bran cereals, brown rice, oatmeal, spinach, pineapple, nuts
What is the main purpose of pasteurization?
To destroy pathogenic bacteria
C18:3n3 represents which fatty acid?
(unsaturated FA that has 18C, 3 double bonds and is an omega 3) a-Linolenic Acid
What company owns the Ben and Jerry's brand?
A. Unilever
What are the three main uses of beef brisket?
Barbeque, Corned Beef, Pastrami
What is the name of the compound found in raw egg whites that binds biotin and leads to alopecia?
Avidin
What does PFPD stand for?
Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector
What is one advantage and one disadvantage to direct heating?
advantage: rapid heating minimizes organoleptic changes, less fouling/burn-on. disadvantage: requires culinary steam (expensive), increases volume of product (adds water from steam), bad for products containing oil (oxidizes quickly)
What ice cream type only uses cream, sugar, and flavoring?
Philadelphia
What instrument is used for specific volatile aroma compounds quantitation?
gas chromatograph
What enzyme is responsible for amine formation of tyramine from tyrosine?
Tyrosine decarboxylase
In what part of the egg is lysozyme found?
Egg white, albumen, or glair/glaire
What animal is associated with the TSE disease Scrapie?
Scrapie= goat
At what temperature does water have its maximum density?
3.92 or 4°C
What term is used for beef that is blackened and hard?
Congratulations
T/F Chocolate prevents dental caries.
True
Which of these food additives could be used to prevent cocoa particles from settling in chocolate milk? A) BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) B) Carrageenan C) Thiamine Hydrochloride D) Citric Acid
B) Carrageenan
What is the primary ingredient in sand?
silica (silicon dioxide)
Which section of the gastrointestinal tract is the major area of adsorption of nutrients?
small intestine
Name the fatty acid that contains 18 carbons and three double bonds?
Linolenic acid
Explain 12D Concept.
The D-value to destroy 90% of C. Botulinum at a 12 log reduction: ensures safety of low acid foods
A disease associated with the way pork is cooked is called: A.leptospirosis, B.brucellosis, C.trichinosis, or D.vibriosis?
C.trichinosis
What is the name for Italian soup with meatballs?
Italian wedding soup
What is the maturing agent in flour?
Bleaching, oxidizing, reducing agents used to reduce cooking time in bread. Oxidizers help with gluten production.
What is converted rice?
Rice steeped in water, steamed, and dried again before milling, transferring B vitamins to the endosperm.
what is BT corn?
genetically modified corn that contains a gene taken from Bacillus thuringiensis (a bacterium); the gene allows the plant to manufacture a protein crystal that is toxic to certain insects
To be called Cheddar cheese, a product must contain at least what percentage of milkfat?
50% fat in the dry matter
is melting endothermic or exothermic?
melting is endothermic
Which polysaccharide can humans not digest, but is the chief constituent of all plant tissues?
Cellulose
What is the name of spanish doughnuts made by forming dough into the shape of tubes?
Churros
In reverse phase gas chromotography, is the stationary phase polar or non-polar, and do polar or non-polar compounds elute first?
Stationary phase is non-polar, Polar compounds elute first
What would you do to change a temperature reading from Farenheit to degree Rankine?
add 459.67
What is Ohm's Law?
V=IR
What branch of the USDA has responsibility for administering the Meat Inspection Act?
Food Safety and Inspection Services
As compared to an aerobic cell, does an anaerobic cell have to consume much larger, much smaller, or the same quantities of glucose per unit of time to accomplish the same amount of cellular work?
Much larger amounts of glucose
When testing for c. perfringens, what is the only test result that is negative suggesting a positive confirmation of c. perfringens?
motility
What part of the pork is known as "pig feet" in the Southern United States?
Trotters
Charcuteries have been considered a culinary art since at least the 15th century in which country?
France
How long can eggs be stored under appropriate conditions?
6 months
The 8 Regions of IFT:
(1) southeast (2) central atlantic (3) north atlantic (4) midwest (5) north central (6) south central (7) pacific NW (8) pacific SW
What is the most abundant component of skeletal muscle?
Water
What does LPM agar stand for and what is it used for in food microbiology?
Lithium Phenylethanol Moxalactam agar, a solid medium used to isolate and cultivate Listeria monocytogenes from food and dairy products
According to the NLEA, when must foods be nutrition labeled? (Give two ways)
When nutrition information is stated on the label or when a nutrient content claim is being made, AND if the manufacturer meets an exemption (small business, food sold in restaurant, food sold for immediate consumption, food sold for retail in the establishment where the food was processed - as in bakeries and delis, foods not sold for immediate consumption but are packaged according to the conumers' request, foods that contain insignificant amounts of nutrients, infant formula, dietary supplements, medical foods, bulk foods, raw produce, custom processed game fish or meat, food in packages with less than 12 square inches of space, food sold from bulk containers, shell eggs, foods for infants and children under 4 years of age, and multi-unit packages)
Name 3 types of driers
freeze dryer, tray drier, drum dryer
How do you calculate the Total System Head?
Total discharge head-total suction head
What does AOACI stand for?
Association of Official Analytical Chemists International
Food safety plans must be reviewed often to ensure that they are up to date. Under old HACCP guidelines, how often was review required and how often will review be legally required under FSMA?
HACCP required review at least once a year; FSMA requires food safety plans to be reviewed one every three years
What is the name of the cracker from scandanavia and made from rye?
Crispbread
What does BPA stand for?
Bisphenol A
What are some of the applications of osmotic dehydration?
dried fruits, (sucrose syrup, then air drying)
Alcohol insoluble solids content in vegetables is indicator of
Maturity and ripeness
the consumption of rotten apples may lead to intoxication by the presence of: A.yeast, B.spoilage bacteria, C.aflatoxins,or D.patulin
D. patulin
What is amelioration as used in winemaking?
adding of water to decrease the concentration of sugar, acid and other wine components
What is food intoxication?
Involve toxic substances produced by micro-organisms in foods before consumption, toxins then cause disease after being ingested: staph aureus, C.botulinum, aspergillus flavus
Who is the current Commissioner of Foods for the FDA?
Margaret Hamburg
From what part of the corn kernel does corn oil come?
Germ
Which of the following has the highest protein content? A.maize b.wheat c.soybeans d.rice
c. soybeans
Name of material from ground recycled glass use to make glass material
Cullet
In what year were the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt?
1906
Which statement is NOT correct about meat fats:A.it adds flavor & makes meat seem juicy, B.help in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, C.all animal fat is saturated, or D.moderate amounts of fat are essential in human diets?
C. all animal fat is saturated
The n-acetylmuramidase enzyme found in egg whites that hydrolyzes the cell walls of gram positive bacteria has the common name.
lysozyme
where did Jerusalem artichokes originated from ____
the U.S.
How many new food and drink products are launched worldwide each year?
100000
Name three postharvest methods used to preserve perishable produce.
cold storage (lowers enzyme activities) controlled atmosphere storage (high CO2 or nitrogen to slow down catabolic processes, ripening, and aging) microatmosphere individual packaging or coating (reduces transpiration and ripening)
Give the functions of polyphosphates in processed meat products.
1) Water binding: improved yields 2) Metal chelation: slows fat rancidity.
State the full name that corresponds w/the recycling #4 for recyclable polymers.
LDPE= low density polyethylene
a theory of spectrophotometry is based on what formula? state the meaning of each symbol in the formula.
A=ECL (Beer-Lambert Law). A is absorption, E is Molar Extinction Coefficient, C is concentration in moles/L, L is the length of the light path in cm
What does the acronym NPN stand for?
Non-protein nitrogen
What limits making rye bread from 100% rye flour?
The protein is too weak to support bread structure.
Cucumber botanical name?
Cucumis sativus [Cucurbitaceae (Gourd)]
Name 2 major types of seafood intoxications.
ciguatera poisoning, scromboid fish poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning
What is raffinose?
Raffinose is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose
Cyanogenic glycosides are compounds that when treated with an acid or appropriate hydrolytic enzyme yield what compound?
cyanohydron
what 18th century economist postulated that population growth will always outpace expansion of the food supply, thus causing famine and disease?
Thomas Malthus
What milk type is characterized as fresh, unpasteruized milk straight from the cow?
Raw Milk
Calorie free on a label means that a product has fewer than 5 calories per serving.
True
Why is fish meat softer than other meats?
Fish meat contain less connective tissue and the connective tissue melts easily
Does the iodine value increase or decrease during autoxidation?
decrease
Match geographic regions to products: Amaranth, guava, Kosha, spelt; South america, central america, central europe, middle east
Central America: Amaranth; Central america: Guava; Middle east: Kosha; Central Europe: spelt
What is the main ingredient in the Southern dish, the potlikker?
Collard Greens
Which enzyme is deactivated in the "hot break" process in juice production?
Pectinmethylesterase
When cysteine in wine breaks down, what happens to the sensory quality?
The wine develops a sulfurous odor
Enzymatic browning is a chemical process that occurs in fruits and vegetables and is due to what enzyme?
polyphenoloxidase
Name 2 heat stable enzymes in food that are important to the quality of aseptic products.
Lipase, lipoxygenase, catalase, chlorophylase, peroxidase, pectinase, protease, ascorbic acid oxidase, alkaline phosphatase.
What is the minimum product temperature necessary for expansion of an extruded material?
100?C (In order for expansion to occur, moisture in the product must be able to flash-vaporize)
What do we call the prolamines in corn?
zein
Early colonial New England’s largest and most profitable industry was distilling what product?
Rum
What does Acid Degree Value measure and how is it measured?
Amount of free fatty acids present; mg KOH needed to neutralize the free fatty acids in 1 g of fat.
What term is used for grilling meat over charcoal?
Barbeque
What type of packaging often has been filled with nitrogen or carbon dioxide gas?
modified atmosphere packaging
What is the largest national trade association representing the meat packing and processing industry and has the initials NAMI?
North American Meat Institute
Convective flow is driven by a gradient of what property?
Density
The resistance of meat to microbial spoilage is directly proportional to the postmortem levels of what component?
Glycogen (or lactic acid).
Name 4 classes of potential hazards of concern during food processing.
Microbial, Chemical, Physical, Radiological (under chemical)
In which country's restaurants, 86 is used for item unavailable and 68 for items that are available?
Germany
In ice cream what components or additives reduce ice crystal formation?
fat, corn syrup or protein
How many kcal are in 1 pound of body fat?
3500 kcal
Name two anti-microbial factors found in raw milk.
Lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, lysozyme
Explain Heat Treatment.
Process of inactivating pathogens and spoilage microorganisms and enzymes, i.e. blanching and pasteurizing
Which of the following is the SI unit for viscosity? (a) N-m (b) Pa-s (c) N/m (d) J/ K
(b) Pa-s
Where is the FAO headquartered?
Rome
If whey proteins are heated what three changes can be observed?
Coagulation, denaturation, Maillard browning.
What is the name of the compound responsible for the grapefruit flavor of grapefruit?
1-p-menthene-8-thiol (or thioterpineol)
This particular wine is known as toddi/tadi in India, Malafu in Africa, Tuba in Mexico, and Tuak in Indonesia. Name the wine or what it is made from.
Palm wine (wine made from any palm trees such as coconut palm)
Name, a non digestible food ingredient that may affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and or activity of one or limited number of beneficial bacteria in the colon.
Prebiotics
Is Bovine Growth Hormone (BGH) a food additive and does it need to be labeled?
No. It is not added to the food. It is injected into the cow and she becomes more efficient in milk production. Some producers choose to label, but no special labeling is required by law.
What polysaccharide from crustecean shells lowers cholesterol?
Chitin
What is the name of the beef dish of a tenderloin sandwiched by two other cuts?
Chateaubriand
Colloids that are stabilized by a layer of solvation are called ____________
emulsoids
Put the following foods in order from least to greatest based on the grams of carbs per serving. 5-inch pancake, 8 oz flavored yogurt, 10 oz skim milk, 1 cup of bean chili, ½ cup applesauce
½ cup applesauce (5) 5-inch pancake (15) 10 oz skim milk (15) 1 cup chilli with beans (30) 8 oz flavored yogurt (45)
Which food preservation process uses low levels of radiation to kill pathogens in food products?
Irradiation
What has more saturated fat: lard, coconut oil or corn oil?
coconut oil then lard then corn oil (when compared to the same weight (not by serving size)
which of the following pH values in a food would yield the highest rate of non-enzymatic browning: A.5.5, B.8.5, C.9.5, or D.3.5
B. 8.5
What are myosin and actin?
the major contractile proteins in muscle (accounts for ~65% of contractile proteins)
What type of HACCP hazard would jewelry be considered?
Physical
What is the chance probability for the duo-trio test?
Duo-Trio Test=1/2
What is the artificial color number for Sunset Yellow?
FD&C Yellow No.6
what are the good sources of the Vitamin B complex?
yeast,liver,bran of cereal grains
What is the typical time and temperature for UHT processing?
375-300°F or 190.6-148.9°C, 2-8 seconds
At what temperature is sugar syrup considered to be in a soft, cracked stage?
270-290°F
What is the name of eclairs with caramel icing?
baton de Jacob
Depending upon the type of scale used, sensory data can be of 4 types. Name these data types.
nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio data
What is the name of flour that has the lowest amount of protein?
Cake Flour
What compound is formed when glycerol is heated?
acrolein
What enzyme activity is most commonly used to determine the adequacy of blanching vegetables for freezing to ensure stability during storage?
peroxidase
What beverage is caramel color most used for?
coloring beer
What is the water activity of dried fruits?
0.6-0.65
Spices may specifically described as: a. leaves and stems of soft-stemmed plants. b. bark, roots, buds, flowers, and seeds. c. any fresh plant that is used to flavor food. d. NON-aromatic vegetable products
B
According to the Codex Alimentarius. What is the difference between extra virgin olive oil and virgin olive oil?
the main differences the oleic acid content so extra virgin must be less than point eight grams per 100 grams and Virgin must be less than two grams per 100 grams.
What breakfast cereal was Sonny the Cuckoo Bird "cuckoo for"?
Cocoa Puffs
Name the body parts from which following meat cuts are derived: Trotters, lights, tripe, rounds, sweetbreads.
Sweetbreads: Thymus or pancreatic glands, Trotters: Hooves, feet, Tripe: stomach lining, Lights: Lungs, Rounds: cuts from rear leg
How many moles of ATP are yielded per mole of glucose in anaerobic glycolysis? Aerobic respiration?
2 moles in anaerobic glycolysis; 38 moles in aerobic respiration.
In brewing, what is the name of the step when the malt is dried and what reaction causes unintended consequences?
Kilning; Maillard Reaction
Solid canned foods are heated by...
Conduction
Name two journals published by IFT and how often they are published.
Food Technology- monthly, and Journal of Food Science - bimonthly
What is the name of sugar and milk heated over several hours, causing caramelization?
Dulce de Leche
Which of the following dehydration methods would you use to produce a very high quality, dried, intact food product, such as a dried strawberry? a. spray drying; b. drum drying; c. air convection drying; d. freeze drying
d. freeze drying
What does the area under the lethal curve rate represent?
Lethality, it is the same as F0
What term describes one type of controlled atmospheric storage in which a refrigerated storage area is maintained under reduced pressure and high humidity to prevent product dehydration?
Hypobaric storage
What organisms produce a yellow colony on Mannitol salt plates?
Staphylococcus aureus
What is the major protein digesting enzyme in the gut and from what organ is it secreted (synthesized)?
Chymotrypsin, secreted from the pancreas
What is the percent fat in the following ice creams: Standard, Premium, Superpremium?
Standard ~10, Premium ~15, Superpremium ~18
What is the fur-like appearance of surface ripened cheeses caused by?
A. Excessive mycelia growth of molds
Panera and Starbucks use two different polyolefin plastics for their cold drinks. Name each.
(1) Panera cold drink cup is #1 PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) (2) Starbuck cold drink cup is #5 PP (Polypropylene)
Name 4 major causes of food spoilage.
1) microbial growth 2) enzyme activity 3) insects, parasites, & rodents 4) temperature fluctuation 5) moisture fluctuation 6) air, particularly O2 7) light 8) time
What compounds found in many brassicas can be both cancer-protective and goitrogenic?
Glucosinolates
Absence of what causes the meat to go purple?
Oxygen
Which mycotoxin is included in a Hazard Analysis for apple juice or apple cider?
Patulin
What are the advantages and disadvantages of hollow fiber membrane modules?
Advantages: Low hold up volume, Back flushing possible, Low energy consumption Disadvantages: Susceptible to end-face fouling, Not suitable for viscous fluids, Single fiber damage - replace entire module
How many times higher is the mobility of proton in ice over water?
100
What is the name of slices of bacon?
Collops
Give 4 examples of cereal adjuncts used in beer making.
Rice, Corn, Unmalted Barley, Sorghum, Unmalted Wheat, Rye, Oats
What disease is currently devastating the Florida Citrus Industry?
Citrus Greening or HLB
What are the types of membranes used in membrane separation?
microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis
What does the acronym SKU represent?
Stock keeping unit
Twisted doughnuts are originated in which country?
South Korea
In what publication could one find the complete general enforcement regulations regarding the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act?
Federal Code of Regulations, Title 21
If the D value of the critical organism is four, and the product is a high acid food, what is the F value?
F = 5d = 20
Give 4 reasons why compounds are micro-encapsulated.
Stability against oxidation, bioavailability, stability, resistant to pH, protect reactive substances from the environment, controlled/delayed release of compounds
Is Bovine Growth Hormone a food additive and does it need to be labeled?
Yes to the first part, because it comes into contact with food, and no to the second part, because it has lost its functionality
With respect to distillation, what is a vaporize/condensation stage called?
A theoretical plate
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What is the strength of a tin plate measured by?
Base Box
Which of the following allergens does Canada require to be labeled but the United States does not? Shellfish, Celery, Sesame, Egg
Sesame
List the following grains from high to low based on their glycemic index. Rye, barley, buckwheat, white rice and quinoa
White rice – GI: 70-89 (high GI) Rye – GI: 50-55 (moderate GI) Quinoa – GI: 53 (moderate GI) Buckwheat – GI: 49 (low GI) Barley – GI: 28-40 (low GI)
What is moussaka and where does it come from?
An eggplant or potato based dish popular in Balkan and Mediterranean cuisine, especially Greek
Hydroxylation of lysine to hydroxylysine in collagen is dependent on which cofactor?
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Hydroxylation of lysine and proline amino acids occurs inside the lumen. This process is dependent on ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) as a cofactor. Further glycosylation of specific hydroxylysine residues occurs.
Does HTST or batch (LTLT) pasteurization degrade more milk proteins and why?
Batch (LTLT) because it is held at a higher temperature for a much longer time period.
which of these contain the LEAST amount of fruit juice: A.fruit punch, B.fruit nectar, C.juice beverage, or D.juice blend?
A. Fruit punch (only 1% fruit juice)
What is the term used to describe the ratio of the viscous portion to the elastic portion?
Tan delta or loss factor
Name three major causes of food deterioration
Growth and activity of microorganisms (yeasts, bacteria, molds); Natural food enzymes; Insects, parasites, and rodents; Temperature, both hot and cold; Air, oxygen; Light; Moisture and dryness
Name four types of sucrose used in industry.
bottler's, canners, liquid, granulate (sanding, baker's special, cordial, fine, gelatin, unigran), powdered/ confectionary sugar, brown sugar (dark and light)
Savory pies commonly use what kind of pastry?
Hot Water Crust
Products of starch hydrolysis having little to no sweetness (D.E. value <20), and commonly used as cryoprotectants and fat replacers are known as: ___________?
maltodextrins
What is the name of the butter sauce made by cold water and whisked butter?
Beurre Monte
Minimum Protein Rating in Canada
20%
Categorize each product as suspensions, foam, or an emulsion; cream, fondant, bread, beer, Italian dressing, crab bisque, milk
Suspension – bisque, fondant Foam – beer, bread Emulsion – Italian dressing, milk
What makes cow's milk appear white?
Casein micelles and fat, which scatter light
Name 2 carbohydrates in soy that cause flatulence.
verbascose, stachyose, raffinose
Name 4 types of membrane separation systems.
Reverse Osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration
The main component of an Infrared Heating Equipment is the radiator, name 3 types of radiators and length of wave.
gas heated (long waves), electrically heated radiators (tubular/flat metallic heaters (long waves), ceramic heaters (long waves), quartz tube heaters (medium/short waves), and halogen tube heater (ultra short waves))
Approximately how long does it take for chickens to reach their ultimate pH after slaughter or harvest?
2 hours
How many feathers does a turkey have?
3500
What qualities are enhanced during cooking due to muscle water retention?
Juiciness and Flavor
Define endotoxin.
Endotoxin is a complex lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a toxic substance found in the outer membrane of most gram-negative bacteria
What are the two major pathways involved in the aerobic metabolism of glucose?
Glycolysis and the TCA/Krebs cycle
Generally, to lose 1 pound a week, you must either decrease your calorie intake by __ calories a day or burn up that number of calories by increasing physical activity.
500 calories.
Peppercorns and bay leaf are commonly used spices that give which beef product its distinctive flavor?
corned beef
What non-nutritive sweetener is derived from proteins without histidine?
Thaumatin
what country is the world's largest producer of Vanilla?
Madagascar
How does vapor pressure effect evaporation?
Water will naturally evaporate into the air until the rate of evaporation = the rate of condensation
Whey protein concentrate (WPC) is produced with three different protein percentages. What are they?
34%, 50%, 80%.
Which of the following are emulsifying salts for use in the processing cheese? A - sodium tartrate, B - sodium chloride, C - Potassium chloride, D - all of the above
a. sodium tartrate
Give 3 examples of flaky pastry.
Pasties, Turnovers, Sausage Rolls, Puff Pastry, Croissants, Phyllo (Filo) Dough, Danish Pastry, Vol-au-Vent, Palmiers
Canned sardines, dark leafy vegetables, tofu and milk products are sources of what mineral?
Calcium
What chocolate substitute became popular in the 1970's?
Carob
Food radiation is capable of destroying all the following in food except:
Prion
What does MFGM stand for?
Milk Fat Globule Membrane.
Examples of fruits that will not ripen after they are picked are:
oranges and grapes
In quality control of frozen foods, why is it more desirable to freeze a product quickly rather than slowly?
Ice crystals formed will be the smaller if the product is frozen quickly to prevent texture defects.
What are some of the disadvantages of thermal processing?
nutrient loss, reduce desirable qualities such as texture, flavor, color, lower antioxidant and phenolic content
As of 2025, what is the state vegetable of Vermont?
Gilfeather turnip
How does Refrigeration affect microbial growth and food quality?
- Retard microbial growth - Limit lipid oxidation - Limit non-enzymatic browning and enzymatic browning - Slow down sugar conversion - Reduce respiration reactions.
Name three radish cultivars.
Champion, Cherriette, Cherry Belle, White Icicle
why is HFCS used for sweetening of cold but not hot drinks?
fructose is found either as pyranose or furanose; increasing the temp shifts the equilibrium toward the furanose form (which is less sweet)
What is the process in beer to carbonate the beer without using sugars or other adjuncts?
krausening
Name the piece of milk processing equipment used to remove some bacteria and sediment originating from the cow's udder.
Clarifier
What is the difference between Reverse Osmosis (R.O) and Ultrafiltration (U.F)?
In both processes, the driving force for transport across the membrane is the pressure applied to the liquid feed. However, R.O is utilized to separate water from low-molecular weight solutes (i.e., salts, monosaccharides, volatile compounds), while allowing water and some salts with the smallest size to pass through. High pressure is needed to achieve this (4000-8000 kPa). UF limits only the largest (i.e., proteins, colloids) and smaller solutes are transported through, therefore lower pressure is needed.
Name the major masking bioactive compounds in artichokes that may contribute to lower plasma cholesterol when consumed.
Cynarin and silymarin
Bagel, Kifli, and Baguette are examples of what type of bread?
Yeast Bread
What is cheddaring?
The process where matted cheese curd is cut into blocks, stacked, and drained of whey.
Name the first synthetic packaging material used as a food wrapper and how it is derived.
Cellophane. Chemically derived from cellulose fiber (wood).
what cheese is associated w/ the following major microorganisms: lactococcus, propionibacterium shermanii, penicillium roqueforti, Lactic streptococci
Lactococcus= cheddar (or mozzarella);propionibacterium shermanii= Swiss;penicillium roqueforti= Blue;Lactic streptococci= Edam, Gouda"
The gradual browning of a loaf of bread during baking is due to:
Maillard reaction
What is the term used for the weight animals lose while being hauled and held off feed before slaughter?
shrink (drift)
Name the microorganism associated w/ the following: Ergot poisoning, Zearalenones in corn, Patulin, Aflatoxin
Ergot poisoning= Claviceps purpurea; Zearalenones in corn= Fusarium graminarium; Patulin= Penicillium eseparsum; Aflatoxin= Aspergillus flavus
Name 2 types of dielectric heating.
radio frequency and microwave heating
What is JIT's full form?
Just in time (supermarkets).
Persian walnut botanical name?
Juglans regia [Juglandaceae (Walnut)]
What is the purpose of an atomizer in spray drying?
step very important : the formation if sprays having the required droplet size distribution is vital to any successful spray dryer operation so that powder specifications can be met. The key is to produce tiny uniform particles
The two microorganisms present in A/B type milk are what?
A. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum (accept L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp.)
What does GMA stand for?
Grocery Manufacturers of America
Name three of the four cinnamic acid derivatives that are widely distributed in plants.
p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, and sinapic
What is the value for the increase in temperature required to decrease the D value by 10 (or one log cycle reduction)?
z-value
What is the full form of EMP?
Environmental Monitoring Program
How much time must pass after a new analytical method has been published in the Journal of AOAC before it is included in the AOAC handbook?
2 years
Why is calcium propionate used as an ingredient of soft rye bread?
Antifungal agent (preservative also accepted)
When is the cooling effect of ice the highest?
It's the highest at the point the ice is melting
Who is the Editor-in-chief of the Journal of Food Science?
Richard W. Hartel
name 3 chemical properties of food phosphates that governs their usefulness as food additives.
Buffering Capacity, Water Retention, Chelation of Metal Ions, Emulsifying Properties, Phosphorylation and Gelation, Saltiness Control, Antimicrobial Activity, Stabilizing Proteins
Define Bran
The hull of the seed, the fiber/outside of grain
What does SMAC stand for?
Sorbitol MacConkey
Mezcal is an alternate name of which popular alcoholic beverage?
Taquila when cannot be called tequila
How long is the average lactation cycle of a cow?
The cycle is split into four phases, the early, mid and late lactation (each of about 120 days, or d) and the dry period (which should last as long as 65 d). In an ideal world, cows calve every 12 months
what is 'honey laundering'?
honey harvested in one country that is exported to a second country, where it is relabeled as a product of the second country
Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Holstein, and Jersey are animal breeds all considered primary sources of what food?
Milk
Which of the following contains more saturated fat? a) 1 egg white b) 4 oz. cottage cheese c) 1 tablespoon peanut butter
A. b) 4 oz cottage cheese (6.4g) > 1 tablespoon peanut butter (1.5g) > 1 egg white (0g)
The Cory cycle transports what compound from muscles to liver?
Lactate (from muscles to liver, converted to glucose and returned to the cells)
What type of packaging controls involves actively or passively controlling the masses surrounding a product?
MAP
What are the 6 stages of tomato ripening?
green, breakers, turning, pink, light red, red
Give 4 examples of leavening agents.
Physical agents: whipped egg whites, steam Chemical agents: Baking soda, baking powder, GDL, K2CO3, Na2CO3, NH4CO3 Biological agents: dry yeast, sourdough starter
The two popular means of measuring temperature in heat penetration tests involve what two devices?
1) Thermocouple (requires electrical hookup) 2) Thermistors (uses radiotelemetry).
Wheat that is sown or planted in late autumn is called?
Winter wheat
Name the three major classifications of vegetables.
Root Vegetables: These are the edible roots of plants. Examples include carrots, beets, and radishes. Leafy Greens: These consist of the edible leaves of plants, such as spinach, lettuce, and kale. Fruit Vegetables: These are botanically fruits but are used as vegetables in culinary contexts. Examples are tomatoes, cucumbers, and bell peppers.
What are the names of the two journals published by IFT?
Food Technology (monthly) Journal of Food Science (bi-monthly).
what is 'nitrite burning'?
excessive amounts of nitrite or nitrate are added during curing causes severe oxidation of the meat pigment, resulting in a green color
What are kiln dryers?
Tall, deep bed of product 20cm, large capacity, used for apple slices, hops, grains, batch drier, simple to operate, cheap to build, high labor cost, slow, poor control drying
A congressional moratorium was in place from 1977-91 for which alternative sweetener?
Saccharine
What are dyes and lakes?
Food colors. A dye is water soluble (it dissolves). A lake or pigment is a solid (on a carrier of Al or Ca salt) which disperses.
How many years does an individual need to be a member of IFT before they can become an IFT fellow?
15 years
what food product is formed in the following process: collagen is carefully denatured by raising temp until fibrils shrink to 1/3 their length, forming a more amorphous structure?
Gelatin
What are 4 advantages of impingement heating?
efficient heat transfer, uniform heating, better moisture retention in food, heat transfer is independent from the conveyor belt, easier nozzle configuration, adjustable velocity and temperature
What hormone stimulates the sensation of hunger?
Ghrelin
Coatings such as waxes in cheese and casings in sausages are used to prevent migration of which component?
A. Water
What is the difference between direct and indirect heating systems?
direct: having steam condense into a product (directly contacts product). indirect: the use of equipment to exchange heat between the surface that is heated and the product
Are more metal cans or glass bottles used in the food packaging industry annually?
Cans (Appx. twice as many cans are used as bottle, 1974-1980 data)
In the SI system what are the units that are applied to the following five dimensions or measurements; length, mass, time, electric current, thermodyanamic temperature?
length = meter Mass = kilogram Time = second Electric current = ampere Thermodynamic temp = degree kelvin
How many incisors does a cow have in its upper mouth?
zero
The third most abundant element in the earth's crust is used to make this packaging material.
Aluminum
What trace mineral helps with the metabolism and movement of glucose?
Chromium
What law of filtration rate to change in presse drop across a filter bed?
Dary's law
white sugar packet
sucrose (table sugar) NATURAL
For what purpose is meat candling used?
Detection of parasites
Name the genus and species of the organism predominantly responsible for mellow lactic fermentation in wine.
Oenococcus oeni (known as Leuconostoc oeni)
Under which pH value can potassium sorbate reach its most effectiveness?
pH < 5
If the D value of the organism is .2, and the product is a low acid food, what would the F value be?
F = 12d = 2.4
What was the live weight of a lamb with a "hide off, head on" carcass weight of 60 lb and a dressing percentage of 50.0?
120
What bacterial neurotoxin is used for cosmetic procedures?
Botulism toxic
what cheeses are associated w/ Lactic streptococci?
Edam or Gouda Cheese
What role does leptin play in the body?
Leptin helps regulate appetite/hunger and metabolism
In what year was the Bioterrorism Act passed: A.1999, B.2000, C.2001, or D.2002?
D. 2002
What do you call something made from fruit that is a semisolid food prepared from a mixture containing not less than five parts of weight of fruit ingredient to each two parts of sugar? What is the name of a sweet spread made of fruit cooked to a paste, then lightly sweetened?
Fruit butter - ex. Apple butter and plum butter
What is the latin name of beef?
Bos taurus
According to FAO, what is the % of fat in yak's milk?
4-5.9%
Which of the following enzyme is used to cut DNA: Conversion, Mannic, Conjungtion and restriction
restriction
Paper, such as used in food packaging, can be aligned in two different ways when fed into forming machines. What are the two ways?
Machine direction and cross direction.
What term is used for beef that is red in the center and soft?
Rare
What is the name that is associated with the 1889 discovery of the temperature dependence of reaction rates?
Arrhenius
What are the different types of feeding methods?
Roll feeding, nip feeding, dipping, spray feeding, splashing
What is the process of turning carbs to lipids?
Lipogenesis
list 5 genera of bacteria and molds that produce antimicrobial agents.
Penicillium ,L. lactis, Lactobacillus, Pediococcus,Streptomyces
What is the fat content of half & half, light cream, light whipping cream, and heavy cream?
Half and half: 10.5-18% fat Light cream: 18-30% fat Light whipping cream: 30-36% fat Heavy cream - 36% fat or more.
What is the official shelf life of a Twinkie?
25 days.
What is the latent heat of fusion?
constant temperature as a liquid turns to a gas
What is the other name for yellow dragon disease in fruit?
Citrus greening
what microorganism is used in the fermentation of both bread and beer?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
What does each of the following IFT awards recognize? Nicolas Appert, William Cruess, Samuel Prescott
Nicolas Appert – preeminence and contributions to food technology, William Cruess – excellence in teaching, Samuel Prescott – outstanding ability in research
a technology that will enable the use of aspartame in baked goods is:
encapsulation
Grenadine is produced from syrup of which fruit?
pomegranate
What are the five sugar heating stages for making caramel?
thread, firm ball, soft crack, hard crack, caramel
Identify the federal government publication you would use to find the most recent changes in FDA regulations.
Federal Register
Name three tomato cultivars.
Carnival, Better Boy, Bush Beefsteak, Carmello, Big Beef, Celebrity, First Lady, Porter Improved, Small Fry, Cherry Grande, Champion
What compound is responsible for the fishy smell?
TMA (trimethylamine) (TMAO is acceptable)
What is the name of the concept of safe usage of food additives in the US?
GRAS list (Generally Recognized As Safe)
The FDA does NOT allow the irradiation of herbs and spices.
ans: FALSE
Give two examples of an emulsifier.
Lecithins, Mono and diglycerides, Monoglyceride derivatives, fatty acid derivatives. Examples include: Soy lecithin, Tween, Potassium stearate
What proteolytic enzymes are located in lysosomes?
cathepsins
Botrytis cinerea is a mold found on grapes. What 2 wines styles require botrytis during growing or processing?
Sauternes and Tokaji
What are some of the disadvantages of frozen foods?
thermal abuse during transportation/storage (warming or freezing product), ice crystal formation (affects food quality), freeze burn/ice crystal formation breaks down cells
What enzyme is used to make soft centered candies?
Invertase
Why is beer frequently used for deep fried foods?
the protein in beer helps with browning
Assume the temperature of moist air is 60 oC, and the saturation pressure of water vapor at 60 oC is 20kPascals. If the measured water vapor pressure is 4.0 kPascals, what is the relative humidity of the air?
20% (Relative humidity is the ratio of the partial pressures: RH = 4/20 = 20%)
What pastry tool is used to roll out the pastry?
Pastry Board/ Rolling pin
Tumeric botanical name?
Curcuma longa [Zingiberaceae (Ginger)]
Which federal publication would you consult for recent changes in FDA regulations?
Federal Register
A major factor in changing one's BMR would be to?
Eat more
What liquid property has the greatest influence on flow characteristics?
Viscosity
What is croquembouche?
French Christmas cake, puff pastry that they assemble into a cone or tree shape
When the double bonds of carotenoids change from trans to cis forms, what happens to the carotenoid color?
trans is orange/red and cis is lemon yellow
The thermal conductivity of ice is approximately how many times greater than that water?
four times
By volume, what is the most consumed dairy product around the world?
milk
What is the name for thin pastry cream?
Creme patissiere (Pastry Cream)
What is another name for puff pastry?
Pate feuilletee
Full name of BDA?
Bone dry air.
A substance that has a high affinity for water?
Humectant (hygroscopic also acceptable)
What is a truffle?
An edible fungus
What does FADH stand for?
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
What are the effects of drying on case hardening and crust formation?
(solutes move to surface, evaporation of water causes concentration of solutes at the surface level, high temp cause complex chemical and physical changes and the formation of a hard impermeable skin, aggregations of molecules are not easily disassociated on rehydration, minimized by flattening the concentration gradients, control rate of drying, crust is desirable breakfast cereals long bowl life, undesirable if rehydration necessary. IN sausages, they are drying from the inside out and the moisture removed from the surface is replaced by the moisture coming from inside the sausage. If the surface hardening occurs to fast, the inside moisture may be permanently trapped and bacteria will multiply spoiling the sausage
How does the Direct-contact freezing system work?
- Air blast system: Air directed over the food: continuous; use conveyor belt, can be spiral belt. - Continuous fluidized bed: cold air directed over the food upward. - Continuous immersion freezing: food carried through a bath of refrigerant. - Continuous cryogenic freezing: Has its advantages and disadvantages.
What factors contribute to the magnitude of the thermal process?
- Product pH or acidity - Heating and cooling characteristics - Size of container - Heating and cooling medium - Time/temperature relationship - Product composition
Give 3 examples of sweetbread.
Roti bolen, Pan Dulce, Pandesal, Cinnamon Rolls, Hot Cross Buns, Monkey Bread, Chelsea Buns, Lemon Bread, Fruit Breads (e.g., Banana Bread, Zucchini Bread), Panettone (Italian Christmas bread), Krantz Cake (also known as Babka), Gingerbread, Marmalade Bread
major protein in milk
Casein
At Ramen shop, you may find this red colored spice blend shichimi togarashi on your table which roughly translates to seven flavor chili pepper. Give seven of the typical ingredients.
Red chili pepper, Sansho which is a Japanese pepper, black sesame seeds, white sesame seeds, poppy seeds, Nori, ginger, chickpea or orange peel, hemp seeds, Chinese basil.
Wintergreen, Cinnamon, and Vanilla make up what common flavor?
Bubble Gum
What is caramelization?
Reaction to the removal of water from the sugar molecules by heat. This changes the structure and results in darkening, occurs quicker in foods with lower moisture content
How do you make a self-basting turkey?
Inject basting juices under skin before baking
What term is used for the ribs of Iberian Pigs?
Abanico
Ergotism is thought to be the cause of which 17th century event?
the Salem witchcraft panic of 1692
Tonka beans have a high concentration of which dangerous compound?
coumarin
Rank the following animals in average milk fat content: cow, sheep, goat, water buffalo, reindeer, camel.
(low to highest) camel, goat, cow, sheep, water buffao, reindeer
Define chapatalization.
the addition of sugar to wine to increase alcohol production
Name a substance that enhances absorption of calcium.
Vitamin D, acid, and lactose
What is the percentage acid, by weight, in a typical cola?
Ten percent (accept 8 – 12%)
Name two sauces made from butter and egg yolk
Bernaise/Hollandaise
What is the substrate for the phosphatase test in milk?
Disodium phenyl phosphate
What is the pH range of the indicator, phenolphthalein?
8-9.6
The combined action of acid and chlorophyllase converts chlorophyll to a product called what?
Pheophorbide.
Common Blackberry botanical name?
Rubus fruticosus
What is the term for when electrons occupy free orbitals of cations in a salt/water solution?
aqua complex
What is the initiation step in crystal formation?
Nucleation
what Supreme Court Case in 1975 established the precedent for criminal liability of food company executives w/o the need of establishing intent?
US vs. John Park= the Park Principle
What candy bar allegedly was named in honor of the daughter of President Grover Cleveland?
Baby Ruth
What three ingredients are used in pasta?
Egg, Water, Flour
What causes a green ring to appear sometimes around the yolk of a hardcooked egg?
Cooking eggs longer than 15 min and not cooling them quickly enough.
What is the name of the meat from beef of the tenderloin sandwiched by short loin?
Filet Mingnon
What term refers to the physical location of a gene on a strand of DNA?
Locus, plural is loci.
What is the name of pie from Kentucky, named after the event in early May?
Derby Pie
What does the term 'fresh' mean when describing foods?
Not frozen, heat-processed, or preserved.
What additional ingredients in addition to Bergamot Orange does a Lady Grey have compared to Earl Grey?
Orange and Lemon Peels
What is the difference between the dynamic (or absolute) viscosity and the kinematic viscosity?
Kinematic viscosity is the absolute viscosity divided by the density
Arrange the following vitamins in correct order that they are declared in the nutrition label: Vit C, niacin, A, Thiamine, E
A, C, E, B1, B3
What causes the haze defect in iced tea?
Polyphenols tend to interact with proteins, caffeine, and metal cations to form colloidal suspensions of haze and ‘tea cream’, which are detrimental to product appearance and taste.4 While haze formation can affect color and impair aesthetic appeal, it can also diminish both the shelf-life and the health-promoting properties of the tea.
How many gallons of ethanol will a bushel of corn yield?
2.5 gallons
Name one of the three amino acids that can not be cleaved by carboxylpeptidase A at the free carboxyl end.
lysine, arginine, proline
What was the first fruit eaten on the moon?
Peach
How are double bonds placed in fatty acids?
Conjugated double bonds are separated by a methylene
What product did William Horlick discover and produce?
Malted milk
What is a humectant?
Humectants control water activity in foods, thus enhancing stability and viscosity, maintaining texture and reducing microbial activity. Humectants chemically bind water and reduce water activity.
According to the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance, what is the maximum number of microorganisms allowed in un-pooled raw, Grade A milk? What is the bacterial limit for non-commingled milk?
100,000 CFU/ml
What are the two components (prolamins) of Gluten?
Gliadins & Glutenins
What sushi roll has avocado, cucumber, and poached shrimp?
Boston Roll
Explain Sterilization.
Describes a product that is free of all pathogens and MOs; used mainly for medical purposes
What is Ohm's Law and what is Power Equation?
V=IR and P=VI or I x I x R
The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 is a law that covers general principles. What are two major amendments?
Food Additive Amendment of 1958 and Nutrition Labeling Education Act of 1990.
Under the code of regulations, what the three types of ingredients necessary for a product to be classified as a bread?
Farinaceous, Moisture, Leavening
Xanthan gum is usually a linear or essentially linear molecule.
TRUE.
What are the other food applications for R.O. and U.F.?
Most commercial application is in the dairy industry where it is used to concentrate milk prior to manufacture of dairy products. Other uses include: - The concentration of sucrose and tomato paste. - Separation and concentration of enzymes and other proteins or pectin. - Treatment of water. - Pre-treatment prior to R.O.
If beef steaks or pork chops are to be broiled, they should be cut: A.3/4-1 inch thick, B.3 inches, C.less than 1/2 inch, or D.none of the above?
A.3/4-1 inch thick
In cocoa processing, what does NARS stand for?
Nibs alkalizing roasting and sterilizing
Frozen meat should be defrosted by: A.thawing at room temperature, B.thawing in freezer, C.defrosted in a refrigerator or microwave oven at low temperature, or D.all of the above?
C.defrosted in a refrigerator or microwave oven at a low temperature
In a multiple effect evaporator what term is used to calculate efficiency?
SE (steam economy)
The IMPS number 1173 is used for what cut of meat? a. a pork wholesale sale b. a beef sub-primal cut c. a beef retail cut d. a pork retail cut
c. A beef retail cut (IMPS = Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications).
What term refers to a container that is absolutely impermeable to gases and vapors throughout its entirety, including its seams?
Hermetic
Which kind of thermal couple is used in thermal processing, which is in high pressure, and which is in extrusion?
Type T, K, J
Which of these three things is not on a turkey: huddle, wattle, snood?
Huddle
How does the Long-Tube Vertical-Rising-Film Evaporator operate?
Product exists from top. Much used in Dairy and Fruit industry.
What are eight flavors of Necco wafers?
Wintergreen, chocolate, lime, lemon, clove, cinnamon, orange, licorice
What is the molarity of 40% NaOH solution?
12 M
What is the single most important cause of food recalls in the USA?
Undeclared allergens on the label
Which vegetable is known as a ripening anomaly, ripen after it has been picked from the tree?
Avocado
Why is "Japanese" or "short grain" rice more sticky than "indian" or "long grain" rice after cooking?
waxy variety (high amylopectin). Long grain rice has more amylose, and gives off less starch than short grain, high amylopectin rice.
Name 5 chelating agents used in the food industry.
EDTA, citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, adenosine triphosphate, pyrophosphate, porphyrins, and proteins.
Margarine must contain how much fat by weight? What is the percent fat of butter?
A. 80%
What causes trichinosis?
It is a type of roundworm infection is acquired by eating Trichinella species larvae in raw or undercooked meat
What is the term for farming and grazing practices that, among other benefits, reverse climate change by rebuilding soil organic matter and restoring degraded soil biodiversity resulting in carbon drawdown and improving the water cycle?
Regenerative Agriculture
What is the optimal pH for kimchi?
4.2 ± 0.1
Are foods with a 3.7 to 4.5 pH classified as acid foods or high acid foods?
Acid foods
What are methods used to heat containers?
saturated steam, hot water, flames
What is an important function of the stomach?
Secretion of acids
The addition of hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids...
Hydrogenation
What two nerves are involved in the sense of smell?
Olfactory and trigeminal.
In U.S., what is the general rule for maximum allowable moisture (% by weight) of sausage?
M = 4X % protein.
Smoke point comparisons of oils: canola, grapeseed, sunflower, safflower, olive
Safflower (510), Canola (460), Sunflower (450), Grapeseed (420), Olive (410)
How many infections of C. Botulism is required to be considered an outbreak?
1
name the 3 components of flavor.
taste, aroma, trigeminal (and mouthfeel)
What is not a name of a form of sugar? Boat, chair, cube, envelope.
Cube
Vitamin B5, pantothenic acid, deficiency can cause?
Paresthesia
What is the toxin found in potatoes?
Solanine.
Which of the following are not used as fat replacers in ice cream? a) Alginate b) Pectinate c) Carboxymethyl cellulose d) Carrageenan e) All of the Above
A. e) All of the above
If the viscosity of a liquid inreases, what happens to the Reynolds number?
Decreases
In a pipe, what type of flow occurs when the Reynolds number is less than 2100?
Laminar
What does VTEC stand for?
Verocytotoxins E. coli
What is the main source of vibrio cholerae?
shellfish
What type of compounds is flame photometric detector (FPD) specific for?
FPD is specific to compounds containing sulfur groups
How do Roquefort and bleu cheese differ?
A. Roquefort cheese must be made with Lacaune sheep milk and undergo its ripening period in the caves of Roquefort, France; Bleu cheese is made similarly, but produced and ripened in any place other than Roquefort
What is the difference between Vietnamese cinnamon and Indonesian cinnamon?
Indonesian cinnamon (Cinnamomum Burmanni) has a more spicy taste, it's cheaper, but with high levels of coumarin. It also comes from younger trees than Vietnamese cinnamon.
which non-nutritive sweetener is the derivative of sucrose produced by fungal enzyme: A.L-sugars, B.Aspartame, C.Neosugar, or D.Saccharin?
C. Neosugar
Furfural mercaptan is a volatile largely found in what food?
Fresh roasted coffee
The Delaney Clause prohibits the use of the suspected carcinogen: a) above the level tested in chronic tests, b) at a level that is above 1/100 of the minimum physiological response in animals, c) above the LD50, d) at any level above zero, e) if used above the ADI
d) at any level above zero
Name the organism that is responsible for the tempeh fermentation.
Rhizopus oligosporus
Which legume accounts for one sixth of the world's vegetable oil production?
The peanut.
What are the main forces stabilizing the gluten structure of dough systems?
Hydrogen bonding and disulfide linkages
Name the Korean sauerkraut.
Kimchi
Why is goat's milk is more pungent than cow's milk?
It contains more short chain fatty acids that cow's milk.
What is the name of the concept which involves the usage of multiple barriers in order to prevent spoilage of foods?
the 'Hurdle Concept'
What does FIFO stand for and why it is used?
First in First out, to ensure product turnover
What external factors influence microbial growth during refrigeration?
- Initial micro population - Characteristics of the food - Effect of processing.
HTST
High temperature Short time, used in food processing to sanitize food
What are the two main bacterial strains used in buttermilk production?
Lactococcus lactis or Lactococcus bulgaricus, Leuconostoc citrovorum
What is the name of pastry that is marketed as eclair at Dunkin Donuts?
Long Johns
What hormone increases appetite?
Ghrelin, leptin
95% alcohol has a lower boiling point than 100% alcohol (True/False)
True
What is the botanical name for sheep?
Ovis aries
Glass is composed of what 3 materials?
Sand (SiO2), soda ash ( Na2CO3), and Limestone (CaCO3)
What is TBHQ?
Antioxidant, tert-butylhydroquinone.
What nutrient gel made from seaweed is used as a base for tiny plants generated using tissue culture techniques?
Agar
What is ultrafiltration?
Particles retained 0.001 - 0.02 µm, Pressure 10-100 psig, Proteins rejected (macromolecules)
Vitamin B3 Deficiency can cause?
Pellagra
Which mineral is best known for its role as an antioxidant?
Selenium
What 3 monosaccharides make up raffinose?
glucose, galactose, fructose
In sensory analysis what is the term for when the brain allows very specific positive traits to influence overall evaluation?
Halo effect
Which enzymes are used in the AOAC method for fiber determination?
Alpha-amylase, protease, and glucoamylase
What does HDPE stand for?
High density polyethylene
"SAP" is used as a buffer, leavening agent, and emulsifier, among others. What is "SAP"?
Sodium acid pyrophosphate
Name the genera of Downy mildew disease and fruits and vegetables.
Sclerospora and Bremia
What are the dominant spoilage microflora of fish?
Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, and Moraxella.
What method of turkey preparation is commonly seen in the South?
Deep frying
A saturated fat has how many double bonds?
None
2 Diamines that give off spoiled meat odor:
(1) Cadaverine (2) Putrescine
Which of the following vitamins are unstable to heat?
Vitamin C and D
What are cytokinins?
Plant hormones that promote cell division in plants (They have potential uses in prolonging the freshness of vegetables and cut flowers).
What does LAL stand for?
Limulus amebocyte lysate.
After egg yolk is centrifuged what is the name of the supernatant and precipitate?
Supernatant fraction - plasma; precipitate - granule
How does DFD meat occur?
Animals with stress susceptibility survive stress and deplete their glycogen reserves, leading to poor quality meat.
Food additives that have GRAS status: a. can be used in foods without special approval from the FDA, b. can substitute for Good Manufacturing Practices, c. can only be used in beverages, d. do not need to be declared on the ingrediants list
a. an be used in foods without special approval from the FDA
What are the four variables used when calculating the Reynolds number of a fluid?
D = pipe diameter, V = mean fluid velocity, ρ = mass density, μ = fluid viscosity.
What is the impure distillation product of white wine?
Brandy
What enzyme is responsible for making methanol in wine production?
Pectin methyl esterase
Classify the following dairy components as being found in the retentate or permeate following ultra filtration of milk, casein, whey proteins, micellular salts, residual fat, lactose, soluble salts, and non protein nitrogen.
Permeates:Lactose, non protein nitrogen and soluble salts Retentate: casein, whey proteins, micellular salts, residual fat
What compound in cultured butter increases it flavor?
Diacetyl
Why use aluminum instead of tin in canning crabmeat?
Iron causes the meat to blacken
What is a set of directions that should (must) be followed to ensure food safety when completing certain tasks such as cooking chicken, cooling a food, or sanitizing a work surface?
Standard operating procedures
Retrogradation of pudding is caused by:
change of amylose order during storage
Who regulates alcohol?
TTB (Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau)
Edible sausage casings used for many sausages are made from which layer of the beef hide?
corium
BONUS Identify the terms BOD, COD, SS, and FOG.
A. BOD - biological (or biochemical) oxygen demand; COD - chemical oxygen demand; SS - suspended solids; FOG - fats, oils, and grease
Discuss membrane concentration of liquid foods.
Based on ability of semipermeable membranes of appropriate physicals and chemical nature to discriminate between molecule primarily on the basis of size and to a lesser extent on shape and chemical composition. A membranes role is to act as a selective barrier enriching certain components in a feed.
How can you tell if an egg is hard-boiled?
To tell if an egg is raw or hard-cooked, spin it. If the egg spins easily, it is hard-cooked but if it wobbles, it is raw.
What type of heat exchanger is most commonly used for the freezing of ice cream?
Scraped surface heat exchanger
What are two measures of dispersion?
Range and standard deviation.
What are the key difference between Pasteurization and heat sterilization?
Pasteurization: Mild heat treatment, Few week shelf life, Microbial and enzyme reduced, Insignificant nutrient and sensory loss, For liquid and canned foods Heat Sterilization: rigorous treatment, 6 or more month self-life, microbes and enzymes destroyed, substantial nutrient and sensory loss, mainly for canned foods
A plant hormone that is sometimes called the "ripening hormone" is ...
Ethylene
Name three nonpolar, polar, and charged amino acids.
Nonpolar: (Valine, Alanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline) Polar: (Glycine, Serine, Cystein, Threonine, Tyrosine) Charged: (Lysine, Arginine, Histidine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid)
What is the protein source in TVP (textured vegetable protein)?
Soy
Which of the following types of organism is not defined by temperature ? A. Psycrophiles B.Thermophiles C.Mesophiles D. Thermoduric
Thermoduric
According to CODEX Al, extra virgin olive oil difference?
Oleic acid content
the protein efficiency ratio (PER) is based on the comparison of the weight gain of rats fed a test protein to those fed what controlled protein?
casein
Give three functionalities of caseinates.
high solubility, low viscosity, clean flavor, emulsification, high fat and water-binding, freeze-thaw stability, calcium and protein fortification
What milk product did the U.S. Agriculture Department propose as a substitute for meat in school lunches, in 1996?
Yogurt
Name the country/region of origin for the following foods: Japchae, Lutefisk, Poutine, Mofongo, Injera
Japchae: Korea, Lutefisk: Sweden/Finland/Norway, Poutine: Canada, Mofongo: Puerto Rico, Injera: Ethiopia
What percentage of the US grain crop is destroyed each year by insects?
5-10%
Broilers are completely bled after slaughter for what purpose?
Obtain the desirable skin color
What does CAS stand for with regards to poultry processing?
Controlled atmosphere stunning
In Mohr’s method what is silver nitrate used as?
An indicator, used to measure salt content
Rickets is caused by the deficiency of which vitamin?
Vit D deficiency
Which glucose transporter is sensitive to insulin?
GLUT4
What is "Sweetness" in terms of wine?
How much sugar is in wine, up to 1.5%
What is the name of mexican flatbread made from masa harina?
Tortilla
What is the purpose of the Englis-Cummings procedure?
measure the total, soluble and insoluble fiber content
Gelato’s texture is due to its density as it is denser than ice cream. How much of gelato is air (%)?
30%, ice cream is 50%
What is a nonsolvent wet extraction method used to measure fat in foods?
Babcock or Gerber extractions
how many meters is 1 Angstrom?
10^-10 meters
What are the consequences when milk is overheated?
Denaturation/coagulation and sulfur release
In 1998, the FDA prepared a document that lead to the development of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs). What is the name of this document?
Guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards for fresh fruits and vegetables
Which cows produce milk with higher fat content: Holsteins or Jerseys?
Jerseys.
What is a facultative anaerobe?
A microbe that can grow with or without oxygen.
Of the 75 billion eggs produced, what percent are sold as shell eggs? Within 10%, what percent of the approximately 75 billion eggs produced each year in the U.S. are consumed in the form of shell eggs?
90% (85-95%)
Which 2 indegineous groups cultivated peanuts?
Incas and Aztecs
Miracle berry botanical name?
Synsepalum dulcificum
What is the difference between white and brown sugar besides the color and consistency?
Brown sugar contains molasses.
What is the name for the Maillard reaction intermediate containing an C=N bond between a sugar and an amine?
Schiff Base or glycosylamine
What is 4D reduction?
99.99%.
Banana bread, Bannock, and Scone are examples of what type of bread?
Quick Bread
Who started the first wholesale ice cream business?
Jacob Fussel in 1851
What type of flow has Reynolds number smaller than 2100?
Laminar flow
What is the name of the point at which condensation begins?
The dew point
In temperature sensing, what does the abbreviation RTD stand for?
resistance temperature detector
What is the main assumption made when dealing with CFUs in microbiology?
every colony is separate and founded by a single viable microbial cell.
this vitamin is injected into newborn infants.
vitamin K
Name 4 distilled beverages and the product that is distilled to make them?
brandy – wine, vodka – cereal grain or potatoes, gin – juniper berries, rum – sugarcane byproducts (molasses, honey, sugarcane juice), tequila – blue agave, mezcal – agave, whiskey – fermented grain mash
What artificial color was permanently listed in July, 1987?
FD&C Yellow number six
Name the two most abundant proteins found in milk.
Casein (Curds) and Whey
Name four advantages of using glass as a packaging material.
Chemically inert, odorless, high storage stability, may be transparent, easy to open and reseal, can be used with vacuum operations.
What is sodium silicoaluminate used for?
An anticaking agent
What microbe is used to make vinegar?
Acetobacteria
Selenium Deficiency can cause?
Keshan Disease Kashin Beck
What are zygospores?
sexual spores of molds, formed by the union of the tips of 2 hyphae.
what does the media DRBC stand for and what is it used to enummerate?
Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol: yeasts and molds
What is filmjolk?
A. Fermented milk produced using "ropy" strains of lactic acid bacteria such as Streptococcus cremoris. Nordic dairy product made from soured milk, similar to yogurt, but is produced using different bacteria and cultured at a lower temperature than yogurt (different taste and texture)
What is a sporf?
a utensil that combines characteristics of a spoon, fork and knife.
Caffeine belongs to what class of compounds?
methylxanthine
What kind of an emulsion is egg yolk, o/w or w/o?
Water in oil
How do you calculated amount of protein a person needs per day?
0.8*kg body weight
What is the process by which plants change light energy into chemical energy?
Photosynthesis
What is the major whey protein in milk?
beta lactoglobulin (about 65%)
Phosphorylation is a post translational modification of protein essential for their function. Name three aas that can be phosphorylated.
Serine, threonine, tyrosine
Name three practiced chemical modifications of maize starch in the U.S.
Derivitized (monostarch substitution and cross linking), acid thinning, dextrinization, oxidation, hydrolysis.
Name the plants used to make the following liquors? Kachaka, rum, vodka, baijiu, Mezcal
Vodka: potatoes/ cereal grains, Rum: sugar cane or molasses, Cachaça: cane sugar, Mezcal: Agave Kaoliang: Sorghum. Kaoliang liquor, Gaoliang liquor or Sorghum liquor is a strong distilled liquor of Chinese origin made from fermented sorghum. It is a type of light-aroma Baijiu.
What is the measure of protein quality using weight gain in experimental animals when fed test item?
protein efficiency ratio(PER)
what was the previous name of the FDA?
Food drug and insecticide administration (renamed 1931)
Who developed the first standardized test for quantifying milkfat?
Stephen M. Babcock at the University of Wisconsin
fecal contamination from what mammal is the source of almost all foodborne viral illnesses?
humans
The Dietary Guidelines recommend that Americans should limit the fat in their diet to what percentage of their calories?
30
What is the Prolamine in corn called?
Zien (makes a great biodegradable plastic, but EXPENSIVE)
What three cuts can be used for lamb chops?
Rib, Loin, Shoulder
What is the name of the energy required for a phase change at constant temperature?
latent heat
For the average healthy adult, how much meat should be included in the daily diet: A. two 2-3 oz servings/day, B.five 4-6 oz servings/day, C.two 6-8 oz servings/day, or D.none?
A. two 2-3 oz servings/day.
Name four annual world crops grown for edible oil?
Soybean, Peanut, Rapeseed, Sunflower, Maize, Olive
What is the rendered form of beef and mutton fat called?
tallow
What does it mean for data to be precise?
Data points are close together
What are psychrophiles?
Bacteria or archae that grow over the range of sub zero to 20 C with an optimum around 15 C
Potassium permanganate is an oxidant and is used in many titrations. Name 3 types of titrations that utilize potassium permanganate as the titrant and indicator.
Iron (Fe2+) or mohr’s salts, oxalic acid (oxalate), hydrogen peroxide, Copper (II), tannins (other redox reactions)
What is the major structural component of fleshy vegetables?
Pectin
Potassium sorbate is primarily used as a food preservative. Why is it used more than its acid form, sorbic acid?
Because the salt is more soluble in foods than the acid.
What is the maximum temperature required for tempering the following types of chocolate? Bittersweet chocolate, milk chocolate, and white chocolate
Bittersweet (Dark) Chocolate: 88–90°F (31–32°C) Milk Chocolate: 86–88°F (30–31°C) White Chocolate: 82–84°F (28–29°C)
What is the most commercially significant form of uncooked ham sold in the United States?
country hams (or country shoulder)
What is the commercial source of lysozyme?
dried egg white
What is the name for the 5th basic taste, sometimes called savory?
Umami
what is the function of cream of tartar in angel food cake?
stabilize the egg foam and whiten the color
A “Hard Cheese” must contain no more than what percent moisture?
39%
The caloric content of a large egg is A- 50, B-70, C - 100, D - 125
b. 70
What is the maximum amount of fat in ground beef?
35%.
What drink was developed in 1767 to help mariners stay healthy on long sea voyages?
Tonic water/ carbonated water
name the most common food idiosyncrasy.
Chinese restaurant syndrome
What mycotoxin is produced by a mold that can grow on moist peanuts, pecans, corn and other foodstuffs?
aflatoxin
What 3 properties are major functional uses of egg based products?
coagulation when heated, foaming ability, emulsifying properties
Engineers commonly use dimensionless numbers to aid in solving equations; which dimensionless numbers do the following 2-letter abbreviations represent when expressed in the subscript to a capital N: Sc, Re, Nu, Bi?
Sc=Schmidt;Re=Reynolds;Nu= Nusselt;Bi=Biot
London broil comes from what cut of the beef?
Flank
Many are aware of Rice Krispies's Mascots: Snap, Crackle, and Pop. The identities of their evil, villainous, counterparts are much less well known. For the bonus points, name these three beings, the scourge of the delicious breakfast, who first appeared in the 1939 cartoon: "Breakfast Pals"
Mushy, Toughy, and Soggy
What is a concentric tube pasteurizer and what is it used for?
Used for fluids with high viscosity, , ketchup, concentrated juices, tomato paste, needs high pressure to move
What type of sugar is cotton candy made up of?
Granulated sugar
Standards of identity include which of the following: a) ingredients that must be used; b) ingredients that may be used; C) Ingredients that may not be used
All (a, b, c)
what is the chemical nature of oleoropin?
phenolic glycoside
What are levels of exposure in kGy for radurization, radicidation, and radappertization?
radurization: 0.75-2.5 kGy; Racidiation 2.5-10 kGy; Radappertization: greater than 30-40 kGy
What is a Gilt?
female slaughter hog that hasn't produced piglets
What is the function of the clarification process for milk?
To remove small particulate matter and suspended solids from the milk
Name 4 different coatings used on tin cans for foods.
Tin, lacquer (used with tinned steel), chromium/chromium oxide (used with tin-free steel).
What is the term that describes food placed in a plastic pouch and then cooked for a long time in a water bath or steam at a low temperature?
sous vide (poaching is different and at higher temperatures)
Which gas often removed from packaging in thermal processes?
O2
What is the bitter compound found in the skin of oranges?
naringine
What year did the American Dairy Association Launch the 'Real' Seal, which is used for US dairy products that meet federal SOI, or products containing these US dairy products?
1976
A kilocalorie-free food has how many kilocalories per serving?
<5 kcal/serving
Name 5 dimensionless numbers utilized to determine aspects of heat exchange.
Biot, Fourier, Prandtl, Nusselt, Reynolds
Name the protein present in milk and egg white that can destroy bacterial cells.
Lysozyme
Soy protein isolates have at least what percent protein?
90
What organ produces and secretes the major fat digesting enzymes?
Pancreas
State Hook's law.
F = -kx (k = spring constant, x = spring elongation, F = force)
Flavonoids include what two color groups?
Anthoxanthin and Anthocyanin
What substance is formed when collagen is heated in the presence in water?
gelatin
What pepper is named as the "state native pepper" of Texas and is sometimes called Indian pepper, turkey, bird’s eye, or simply bird peppers?
chiltepin, chile pequin
A product that contains less than 140 mg of sodium per serving may be labeled as what kind of product, with regard to sodium content claim?
Low Sodium
What are the major components of HPLC?
Solvent, pump, column, detector
What british desert shares a name with an early atomic model?
plum pudding
What genera of gram negative, facultative anaerobe are catalase positive, oxidase negative, ubiquitous and cause foodborne illness?
Salmonella
Lactic acid bacteria are a group of gram positive bacteria that are normally acid tolerant and produce lactic acid from a carbohydrate source. Name 5 species of lactic acid bacteria.
Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, pediococcus, streptococcus
The thermal inactivation of microorganisms and most nutrients obey which order of reaction kinetics?
First Order
The term "fresh" can only be used to describe foods that have not been ___.
Frozen, heat processed, or preserved (for instance, cured)
What are 4 responsibilities of meat inspectors?
Identify meat as: Healthy (no disease), Sound (clean, sanitary), Wholesome (not adulterated), and Properly Labeled (it is what it says it is).
What is seafood's division of the IFT now known as?
Aquatic food product division
What action did the FDA take regarding raw milk's interstate shipment?
They banned interstate shipment of final package form for human consumption.
buffalo milk is what % of fat: A.20%, B.5%, C.8%, or D.who drinks buffalo milk?
C. 8% fat
Full form of PEF in food processing.
Pulsed Electric Field
Define triple point?
Pressure-temperature at which a substance is at solid, liquid, and vapor phase at the same time. For water, it is 611.73 Pa and 273.16 K.
What is the most common instrument used for sugar concentration measurement in solution?
refractometer
Define a fortified wine and give an example.
When distilled alcohol is added to wine to increase the alcohol content; port, sherry, madeira, marsala, Commandaria wine and vermouth.
what animal constitutes the single most common source of Yersinia enterocolitica in humans?
Pigs
What type of sensors have resistance characteric fall off with increasing temperature?
negative temperature coefficient
What is the name for the absolute temp. scale in the English sytem?
Rankine
Emu or ostrich meat is considered what type of meat?
Red meat - similar in color and taste to beef. However, it is lower in grams of fat per serving compared to chicken and turkey, and much lower in fat and cholesterol than beef.
What is the main disadvantage of commercial sterilization of a food?
significant changes in nutritive and sensory characteristics
List the current subparts listed under 21 CFR part 110.5 Current Good Manufacturing Practices
Umbrella GMPs: subpart: A. General provisions B. Building and facilities C. Equipment D. (reserved) E. Production and process controls F. (reserved) G. Defect action levels
Name five items that must be on a food label.
Name (statement of identity), weight (Net contents of the package), nutritional label, contact information, List of ingredients
What is standard of Identity?
Mandatory, federally set requirements that determine what a food product must contain to be marketed with a certain name.
What are the names of time-dependent liquids that obtain a constant apparent viscosity after shear?
Thixotropic; Rheopectic.
What are 4 major tests for allergies?
oral challenge, RAST, skin test, Immunoblotting and Basophil release
The morphology of both carbohydrate and plastics polymers (such as used for food packaging) can be described by two terms - what are the two terms?
Linear chains and branched chains.
What is the starter culture used in the manufacture of cultured buttermilk?
Lactococcus lactis subspecies lactis
The International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians (IAMFES) have recently undergone a name change. What is the new name for this organization?
International Association for Food Protection (IAFP)
True or false: the following steps should be followed for cleaning food contact equipment and utensils: 1) prerinse 2) soap and scrub (washing) 3) rinse 4) sanitize 5) air drying
True
name 3 factors that affect the stability of an emulsion according to Stoke's Law.
particle radius, particle density, fluid viscosity, fluid density, standard gravity
What are the long, branching filamentous structures which collectively make up the mycelium?
Hyphae
What polymer is more transparent in appearance, LDPE or HDPE?
LDPE.
Pomegranate peel can be used as a natural dye. What color does it produce?
Yellow
When a force acts parallel to a surface, the stress is called what?
Shear stress
Which cut of beef generally contains more fat, prime or select?
Prime
(True/False) One gram of vinegar has more than one gram of protein
True
What is meant by 'residues' in meat? A.soap scum that remains on meat after carcass is rinsed, B.trace amounts of antibiotic, drug,hormone,insecticide,pesticide,or environmental contaminant remaining in meat after slaughter, C.fat, or D.none of the above
B. trace amounts of antibiotics,drug,hormone,insecticide,pesticide,or environmental contaminant remaining in meat after slaughter
There are three main types of sourdough based on fermentation methods. Explain the differences.
Type I sourdough is the traditional form, maintained through continuous refreshment with flour and water. It relies on a stable culture of wild yeasts and lactic acid bacteria, fermented at room temperature. This type is used for artisan breads and requires frequent feeding to remain active. Type II sourdough is a semi-liquid or dough-like sourdough, fermented under controlled conditions for a longer time, typically at higher temperatures. It has stronger acidity and is often used in industrial bread production, as it can be stored for longer periods before use. Type III sourdough is a dehydrated or inactive form of sourdough, where fermentation is stopped, and the culture is dried for later use. It is commonly found in commercial baking, as it provides sourdough flavor without the need for continuous maintenance.
How many miligrams of sodium does 1 level teaspoon of salt contain?
2300 mg
What term describes the opposite of a sparkling wine?
a still wine
what is glazing, when applied to fish handling?
fish is flash-frozen in a freezer; when solidified, it is dipped into clean, cold water so that a thin layer of ice is formed on the frozen fish. This process is repeated to get a 1/4 inch layer of clear ice all over the fish
What is the name of the scale that was developed in 1912 to measure the "hotness" of peppers? What is the unit used to measure the hotness in peppers?
Scoville scale
What 4 seeds are considered to be the richest iron source with 1.3-4.3 mg per 2 tablespoons?
Pumpkin seeds, sesame, flax and hemp
why are sulfides prohibited from use in foods that are recognized sources of thiamin?
because sulfides destroy thiamin, which could lead to deficiencies
Given type of heat exchange, say whether there is aroma retention or not: steam injection/infusion, plate heat exchanger, tubular heat exchanger, scraped surface heat exchanger
all yes (retain aroma) except steam injection/infusion
1000 to 10,000-angstrom droplets of triglyceride stabilized by a membrane and transported by the blood to various organs of the body are called what?
Chylomicrons
List 3 in vitro assays for determing alternative oxidase(AOX) activity.
ORAC, FRAP, DPPH radical, TEAC, CUPRAC, B-carotene-linolenic acid, PCL, TRAP, PSC
Name uses for the 3 types of caramel colors that are produced.
color for cola drinks, brewers color for beer, and bakers color to give brown, baked color
What is the process of adding salt, sugar and sodium nitrate for the purpose of color developments over enhancement preservation and safety?
Curing
A succession of grinding stages is used to reduce grain to flour. What device is used?
Roller mills
What device is used to determine the specific gravity of milk?
Lactometer
Pre-market clearance for the use of pesticides is obtained from which government agency?
EPA
Minimum sodium reduction to declare a reduced sodium product?
25% of the original.
According to a 1993 food marketing institute survey, what is the number one piece of information sought by American food label readers?
fat content - followed closely by ingredients, calories, and other nutrient information
What state did Colby cheese originate in?
Wisconsin
What is an exotoxin?
Toxic proteins secreted by bacteria and released outside of the cell
Give an example of a probiotic bacterium.
A. Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, or Lactobacillus casei
What is the compound responsible for the pink color of cured meats?
nitrosomyoglobin
What is the aroma of diacetyl?
Buttery
Sensory tests may be divided into 3 groups on the basis of the type of information that they provide. What are the three types?
Discrimination, descriptive, affective (preference)
What is MAP and CAP wrt packaging?
Modified atmosphere packaging and controlled atmosphere packaging
Approximately 50% of the psychrotrophs isolated from raw milk belong to what bacterial genus?
Pseudomonas
What is the 1st chemical preservative approved for use by the US food and drug administration?
sodium benzoate
Milk homogenization slows creaming by changing oil droplets radius.
True
Name 2 ways yeast divide.
Budding (a special kind of mitosis) and Meiosis
What property of a liquid provides resistance to flow?
Viscosity
What is the benefit of HTST pasteurization?
less change in nutrient composition and sensory attributes, less change in overall food quality, continuous throughput, lower utility costs, longer shelf life
Why are fruit or vegetables often heated prior to maceration for juice production?
To inactivate enzymes which may cause undesirable quality changes
What are the dispersed and continuous phases of each of the following: Foam, aerosol, emulsion?
Foam: gas in liquid/solid aerosol: liquid/solid in gas emulsion: liquid in liquid
Vitamin deficiencies cause many diseases. For each of the following give the vitamin deficiency it is associated with. Xerophthalmia, Korsakoff’s syndrome, scurvy, pellagra, Wernicke’s encephalopathy, rickets
Xerophthalmia – vitamin A Korsakoff’s syndrome – thiamine (or vitamin B-1) Scurvy – vitamin C Wernicke’s encephalopathy – vitamin B (vitamin B1 is also acceptable) Rickets – vitamin D
Can a blood spot be used as an indicator of the freshness of an egg? Why or why not?
Yes, as an egg ages, the yolk takes up water from the albumen to dilute the blood spot so, in actuality a blood spot indicates that the egg is fresh.
What is the difference between single and double acting baking powder?
Single has 1 acid whereas double has 2 acids; single acting reacts once it is exposed to moisture, double acting reacts when it is exposed to moisture and reacts again when it is exposed to heat
Moist heat methods (braising and stewing) of cooking are recommended for which meat cut?
chuck
On what proteins are zinc transported in the plasma?
66% bound/carried by albumin, 33% carried by alpha-2-macroglobulin
The wall of a plastic container is 1/50 inch thick. How many mils thick is this?
20 mils
What is an alternate name of Peking Ducks?
Long Island Ducks
What are the two parts of a citrus rind?
Albedo and flavedo
Give three examples of Viennoise pastry.
Croissant, Brioche, Danish pastry
Clotted Cream is essential to what beverage?
Cream Tea
Name 5 types of heat exchangers used for food processing.
shell and tube heat exchanger, spiral heat exchanger, plate heat exchanger, jacketed pans, scraped surface heat exchangers, corrugated tube heat exchanger, finned tube heat exchangers, double pipe heat exchanger
A food product would not be considered adulterated if: a) It contained a new animal drug; b) It contains FD&C Yellow #4; C. It contains carmine; D. If it is the product of an animal that did not die by slaughter
C
Where was Pina colada invented?
San Juan, Puerto Rico
What type of wheat is used to make pasta?
Durum
What kind of emulsion system does butter have?
butter has a water in oil emulsion, where water is in dispersed phase and oil is in continuous phase
Ingredient lists must appear on all foods that have more than how many ingredients?
One
What is another name for carob gum?
Locust Bean Gum
A number 16 scoop is equal to how many ounces?
2 oz
Knowing the water and sugar content of foods and beverages is important. Name 3 methods to measure the sugar content in food and 2 to determine the water content.
Sugar - refractometry, density, titrations (Rebelein, Lany-Eynon), UV/VIS spectroscopy (anthrone method, phenol-sulfuric acid method), chromatography, enzymatic Water – Karl Fischer titration, thermogravimetric analysis, spectroscopic analysis, GC, density, refractometry
Intrinsic factor in foods which affect microbial growth
pH, redox potential, nutrient content, water activity
What are designer foods?
foods fortified with health promoting ingredients
What is the name of the pasta that translates to "hollow"?
Cavatelli
What does PVdC stand for?
Polyvinylidene Chloride
Mackerel, salmon, yellow pike, and red snapper are all examples of what kind of fish (broad category)?
Finfish
In packaging terminology, when does EVOH stands for?
ethylene vinyl alcohol
What is the main desirable byproduct of roasting goose?
Fat
How do refrigeration and freezing affect staling? a. both slow staling b. fridge slows staling, freezing aids staling c. fridge aids staling and freezing slows staling d. both aid staling
c. fridge aids staling, freezing slows staling
What technology is commonly used to decrease heat ring and cold shortening of beef?
Electrical Stimulation
What is the milk fat % in heavy cream?
At least 36%
What is the type of ice cream that has chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry side by side?
Neapolitan
Recommended storage temperature for potatoes is more than 25 degrees C, why?
lower temperatures result in more reducing sugar formation creating the potential for browning when fried, also if stored at a temperature too hot they can form spores
Key differences between FDA and USDA
FDA is much smaller and only covers safety, labeling of food/drugs/makeup, medical devices. USDA is much larger and their regulations cover all aspects of food and food production.
What are the two most common grades of milk in the United States?
Grade A&B
What is the major toxin-producing microorganism associated with herb infused oils held at or above room temp for extended periods of time?
Clostridium botulinum
An ear of corn has on average 16 rows of corn kernels. How many kernels are in each row?
50 +- 1
Deficiency of what vitamin is associated with neural tube defects?
folate (B9)
Degradation of what vitamin is responsible for oxidized defect in milk?
Riboflavin
What is absolute humidity?
mass of water/mass of dry air
When making extra virgin olive oil what is the maximum number of hours required from harvest to processing?
24
What are the intrinsic and extrinsic factors for microbial growth in food?
intrinsic: pH, water activity, redox potential, biological structure, moisture content,animicrobial component , competitive microflora, nutrient content Extrinsic: temperature and time, relative humidity, gaseous environment, presence of other organisms, processing operations, type of packaging
A food preservation method that utilizes liquid nitrogen to rapidly freeze foods is called what?
Cryogenic Freezing
What foodborne pathogen can cause peptic ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
What is the name of Iberian ham?
Jamon
What three characteristics are commonly used to describe coliforms?
Rod shaped, gram -, ferment lactose
Name two homofermenters?
Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus helviticus, Lactococcus fascum, Streptococcus thermophilus.
TF high density polyethylene is made up of carbon chains that are highly branched.
False
In general, microbial survival curves follow what type relationship?
first-order exponential
How does fat have "shortening power"?
It interlaces between protein and starch structures and makes them tear apart easily and 'short' rather than allowing them to stretch long. This is a tenderizing effect for meat and baked goods.
What is the chief difference between the grape must that is used in dessert wine fermentation vs. normal wine fermentation?
dessert wine uses grapes w/a higher sugar content OR growth of mold on surface of grape
Name the microorganism associated w/ Patulin.
Penicillium eseparsum
Which fiber will have a lower pH during postmortem: red fiber or white fiber?
White fiber (has more glycolytic enzymes while red fiber has more enzymes for oxidative metabolism).
In anaerobic metabolism, pyruvate can be converted into what two intermediates?
Acetyl-coA and lactate (lactic acid in muscle)
What two analytical techniques rely on the spin of electrons?
EPR and ESR
Obese yeast are named so due to their high containment of what group of compounds?
Triglycerides
What phenomena in wine is a visualization of the Gibbs-Marangoni effect?
Tears or the wine legs
The amount of heat necessary to raise one gram of water from 14.5 to 15.5 degrees Celcius is the formal definition of what?
Calorie
Name 3 sanitizers commonly used in food processing.
Quartz, chlorine, iodophores (?)
What term is defined as the time (min) at a specified temperature required to destroy 90% of all organisms in a population?
D-value
What is the phone number for IFT?
312-782-8424
When can a regional section be established?
When 25 or more members live within the same geographical area
What is osmotic pressure?
minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane. It is also defined as the measure of the tendency of a solution to take in water by osmosis. Excess pressure needed to reach the state of equilibrium between two systems
What B-vitamin was added to ground beef as an illegal color enhancer by two meat manufacturers in Israel?
Riboflavin (Vit B2)
When specifying the oxygen permeability of a packaging film what are three of the five parameters that are given?
Film area, Temperature, Time, Film Thickness, Relative Humidity.
In what year did IFT celebrate its 50th anniversary?
1989
Initial Neapolian ice cream constitued what 3 flavors, constituting the italian flag?
PIstachio, Vanilla, Cherry
What is atmospheric freeze drying?
to maintain partial pressure of water vapor adjacent to the product at a level below triple point of water, approach 1 - inert gas and water vapor pressure = 1atm, approach 2 - capture of the water vapor with adsorbent
What does the term oleogustation refer to?
the taste of fat
What are cryoprotectants?
Substances that protect against the dehydration which destroys structure and texture caused by freezing.
Meat should be included in the diet because: A.it provides high quality protein and iron, B.is high in cholesterol, C.rates low as a nutrient-dense food, or D.all of the above?
A.meat provides high quality protein and iron
What is the embryonic development of muscle tissues?
myogenesis
The first rDNA food additive sold in the USA was?
recombinant chymosin
Vitamin B1 is chemically known as?
Thiamine
The rate of heat penetration into canned foods is dependent on the mechanism of heat transfer. Fluid foods heat by ___ and solid foods heat by a ___ mechanism.
1) Convection 2) Conduction.
what are vitamis D2 and D3 better known as?
vitamin D2: ergocalciferol. vitamin D3: cholecalciferol
Gouda is traditionally eaten with what condiment?
Dutch mustard
If a cake has a fallen center and a very dark crust, the cause is:
too much sugar
Gel filtration separation of proteins is taking advantage of: A.protein charge, B.protein size, C.molecular affinity, or D.pH?
B. protein size
When cheese is made from raw milk (unpasteurized milk or sub-pasteurized milk) the FDA requires that the finished product be ripened for at least how many days?
A. Aged for 60 days (at not less than or above 35°F or 1.7°C)
Traditionally what day is the wine Beaujolais nouveau available for sale?
the 3rd Thursday of November each year.
What is the importance of evaporation?
One of the big reasons is that we want to minimize the material that we have to ship, for example orange juice, you can ship a lot more as concentrate than as juice, saving lots of money on shipping and space for storage.
β-D-galactosidase is added to dairy products for what 3 reasons?
Prevents sandiness in ice cream; makes ice cream more scoopable, and enables people with lactose intolerance to consume dairy
Classify the dietary fibers as soluble or insoluble: cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, inulin, lignin, microcrystalline cellulose
Soluble: inulin, pectin, Insoluble: lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, MCC
What two publications are sponsored by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT)?
Journal of Food Science and Food Technology.
What are protoplasts?
-Plant cells whose outer wall has been removed exposing the thin cellular cytoplasmic membrane -Protoplast from ancient Greek means "first-formed," initially referred to the first human, or more generally, to the first organized body of a species
What fast food chain trialed venison sandwiches?
Arby's
Who invented the process of canning?
Nicolas Appert.
2 piece cans for low acid foods are made in what? a. impact exit b. draw + iron c. draw redraw(?) d. welding
c. draw-redraw
What is the unit of Reynolds number?
None
what is a toxic alkaloid found in the green part of potatoes?
solanine
What is the acid responsible for tears released when cutting onions? What causes you to tear when chopping onions?
Sulfuric acid
UHT is known as a method for pasteurization. What does UHT stand for?
Ultra High temperature
What is the measurement of the degree to which a chemical is poisonous to an organism?
Toxicity
what is the name given to zinc deficiency?
there is no named deficiency for zinc
Explain thixotropic and pseudoplastic.
Thixotropy is the property of certain fluids and gels of becoming thinner when a constant force is applied. A pseudoplastic fluid is a fluid that increases viscosity as force is applied. The main difference is that viscosity of thixotropic fluids decreases upon applying a force whereas the viscosity of pseudoplastic fluids increases upon applying a force.
The internal pressure in plant cells is called what? In cells that make up fruits and vegetables, the osmotic pressure balance with inward pressure of extended cell walls is called?
Turgor pressure
What are leavening agents?
They are alkaline compounds used to enhance the rising of dough in the manufacture of bakery
Name in microbial reduction process for spices and seasonings.
Answer: irradiation
What milk protein is present in cheese?
Caesin
What is the name of small tarts?
Tartlet
What is the flavor enhancer manufactured from glutamic acid?
MSG- Monosodium Glutamate
Chuck comes from which part of beef?
Beef shoulder
What does ASM stand for?
American Society for Microbiology
What term describes the point in a titration where the number of equivalents of titrants equals the number of equivalents of the titrated substance?
Equivalence point.
What relies on abrasion of meat against stainless steel rotating paddles to accomplish diffusion and binding of curing ingredients with meat?
Messaging
What is sensory adaptation?
A decrease in or change in sensitivity to a given stimulus as a result of continued exposure to that stimulus or a similar one
What is the name of vietnamese waffles known for their distinct green color?
Pandan
What is cAMP?
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
What are the main stages of canning?
heating phase (removal of air, come-up time, holding time at processing temperature), cooling phase
Name the thermal processing method used to destroy the pathogenic organisms and extend the shelf life in milk.
Pasteurization
How does the Long-Tube Vertical Falling Film Evaporator operate?
Product flows downwards. Used in Dairy and Fruit industry.
What are enantiomers?
compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures. They are mirror images of each other and refract light differently
Name a cinnamic acid derivative that is widely distributed in plants.
Caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic
What compound is the major cause of red grapefruit's red flesh?
Lycopene
What is the cause of cardboard flavor in milk.?
Oxidation of fat
What was the impact of the FDA Modernization Act (FDAMA) of 1997 on food additive evaluation and approval?
As a result of FDAMA, certain indirect food additives (those that meet the definition of food contact substances) are approved by a premarket notification process rather than the traditional petition process.
The first FDA approved use of recycled plastic in food packaging was a program to use 25% recycled plastics in bottles that contained what product?
Coca cola
What are four ways to inhibit enzymatic browning?
Decrease pH, HPP, addition of sulfites, addition of antioxidants, chelation of copper, prevent exposure to oxygen, MAP, freezing, dehydration
How does a bimetallic thermometer work?
there is a bimetallic strip that converts a temperature change into a mechanical displacement. There is a mechanical displacement because the strip is formed from two different metals that expand at different rates when heated
Which refrigerant is the trademark for a family of fluorocarbons manufactured by DuPont and is commonly used as refrigerants, solvents, and in other applications?
Freon
What are the minimum times and temperatures for LTLT and HTST pasteurization of milk?
LTLT – 145 degF (62.8 degC), 30 minutes HTST – 161 deg F (71.7 deg C) 15 seconds
Define D-value.
Decimal reduction time, time for 1 log cycle reduction in viable cells at specific temperature
in 2000, a proposal was submitted to the FDA for review to require the addition of 2 essental fatty acids to a particular product. Name the fatty acids and the product.
Baby formula: docosahexanois acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA)
How many main effects are there in a three way ANOVA?
3
Raw cassava naturally contains what toxin?
Cyanide
What sweetener is a trichlore derivative of galactosucrose, and has 600 times the sweetness of sucrose?
Sucralose
How many kilocalories does 1g of alcohol provide?
7 kcal/g
Why is stannous chloride added to asparagus canned in glass jars and how much SnCl2 is allowed?
1) It controls discoloration due to oxidation of rutin; 2) Not more than 15 ppm in unlined lids, 20 ppm in lined lids.
The use of a highly exergonic reaction in the beginning of a catabolic pathway is referred to as?
"Activation" or "Turbo design".
What does EAEC stand for?
Enteroaggregative E. coli
What are the main proteins found in wheat?
Gliadin, glutelin
What is the term for a complete set of genetic material in an organism?
Genome
What food product is B-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin found in?
Milk
What milk protein is a cofactor for the synthesis of lactose?
alpha lactalbumin
What are the smallest and largest amino acids by MW?
glycine and tryptophan
Does root beer have alcoholic content?
Some do, some don't. It comes in two forms: alcoholic and soft drink.
What are comminuted products in reference to meat?
Products made from lesser quality meat materials that have been subdivided into small meat pieces; e.g. chunk, chips, or flakes.
What is a typical range for the amount of protein found in cow's milk?
Approximately 30-35 grams/liter (3 to 4%)
Why is yogurt processed at elevated temperatures?
A. The yogurt is incubated at a higher temperature because L. bulgaricus and Strep. Thermophilus are thermophiles
The bakery has had a lot of complaints about the toughness of bread made yesterday. What ingredient would result in tougher yeast bread if omitted?
Salt
What is the equation named after german and canadian scientist?
Michaelis Menten equation
What gums are linear sulfated polysaccharides that are extracted from red edible seaweeds?
Carrageenan
In statistics, what is a Type II Error?
Accepting a false hypothesis.
What city is commonly associated with spare ribs of pork?
St. Louis
What 4 micronutrients are necessary on nutrition labels according to the 2016 FDA format?
Vitamin D, Calcium, Iron, Potassium
Which polymer has the best heat sealability?
EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate)
True/False: a complete protein is one that contains all of the essential amino acids in amounts and proportions to maintain life and support growth when used as the sole source of protein.
True
Lime botanical name?
Citrus latifolia [Rutaceae (Citrus)]
What is the cause of the dark flavor of Stout?
Roasted malt or barley in hops
What is microencapsulation?
a process in which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a coating to give small capsules.
The only artificial sweetener made from sugar (sucrose)
sucralose (splenda)
What is the name of italian flatbread which uses olive oil, salt, flour, water, and lard?
Piadina
What is Hess's Law?
Enthaply is not dependent on the reaction pathway, just on initial and final conditions (State Function)
True or false? Milk homogenization slows creaming by changing oil droplets radius
True
What is the primary goal of pasteurization?
to kill pathogens
Two general categories of freezing methods used in commercial food processing are. Give examples.
Direct (air blast, immersion); Indirect (plate, scraped surface).
In maillard browning, reducing sugar reacts with which amino acid and destroys its nutritional value
Lysine
4 quarts: ? gallon
gallon
Is hard candy crystalline or non-crystalline?
Non-crystalline
When making biscuits a hard fat should be used instead of oil because biscuits:
should be flaky
What toxic element is commonly found in fish?
Mercury
How many C (carbons) are in capric acid?
10
A container that is absolutely impermeable to gases and vapors throughout its entirety is called what?
Hermetic
At what pH is Iodophor effective?
pH 4-5
Beef and pork is classified as what type of meat?
Red Meat
Identify which cereal grains contain gluten: teff, oats, buckwheat, triticale, monleena
only triticale
What percent of the world eats with their hands, eats with two sticks, and eats with utensils?
70%, 20%, 10%
What are coliforms?
Aerobic to facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative, non-sporeforming rods that ferment lactose with the formation of gas within 48 hours at 35°C.
Explain what is meant by aseptic processing.
The food and container are sterilized separately and are filled in a sterile environment
Which of the following happens during cold shortening, a defect in meat?
c. Sarcomeres shorten.
What are the three mechanisms for transferring heat energy into a food system?
Conduction, convection, and radiation.
What is the first degree breed of dairy cattle in the US?
Holstein
What are four indicators of a fresh egg?
pH 7.6, thick and high yolk, small air cell, higher egg white height after breakage, chalaza
With regard to chemical structure, what do seed gums (locust bean, guar, arabic, mesquite) all have in common?
They are galactomannans
What is a dielectric material and give an example?
dielectric materials are an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field. examples include: porcelain/ceramic, mica, glass, plastics, various metal oxides
Name the year following major laws were published: Pure food and drug act, food drug and cosmetic act, Nutrition labeling and education act, US organic food production act, food safety modernization act
PFDA: 1906 FDCA: 1938 NLEA: 1990 USOFPA: 1990 FSMA: 2011
What sandwich chain came under hot water for not using real tuna in their tuna sandwich?
Subway
Name a fermented milk that contains alcohol.
Kefir or koumiss
Steer and barrow carcasses unlike heifer and gilt carcasses, have what adjacent to the posterior end of the aitch bone?
Pizzle eye
Name of the continent of origin for the following fruit: Watermelon, raspberry, blueberry, kiwi, guava
Watermelon: Africa, kiwi: Asia, raspberry: Europe/North America, guava: South America, blueberry: Europe/North America. Raspberry and blueberry both originate from Europe and North America, with different species naturally occurring in both continents.
What is the psychometric chart?
A chart that relates all of the external conditions to each other. If you know two conditions you can determine the other two
What is another name for Sodium Lauryl Sulfate?
Sodium dodecyl sulfate
What is a decanter centrifuge?
for clarification (solid liquid separation) and dewatering, can handle higher solid content than high speed disc, applications(fish-meal, rendering, olive oil, juice, chemical slurries, waste water)
What characteristic of compounds is usually utilized to separate compounds in gas chromotography?
molecular weight
Name 3 practiced chemical modifications of maize starch in the US.
derivitization (monostarch substitution and cross linking), acid thinning, dextrinization, oxidation, hydrolysis
What is the most popular spice in the world?
Black pepper
What does CEI stand for?
Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage
What is the non-amino part of a conjugated protein called?
Prosthetic group
Most fats in the body are in the form of what?
Triglycerides
Trans fatty acids occur in what animal?
Ruminant animals like cow
What common paste is made from the seeds of the Arachis hypogaea, a legume, after they are roasted?
Peanut butter
The Columbian exchange refers to the widespread transfer of plants, culture, technology, etc between the Americas and the Old World. Name 3 foods that originated in the Old World and transferred to the Americas, and 3 foods originating in the Americas and transferred to the Old World.
Old world to America: Pigs, horses, cattle, chickens, honeybees, grains, bananas, sugarcane, olives, citrus fruit, coffee beans, peaches, pears, apples, carrots, grapes, cabbage, lettuce, onions, soybeans Americas to the Old World: Potatoes, corn, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, squash, cassava, tomatoes, pineapples, avocados, beans, peanuts, cashews, cacao, vanilla, chili peppers, tobacco, turkeys, sunflowers
In food service, what does the term cross-contact mean?
Unintentionally bringing food in contact with an allergen
Define Z value.
The change in temperature required to change the D-value by a factor of 10 in thermal processing.
who invented canning?
Nicholas Appert
What is the ‘best if used by/best before’ date used for?
a guide to the quality or flavor profile of a food product
What part of the cell contains the enzyme to complete gluconeogenesis?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
What U.S. governmental agency sets the standards of identity of meat products?
FSIS, USDA
Name 3 way to analyze secondary lipid oxidation compounds.
TBARS, VOC, HPLC, gas chromatography, sensory panel
Name the process whereby food is heated under vacuum but not sufficiently to sterilize it?
Sous-Vide
(True/False) There are more than 1,200 serotypes of Salmonella
True
How much water is typically in butter?
20%
British soldiers were named ____
Limey's (beans)
Which muscle protein must bind calcium for muscle contraction?
Troponin
Which of the following foods are considered a source of complete protein? A. chicken B. soybean C. yogurt D. A & C E. all of the above
E
What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?
anabolism = synthesis; catabolism = breakdown
According to the Beef Steak Color Guide, what end-point cooking temperature (F) is associated with medium rare degree of doneness?
145
Name 5 fruits that use a type of bud grafting in their production.
cherry, plum, apricot, peach, apple, pear
Under what conditions should a food be classified as a low-acid food for the purposes of canning?
pH > 4.6 and aw > 0.85.
How do we prevent egg yolk gelation during freezing?
by addition of 10% sugar or salt, or 5% glycerin
Name four statistical tools often used for solving food quality problems.
Control charts; Scatter diagrams; Stem-and-leaf plots; Cause-and-effect (fishbone) diagrams; Histograms; Flow Charts; Pareto diagrams; Brainstorming; Check Sheets; Stratification
Which can size is the largest: No. 3 vacuum, No. 10, or No. 303?
No. 10 (The three names are common names for cans 404x307, 603x700, and 303x406, respectively)
Which are the 2 ketogenic amino acids?
lysine, leucine
Name three women who have served as IFT presidents.
Mary Wagner, Mary Schmittel, Margaret Lawson, Chris Downs, Vicky Kloeris, Pam Coleman, Mariane Gillette
What are the three usual flavors in Neapolitan ice cream, also known as harlequin ice cream?
Strawberry, chocolate, and vanilla
Name two types of insoluble fiber and a dietary source for each.
Lignin- flax, rye and some vegetables; Cellulose- whole wheat, bran, seeds
Gel formation in frozen egg can be prevented by
2-10% NaCl 8-10% sucrose
Acrolein is a potentially toxic product that can occur in food processing applications. Give the source and the type of degradation can yield this chemical.
Thermal decomposition of fats
Gluten is a very unusual protein, partly because over 50% of the protein is composed of just 3 amino acid residues; name 2 of these 3 amino acids.
glutamate, glutamine, proline
Name one acceptable sanitizer for use on food equipment.
sodium hypochlorite, iodophors, quaternary ammonium compounds
Butter without culture is called what?
Sweet cream butter
What are some ways to reduce non-uniform heating during microwave heating?
rotating food with motorized platter, pre-heating and holding time after the microwave heating, adjusting power settings in microwave ovens
What indian flatbread is commonly made out of maida flour and mashed potatoes?
Kulcha
Give 6 examples of pastries.
Croissants, Danish pastry, eclairs, profiteroles, Napoleon (Mille-Feuille), tarts (such as fruit tarts or lemon meringue), puff pastry, churros, turnovers, baklava, palmiers, strudel, cinnamon rolls, and tartlets
When eggs are washed, the open pores of the eggshell are exposed as the result of the loss of what?
The egg cuticle or bloom
Two part question: Early in 1991, Heinz implemented a new innovation in the packaging of one of their major products. What is the product and what is the change?
A new development, called Enviropet, WILL ALLOW RECYCLING OF THEIR PLASTIC KETHCUP BOTTLE through the PET (polyethylene terephthalate) beverage bottle (soda bottle) recycling system.
In the UK, "cookies" refer to which type of cookies?
Drop Cookies
what is the difference between evaporating and drying?
evaporation is used to concentrate solids to a certain degree while drying is used to achieve a level close to total dryness with only 2-3% of water
What are the polarities of the staionary and mobile phases in N-HPLC?
mobile is non-polar, stationary is polar
What are three methods used for precooling of fruits and vegetables?
Hydro- cooling, Vacuum cooling, Air cooling
State veg of oklahoma?
Watermelon
What is the name of milk containing between 30%-36% milk fat?
Whipping Cream
What is most abundant myofibrillar protein?
myosin
What is the toxic glycoside in potato skins that is produced when potatoes are exposed to sunlight?
Solanine
The IFT annual award that recognizes research accomplishments of an individual 36 years or younger is called___________________.
Samuel Cate Prescott Award
What is the name of FD&C Red No.3?
Erythrosine
What month is designated as National Meat Month?
January
Which fruit is known as the king of fruits?
Mangoes
What additional ingredient in pastry allows for a crumbly/flaky texture?
Shortening, Fat
To maximize quality of frozen foods, why is it more desirable to freeze a product quickly rather than slowly?
Ice crystals formed will be the smallest possible if the product is frozen quickly to prevent quality problems
Name three Orange cultivars.
Navel, Marrs, Pineapple, Hamlin, Valencia
For what purpose are mono and di-glycerides used in food production?
Emulsifiers
What is the most commonly used supercritical fluid?
carbon dioxide
First chef to have his own cooking show on BBC:
Philipp Harvend
Name the enzyme used to remove O2 from the headspace of canned products.
Glucose oxidase.
What are the 2 principal methods employed in peeling potatoes?
Abrasion and lye.
what is farina?
a fraction of middlings from hard wheat
Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
1966
What is the defect in ice cream that is caused by the formation of lactose crystals?
Sandiness
Name four functions of edible film.
inhibit mass transfer, carry ingredients, improve mechanical integrity, improve appearance
Surstroming', the swedish dish so smelly it's usually opened outdooors, is the fermented product of what seafood?
Fermented sea herring
Long-term antibiotic therapy can lead to a deficiency of what vitamin?
Vitamin K
Complete the term: First in
first out, aka FIFO
What does ANSI stand for?
American National Standards Institute
Describe two kinds of fluids that require the application of yield stress before any flow occurs.
1) Bingham liquids 2) Plastics
In the freezing of foods, what is the term used to describe the quality defect caused by dehydration of the product surface by sublimation?
Freezer burn
What is the name of Dulce de Leche in Phillippines is made with carabao milk?
Dulce Gatas
Under what conditions can a product be claimed as a good source of a nutrient?
Provide 10-19% of the Daily Value for a given nutrient per serving.
Name three types of sugars used in glazing.
Sucrose, glucose, fructose
Based on the National institute of alcohol abuse and alcoholism, what is the volume in fluid ounces of a standard drink for the following, beer (5%), malt liquor, wine and distilled spirit?
12 fl oz of beer, 8-9 fl oz of malt liquor, 5 fl oz of wine, 1.5 fl oz of distilled spirits
What is the z value of Clostridium botulinum?
10 C or 18 F
In sterilization and pasteurization, what is the purpose of the hold tube?
make sure the product has the correct residence time (aka the time necessary to sterilize/pasteurize at a certain temperature)
List several benefits associated with the use of phosphates in meats.
increase water binding capacity, improve emulsification, tenderness, juiciness, color uniformity, decreases rancidity, minor antimicrobial activity, buffering against acidic marination ingredients
What is the mash called obtained in the fermentation of soy to produce soy sauce?
Miso
Name one group regulating the seafood industry.
FDA
What type of tea is wilted, bruised and partially oxidized?
Oolong Tea
what is the chemical name of enzyme lactase?
Beta-D-galactosidase
Cells that can use glucose without the presence of insulin are?
Brain cells
Isohumulone is the precursor compound that reacts with light to what vitamin to cause skunky flavor in beer?
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
What does HLB stand for and what does a high and low HLB value indicate?
HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance); a low value (3-6) promotes water in oil emulsions and a high value (8-18) promotes oil in water emulsions.
Jackfruit botanical name?
Artocarpus heterophyllus [Moraceae (Mulberry)]
In the US, irradiated foods must carry a declaration 'Treated w/Radiation' or must carry a symbol on their label; what is this symbol called?
Radura, which is green in color
What does the term lyonnaise refer to when used to describe a menu item?
With onions
What is a theoretical plate in simple distillation?
A theoretical plate is an area in the column where the recondensing liquid and the rising vapor come into equilibrium with one another
The largest beer manufacturing company in the world is ___.
Anheuser-Busch, St. Louis, MO
Turkey botanical name?
Meleagris gallopavo
most popular ice cream flavor?
vanilla
What national IFT award recognizes excellence in university teaching?
William V. Cruess
What does PDP stand for in food packaging?
Principle Display Panel
What is 'margarine disease' (AKA Planta Disease)?
allergic reaction to the emulsifier 'ME18', which is added to margarine to keep fat from spattering during frying.
Pecan botanical name?
Carya illinoinensis [Juglandaceae (Walnut)]
Name the country of origin for each of the following blue cheeses: Stilton, Roquefort, Danablu, and Gorgonzola.
Stilton: England, Roquefort: France, Danablu: Denmark, Gorgonzola: Italy
Name the significance of importance of the following enzymes. Rennet, papain, lactase, alkaline phosphatase
rennet – curdle milk, papain – tenderize meat, lactase – converts lactose to monosaccharides, alkaline phosphatase – indicates milk pasteurization
What is the process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor produces heat
Joule Heating
Give the Henderson Hasselbach equation and define each term.
The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is used to calculate the pH of a buffer solution, or to relate the pH of a solution to the concentrations of a weak acid and its conjugate base. ph=pKa + log[A-/HA] Where: - pH: The hydrogen ion concentration, which indicates the acidity or alkalinity of the solution. - pKₐ: The negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant (Kₐ) of the weak acid. It represents the pH at which half of the acid is dissociated into its conjugate base and hydrogen ions. - (A-): The concentration of the conjugate base (the ion formed when the acid loses a proton). - (HA): The concentration of the weak acid (the undissociated form of the acid).
Under what conditions is the formation of lysinoalanine favored in foods?
alkaline treatment of proteins
What are three applications of lactase?
hydrolyzes lactose to glucose and galactose, prevent sandiness in ice cream, lactose intolerance
What was the Meullenet-Owens Razor Shear Blade designed for?
Assessment of poultry meat tenderness.
Banana (Cavendish) botanical name?
Musa acuminata
What will a successful injunction action by the FDA do to your company?
The injuction is a civil judicial process that will stop or prevent violation of the law, by halting the flow of the product in insterstate commerce, and to correct the condition that caused the violation
Name 5 examples of unit operations.
evaporator, storage tanks, filler, shipping, peeler/dicer, washing, mill, pasteurizer, grinding, extraction, drying
Which heavy metal is generally the most toxic to humans?
Lead
What does HPTLC stand for?
High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography
What highly toxic lectin compound is contained in castor beans?
Ricin
What is the max recommended storage temperature for eggs and dairy products?
40°F or 4°C
Name 3 examples of seafood intoxications.
Scromboid poisoning, puffer fish toxin, ciguetera toxin, shellfish toxin
What are the two components of muscle contribute most to the sensory perception of juiciness in meat?
water and intramuscular fat (marbling)
What is the mortality rate of Clostridium botulinum if ingested?
Approximately 70 percent.
What is the largest source of silicon in the body?
Beer
What animal's milk is commonly used to produce Roquefort cheese?
Sheep's Milk
In thermal processing (specifically heat penetration) what is the symbol or ratio term used to relate the actual initial temperature of the product to the intercept temperature?
j, lag factor
Name 5 essential macrominerals.
Calcium – Essential for bone and teeth health, muscle function, and nerve transmission. Phosphorus – Important for bone and teeth structure, and energy metabolism. Magnesium – Involved in muscle and nerve function, energy production, and bone health. Sodium – Crucial for fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction. Potassium – Helps maintain proper cell function, fluid balance, and nerve signaling. Chloride – Works with sodium to maintain fluid balance and is part of digestive acids. Sulfur – Found in amino acids and vitamins, important for protein structure and metabolism.
Germplasm
DNA containing part of the grain
Name the 3 macronutrients.
Carbohydrates, Fats, and proteins
What was the first US consumer product sold in the Soviet Union?
Pepsi-Cola
What is the link between TDT and processing time?
when thermal death time is reached sterilization would be completed thus, process time can be the same as TDT
What is the name of potent carcinogen produced by mold in corn.
Aflatoxin
What type of pump is most efficient in transferring low viscosity liquids?
Centrifugal
What characterizes waxy maize?
High percentage of amylopectin
What organic acid occurs naturally in cranberries, prunes, cinnamon, and cloves?
Benzoic acid
Categorize the following breads as being made with enriched or lean dough: Baguette, Brioche, Babka, Challah, Ciabatta, Pita
Enriched: Brioche, Babka, Challah Lean: Baguette, Ciabatta, Pita
What USDA Agency is responsible for the safety of our food supply?
Food Safety and Inspection Service
Give the time and temperature for HTST pasteurization.
71.7°C (161 °F) for 15 seconds
What is the maximum amount of aflatoxin allowed in food by FDA?
20 ppb, .5 ppb for milk, aflatoxin 61 is the most potent known naturally-occurring liver carcinogen
Which Opera singer is immortalized in the name of a fruit and ice cream dessert?
Nelli Melba
Name three methods of microencapsulation technology.
Spray drying, spray cooling, emulsification, extrusion, simple coacervation, complex coacervation, internal/ external gelation, fluidized bed coating, etc.
When baking, what can you substitute for buttermilk?
Milk with lemon juice or white vinegar
Compare thermal vapor recompression to mechanical vapor recompression
$ Vapor compressed Energy savings Draw-back TVR Low A fraction One effect MVR High All ≥ 15 effects Noisy
Ceylon is a tea variety from which country?
Sri Lanka
What is the name of the egg of sturgeon?
Caviar
Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic?
Defined nucleus (eukaryotic), circular DNA (prokaryotic), mitochondria (eukaryotic).
Why is it important to not get meat juice or raw meats on other foods?
because raw meat and meat juice has bacteria that can be easily spread to other foods, causing foodborne illness.
If desired alcohol content of wine is to be 10% what percent sugar should you start with?
20% or 20 degree Brix
What is syneresis?
the extraction or expulsion of a liquid from a gel.
What does the legal term " defect action level "refer to?
Allowable limits for the presence of filth in foods
Which act requires inspection of all meat moved within or between states?
Wholesome Meat Act of 1967
Name the four companies involved in the famed cookie wars of the 1980's.
Frito Lay, Nabisco, Keebler, and Proctor and Gamble
what is the primary function of the additive sodium silicoaluminate in salt?
Maintains free-flowing property
Which of the following is not a cause of major losses of B vitamins during food processing: trimming and peeling, removal of bran during milling, reactions with free radicals, or leaching during blanching
Reactions with free radicals
What property is related to the rate of heat transfer for unsteady state?
Thermal diffusivity
How spices are pasteurized? What method or substance is used to sterilize spices?
Ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, irradiation, or food appertization
Which red meat animal species has the lowest average dressing percent?
Sheep
In Canada, what is the minimum protein rating as a source of protein?
20
What specific protein in milk can bind iron?
Lactoferrin
What is the term that identifies microorganisms that grow in low oxygen conditions?
Anaerobic
Which is the protein responsible for oxygen transport?
Hemoglobin
The Food and Drug Act was enacted on June 30, 1906, and The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act on June 25, 1938. The two presidents who signed these acts during their respective terms had what common last name?
1906 Act--Pres. Theodore ROOSEVELT; 1938 Act--Pres. Franklin D. ROOSEVELT
What are two main lactic acid bacteria used in making commercial yogurt and are usually added at what ratio?
Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus in a 1:1 ratio
Name 3 natural colorants and the food from which they come from.
Annato extract: Annato seeds, Beet powder: Dehydrated beets, Paprika: ground dried mild capsicum pod, Grape color extract: Concord grapes, Turmeric: ground rhizome of Curcuma longa L.
When a feed is considered a concentrate, what nutritional component is lacking?
Fiber
The deficiency of what mineral results in a goiter?
iodine
Some food products such as salt, dehydrated vegetable and fruit powders, soup and sauce powders and baking powder tend to cake or harden. This can be avoided by anticaking agents. Name two.
Na-, K-, Ca-hexacyanoferrate, Ca-silicate, tricalcium phosphate, Mg-silicate, Mg-carbonate
The irreversible interaction of actin and myosin that is caused by the depletion of ATP in postmortem muscle is:
Rigor mortis
What are SOP and SSOP?
Standard operating procedure, sanitation standard operating procedure.
A can seam defect called "cut over" is also known as what?
Sharp seam (a sharp fin of the cover formed over the top of the seaming chuck flange during the seaming operation)
A material that exhibits increasing viscosity with increasing shear rate is called what?
Dilatant
Trichinosis is most commonly associated with which food product?
Pork
USDA inspection of meat is a guide to: A.quality of meat, B.yield grade of the meat, C.wholesomeness of the meat, or D.all of the above?
C.wholesomeness of the meat (Inspection for wholesomeness is mandatory and is paid for with public funds. Grading for quality is voluntary, and the service is requested and paid for by meat and poultry producers/processors)
What is the name of the pasta that translates to "blessed, happy"?
Macaroni
What is made from fermenting leftover liquid after churning butter?
Buttermilk
What does "STP" mean, and what are its values?
Standard Temperature and Pressure: 14.7 psia or 760 mm Hg and 0°C
A polypeptide antibiotic produced by some Lactococcus lactis strains is called what?
Nisin
What is black spot defect in shrimp called?
Melanosis (melanin synthesis due to polyphenol oxidase degradation by bacteria)
One of the major fructose concentrations used by beverage manufacturers is which of the following: 30%, 32%, 40%, 42%?
0.42
What was the name of the first English Food Law and when was it enacted?
1266. Assize of Bread and Ale
The principle lipid component in milk is the class called which of the following: A) steroids B) phospholipids C) triacylglycerides
C) triacylglycerides
Define and explain D-value.
The value of heat resistance. The specific time at a specific temperature for a specific food to destroy 90% of the population (one log) of a specific MO.
What are the conditions for HTST?
72 C, 15 seconds
What year was the food additive amendment passed by Congress?
1958
Organize the following nuts from highest to lowest protein content: chestnut, hazelnut, peanut, pecan, pistachio, walnut.
Peanut (38 g/cup) Pistachio (25) Hazelnut (20) Walnut (12) Pecan (9) Chestnut (4.5)
The federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, passed in 1938 and enforced by the FDA, provides three mandatory standards for products being shipped across state lines. What are the three?
Standards of identity, quality, and container fill
What is 'overrun' and what product does it relate to?
Overrun measures the amount of air in ice cream. The volume is increased during the freezing process, but the mass remains the same
What is an anaerobic bacteria?
a bacteria that does not require oxygen for growth
Prostaglandins are chemical regulators derived from what?
Fatty acids.
What are the two main cuts of chicken thigh?
Thigh, Drumstick
What protein is universally considered to be nutritionally complete?
casein
Why does whipping egg whites build a foam?
Surface area increases due to protein denaturation and aggregation; ovamucin forms a film of insoluble material stabilizing the foam.
What is a plate type heat exchanger and what is it used for? How does it work?
Used for low concentration low viscosity foods like milk and fruit juices
What deficiency disease is associated w/the consumption of a diet high in polished rice?
Beriberi (thiamin, or B1 deficiency)
Name two cellular function of iron in microbes.
Required for enzymatic functions, protein absorption
Two isotopes used for food irradiation?
Co-60 and Cs-137.
What is the legal limit for fat content in fresh pork sausage?
0.5
TRUE or FALSE: Shellfish contain more cholesterol than fin fish.
True
What is the cause of sunlight flavor?
Protein oxidation (oxidation of methionine to methional by photoactivated riboflavin); it gives an oxidized flavor and is often confused with lipid oxidation
The quantity of heat that is gained or lost by a unit weight of product to accomplish a desired change in temperature without a change in state is referred to as what?
Specific or sensible heat
A microbial population has been decreased by what percentage when it undergoes a one-log reduction?
0.9%
Which of the following acts as a buffer in milk: A.citrates, B.Lactose, or C.NaCl?
A. citrates
What color is yak's milk?
Pink if it's beastings; white normally.
What are some critical factors in designing a thermal process?
type of food, target microorganism, location of cold spot, shelf life requirement
What microorganism is used to manufacture the fermented soybean product tempeh?
rhizopus oligosporus
Caged chickens are sometimes fed what in order to make the yolks of their eggs a deeper color?
Carotenoids
Two part question: What does PMO stand for and are its regulations mandatory?
Pasteurized milk ordinance; No - they are guidelines that can be accepted or adapted by states
PVDC is considered more environmentally friendly than EVOH.
FALSE.
When whey proteins are heated, what three changes can be observed? What are three effects of high temperatures on whey proteins?
Coagulation, denaturation, maillard browning, and sulfide groups are released (cooked flavor development)
10 Mandatory nutrients on nutritional label.
1. Total fats 2. Trans fats 3. Sat fats 4. Total calories 5. Cholesterol 6. Sodium 7. Total carbs 8. Dietary fibers 9. Total sugars 10. Added sugars 11. Total protein 12. Iron 13. Calcium 14. Potassium 15. Vit D
What is the source of the milk used in making Roquefort cheese?
Ewe/female sheep
Does the FDA extend the provisions of the delaney clause to pesticide chemicals?
no
Which two microorganisms, genus and species, are used for biofuel production?
Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
The temperature at which water boils_______ as elevation increases?
Decreases
In genetics what is conjugation?
Genetic material is transferred directly from one bacterium (the donor) to another (the recipient) through a physical connection (a pilus).
What are the three mechanisms of transferring heat energy in a food system?
Conduction, Convection, and Radiation
Pumpkin, Zucchini, Summer or Yellow Squash botanical name?
Cucurbita pepo [Cucurbitaceae (Gourd)]
What are "Designer Foods"?
Foods containing large amounts of beneficial phytochemicals
what is boiling point elevation?
the temp at which the vapor pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure (760nm)
What are the thymus and pancreas glands of animals called within the meat industry?
Sweet Breads
What sort of high gluten flour is used for making pasta?
Durum flour
What is the name of butter made from fresh cream?
Sweet Cream Butter
What happens to the air cell as an egg ages?
Increases in size
Which bacterium from Vibrio genus is halotolerant and causes rice water stools and possible death from dehydration?
Vibrio cholerae
Name 6 foods that are considered umami foods.
Seaweed, parmigiana-reggiano, soy sauce, marmite, fish sauce, green tea, cured ham, tomatoes, sardines, shrimp, beef and mushrooms
What is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius?
Calorie
What is the definition of PER?
Protein equivalency ratio: weight gain by subject / g protein consumed
One specific class of enzymes is thought to be responsible for the disruption of fat globule membrane in raw milk?
Phospholipases
What does the acronym CFU stand for?
Colony Forming Units
What is the simplest Carbohydrate?
Glyceraldehyde
What are the four best-known varieties of blue-veined cheeses?
Blue cheese, Stilton, Gorgonzola, Roquefort
What are 5 fatty acids found in vegetable oil?
stearic, linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and alpha-linolenic
What is the name of the childhood disease that results from a deficiency in vitamin D?
Rickets
What is the protein content of straight (hard wheat) flour used for making white bread?
12-14% protein
What cereal did General Mills introduce in 1937 that was made using a batch-puffing gun?
Kix
What is the name of the membrane that directly surrounds the egg yolk?
vitelline membrane
Name four commercial types of thermal processing.
Steam Retorting, Pasteurization (HTST, UHT), Aseptic, Hot Fill, Frying, Flaming, Baking, Dry Oven...
What equipment known as "double pot", is made out of two stacked pots?
Bain Marie
What is the S.I. unit for pressure?
pascal (Pa) or N/m2
What type of pump is preferable and why in an aseptic processing system and?
PD pump (positive displacement pump), it is less sensitive to pressure drop than centrifugal pumps
How does sugar syrup prevent browning of fruit?
Minimizes contact with atmospheric oxygen
The Standard of Identity for margarine specifies that it contains at least what percent animal or vegetable fat?
0.8
Give an example of a rigid package.
Can
What is Membrane Separation?
Selective permeability. Classification based on molecular size.
What problem may arise when potato tubers are taken from cold storage and immediately processed?
Cold sweetening caused by Maillard browning
Which U.S. state has the greatest number of farms?
Texas
What term is defined as, "those processes that follow physiological maturity and lead to death of tissue"?
Senescence
What are two non thermal methods that are currently under investigation
pulsed electric field, and high hydrostatic pressure
What does GRAS stand for?
Generally Recognized as Safe
What are the two types of heat transfer important in retort processing?
convection and conduction
Gouda cheese origin?
Netherlands
Rank in increasing water activity: Honey, bread, condensed milk, peanut butter
Peanut butter, honey, condensed milk, bread
Which food company will sponsor FIFA soccer in 2025?
Coca Cola, Frito Lay, AB Inbev
Excessive amounts of nitrite in meat cures may result in a green pigment. What is this often referred to as?
nitrite burn
what is semolina?
the purified middling obtained from durum wheat
How many current IFT members are there?
28000
With regard to wines, what does the abbreviation AOC mean?
AOC – Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée The French term for a wine’s place of origin. It also refers to the complex rules regarding viticulture and vinification that vary from place to place.
Rape seed botanical name?
Brassica napus [Brassicaceae (Mustard)]
Lists the four steps, in proper sequence, for cleaning and sanitizing food equipment.
Rinse, clean, rinse, sanitize
Give the names of the fat soluble vitamin produced by bacteria in the large intestine.
Vitamin K, Biotin
What is the full form of FW?
Formula Weight
What is the relationship between viscosity and fluidity?
Fluidity is the reciprocal of viscosity.
Which of the following words means 'Food expert'? A. Matoman B. Gastronome C. Bistrolog D. Aromist
B. Gastronome
Given the highest dose of a chemical that causes no effect in rats is 300mg; what is the accepted daily intake for humans?
3 mg, (100 fold safety factor)
What is the full form of JIT?
Just in Time
Which organism is used in making sourdough bread?
Lactobacillus sanfrancisco
How can we enhance heat recovery?
By increasing the heat exchange area in the regeneration section, by using more plates in the regeneration section of plate type pasturizer, by increasing the length or diameter of tubes in regeneration section of concentric tube pasturizer
which of the following is the isoelectric point of casein:A.5.2, B.4.6, C.4.8, or D.5.6?
B. 4.6
Roese-Gottlieb, Mojonnier, and Babcock tests are commonly used to determine what constituent of milk?
Fat
What is the name of spanish fried turnover?
Empanada
Natural connection (covalent bond) between food proteins?
Disulfide bonds.
Why was Alum added to a pickle mix?
It was added for crispiness but no longer recommended
Several scientific bodies have established peer groups or named qualified scientists to study and report on the controversies about food in relation to health. Name 3 outstanding groups.
1. IFT's expert panel on food safety and nutrition 2. CAST (Council on Agricultural Science and Technology) 3. AMA's council on food and nutrition
What is the correct method for determining when a roast is done? A.cook for 3 hours at 425F, B.cook for 3 hours per pound of meat, C.cook 45 minutes per pound of meat, or D.use a meat thermometer to determine the internal temperature of the roast
D. use a meat thermometer to determine the internal temp of the roast (145F for safety)
What is the term associated with the oxidation of unsaturated oils?
Rancidity
Who was the first individual to win Samuel C Prescott award from IFT?
Edgar Allen Day
What metal was historically used to solder the side seams of tin cans?
Lead
What are the ingredients needed to make sweet pickles?
cucumbers, salt, vinegar, and sugar
Eugenol is the active and pungent component of what spice?
Cloves
Is freezing endothermic or exothermic?
freezing is exothermic
Sour cream is caused by a denaturation of what protein in milk?
Whey
What is Koch's postulates?
a. Must find the suspect organisms in all cases of the disease b. Isolate the organism in pure culture c. Reproduce same disease in experimental animal d. Re-isolate the same organisms from artificially infected animal
What milk protein is not synthesized in mammary glands but enters the milk through passive leakage through bloodstream?
BSA, bovine serum albumin
What causes greening of luncheon type meats?
Lactobacillus Viridescens.
What are five important physical properties of fresh meat?
Color, water holding capacity, texture, structure, firmness.
Apricot (Armenian) botanical name?
Prunus armeniaca
John Kendrew deduced the complete arrangement of what protein's 2600 atoms, which was the 1st protein to be identified in this manner?
myoglobin
What does JAR stand for?
Just About Right
List 6 vegetables that are part of the Brassica plants.
Brassica (and not Brassicaceae), rutabaga, turnip, kohlrabi, cabbage, collard greens, kale, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussel sprouts, cabbage, mustard seed, rapeseed
The process of irradiating foods is sometimes referred to as ____.
Cold sterilization.
Where was the IFT annual meeting held in 2006?
Orlando
what is the genus and species of the Thompson seedless grape?
Vitus vinifera
What property is described by Poiseuille's Law?
Viscosity
What term describes the processing of a product, intended for room temperature storage, with the goal of preventing the growth of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria (although spores may be present)?
Commercial sterility
How many potatoes are grown in Idaho annually?
15 billion
What is the relationship between dielectric constant and frequency?
as frequency increases, dielectric constant decreases
What Congressional law provides that no food additive may be considered safe if it produces cancer when ingested, at any level, by man or animals?
The Delaney Clause
When material naturally absorbs water?
Hygroscopic
Although the usage levels of antioxidants are generally defined on the basis of the fat content of the recipient food, what is the maximum antioxidant content, as a percentage of the total food weight, allowed in any food?
0.0002
What two spices are derived from the fruit of the nutmeg tree?
Nutmeg and Mace
What is the main sugar found in milk?
Galactose
What are the two top selling spices in the world?
pepper and mustard
Which government agency is responsible for ensuring that the nation's commercial supply of meat, poultry, and egg products is safe, wholesome, and correctly labeled and packaged?
FSIS
Name 3 of the 16 gram negative, facultative anaerobic rods.
Enterobacteriaceae, Arsenophonus nasoniae, Buttiauxella agrestis, Cedecea, Citrobacter, Edwardsiella, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Escherichia, Ewingella americana, Hafnia alvei, Klebsiella, Kluyvera, Leclercia adecarboxylata, Leminorella, Moellerella wisconsensis, Morganella morganii, Obesumbacterium proteus, Pantoea, Pragia fontium Proteus, Providencia, Rahnella aquatilis, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella, Tatumella plyseos, Xenorhabdus, Yersina, Yohenella regensburgei, Aeromonas, Enhydrobacter aerosaccus, Photobacterium, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Vibrio, Actinobacillus, Hemophilus, Pasteurella, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Cardiobacterium hominis, Chromobacterium, Eikenella corrodens, Gardnerella vaginalis, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Zymomonas
Approximately how many eggs will a quality hen produce in one year?
approximately 260
Explain Pasteurization.
Process used to inactivate pathogens (e. coli) and vegetative (alive) pathogens
Which grain is related closely to rhubarb?
buckwheat
Is most of the corn consumed by humans used in whole kernel form or in a milled form?
Milled
What are five functions of surfactants in foods?
emulsification, aeration and foam stabilization, prevention of starch complexing, protein interaction and fat crystal modification
What is the glass transition temperature?
when an amorphous food polymer is heated the temperature at which it changes from a glass to the rubbery state form is called the glass transition temperature Tg, second order transition
What is the influence of the condition of a surface on volatility?
At a given temperature, more volatiles escape from a soft, porous, and humid surface than from a hard, smooth, and more dry one
Define Ale.
Fermented drink made of malt and hops, like beer but produced by fermentation at relatively high temperature. Uses S. Cerevisiae
What is the artificial color number for Brilliant Blue?
FD&C Blue No.1
What factors influence dehydration
Temp, dryness, air vol, particle size, type of food, load
The Standard of Identity for mayonnaise specifies that this product contains at least what percent vegetable oil?
0.65
What is the 12D process?
the time/temperature process that will reduce the microbe spore population (typically C. bot) by 12 log cycles
Which pigment in tomatoes has disease-preventing characteristics?
lycopene
what structural property gives emulsifiers their emulsification ability?
hydrophilic (polar) head and a hydrophobic (hydrocarbon)tail
What bacteria are required for sauerkraut production?
Leuconostoc Mesenteroides, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis
Name the most common functional property of phospholipids in food systems.
Emulsification
What is the condition caused by dehydration and oxidation from the frozen surface of a food product?
freezer burn
The french term for congratulations steak is trop cuit. What does trop cuit mean?
Overcooked
Which dairy breed of cow averages the highest fat content of raw milk?: A.Holstein, B.Guernsey, C. Ayrshire, or D. Jersey
D. Jersey
Classify the following pies as American or British: Key Lime, Apple, Pumpkin, Pork, Pecan, Steak
American Pies: Key Lime, Apple, Pumpkin, Pecan British Pies: Pork, Steak
Why are enrichment techniques used when examining food for the presence of salmonella?
salmonella re usually present in small numbers. Enrichment allows salmonella to grow and outcompete non-salmonella microbes and also allows recovery of injured cells
What country is the origin of coffee plant?
Ethiopia
What amino acid is most responsible for off-flavor development in milk?
Methionine
which fungus is responsible for producting the etiologic agents of aflatoxicosis?
Aspergillus flavus
On what binomial probability is triangle-test based?
0.33
Which is the heat labile protein in eggs?
Ovotransferase
For which food component are the following tests used? Sudan 3, Iodine, Benedicts
Sudan 3: triglycerides, Iodine: starch, Benedicts: reducing sugars
Which test is used to check if the dough is properly kneaded or not? Describe it.
Window pane test (Take a small ball of the dough and stretch it into a square. Keep on stretching until it becomes a thin film in the middle without breaking. The dough must be thin enough to pass light through it. If it is obtained without any tear, then your dough is properly kneaded.)
In the U.S. the legal processing for low-acid foods requires:
Exposure to temps for a period equal to 12 D values for C. botulinum
What does IHOP stand for?
International House of Pancakes
What is the first protein artificially synthesized?
Insulin.
What is the common term for the rapid removal of water vapor molecules from the frozen surface of a food by cold dry air through sublimation?
freezer burn
Which city was the birthplace of kool-aid?
Hastings, Nebraska
The following cheeses are all made with a lactic starter culture plus one additional, non-lactic microorganism. Name the additional organism for each cheese: Gorgonzola, Swiss, and Limburger.
Gorgonzola - Penicillium roqueforti, Swiss - Propionibacterium shermanii, Limburger - Brevibacterium linens
Solanine found in bittersweet nightshade is a toxin belonging to what chemical compound family?
glycoalkaloids
What is the major reason that copper should not be used in food processing equipment, especially in dairy plants?
Copper acts as a strong oxidizing agent and promotes oxidative rancidity
Compared to reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration requires a) more pressure b) less pressure c)same pressure
b) less pressure
What are the gums that are naturally found in soybean oil, and how are they removed?
Phospholipids; removed by adding water to the oil and allowing centrifugation to separate the gum.
What is a sorption isotherm?
relationship between equilibrium moisture and water activity
Which tree nut has the lowest lipid content: pecans, chestnuts, or walnuts?
Chestnuts (2-5%)
How do soluble solids affect the boiling point and freezing point of a solution?
When a solute (soluble solid) is added it lowers the vapor pressure above the solution therefore causing boiling point elevation because more vapor has to be created to overcome the atmospheric pressure and it also causes freezing point depression
Explain megarexia in terms of nutrition.
In muscle dysmorphia, which is sometimes called "bigorexia", "megarexia", or "reverse anorexia", the delusional or exaggerated belief is that one's own body is too small, too skinny, insufficiently muscular, or insufficiently lean, although in most cases, the individual's build is normal or even exceptionally large and muscular already.
Beet, Chard botanical name?
Beta vulgaris [Amaranthaceae (Amaranth)]
What synthetic derivative of cellulose is used as a bulking agent?
Carboxymethylcellulose
What is the name of cream that has been fermented with lactic acid bacteria?
Sour Cream
Vitamin B1 Deficiency can cause which two diseases?
Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
What microorganism produces Fowl typhoid in chickens?
Salmonella gallinarum
What is another name for the long twisted ladder appearance of a DNA molecule?
Double helix
Active people need to take salt tablets to replaces the body's sodium that is lost in perspiration.
False
What is the underlying principle to the test for proper pasteurization of milk?
Inactivation of alkaline phosphatase (phosphatase is not acceptable)
HTST is known as a method for pasteurization. What does HTST stand for?
High temperature short time
Name two betalains and describe their colors.
Betacyanins (reddish to violet) and betaxanthin (yellowish to orange)
Give the legal citation number and name of the regulation involved in the sterilization of foods.
21 CFR 113 Low acid canned food regulation
Give the definition of sensory evaluation.
a scientific displine that evokes, measures, analyzes and interprets responses to foods and other materials as perceived by the senses of sight, smell, touch, taste, hearing, and feeling factors(trigeminal sensations)
Give 2 methods by which aseptic packages are commercially sterilized.
H2O2 rinse, steam, dry heat
Quinoa botanical name?
Chenopodium quinoa [Amaranthaceae (Amaranth)]
What is the artificial color number of Sunset Yellow?
Yellow No. 6
Which two US states are the leading producers of cranberries, totalling roughly 75% of the US production and making it the top producer of cranberries globally?
Wisconsin and Massachusetts
What is the food-borne illness associated with “red tide”?
paralytic shellfish poisoning
What does the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act of 1967 require on all food labels?
Name and address of manufacturer or distributor, name of food, net contents in terms of weight, measure, or count, and ingredients statement
What is a mathematical technique for determining the best use of available resources when these resources can be used in other products?
least cost formulation
What was the poison squad?
The poison squad was started by Harvey Washington Wiley and was a result of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906.
What is the common name of Hylocereus undatus?
Dragon fruit
What is the conversion of protein to glucose called?
Gluconeogenesis
Chickens that are beyond their production capacity for egg-laying and are no longer usable in human food are called what?
Spent hens
What are the different types of evaporators?
Batch pan, tubular evaporators (natural circulation, rising film, falling film, rising falling film, forced circulation evaporator, agitated thin film [wiped film]) plate evaporators ( rising falling, falling, parvap, paraflash
What are the major pigments in yellow peppers?
Carotenoids
25. What is the most important factor affecting stability and color of anthocyanins during processing and storage?
pH (stable under acidic conditions) example: pelargonidin in strawberries -- pH 1-3: stable deep red (cation) 7: colorless (uncharged) >7: purple (anhydro base) >>7: mauve to blue (anion)
(True/False) B.O.D. stands for biological oxygen demand
No. Biochemical
The structure of a lipoprotein allows it to do what?
Form a fluid membrane structure
What five vitamins, minerals, and or elements is flour commonly enriched with?
iron and B vitamins (folic acid, riboflavin, niacin, and thiamine). Calcium may also be supplemented
How many geographic areas is the IFT Student Association divided into?
6
True or false: BeriBeri is caused by Vitamin K deficiency.
False
What is heat recovery and how is it calculated?
It is the amount of heat that can be reused in the heating process, it denotes the effiecncy of the regeneration section . heat recovery %= (T2-T1)/(T3-T1) x100 where T1 is the inlet temperature, T2 is temp at the end of regeneration section, T3 at the end of the hold up tube
What are two fats/oils in the class known as Lauric Acid fats because it has high content of Lauric Acid (Dodecanoic 12:0).
Coconut oil and palm kernel oil
What does the Kelvin scale measure?
Temperature
Name 3 methods of fruit and vegetable peeling.
steam peeling, knife peeling, abrasion peeling, caustic peeling and flame peeling
At what temperature (in degrees F) does meat freeze?
28
Clementine botanical name?
Citrus reticulata [Rutaceae (Citrus)]
With regard to can defects during thermal processing, what is buckling?
Permanent deformation of the can ends caused by excessive internal can pressure compared to external pressure during cooling; opposite of paneling.
What is the name of the sweet syrup added to sparkling wines for secondary fermentation?
Tirage
What are different methods of separation?
solid liquid(filtration, centrifugation, membrane sep, drying) liquid-liquid (centrifuge, extraction, distillation, membrane sep)
what stands for negative log of molar concentration of free hydrogen ions in solution?
pH
What is the average glucose concentration in the cell?
4 mM
What 5 grains are in Multigrain Cheerios?
Millet, sorghum, rice, oats, corn
A force of 60 kg m/s sq is applied to a body with a mass of 2 kg. What is the acceleration?
30 m/s sq (F = mass x acceleration)
What cooking method uses a high radiant heat soruce from the bottom?
Grilling
Who won the Nicholas Appert Award in 2024?
Harjinder Singh
What is the enzyme that softens tomatoes?
Pectin Esterase
why do we perform a de-sugaring step before drying egg whites?
to degrade traces of glucose and avoid Maillard browning or discoloration during drying
For what purpose is sodium hypochlorite used in the food industry?
It is a sanitizer
Name 2 conditions under which yeasts and molds will out compete most bacteria
1) low Aw (0.6-0.7) 2) 2 > pH > 9
Name two heterofermenters?
Lb. casei, Bifidobacterium breve, Lb. fermentum, Bacillus infantis, Lb. plantarum, Bacillus longum, Lb. rhamnosus, Bacillus thermophilum, Lb. salivarius, Leuconostoc.
What role does sodium ascorbate play in pork curing?
It acts as a reducing agent for nitrite.
What is the genus and species of the organism responsible for red tide?
Karenia brevis
What is the definition of a functional food?
Foods that provide health benefits beyond their nutrient contributions
what act, which was passed in 1990, made nutritional labeling mandatory on most food products under FDA jurisdiction?
Nutritional Labeling and Education Act (NLEA)
What is the name of thin pastry layers separated by fat?
Laminated dough
What ingredient makes tonic water fluoresce?
quinine
The z-value you have calculated for your process is 18 F. What is the z-value in degrees Celsius?
10 degrees Celsius
According to recent federal regulations, a warning label must be on fruit juice products, which have not been so processed or treated to achieve what performance standard?
5 log (100,000 or 99.999%) reductions in significant pathogens
What compound is extracted from artichokes?
Cyanin
What is the distance from the surface of the food material at which the incident microwave power is reduced to 1/e of its value at the surface of the product?
penetration depth
Give the resultant color for each of the following L*a*b* scores: 1) L* = 50, a*= 50, b* = 50; 2) L* = 50, a*= 0, b* = 0; 3) L* = 40, a*= 10, b* = 40
red, gray, brown
Describe HACCP
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point system. 1. Assess potential hazard 2. Determine critical control points necessary to reduce or eliminate hazard 3. Req's or parameters to be met at each CCP 4. Procedure to monitor each CCP 5. Corrective actions if deviations occur 6. Record keeping procedures 7. Procedures to monitor effectiveness of HACCP plan
Large cuts of meat are often covered by plastic sacks, cheeses dipped in wax, and eggs dipped in a thin, harmless oil to help protect these foods against the loss of what common component?
Moisture or water. NOTE: These measures may also serve other purposes, i.e. loss of carbon dioxide from eggs, but we want the component COMMON to each of the examples.
Give the equation for determining loss tangent, also called dissipation factor.
dielectric loss factor divided by dielectric constant
What is the country of origin of Monterey Jack cheese?
Monterey Jack= USA
What is mis-branding?
If a food has been improperly labeled or filled/packaged to be misleading.
Named after the Italian physician & physicist Luigi Galvani, name the instrument used to measure electric current.
Galvanometer (Ammeter also acceptable)
Which title and part of the Code of Federal Regulations is Good Manufacturing Practices found?
Title 21, Part 110
Milk plasma, or milk without fat, is another name for what?
Skim milk
Give the names of the 5 non-nutritive sweeteners the FDA has designated as GRAS.
Aspartame (NutraSweet® and Equal®) Acesulfame-K (Sweet One®) Neotame Saccharin (Sweet’N Low®) Sucralose (Splenda®)
What starting ingredient is used to make buttermilk?
Whole milk
Name one representative stromal (insoluble) protein in meat.
Collagen
What liquor is made from the blue agave plant?
Tequila
What term refers to the number of BTU's required to convert one ton of water at 32 degrees Fahrenheit to one ton of ice at 32 degrees Fahrenheit in 24 hours?
Ton(s) of refrigeration
Name the end products of following starch degrading enzymes: glucoamylase, beta amylase, alpha amylase
Glucoamylase produces glucose; β-amylase produces exclusively maltose; α-amylase produces dextrins.
E. coli O157H7 was first identified as a human pathogen in 1982. But what year was it first isolated from an infected person?
1975
Azo compounds such as Red No.40 contain this bond.
N=N (Nitrogen double bond)
What type of product flow should be used through the plate heat exchanger in HTST pasteurization?
Turbulent
PET is an acronym for a common packaging material for food. It stands for polyethylene terephthalate. Spell terephthalate.
T-E-R-E-P-H-T-H-A-L-A-T-E
What mineral is involved in the possible 6th taste?
Calcium
What inorganic compound in red meat is needed for the manufacture of many enzymes and hormones in the human body?
Zinc
Name the two B vitamins involved with cell division.
folic acid and cobalamine
What is the term used to describe the allowable tolerances of natural or unavoidable foreign materials in foods which do not constitute a health hazard to the public?
Defect action level
Dried food have Aw less than what?
0.55 (IMF - 0.55-0.90)
Solids are __ to thermal radiation.
opaque
What is the ratio of a traditional French mirepoix?
2 part onions, 1 part carrots, 1 part celery
What is the surface temperature of a block of dry ice?
-109.3 degrees Fahrenheit (-78.5 degrees C)
Which U.S. state is the leading producer of apples?
Washington
What sausage manufacturing process involves grinding and mixing meat ingredients with cure to permit protein solubilization and chemical analysis before final mixing in sausage manufacture?
Preblending
What is the main lipid class in lean or low fat fish?
Phospholipids
What is a surgically de-sexed male chicken?
Capon
give the scientific name for vitamin K1.
phenylquininone
(True/false) Yeast has both sexual and asexual cycles
True
What is the primary mechanism by which heat transfer occurs in a canned liquid?
Convection
which pathogen is paid the most attention in anaerobically packed foods?
Clostridium botulinum
In 2013, Wisconsin declared a new state pastry. This pastry is hand-rolled from Danish pastry dough (wienerbrød dough) that has been rested overnight before shaping, filling, and baking. Many sheets of the flaky dough are layered, then shaped into an oval. After filling with fruit, nut, or other flavor combinations, the pastry is baked and iced. What is the name of this pastry?
Kringle
Which one of the followin values would give you the most information about the melting properites and mouthfeel of fats? a. oil stability index b. solid fat index c. IV d. cloud point
solid fat content
Pineapple, Homosassa, Parson Brown, Hamlin, Washington Navel, and Valencia are varieties of oranges specifically for the production of what product?
Orange juice
What is carboxy-methyl cellulose often used for in foods?
Thickener
Sauerkraut results from what kind of fermentation process
Lactic acid
A fusion of sodium nitrite and sodium chloride was better than saltpeter for curing. The mixture was called what?
Prague powder
Who was the president of the US when the USDA was formed?
Abraham Lincoln
FDA has recently approved a Western Center for Food Safety. At which University is this center located?
University of California - Davis
In statistics, the basic regression model is Yi = bo + b1Xi + ei. What do the parameters bo and b1 represent?
bo = y-intercept; b1 = slope
What are the methods for exhausting containers?
hot fill foods, cold fill then hear container with partially sealed lid, apply vacuum to remove air, flush cans with steam
Give 2 examples of emulsifiers.
SPAN, TWEEN, Lecithin, egg white
What flavor of ice cream did Baskin-Robbins introduce to commemorate America's landing on the moon on July 20, 1969?
Lunar cheesecake
What water-soluble class of pigments produce the purple, blue, and red colors commonly found in grapes, plums, and cherries?
Anthocyanins
What is the difference between accuracy and precision?
Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true or accepted value. Precision refers to how close measurements of the same item are to each other.
What is F value?
The number of minutes required to kill a known population of microorganisms in a given food under specified conditions.
In the middle ages, what did woman eat in order to dilate their pupils (a sign of beauty)? a) Salt b) Leaves of nightshade plants c) Bark of the Hemlock tree d) Tea
Leaves of nightshade plants
What is the time necessary at a given temperature to sterilize a suspension of bacteria and their spores (if they form spores)?
Thermal death time
What is the term for a place where fresh healthy food is unaffordable or inaccessible?
food desert
What is the natural circulation tubular method, how does it work, what is it used for?
Utilizes the density difference between the liquid and the generated vapor to circulate the liquid past the heating surface. It is a continuous process and the residence time is 10-20 minutes. It is used for cane sugar solutions
Sodium bicarbonate, Potassium bicarbonate, and GDL are examples of what compounds?
Leavening agents
There are 21 essential amino acids. Name four non-standard amino acids.
Hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, citrulline, homoserine, selenocysteine, ornithine
Name a chemical that is commonly used to inhibit potato sprouting during storage?
Chlorpropham (CIPC, isopropyl (3-chlorophenyl) Carbamate(commercial name: Bud Nip, Taterpex) Maleic hydrazide
Why are linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acid considered essential fatty acids?
They are omega 3 fatty acids taken through diet, because they cannot be synthesized by humans (N six and N three fatty acids cannot be synthesized in vivo)
Although limiting fat intake may help prevent excess weight gain in children, fat should not be restricted for children younger than __ years old.
2
Q: Which act requires inspection of all meat if it is moved within or between states?
A: Wholesome Meat Act of 1967
What is the NLEA?
Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (in 1990)
What common enzyme can be used to modify lipids from their original triacylglycerol form?
Lipase
The water content of lean beef muscle normally ranges from A) 15-20% B) 40-50% C) 70-75% D) 90-95%
C) 70-75%
Which two organs conduct gluconeogenesis?
Liver/Kidney
What is the sensory effect that results from the interaction of calcium and pectin
Texture (firming)
What is the rate limiting step in a beer fermentation?
Beer fermentation must continue until yeast uptake the diacetyl they excreted during fermentation. Diacetyl must be lowered to between 0.1 and 0.01 mg/L
What food is prepared with raw fish, vinegarated rice, and seaweed?
Sushi
If you're snacking on Teddy Grahams in a yellow box, which flavor are they?
Honey
What award is IFT's highest honor?
Nicolas Appert Award
BHA and BHT are common antioxidants. What do these acronyms stand for and how much of these are allowed by law to be used in foods?
BHA – butylated hydroxyl toluene, BHT = butylated hydroxyl anisole 0.01% of fat content individually or 0.02% of the fat content of the food (when 2 or more are used together)
In what order do food labels list ingredients?
Descending order by weight.
Identify the name of this sensory test: each subject is presented with two samples, and are asked whether the samples are the same or different.
Same/difference of simple difference tests, may also be paired comparison (lacks predictable null hypothesis)
A fluid in which viscosity is unaffected by shear rate is called_.
Newtonian
Which of the following amino acids are essential for someone with PKU: A.tyrosine, B.isoleucine, C.phenylalanine, D.A and C, or E.all of the above?,E.all of the above.
A becomes essential in someone with PKU because they are not effective at metabolizing phenylalanine and limit their intake. The other 2 are essential for everyone.
What do you call something usually made from citrus fruit, may contain a citrus peel ingredient, and is a jelly-like product made from properly prepared juice? What do you call a fruit preserve made from the juice and peel of citrus fruits boiled with sugar and water?
Marmalade
What gas is used to pasteurize spices?
Ethylene dioxide
A beef loin, porterhouse steak would be analogous to what cut in pork?
Pork loin, center loin chop.
Gluconeogenesis occurs primarily in the ___?
Liver.
The partially denatured product of collagen, used as a food ingredient, is called ______________?
Gelatin
Which muscle type is multinucleated?
skeletal
In what year was the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act enacted?
1966
Vitamin D enhances the absorption of what two minerals?
phosphorus and calcium
What is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C?
1 Calorie
The 1979 trial of Dan White for the murders of San Fransisco city supervisor Harvey Milk and Mayor George Moscone became well known for a defense strategy in which consumption of a certain food product was stated as symptomatic of the defendant's underlying depression. The strategy is now known by the name of this product. Name the strategy/product.
The Twinkie defense
What type of tea is unwilted and unoxidized, but allowed to oxidize to yellow?
Yellow Tea
Give an example of a nutraceutical substance used as an artificial sweetener.
Sugar alcohol
HDPE and LDPE are plastics used in food packaging. What happens to the impact strength as the density increases?
Decreases
The vitamin made by intestinal bacteria and associated with blood clotting is?
Vitamin K
The temperature at which water condenses is called the what?
Dew point
Give the name of the product made from dired, fermented, smoked, skipjack tuna.
bonito flakes
what enzyme is found in gastric juice promotes digestion of protein?
Pepsin
3 cereal grains most consumed:
Wheat, rice, corn
What are the factors to consider in the design of a continuous pasteurizer?
Thermal design (calculation of exit temperature of food and calculation of total surface area, # of plates etc) Structural design( strength of plates) Fluid mechanics (operating pressure and velocity profile of fluids) Microbial and nutrient aspects (selection of pasteurization temperature and time)
Which organism caused the largest # of foodborne outbreaks and what type of general category of foodborne disease does it cause?
Norovirus; invasive infection
What is scalding used for in poultry processing?
To loosen the feathers
Green beans botanical name?
Phaseolus Vulgaris
What is spice is very dangerous if it is injected intravenously?
nutmeg
What is the highest designation of wine quality in Italy?
DOCG
What is the predominant amino acids in peanuts?
Arginine
Pomelo botanical name?
Citrus maxima [Rutaceae (Citrus)]
What term describes the difference between the absorption and desorption isotherms?
hysteresis
What charge will a protein have when the pH of its solution is below, at, and above its pKa?
pH below positive charge; pH at no charge; pH above negative charge
Vinegar is produced by anaerobic fermentation (True/False)
False
What country originally developed danishes?
Austria
The artificial sweetener which is also a dipeptide?
Aspartame
9 grams of yogurt are titrated against 0.1 N sodium hydroxide. If the phenolphthalein endpoint is reached after the addition of 12 mL of base, what is the titratable acidity of the yogurt?
1.2% (as lactic acid)
What are the four main products of the corn wet-milling proces?
protein, starch, oil, fiber
What is the name of FD&C Blue No.2?
Indigotine
In terms of food fermentation, what does the acronym NSLAB stand?
Non Starter Lactic Acid Bacteria
What causes cloudiness of the raw egg white and what does this indicate about the egg's age?
The presence of carbon dioxide, which has not had time to escape through the shell, indicating a very fresh egg
Which microorganisms produce endospores?
Bacillus and Salmonella.
Give the genus and species names of the microorganism responsible for the formation of eyes in Emmental cheese? Swiss Cheese is characterized by its large holes, or eyes, and a sweet nutty flavor, which result from the activities of what organism? What bacterium is responsible for the eyes in Swiss cheese?
A. Propionibacterium freudenreichii subspp. shermanii or Propionibacterium shermanii
Why add K(ALSO4)2 to a pickle mix?
To keep the pickles firm (the AL3+acts as a cross linker between pectin polymers)
The modern name “Walnut” comes from the German word Walnuss, What does Walnuss mean?
Foreign nut
What animal is associated with the TSE disease Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease= Human
Milk is an excellent source of many vitamins and minerals. It does not contain significant amounts of:
Vitamin C and iron
What are the three products of lactic acid bacteria fermentation?
Lactate, CO2, Acetate (Ethanol)
The interaction of glutenin and gliadin forms a class of proteins called
gluten
Which U.S. Department oversees the voluntary inspection of seafood?
Department of Commerce
What does E. stand for in E. coli?
Escherichia
What is the state muffin of New York?
Apple
Which statement is false about meat tenderization: A.electrical stimulation improves tenderness of some meats, B.most meat tenderizers are from Papaya/Pineapple enzymes, C. does not affect keeping quality of meat, or D. can improve quality grade of meat?
D. the use of meat tenderizers can improve the quality grade of meat.
What is the purpose of the isomerization step in the manufacture of HFCS?
Enzymatically convert glucose to fructose
What 3 qualities of meat are used to determine grading?
Color, age, marbling
Which of the following statement(s) is/are true regarding Food/organic acids: A.they are weak acids, B.they have good buffering capacity, C.can buffer at multiple pHs, or D.All of the above?
D. All of the Above
Michaelis-Menten equation?
Relates the velocity of a reaction to the concentration of substrate; used for enzyme kinetics.
What is the common name for 4-amino-2-methyl-1-napthol?
Vitamin K (other names include menadiol acetate, menadiol sodium phosphate, and phylloquinone)
What gourmet wrote the 1935 restaurant guide "Adventures in Good Eating"?
Duncan Hines
What are the substrates for: tequila, gin, and vodka?
Agave, juniper berries, potato.
What is the major color pigment in green leaves?
Chlorophyll
What is BHA's full name and purpose?
Butylated hydroxylated anisole, antioxidant.
TRUE or FALSE: Lactose intolerant people lack the ability to digest high molecular weight compounds.
False
What is the principle of accelerated solvent extraction?
Extraction by exposing a solid or semi-solid sample to a non-polar solvent in static or dynamic mode under elevated temperature and pressure conditions.
Name the government organizations responsible for regulating seafood.
FDA, EPA, CDC
Vanilla botanical name?
Vanilla planifolia
Describe the phenol-sulfuric acid method for total carbohydrates.
The Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method is a widely used colorimetric assay for determining total carbohydrates in a sample. Concentrated sulfuric acid hydrolyzes polysaccharides and oligosaccharides into monosaccharides. The monosaccharides then undergo dehydration, forming furfural (from pentoses) or hydroxymethylfurfural (from hexoses). These furfural derivatives react with phenol, producing an orange-yellow complex. The intensity of this color is proportional to the carbohydrate concentration in the sample.
What is tempeh and what microorganism is used to ferment it?
Fermented soybean; Rhizopus oligosporus
What does RFID stand for?
Radio Frequency Identification
What makes the backbone and what makes the side chain of arabinoxylans?
Backbone: β-D-Xylopyranose; Side chain: α-L-Arabinofuranose
What is COP?
Coefficient of Performance
Name three drying methods used.
spray drying, freeze drying, bed, drum, convection, sunlight, dehydration
List the three radiate particles, alpha, beta and gamma, in the order of their increasing penetration power.
Alpha < beta < gamma rays
What are the SI units for work, pressure, and energy?
watts, pascals, joules
What is the most commonly used component of gas barrier packages?
EVOH (Ethylene vinyl alcohol)
What is a biofilm?
A layer of microorganisms formed on the surface of foods that is not removed by sanitation.
The acidulant responsible for the "flat" sourness in cola drinks is what?
phosphoric acid
Why are fruits or vegetables often heated prior to maceration for juice production?
to speed up the process or to infuse flavors prior to maceration, to increase extract yield and to inactivate the enzymes
What causes the pH drop in postmortem meat?
Accumulation of lactic acid during glycolysis.
In what type of sourdough is yeast not used?
Type I
According to FDA, what is the only fish that produces real caviar?
Sturgeon
State the full names that correspond w/the recycling #2 for recyclable polymers.
HDPE= high density polyethylene
Which 2 processing steps cause more nutrition loss in peas? A. harvesting B. blanching C. Frozen storage D. home cooking
Frozen storage and home-cooking
What are the different types of equipment used for retorting?
Batch type (horizontal or vertical) continuous retort (hydrostatic coolers, cooker-coolers, rotary sterilizers
What is PCR? Why is it used?
It is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and used to "amplify" - copy - small segments of DNA.
What is the purpose for electrically stimulating beef and lamb carcasses as part of the slaughter and dressing procedure?
Reduce muscle toughness caused by cold shortening.
What is the name of the reaction when an acid and base react to give water?
Neutralization
What portion of citrus fruit provides cold-pressed essential oils?
Peel
Describe the composition of clarified butter.
Purified butterfat with water and milk solids removed
In what year was the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt?
1906
What is the fat content of standard, premium, and super premium ice creams?
Standard: 10-12%, premium: 12-15%, super premium: 15-18%
The process of irradiating foods is sometimes referred to as ___.
Cold sterilization
What is reverse osmosis?
Reverse osmosis is a process that removes foreign contaminants, solid substances, large molecules and minerals from water by using pressure to push it through specialized membranes. It is a water purification system used to improve water for drinking, cooking and other important uses.
In genetics, what is transduction?
Transduction is the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another. Viruses called bacteriophages are able to infect bacterial cells and use them as hosts (living cell) to make more viruses.
Which is the enzyme that is tested to check for the pasteurization of milk?
alkaline phosphatase
state the mathematical constant pi rounded to 5 decimal places.
3.14159
Name two conditions under which yeasts and molds will outcompete most bacteria.
low Aw (0.6-0.7) and pH <4 or >9
Who is the current past-president of IFT?
Sean Leighton
What is responsible for warmed-over flavor?
fat oxidation
Name three factors useful in controlling enzyme activity.
Temperature, Water Content and Activity, Extremes of pH, Chemicals, Alterations of Substrates, Alterations of Products, Preprocessing Controls
name the 4 parts of a typical compression-expansion refrigeration system.
compressor, condenser, evaporator coils, and expansion valve
In beer making, what does IBU stand for and what does it indicate?
International Bitterness Units; measures the concentration of hop compounds in beer, specifically concentration of isohumulone, an acid found in hops that gives beer its bitter taste
Of the following finfish, which has the greatest amount of total fat: Cod, Tuna, Rainbow Trout
Rainbow trout: 4.31g/100g
How many USDA consumer grades for eggs are there?
Three
Who introduced rational medicine in 400 B.C.? a) Cleopatra b) Paracelsus c) Archimedes d) Hippocrates
d) Hippocrates
Particles with dimensions greater than 1 millimicron and less than 0.1 micron are called_.
colloids
The TBA analysis is a colorimetric reaction; what does this mean?
the analyte of interest does not have a chromaphore and must react with a substance so that a chromaphore is created and absorbance can be read to determine the concentration of an analyte
Why did the 2-L bottle come out before the 355-mL?
Cheaper
Hitting the wall is a term runner sometimes uses to describe A. dehydration, B. competition, C. indigestion, D glucose depletion
D. Glucose depletion
What is the major ripening bacterium for Limburger cheese production?
Brevibacterium linens
Why is agitation used in steaming processing?
may be difficult to hear solid and highly viscous foods, cook time longer at thermal center could cause over cooking therefore to increase hear transfer - containers agitated, thinner containers used
State that leads in Mushroom production
PA
Why are plates for total plate count incubated upside down?
To prevent condensation from dripping on the surface of the agar.
What is the phenomenon describing when a solid goes directly to a gas?
Sublimation.
What toxic substance is found in Gari, and what is the name of the tuber that this fermented product comes from?
Cyanogens, Cassava
What is the process of cell–cell communication that allows bacteria to share information about cell density and adjust gene expression accordingly?
quorum sensing
To which of the following filament protein does Ca++ bind, and regulate actin myosin interaction during muscle contraction : a) myosin, b) actin, c) troponin
Troponin
In 2008, what state ranked first in value of production of sweet corn, fresh market snap beans, fresh market tomatoes, and fresh market cucumbers?
Florida
Tangerine botanical name?
Citrus tangerina [Rutaceae (Citrus)]
What are some of the benefits of a thermistor?
they are preferable in simple applications due to their low cost and simple electronic circuitry, also they can be produced in very small designs with a fast response and low thermal mass
Name five types of General Mills Cereals.
Cheerios, Lucky Charms, Cinnamon Toast Crunch, Trix, Wheaties, Reese's Puffs, Kix, Golden Grahams, Count Chocula, Nature Valley Granola Cereal, Special K, Chex, and Fiber One
K-value is a measure of fish freshness. What is the equation for K-value?
(inosine) + (hypoxanthan)/total nucleotide products (or IMP)
What are the 3 principle ingredients of home baking powder?
sodium bicarbonate, cream of tartare, cornstarch
What is the full form of RI?
Refractive Index
Name 5 types of nonthermal pasteurization.
high-pressure processing, pulsed electric field, ultraviolet, radio frequency, ultrafiltration
Apples and milk are approximately 85% of what component?
Water
What is the purpose of blanching?
To destroy degradative enzyme
What is the difference between plate heat exchanger and tubular heat exchanger in regards to the heating/cooling medium flow?
plate heat exchangers have concurrent flow while the tubular heat exchanger have countercurrent flow
Of the 4 components of a refrigeration system, which one involves constant entropy?
Compressor
"What is the name of naturally occurring antimicrobial system in milk consisting of 3 components, 2 of which are thiocyanate and hydrogen peroxide?"
Lactoperoxidase system (LP-System)
name 3 methods used for DNA fingerprinting.
RFLP, PCR, AmpFLP, STR, Y-chromosome, mitochondrial analyses
What compounds impart bitterness or astringency to a wine?
Tannins, phenolic compounds
What is Z value?
Z value is the increase in temperature needed for obtaining the 1 log reduction in TDT. Larger z value implies more resistant microbes.
folic acid; B9 deficiency causes?
Folate Deficiency Anemia
How is cultured butter made?
The cream is treated with cultures (like yogurt), allowed to ferment and then churned into butter.
What is the boiling point definition?
the temperature at which the vapor pressure becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure (760 nm)
The occupational safety and health administration enforces standards on safety in the workplace through ______ and __________
inspection and penalties
Which is a non-reducing sugar: A.glucose, B.sucrose, C.maltose, or D. fructose?
B. sucrose
Name the cabinet-level agency responsible for FSIS, FDA, Biopesticides, and Alcohol.
USDA, Department of Health and Human Services, EPA, and Department of Justice
What type of structure is whipped cream?
Foam
QuornTM, a brand of vegetarian and vegan meat-substitutes, uses mycoprotein derived from what fungus?
Fusarium venenatum
What is the can defect 'paneling' caused by?
Excessive external pressure during cooling compared to internal can pressure, resulting in deformation of the can body.
What are two methods for determining or measuring the freshness of eggs?
Haugh units (thick albumen height), pH of the egg white, and size of the air cell
What milk protein is responsible for iron binding and enhanced iron absorption into the body?
Lactoferrin.
What is the term referring to the ratio of mass and volume?
density
Explain how Raoult's Law is applied in food processing.
Lowering of water activity when adding solutes to water; boiling point elevation or freezing point depression
What has the least number of calories: raw potatoes or potatoes boiled in their skin?
raw potatoes
How many millions of bubbles are in a champagne bottle?
49 million bubbles (if they are remotely close give it to them!)
Which lipoprotein transports triglycerides from the liver to adipose tissue?
VLDL
What is the difference in a wild and controlled fermentation?
Controlled adds microorganism and wild uses those already present
The most popular bacterium for genetic engineering is __________
Escherichia coli
What is the name of the long french bread from lean dough?
Baguette
Why do chelating agents increase the efficiency of antioxidants?
they bind trace minerals that catalyze fat oxidation
Food additives (define)
Chemical substances added to foods directly or indirectly, in known/regulated quantities for the purpose of assisting the processing/preservation/flavor/texture/appearance
Name three functions of Vitamin C.
Vitamin (essential nutrient), antioxidant, color stabilizer.
What pastry tool is used to cut the outlines of shapes?
Pastry Cutter
What federal agency has the responsibility for administration of the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act?
FDA
What does A.S.T.M. stand for wrt packaging?
American Society for Testing and Materials
A diet and training program that allows an endurance athlete to store one to one-half the normal amount of glycogen is called?
Carbohydrate loading or glycogen loading
What is the color of carmine cochneal extract?
Red
What is not the storage temperature of food?
40 to 140°F.
An element found in proteins but not in carbohydrates is what?
Nitrogen
What is the botanical name of pig?
Sus (scrofa) domesticus
What is an antioxidant?
Substance used to retard rancidity of food due to exposure of oxygen.
The molecular structure that makes emulsifying agents effective is _____?
lipophilic (hydrophobic) part and hydrophilic part
What does the acronym QC stand for?
Quality Control
In Italy, what is the belly of the pork referred as?
Pancetta
What is microfiltration?
Particles retained 0.02 - 10 mm, Pressure 1-50 psig, Bacteria, fat globules (suspended particles) rejected, Applications: dairy (milk - removal of bacterial and spores, fractionation of proteins), egg (remove bacteria) juice (clarification) Beer (recover yeast)
What is a "Cape Cod Turkey" to a fisherman?
A codfish
What is the rising-falling film evaporator, how does it work, what is it used for?
Combines the previous two, the purpose is to save headroom, about half the height of the previous two methods
State the full name that corresponds with recycling #1 for recyclable polymers.
PETE=polyethylene teraphtalate
What was the first comprehensive law regulating food colors?
Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906
Major tests for allergies
RAST, Basophil Histamine Release, Skin test, Oral challenge, Immunoblotting.
Cori's disease causes body's ability to break down which energy storage molecule?
Glycogen debrancher enzyme deficiency in liver.
What is Passive MAP?
Passive MAP= atmosphere is modified at manufacture
Which of the following was the 1st product to have a barcode on its package: A.M&M chocolate candies, B.Wrigley's gum, C.Campbell's tomato soup, or D.Heinz tomato ketchup?
B. Wrigley's gum
List 3 food brand of Unilever.
Hellmann's, Knorr, Horlicks, Best Foods, Calve, Magnum, Cornetto, Ben & Jerry's, Wall's
How much (%) water is there in muscle?
66-71%
What is a detrimental effect of phytic acid?
It chelates minerals, preventing absorption of minerals such as iron and zinc.
Who is the USDA chief chemist who crusaded for federal efforts to regulate the food industry in the early 1900's
Dr. Harvey Wiley
What are the 6 syrup behaviors of a sugar syrup in the Cold-Water test?
Thread, Soft Ball, Firm Ball, Hard Ball, Soft Crack, and Hard Crack
The prevalence of lactose intolerance is highest among Caucasians than other ethnic and racial groups. T/F
False
The pioneering food scientist that was the 1st to develop canned food had an IFT award named after hi- What is the award?
Nicolas Appert Award
Olive oil can act as a mild laxative to help relieve constipation.
True. It lubricates the digestive system, making it easier for stools to pass through. It also helps stools retain water, keeping them softer.
What does Kjeldahl measure and how does it quantify proteins?
Measures nitrogen content and therefore, protein indirectly.
According to the World Health Organization, the genus of bacteria is the most common cause of human gastroenteritis in the world.
Campylobacter.
What is a bacteriophage?
A virus that infects bacteria.
A treatment w/a combination of 2 enzymes can prevent browning of egg whites; state the type of browning and the 2 enzymes.
Maillard reaction; glucose oxidase and catalase
In the 2022 FDA Food Code this term refers to "an embryo inside a fertile egg that has been incubated for a period sufficient for the embryo to reach a specific stage of development after which it is removed from incubation before hatching.
Balut.
What is the largest cereal crop in the USA?
Corn.
Cheese fruits commonly come from what type?
Pomes
What spoilage organisms are most likely to be found vacuum packed, refrigerated meats held for several weeks?
clostridium perfringens
Who won the William V Cruess award in 2024?
Clint Stevenson
List three phytonutrients present in raisins that are associated with its health benefits?
Phenolic acids: caftaric and coutaric, flavonols: quercetin and kaemferol
Name the two principal methods of describing the dependence of the reaction rate constant, k, on temperature.
1) The Arrhenius equation 2) Thermal death time curves
Which regulatory agency has the prime responsibility for the safety, wholesomeness, and nutritional quality of food in the U.S.?
The FDA
Give four pulse waveforms used in Pulsed Electric Field.
Exponentially decaying, square wave, bipolar, oscillatory, instant charge reversal pulse
When is it necessary to include the ingredients of a product on the label?
when there are 2 or more ingredients and the product does not follow/have a standard of identity
What are the end products of scission and dismutation?
Aldehydes and ketones
A substance that exhibits an increase in viscosity with an increase in shear rate is known as what type of fluid?
Dilatant
what is the difference between bottled beer and draft beer?
draft is unpasteurized and hence has a shorter shelf life
Name two microorganisms that can be present in milk
Streptococcus Lactis, Leuconostoc Citrovorum
Where did Meyer lemons originate?
China
A deficiency in what vitamin can result in hypochromic, microcytic anemia?
pyridoxine
At low water activity what is the main deteriorative concern?
Lipid oxidation
Name the main 8 cereal grains in the US?
Oats, corn, wheat, rice, barley, rye, sorghum, buckwheat
aflatoxins are NOT produced by: A.Aspergillus flavus, B. Aspergillus parasiticus, or C.Aspergillus chraceus
C.Aspergillus chraceus
What are the microbial inhibitors in egg whites and how do they work?
The albumen is beneath the shell membranes and is important in providing three antimicrobial defenses to the egg. The first defense is the viscosity of the albumen components, which provide conditions in which bacteria cannot move easily. The second defense is the alkaline pH of the albumen that initially ranges from 7.6 to 7.8 but quickly increases over a period of a few days due to the loss of carbon dioxide during storage, resulting in a pH of 9.1–9.6. This is a pH range that is not conducive to the growth of most microorganisms. The third defense is the presence of a number of proteins and glycoproteins that possess antimicrobial activity.(See additional info)
Milk is sometimes concentrated using RO and UF equipment; what do these abbreviations stand for?
RO=reverse osmosis ; UF=ultra filtration
Give 2 ways to measure ethylene.
There are several ways to measure ethylene: 1) gas chromatography (best but expensive); 2) kitagawa tubes, or equivalent; 3) other types of chemical sensors; or 4) another plant that is sensitive to ethylene.
Okara is a by-product of what processing?
Soy
What does GIPSA stand for?
Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyard Administration
During the manufacture of ice cream, you discover that 1 liter of mix makes 2.0 liters of frozen ice cream. What's your overrun percentage?
A. 100%
The most recent addition to the allowable materials used in commercial curing of pickles is ______.
D or L-alpha tocopherol
An enzyme family called the _____ catalyzes the phosphorylation of hexoses in the body.
Hexokinases.
What causes the yellow-green pigment of skim milk and whey?
Riboflavin
What protein is used as a reference to measure the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Ratio?
Casein
What state designated Jell-O as its "state snack food" in 2001?
Utah
What is the name of FD&C Yellow No.6?
Sunset Yellow
What federal organization provides the marine fisheries industry with a number of services?
National Marine Fisheries Service
What two reagents test for the presence of reducing sugars?
Benedicts and fehlings
What are the two common polymerization methods?
Addition polymerization and condensation polymerization.
which of the following types of non-fat dried milk (NDM) powders has the highest solubility in pure water: A.Instant NDM, B.roller-dried NDM, C.high-heat NDM, or D.regular NDM?
A. instant NDM
How many carbon atoms are in one molecule of lactose?
12
What are the two types of steam?
Saturated and superheated
Mechanical refrigeration
Compressor/condensor on the outside. Refrigerant liquid flows into expansion pipes, evaporates absorbing the heat. Gas is recompressed and heats up then dissipates, the cooling effect turns it into a liquid again.
What yeast is used in soy sauce production?
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and/or Torulopsis spp.
List 5 types of bonds that important for the structure of proteins.
covalent, hydrogen, van der waals, disulfide, electrostatic
name the 1st 5 letters of the Greek alphabet.
alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon
In which season do you plant winter wheat?
Fall
How many times may a U.S. patent be renewed?
Patents are non-renewable
What process is used to set color and inactivate enzymes?
Blanching
What is one of the oldest federal agencies whose primary function is consumer protection?
CFSAN, center for food safety and applied nutrition
Fully developed turbulent flow of fluid in a pipe is achieved when the Reynolds number is greater than ______?
10000
Which fatty acid has the longest hydrocarbon chain? Hexadecanoic acid, tetracosinoic acid, octadecanoic acid, Triacontanoic acid
Triacontanoic acid (30C)
What is a commercial undercounter refrigerator known as?
A lowboy or a bar refrigerator
In terms of plant respiration, what does the acronym RQ stand for and how is it defined?
Respiration Quotient. It is defined as the ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the plant to oxygen consumed by the plant
Why should antibiotics be excluded from the milk supply?
They could cause allergic reactions if milk is ingested, they could destroy the organisms used in cultured dairy products, and they can cause antibiotic resistance in pathogenic organisms
Absorbtivity is a proportionality constant dependent on:A.molecular properties of species, B.Wavelength, C.Chemical Environment, or D.All of the above?
D. All of the Above
The Hydroxylation of Lysine to hydroxylysine uses what cofactor?
Vitamin C (has a lot of hemiacetal groups/OH)
What are some examples of unit operations?
Evaporator, storage tanks, filler, shipping, peeler/dicer, washing, mill, pasteurizer, grinding, extraction, drying
Which of the following vegetables contain the most kcals per 100g raw serving:A.cabbage, B.Onions, C.Tomatoes, or D.Beets?
C. Tomatoes
Describe the difference between hue, value, and chroma.
HUE: a color or shade . VALUE: value refers to the lightness or darkness of a color.When referring to pigments, dark values with black added are called “shades” of the given hue name. Light values with white pigment added are called “tints” of the hue name. CHROMA: purity or intensity of color E.G.In red hue, fire engine red, brick red & grey is pure red/high intensity, mid intense & low intensity, respectively
What is the toluene distillation used for?
moisture content determination
what is the name of the commonly used melt test for cheese where sample discs of known dimensions are heated in an oven and the final diameter of the melted disc is measured?
Schreiber melt test
What does "fish eyes" stand for in gum?
When gum powder is poured in water, many particles hydrate and form a sticky coating that slows the diffusion of water through the surface, leaving a dry interior.
West indian, mexican, madagascar are all types of what?
Vanilla
What 2 amino acids are aspartame derived from?
aspartic acid and phenylalanine
What metabolic end product does the Voges-Proskauer test detect?
Acetoin
Name five of the 17 categories of college level questions and we are requiring exact wording.
1. Alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages 2. Biotechnology 3. Carbohydrates, cereal and grain products 4. Culinology and baking 5. Dairy products 6. Food analysis and quality assurance 7. Food Chemistry 8. Food history and trivia 9. Food laws and regulations 10. Food packaging 11. Food processing and engineering 12. Food safety toxicology and microbiology 13. Fruit, and vegetable products 14. IFT knowledge 15. Meat, fish, poultry and egg products 16. Nutrition 17. Sensory and Consumer Science.
What does ROI stand for?
Return on Investment
What is the function of Vitamin E?
Antioxidant
Which has a higher thermal conductivity: frozen peas (at 0 oC) or fresh peas (at room temperature)?
The frozen peas
What tea variant is known for its subtle sweet and unique fragrance?
Jasmine
Where was the first College Bowl Competition and when?
Atlanta, 1985.
Which B Vitamins are found in meat? A.B18, B.B10, C.B28, or D.B12
D. B 12 is found in meat
You are mixing a liquid food product and observe that you increase the mixing speed, the product becomes harder to mix. What type of Non-Newtonian rheological property is the food exhibiting?
Dilatancy
CGMP
Current Good Manufacturing Practice
What are Xerophilic molds?
Dry Loving.
What are prebiotics?
A. Non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or more species of bacteria in the gut. A non-starch polysaccharide, such as inulin or fructo-oligosaccharides, that promotes commensal microflora growth.
What are the limiting amino acids in corn, potato, and green peas?
Corn - Lysine, Potato - Methionine, Green Peas - Methionine
When starch granules are heated for an extended period of time at a high temperature, the product will become thin, the physical change that takes place is called:
implosion
Which common food borne bacterial pathogen is microaerophilic and requires temperatures above 32 degrees C for growth?
Campylobacter jejuni
Typical caloric value of gram of caramel color?
4 Cal
Name four factors that contribute to texture of fruits and vegetables.
plant cell walls and intercellular cementing substances, cellulose, pectic substances, proteins, lignin, hemicellulose, water
What is the difference between a category scale and a ratio scale?
Category scale is made up of equal intervals, Ratio scale has the judge express ratios of intensities (sample compared to reference)
state the non-caloric sweetener(s) found in the following beverages: Fresca, Bottled Pepsi, diet coke from a soda fountain.
Fresca= aspartame;Bottled Diet Pepsi= aspartame;Diet Coke from a soda fountain= aspartame and saccharin
What is the most well-known USDA Certified Program and is identified with carcass specification G1?
Certified Angus Beef
What is the name of the substance, which can form colloid suspension as a defect in apple juice?
Pectin
How does the color and texture of chocolate cake change as the pH rises?
The color becomes red and the texture becomes coarse.
What is the definition of an oligosaccharide?
Correct answer is a carbohydrate containing between three and 10 or more than two and less than 10 monosaccharides
How many foodborne illness cases every year?
48 million
What is "double acting" baking powder?
The first acid reacts by creating gases when mixed with the liquid in the recipe. The second type reacts by creating gases when the batter is exposed to oven heat.
What is the full form of RLU, a unit of measurement used to quantify the amount of light emitted by a sample?
Relative Light Units
What percentage of apples is air?
0.25
What does ICSMF stand for?
International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods
What person is responsible for developing quick frozen foods?
Clarence Birdseye
What is the D value of a microorganism that is decreased in population by a factor of 10 in 2 minutes?
Two
What is "error central tendency" in sensory analysis?
occurs when panelists hesitate to use the extreme values on a scale and tend to center their responses on the scale.
Are frankfurters an emulsion?
Not a true emulsion because they have more than 2 components in them. However, they do have lipid separated from water by myofibrillar proteins
What is the name of cooking technique that involves cooking an item by submerging it in a liquid that is barely simmering?
Poaching
What color is phenolphthalein under acidic conditions?
colorless
What two regions commonly use sweet cream butter?
UK, North America
What are the advantages of Continuous cryogenic freezing?
Shorter freezing and chilling time: rapid. - Texture damage is minimal. - Smaller equipment. - Oxygen is limited from environment. - Less maintenance required.
What is the pH of chyme in human stomach?
1.5-2.5
What is Cream of Wheat made of?
farina
What is the maximum amount of fat per RACC (reference amount customarily consumed) allowed in a product labeled "fat free"?
0.5 g
What is a double-blind experiment in nutritional studies?
Both the subjects and the researchers do not know which subjects are in which group.
What color is apple flesh in basic and acidic conditions?
-Basic - yellow -Acidic - white
What is the type of non-Newtonian fluid that exhibits reversible shear-thinning?
Thixotropic
What chronic health condition can result from low calcium intake?
Osteoporosis
Which of the following oils would become rancid fastest? Canola, soybean, or olive
Canola
What egg protein is responsible for most of the viscosity of thick albumen?
Ovomucin
What 2 vitamins are required for cell division?
Folacin and B12 (cobalamin)
Why do 50S and 30S make 70S ribosomes not 80S?
70S ribosome is made up of 50S and 30S, and its total is not 80S because the sedimentation rate of a particular ribosome is not equal to the total of 50S and 30S subunits. The sedimentation rate is less than the total of two subunits.
What is the serum transport protein for copper?
Ceruloplasmin
What company is the world's largest manufacturer of farm equipment?
John Deere
Kue Gapit is a waffle containing what type of flour?
Tapioca
What is the spot in the yolk portion of the egg containing the genetic material from the hen?
Germinal disk
What is the German beer style that is brewed with coriander and sea salt?
Gose
What positions are on the board of directors of IFTSA?
President Past-president President elect VP chapter engangement VP competitions VP digital and social media VP membership engangement VP Events and experiences Member-at-large
Name three alternate names for clotted cream
Devonshire, Cornish, Scalded
What is a batter-like meat product produced by forcing bones with attached edible meat under high pressure through a sieve or similar device to separate the bone from the edible meat tissue?
Mechanically Separated (deboned) meat
What is standard atmospheric pressure in kiloPascals?
101 kPa
What is the artificial color number for Fast Green?
FD&C Green No.3
(True/false) Plasmid is extrachromosomal DNA
False
Which were the first two soft drinks enjoyed in space?
Coca-Cola and Pepsi
What is BHT and what is it used for?
Butylated hydroxytoluene; phenolic antioxidant used to preserve fats and oils
Tomato products, particularly cooked and canned tomatoes provide a red pigment called lycopene that acts as:
an antioxidant
With respect to the acetic acid concentration in vinegar, define a grain.
Grain = 10 × % acetic acid (a grain is the quantity of alkali in grains required to neutralize the acetic acid in vinegar).
What is the white of an orange peel a good source of?
Pectin
The bitter glucoside in olives is called ______________
Oleuropein
What is the Talmadge-Aiken Agreement?
Talmadge-Aiken (TA) plants are federally inspected plants that are staffed by state employees because its cheaper to pay the state to employ inspectors.
What materials are used in a retortable pouch?
Polyester and/or oriented polypropylene (outer)/aluminum foil/Polypropylene
What's the equation for Planck-Einstein relation with respect to radiation?
E = h * (nu)
Beef was traditionally suspended using which tendon, which was also a cause of muscle shortening?
Achilles
What are the 4 lean cuts in pork?
ham, loin, Boston butt, picnic shoulder
What is domoic acid?
A toxin found in limited quantities of anchovies and razor clams that causes illness in humans.
What is the property of a substance such as a liquid or dough that is measured by its rate of flow?
Viscosity
What is the latin name for pigs?
Sus domesticus
What is the dielectric constant?
a quantity measuring the ability of a substance to store electrical energy in an electrical field
What is the name of the food substitute that supplies all daily nutritional needs?
Soylent
What is the name of the plant that capers come from?
Caper plants (Capparis spinosa)
Name 5 different polyols used in foods.
Isomalt Maltitol Sorbitol Xylitol erythritol
What is the scientific name of the beef tri-tip muscle?
tensor fasciae latae
What is the difference between ready-to-eat lettuce and fresh lettuce?
Ready-to-eat lettuce was packaged in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)
Most food spoilage organisms are __________
Xerophiles, mesophiles, or psychrophiles
What is the name of the amendment to the Pure Food and Drug act that was passed in 1912?
Sherley Amendment
What are the three most common source of eggs?
Chicken, Duck, Goose
What is the most common source of foodborne illness in Japan?
vibrio from seafood.
the fungus Claviceps purpurea produces a group of toxins that cause: A. turkey X disease, B. ATA, C. diarrhea and vomiting, or D. ergotism
D. ergotism
Kajmak, Cajeta, and Confiture de Lait are varieties of what milk product?
Dulce de Leche
Name three methods for protein quality determination.
Protein efficiency ratio, biological value, net protein utilization, and protein digestibility corrected amino acid ratio
What are the three types of frying?
Shallow, Deep, Stir
How does ATP become ADP?
By transferring its terminal phosphate group to an acceptor molecule.
What are the advantages of osmotic dehydration?
less energy cost (30-40%lowe, no phase change), less heat impaired changed in the food components , retention of natural quality, desirable nutrients added during preservation process (fortification)
Describe three roles of lipids in food.
They carry flavor, fat-soluble vitamins, and help with heat transfer.
What does somebody have to do to keep the rights to their trademark?
Use it
What is the average specific gravity of milk?
1.032
Name the 4 fat-soluble vitamins.
A, D, E, and K
Which U.S. state is the leading producer of alfalfa?
Arizona
What is "converted rice" and how is it manufactured?
Whole grain rice is parboiled or steeped in hot water prior to removal of the hulls, bran, and germ in milling. The rice loses fewer nutrients as the B vitamins and minerals from the hulls, bran, and germ are leached into the endosperm. The converted rice is then dried, milled, and polished
Name SIX polyol sweeteners.
Xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, lactitol, maltitol, isomaltitol.
What is the spherical organism which causes souring of milk?
Streptococcus lactis.
What is the daily nutritional value of protein for women 19-50 yrs old?
46 g
Taq polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase I named after the thermophilic eubacterial microorganism _____________
Thermus aquaticus
Tofu is a fermented product. True or False.
False
What does EHEC stand for?
Enterohemorrhagic
To calculate the lethal effect of a thermal process, two items of information are needed. Name the two items.
1) Thermal resistance characteristics of the microorganisms (reaction rate constants, Z and F values) 2) Dependence of the rate constants on temperature (temperature history)
What type of animals are Barrows and Gilts, and what is the meaning of these terms?
both are slaughter hogs; Barrows are castrated young males, and Gilts are females that haven't produced piglets
A retort temperature of 250oF is achieved with how many pounds of pressure?
15
What is the heat step in coffee that produces flavor?
roasting
What vitamin is produced from cholesterol in the body?
vitamin D
Genus and Species of the bacteria involved in the Irish Famine.
Phytophthora infestans
What is the full form of DAL?
Defect Action Level
Name 5 dimensionless numbers used in heat and/or mass transfer calculations.
Biot number (Bi), Fourier number (Fo), Fanning friction factor (f), Grashoff number (Gr), lag coefficient for mass transfer (j), Lewis number (Le), Nusselt number (Nu), Plank number (Pk), Prandtl number (Pr), Raleigh number (Ra), Reynolds number (Re), Schimidt number (Sc), Sherwood number (Sh), Stefan number (Ste)
What was the 1st state law against food adulteration and when and where was it enacted?
An act against selling unwholesome provisions Massachusetts 1785
What is the culinary term used to describe splitting open a bird carcass and flattening it?
butterflying or spatchcooking
Name 3 types of non-thermal pasteurization.
high pressure processing, pulsed electric field, ultraviolet, radio frequency, ultrafiltration
What are the stages of freeze drying?
initial wet-bulb temperature adjust (Sens heat) period. 2- constant and uniform wet-bulb temp period, concentration gradient builds up in drop and water activity decreases. 3-no shrinkage period, internal diffusion entirely limiting. 4- sensible heating period
What is the compound associated with green color in pistachios?
Chlorophyll
Name the microbial gum used in salad dressings.
Xanthan gum
Reserva Cava is a sparkling wine. What is the age difference between Reserve Cava compared to NV Champagne?
915 months on lees, the same as NV champagne
Food with pH 3.5 to 4.5 is rated as high acid or low acid?
High acid
What is an isomer that is cheaper than Vitamin C?
Erythorbic Acid
What are some of the ways parameters can be changed to alter the drying?
If the air temp is increased you increate the Rc (constant rate). Increase the air relative humidity, increase density of moist air and decrease change in temp and decrease Rc. Increase the air velocity the increase heat transfer coefficient and increase Rc. If increase thickness, decrease constant rate.
Name the first genetically modified produce allowed by the FDA to hit the market?
Flavr-Savr tomatoes
What are fresh hams commonly called by the packing industry?
Green hams
What component of carbonated beverages is responsible for the "sparkle" and "zest" (or the bubbles)?
Carbon dioxide gas
Describe the winterization process for oils.
the oil is cooled and then solids are filtered so that the long-chained saturated fats do not crystalize at low temperatures
What are the target microorganisms for milk pasteurization?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Coxiella brunetti (brucellosis)
Black and white cows are what breed of cow?
Holstein
What is the sum of all the various biochemical and physiologic processes by which the body grows and maintains itself (anabolism) and breaks down and reshapes tissue (catabolism)?
Metabolism
What is the acid in onions that results in tears when the onion is cut?
sulfenic acid
What is water activity?
Water activity aw=(P h2O vapor in food)/(vapor pressure pure H2O@same T)= (RH%)/100
Short-Fed' refers to cattle that are grain-fed for: A.90-130 days, B.100-150 days, C.180 days, or D.more than 180 days?
A. Short-fed cattle are grain-fed for between 90-130 days (~100 days most common)
Who is most responsible for disproving Spallanzani's theory of spontaneous generation?
Louis Pasteur
What microorganism produces Pullorum disease in chickens?
Salmonella pullorum
(True/False) Mead is made by fermented honey
True
How much sugar is in one cotton candy?
1-2 tbsp (10-20 g)
What Indian flatbread is made from stoneground whole wheat flour?
Roti
How are the following enzymes or biochemical reactions used by the food industry? a. acetaldehyde reduction by yeast; b. invertase; c. production of carbon dioxide by Propionibacterium; d. pectinases in the beverage industry
a. acetaldehyde reduction makes ethanol; b. invertase makes liquid-filled candies and invert sugar; c. Probionibacterium is used in the production of Swiss cheese; d. pectinases are used in the clarification of juices
What year was the Nutritional Labeling and Education Act signed?
1990
Name 3 design considerations in an air impingement oven.
air velocity, jet configuration, nozzle to target surface spacing, location of exhaust ports, induced or imposed cross flow, surface motion, angle of impingement, nozzle design, temperature differences between the jet and the impingement surface
What is the F Value in microbial death kinetics?
Lethality - the time in minutes required to bring about a required log reduction in target microbial population at a defined temperature.
what is the curing agent in meat and what 3 effects does this curing agent have?
Sodium Nitrite; it is responsible for color formation, flavor (prevention of warmed-over flavor) and inhibition of C. botulinum (spoilage was acceptable)
According to the National Yogurt Association, what is the minimum number of active bacteria in final product for it to be called live active culture?
8 log CFU, 10^8 CFU
viruses specific to E. coli are: A.eshiphages, B.cytopathic phages, C.coliphages, or D.microphages
C.coliphages
What is the basis for preservation by dessication?
water removal-lowers water activity
Name 4 factors that influence dehydration.
temperature, dryness, air volume, particle size, type of food, and load
Name of the food derived from dried maize that has undergone nixtamalization)
Cornmeal that has been soaked in an alkaline solution, e.g., limewater (a process known as nixtamalization), it is called masa harina (or masa flour),
prior to refrigeration, what was the primary method used for food preservation?
Fermentation
Carotenoids are formed from multiple units of what five carbon compound?
isoprene
In what U.S. city was the first meat packing plant started in 1818?
Cincinnati
In measuring the flow rate or velocity, which of the following can be used? (a) pitot tube (b) orifice meter (c) venturi tube (d) A and B (e) A, B and C
(e) A, B and C
What are the 4 parameters for the processing of fluids flowing through a pipe?
Pipe diameter, viscosity, velocity, and density of fluids
What fruit has extremely high levels of vitamin A?
Mango
An emulsified with a high hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value would promote which type of emulsion: oil in water or water in oil?
Oil in water
In what decade was the Bureau of Chemistry within the Department of Agriculture changed to the FDA?
in the 1930's
What is the term referring to the number of BTU's required to convert 1 ton of water at 32?F to 1 ton of ice at 32?F in 24 hr.
Ton(s) of refrigeration
What fermented dish is made with a blend of peppers, onions, cabbage, other various vegetables, and spices and is common in Korean cuisine?
Kimchi
Give three examples of wheat flour types.
All-Purpose Flour, Bread Flour, Cake Flour, Pastry Flour, Whole Wheat Flour, Semolina Flour, Self-Rising Flour, Durum Flour, High-Gluten Flour, White Whole Wheat Flour
The preserving activity of vinegar has been known from ancient time. The active component is
Acetic Acid
What are the USDA meat grades for lamb? A.prime,choice,good,cutter,and canner; B.prime,choice,good,utility,and cull; C.US#1,2,and 3; or D.prime,choice,select,and standard?
B. grades of lamb are prime, choice, good, utility, and cull
What is the only essential vitamin not found in the white potato?
Vit D
What are fluidized bed dryers?
Food pieces on mesh perforated belt 15cm, hot air blown up through bed at high velocity, particles suspended and agitated improving heat and mass transfer, batch or continuous, multistage in cascade, compact, high drying rates, good process control, limited to small 20µ-10mm particles
In food chemistry what does the TBA stands for and what is it used to measure?
Thiobarbituric acid, measures secondary oxidation products of lipid oxidation
In an emulsion, which law gives a qualitative indication of the physical factors that influence the stability of an emulsion?
Stoke's Law
Which general class of tannins contain catechin or epicatechin as its monomeric units? hydrolyzable tannins, condensed tannins, Non condensed tannins, phytotannins
Condensed tannins
wine is often classified according to the year the crop was harvested. What is the term for this?
Vintage
What are the 3 coordinates in the Hunter-Gardner color solid?
L, a, b
Can things be added to foods after sterilization?
Yes, Enzymes and probiotics with low hear sensitivity can be added to food after sterilization
What are the factors that affect in-container sterilization time?
type of product, size of containers, agitation of container, retort temp, type of container, heat resistance of microbes and enzymes, pH of foods
What year was the first Food Technology magazine published?
1947
How much sugar is in a standard serving of cotton candy?
28 g
Which foodborne pathogen also causes necrotic enteritis in poultry and gas gangrene in humans?
Clostridium perfringens
What is the chemical name for the traditional term "muriatic acid"?
Hydrochloric acid
What is the proper name of sugar in milk?
Galactose
List three advantages of intermediate moisture foods.
refrigeration is not required, spoilage is slower, relatively cheap and energy efficient
What is graham flour?
Whole wheat flour, which contains the bran, germ, and endosperm of the wheat kernel.
what is the difference between regular beer and light beer?
light beer averages 33% less calories than regular beer
What famous football coach said, "I have never had an outstanding successful athlete who was not a hard milk drinker"?
Vince Lombardi
According to Food Technology magazine, what are the 2025 flavor trends?
Calm: Botanicals, Less Sugar and Alcohol Excited: Smoke, Char, and Spice Satisfied: Umami and Veggies Playful: Unexpected Pairings Comfort: Familiar Yet New Carrying On
Dry and semi-dry sausages are examples of what kind of sausage?
Fermented Sausage
sweet chocolate must contain what percent chocolate liquor?
15%
What effect does the physical state of the food have on processing time in in-container sterilization?
physical state (liquid, solid, suspended particle, paste) conduction in solids and liquids and pastes, convection in liquid
What is the pH of fresh caught shrimp?
pH 7.2 (7.0-7.4)
What is the significance of the temperature/time relationship in the processing time?
Product temperature curve shows that the product temperature at the slowest (coldest) heating location within the container increases more slowly than the heating medium temperature and the product temperature may not reach the retort temperature before the end of the process.
what gas contributes to rising in yeast-raised baked goods?
Carbon Dioxide
In addition to calcium and phosphorus, what mineral is associated with bones and teeth?
Magnesium
What does differential tin coating mean?
The thickness of tin coating is different on the inside and outside of the can
What is the difference between a "dextrin" and a "dextran"?
Both are intermediate length carbohydrate chains composed of glucose units. Dextrins are formed by acid or enzymatic hydrolysis of starch; dextrans are synthesized by microorganisms
What is the SI unit of force?
Newton
What lipid material accounts for 2/3 of all fats and oils in the U.S?
Soybean oil
If a food label states it is a rich source of calcium, what does that mean?
20% or more of the daily value
How does a Multiple-Effect Evaporator function?
Vapors produced by evaporation of water from the initial product in the first stage are fed into the steam chest of the second stage to provide further evaporation. 3 to 7 stages are common.
What is the genus/species/variety for popping corn?
Zea mays everta
What is the peritoneum?
A hollow space near the stomach
Which mineral is important in nerve excitation, muscle contraction, and pH balance of blood?
Calcium
Food Additives Amendment of 1958 (to the FD&C Act of 1938)
food additives must be proven safe before addition to food and must be safe at intended levels of use. Delaney Clause is attached to this amendment which prohibits the FDA from allowing anyone to use a substance that can cause cancer at any dose.
What proteolytic enzyme is used in cheese production?
Chymosin or rennin
Vitamin B3 is chemically known as?
Niacin; Made into NAD/NADH and NADP/NADPH2
What fruit is used to make 'tarte au sucre'?
None, there is no fruit in tarte au sucre
What is the decimal reduction time in thermal processing?
D value
Foods with high protein digestibility scores have the optimum level of what component?
Amino acids
What are the disadvantages of Continuous cryogenic freezing?
High cost of refrigerant. - Cost of pressurized vessel. - Possible quality problems due to cracking.
What is the SI unit of force per area?
Pascal
Where is the flank cut of an animal?
Abdomen
Lemon juice is added to fish for what reason?
To protonate amines so that their volatility and flavor intensity is reduced
Name three Leek cultivars.
American Flag, Electra, Titan
Which sarcoplasmic muscle protein is primarily responsible for meat color?
Myoglobin
What are the 4 ingredients used to make candy corn?
Sugar, corn syrup, wax, and water
Production of what alcoholic beverage involves two-stage fermentation?
Champagne
What is the name of the Korean dish that uses raw ground beef?
Yukhoe
What is the oxidized pigment responsible for the undesirable brown color of ground beef?
Metmyoglobin
Give two reasons why deaeration of cream is required to produce high quality butter.
To remove undesirable taste and flavor compounds, to prevent growth of aerobic bacteria, fat oxidation
What does TQM stand for?
Total Quality Management
What group of compounds makes carrots bitter?
Terpenoids
What is absolute pressure?
It is the atmospheric pressure + Gauge pressure or - vacuum pressure.
Name two approved bleaching agents used in flour production.
Chlorine (Cl2) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2).
How does a citric acid dip prevent the browning of fruit?
Chelates metal ions (also decreases the pH).
What are the three phases of the freeze drying cycle?
Freezing, primary drying, secondary drying
Name the three tests for packaging materials.
Tensile strength, moisture transmission, Oxygen transmission
Name 4 components in an English Afternoon Tea.
Tea, Sandwiches, Scones, Cakes
What fruit is a berry that ranges in size between a lemon and grapefruit whose Latin name Punica Maranta, roughly translates to apple with many seeds?
Pomegranate
What are the hydrogenation products of the following sugars: glucose, fructose, galactose, xylose?
sorbitol, mannitol, galactitol, xylitol
Name three lettuce cultivars.
Esmeralda, Bibb, Buttercrunch, Black Seeded Simpson, Green Ice, Red Raisa, Red Sails,
How can paper be loaded in laminating/packaging machine?
along the grain or perpendicular to the grain
You are starting to feel nauseous and remember possibly eating some undercooked chicken a few days ago. What type of bacteria is most likely making you sick?
campylobacter (2-5 incubation days)
What is added to Skim milk & whey to give it a yellow pigment?
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
What food was originally considered a poison fruit, but then later 'the love apple'?
the tomato
What enzyme hydrolyzes raffinose and what are the hydrolysis products?
α-galactosidase, galactose and sucrose
What is the name of the muscle enzyme that catalyzes the formation of glucose - 1 - p from glycogen?
phosphorylase
What is the difference between the hot break and cold break process for tomato processing?
A. Hot Break - the fresh tomato is chopped when heated with an average Bostwick viscosity ranging between 3.5 and 6 centimeters to usually produce ketchup and different sauces with 28-30° Brix (more viscous, dense product) B. Cold Break - the fresh tomato is chopped at lower temperatures, ranging from 65 to 75°C with an average Bostwick viscosity ranging from 9 to 16 centimeters to usually produce triple concentrate paste at 30-38° Brix packaged in 500 or 1000 gram cans for domestic use (less viscous, less dense, enzymes not denatured with heat)
How many vitamins are there in all?
13
What are 4 steps to ensure a proper natural fermentation of sauercraut?
salting, shredding, anaerobic storage, low temperatures
To slow the deterioration process of fruits what gas is added to the storage environment?
CO2
Why do O-H covalent bonds have partial ionic character?
because the oxygen molecule is highly electronegative
What is the most abundant cytoskeletal protein in muscle?
titin
France has over how many different types of cheeses?
1200
What is the purpose of co-current air flow in spray drying?
drying air and particles move through the chamber in sampe direction, product temperatures of discharge from dryer are lower than the exhaust air temp, hence this is an ideal mode for drying heat sensitive products, when operating rotary atomizer air disperser creates a high degree of air rotation giving uniform temps throughout drying chamber
Name three anticaking agents.
Calcium aluminium silicate, Tricalcium Phosphate, Calcium Silicate, Cellulose, Silicon Dioxide (SiO₂), magnesium silicate, Magnesium Carbonate, Calcium Carbonate, Sodium Aluminosilicate,Stearic Acid, Rice Flour
What are the principles of osmotic dehydration?
three types of counter-current mass transfer (water outflow: product to solution, solute transfer: solution to product, leaching out of products own solutes: sugars, organic acids, minerals, vitamins)
What are cytokinins (CK)?
A class of plant growth hormones that promote cell division in plants. They have potential uses in prolonging the freshness of vegetables and cut flowers.
Which of the following fish contains the highest % of iron: A.halibut, B.Rainbow Trout, C.Pink Salmon, or D.Catfish?
B. Rainbow Trout
What is the leading U.S. beef export item?
short plate
what bacterial foodborne pathogen can tolerate the lowest water activity and the highest salinity?
Staphylococcus aureus
What class of chemical compounds are responsible for the brilliant red color in paprika?
Carotenoids
In what year was the poultry products inspection act passed, and what did it do?
1957, made poultry inspection mandatory for any processor that ships products in interstate commerce
What is the minimum pH of growth for most Gram-negative aerobic bacteria?
pH 5.3.
In asia, to prevent the occurrence of Beriberi, rice is fortified with what nutrient?
thiamine (Vitamin B1)
The cleavage of κ-casein by rennet results in two peptides. What are they called?
Para-κ-casein and the κ-casein macropeptide (also called the glycomacropeptide or just the macropeptide)
What are the three types of emulsions?
semi permanent, permanent, and temporary
Insufficient intake of what 2 primary nutrients during childhood and youth may lead to osteoporosis later in life?
Calcium and Vitamin D
What is the primary function for thermal processing of low acid canned foods?
to inactivate Clostridium botulinum
What common component of oranges is missing from navel oranges?
Seeds
What are three types of food containers commonly used in retorting?
metal containers (cans), glass containers, retort pouches
Your oatmeal may taste soapy due to the oats having a high content of what?
Lipids
Are sorbitol and mannitol sweet?
Yes
What is 1 way to measure sorption isotherms?
gravimetric, manometric
Where was the 1st Pizza Hut built?
Wichita, Kansas, 1958
Definition of Reynolds number
The ratio of inertial forces to the viscous forces
What are the biological catalysts that promote a wide variety of biochemical reactions?
Enzymes
The smallest complete structural unit of contraction in muscle is a ___.
Sarcomere.
What is the function of erythromycin?
Antibiotic
Which organ is responsible for the secretion of insulin?
Pancreas
What term is used for beef that has a warm red center and sligtly firm?
Medium Rare
What is Food Babe's real name?
Vani Hari
What elements does glutathione transferase require?
selenium
What is the genus and species of the bacteria that causes Tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Describe the process of forming an hermetic seal.
the can end and body are interlocked during two rolling actions, first action curls the edge of the can end up and under the flange of the can body, and the second action roll flattens and tightens the seam
What is Gerber acid and what is it used for?
90% sulfuric acid; it is used as a reagent in crude fat analysis of milk (dairy products)
Name the two bacteria involved in the production of yogurt using a starter culture?
Streptococcus thermophilius and Lactobacillus bulgaricus
What is the scientific discipline used to evoke, measure, analyze, and interpret reactions to the characteristics of foods that are perceived by the senses?
Sensory evaluation.
Give 6 examples of yeast bread.
White Bread, Whole Wheat Bread, Sourdough Bread, Baguette, Brioche, Challah, Ciabatta, Rye Bread, Focaccia, Dinner Rolls, Pretzels, Bagels, English Muffins, Pita Bread, Cinnamon Rolls, Shokupan, Texas Toast, Kifli
With regard to protein gelation, define thermally irreversible gel and thermally reversible gel. Give the predominant type of inter protein bonding and an example of food gels in each classification
A thermally reversible gel forms upon cooling after heating; hydrogen bonding is primary; gelatin is an example. A thermally irreversible gel forms during heating; covalent (disulfides) is primary bonding; examples include egg white, whey protein, soy protein, etc.
Who is most responsible for disproving the theory of spontaneous generation?
Louis Pasteur
Name 3 factors that influence the rate of lipid oxidation in foods.
fatty acid composition, free fatty acid content versus the corresponding glycerols, oxygen concentration, temperature, surface area, moisture, pro-oxidants, antioxidants
What is the artificial color number for Tartrazine?
FD&C Yellow No.5
Coextrusion involves using two or more extruders to form multilayer structures.
TRUE.
Put the following types of sugar into order from finest particle size to largest particle size; sanding sugar, pearl sugar, confectioners’ sugar, cane sugar and granulated sugar
confectioners, cane sugar, granulated, sanding, pearl sugar
Name three types of cooling procedures for fruits and vegetables.
Convection (blast cooling), Hydrocooling (ice bath), Low Pressure (evaporative or vacuum cooling)
What type of bond is cleaved by pullanase?
alpha-1, 6 glycosidic bond
What is the name give to the type of flow of a fluid when there is no turbulence?
laminar, streamline, or viscous
Name a common breed of pig.
Berkshire, Yorkshire, Landrace, Duroc, Hampshire, Tamworth
What is the visible intercellular fat in meat called?
marbling
Who is the NFPA?
National Food Producers Association
When was the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) enacted?
1994
Why do bacteriologists incubate pathogens at 37 deg C?
it is the human body temperature
What is deglutition?
the act or process of swallowing food
which artificial sweetener cannot be consumed by people w/disease known as phenylketonuria?
Aspartame, contains phenylalanine
Subpar nutmeg is listed as BWP, what does BWP stand for?
Broken, Wormy, Punky
what is usually meant by 'flavor factors' in sensory quality?
both sensations perceived by tongue and aromas perceived by the nose
Peptide bond formation results in the formation of what secondary compound?
Water
What is the name of the classic Mexican sauce containing chilies, nuts, and chocolate?
mole
what is the machine used in paper making called?
Fourdrinier machine
What food characteristics influence microwave heating?
dielectric properties, thermal properties (specific heat), size and shape of food, food orientation in microwave, physical state of water (ice and water), moisture content, salt content, oil content
Name three detectors used in HPLC.
UV, Refractive Index Detector, Fluorescence Detector
Food infection is when the food contains bacteria or other microbes which infect the body after it is eaten.
intoxication: S. aureus, C. botulinum, B. cereus, C. perfringens. Infection: E. coli, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis spp, Yersinia enterocolitica, Camylobacter jejuni, etc.
What is food dehydration?
A unit operation in which water activity of a food is lowered by removal of nearly all the water normally present through vaporization and or sublimation. A process of thermally removing volatile substances (moisture) to yield a solid product. One of the oldest and most common unit operations found in diverse process.
Define water activity.
Aw= vapro pressure of solution/ vapor pressure of pure H2O at same temp
What is oil winterization and why do we do it?
Winterization is done to remove fats which would crystallize at refrigeration temperatures. It is done by holding the oil at low temperatures (5 C) until advanced crystallization takes place, after which the solids are filtered out
Metal cans are coated with either tin or enamel. What coating should be used for high surface bearing products such as meats, fish, and beans?
Enamel Coating
approximately what fraction of foodborne illnesses occur from food prepared and consumed in the home: A.1/4, B.1/3, C.1/2, or D.3/4?
C. 1/2
What toxin-producing Gram-positive cocci can cause illness within 30 minutes of eating contaminated food?
Staphylococcus aureus
what does the abbreviation related to shellfish toxin PSP stand for?
PSP is Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
What is the carrier for cholesterol from liver to cells in the body?
Lipoproteins (HDL or LDL specifically)
The elastic characteristic of the gluten is mostly attributed to which protein compound?
Glutenin
How much water can be added to meat to sell it as brown beef?
None
Which vitamins are antioxidants?
C, E, A
Shear modulus is represented by which letter?
G
What is the storage form of carbohydrate in meat?
Glycogen
Of the three radiate particles, alpha, beta and gamma, which two are commonly used in food irradiation?
Beta and Gamma
What are teratogenic agents?
A. Compounds that could induce or cause birth defects or developmental malformations
Name the toxic substances in unprocessed cassava roots.
cyanogenic glycosides (lenamaric, lotaustralin)
what are the selective agents of VRBA?
bile salts and crystal violet
For what part of a proximate analysis is the Soxhlet apparatus used for?
crude fat
Bonus: Give the engineering term which describes the following: the ratio of the characteristic time of a particle (or droplet) to a characteristic time of the flow or of an obstacle; the ratio of yield stress to the viscous stress; the ratio of momentum diffusivity (kinematic viscosity) to thermal diffusivity
Stoke's Number, Bingham Number, Prandtl Number
What mold is required for msot blue cheese by the CFR?
Penicillium Roquefort
Are there any negative changes caused by Refrigeration?
There are some changes that are not beneficial: - Vitamin degradation takes place. - Some Fruits and Vegetables cannot be stored at refrigerated storage temperatures due to the optimal storage conditions for these items being higher than refrigerated temperature.
Name the two main methods of preserving food involving the application of thermal energy
Pasteurization and sterilization
Under what major enzyme classification does the enzyme chymosin (used in the manufacture of rennet coagulated cheeses) fall?
Hydrolase; chymosin is an acid protease like pepsin, it breaks peptide bonds through hydrolysis reaction
Of the following, which is a fermented product: bologna, summer sausage, braunsweiger, or bratwurst?
Summer sausage.
What are exopeptidases and endopeptidases?
exopeptidases are enzymes that cleave amino acids or dipeptides in a stepwise manner from terminal end of protein. Endopeptidases are proteinases that hydrolyze linkages within the peptide chain, and don't touch the terminal peptide bonds.
What is the role of creatine phosphate in muscle contraction and rigor mortis?
During muscle contraction, it transfers a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP. In rigor mortis, it decreases ATP formation.
Soybean botanical name?
Glycine max [Fabaceae (Bean/Legume)]
How many carbons are in lactose?
12
Name two limitations to using intermediate moisture foods.
Lipid oxidation, enzymatic and non-enzymatic deterioration.
What is the process in which starch granules absorb water, swell, rupture, and release starch molecules to associate into a matrix?
Gelatinization.
What is the full form of CFR?
Code of Federal Regulations
In order for a liquid to foam it must have:
a low surface tension
Name the two groups of marine pelagic fish.
Coastal and oceanic fish
Name the protein-rich paste that is made from the seeds of the Arachis hypogea.
Peanut Butter
Riboflavin makes whey appear what color?
Greenish-yellow or Green
What is miltone?
Nutrition formula for fighting protein-calorie malnutrition
In southeast Asian cuisine, Caramel color is added to
Soy Sauce
The HLB value is a number from 1 to 18 used to describe effectiveness of what?
emulsifying agents
Dielectric heating is also called what, and why?
volumetric heating, and because heat is generated throughout the food volume
What does NIRS stand for?
Near Infrared Spectroscopy
What is latent heat of fusion?
The latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy required to change a substance from a solid to a liquid at its melting point, without changing its temperature. This energy is used to break the intermolecular bonds holding the solid together.
What is the fat content or regular mayonnaise?
83% (typical reduced-calorie mayo has 34% fat)
What are hemolytic bacteria?
bacteria that can lyse blood cells
Name the two main methods of preserving food involving thermal energy.
1) Pasteurization 2) Sterilization.
Theobromine and caffeine are in what chemical class?
methylxanthine
What corn derivative is one of the most commonly used sweeteners in the food industry?
High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)
According to the NLEA, what health claim can be made regarding folate?
folate and neural tube defects
Raw pork may contain what dangerous parasite?
Trichinella spiralis
List the colors of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of their appearance, from highest energy to lowest.
Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red.
What is a polymorphism?
Solid phases of the same chemical composition that differ by crystalline structure, but yield identical liquid phases upon melting.
What temperature do leftover foods need to be reheated?
165°F
What is the term for the threaded part of a glass jar?
Finish
Give the four components of a compression refrigeration system.
compressor, evaporator, condenser, and expansion valve
Which amino acids contain sulfur?
Methionine, cysteine, homocysteine, and taurine are the 4 common sulfur-containing amino acids
Z Value
Temp required to decrease the time necessary to obtain a one log reduction in cell number to 1/10th of the original value.
Milano, Monte Carlo, and Oreos are brands of which types of cookies?
Sandwich cookies
What is the name given to the pasteurized milk product which has been concentrated and brought to approximately 63% sugar/solids?
A. Sweetened condensed milk
Name the genus of bacteria added with the starter culture for Swiss cheese.
Propionibacterium freudenreichii subspecies shermanii
What are the bonds in mixed glucans?
β-1->3 and β-1->4
What is a unit operation?
a basic step in operation
What is the term that refers to a person's inabilty to taste?
Ageusia
(True/False) Light beer is made by using a new low protein variety called Soft Spring Kansas Wheat
False
Name the common flavor defect found in milk exposed to light?
Light oxidized flavor.
What factors affect heat penetration in canned foods?
container size/shape, product consistency (homogenous or not), type of retort (still vs agitating)
Which vitamin needs an intrinsic co-factor?
Cobalamin (B12)
Where in the world does broccoli originate?
Italy (Europe acceptable)
What conditions are necessary for ketoses to give (+) reducing sugar results?
Alkaline conditions.
Jersey king and purple passion are varieties of what?
Asparagus
PSP, DSP, NSP, ASP stands for what regarding shellfish toxins?
PSP: Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning; DSP: Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning; NSP: Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning; ASP: Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning
what are catechins?
flavonoid phytochemical compounds that appear predominantly in green tea. Smaller amounts of catechins are also found in black tea, grapes, wine, and chocolate.
Is pasteurization a high energy thermal processing method?
No
Name three types of GC detectors using their full name.
FID (Flame Ionization Detector); NPD (Nitrogen phosphorus detector); FPD (Flame Photometric detector);ECD (electron capture detector); MS (Mass Spectrometer); AED (atomic Emission Detector); PID (Photoionization detector); TCD (Thermal Conductivity Detector); ELCD (electrolytic conductivity detector)
What is flash cooling?
the process of removing heat, moisture, and entrained air from the product prior to filling
Name seven of Baskin Robbins' 31 original flavors.
Banana Nut Fudge, Black Walnut, Burgundy Cherry, Butterscotch Ribbon, Cherry Macaroon, Chocolate, Chocolate Almond, Chocolate Chip, Chocolate Fudge, Chocolate Mint, Chocolate Ribbon, Coffee, Coffee Candy, Date Nut, Eggnog, French Vanilla, Green Mint Stick, Lemon Crisp, Lemon Custard, Lemon Sherbet, Maple Nut, Orange Sherbet, Peach, Peppermint Fudge Ribbon, Peppermint Stick, Pineapple Sherbet, Raspberry Sherbet, Rocky Road, Strawberry, Vanilla, Vanilla Burnt Almond
In sensory evaluation, the carryover stimulus from preceding samples on the sample currently being evaluated is known as ______.
context effect
These are cabbages. What is the name of the compound responsible for their characteristic flavor?
Methanol
what are the common metric units for the following: acceleration, power, mass, force
acceleration= meters/seconds squared; power= watt;mass= kg;force= Newton
FAD stands for?
flavin adenine dinucleotide
Which classical count method in microbiology counts both dead and viable bacterial cells?
Direct Microscopic Count
In a Mazurek, two sheets of short pastry are fixed with what condiment?
Marmalade
Gear, rotary, and reciprocating piston pumps represent a specific class of pumps. What is this class?
Positive displacement
In 1963 the FDA approval for a new processing method was given, only to be revoked in 1968. What was the product and the process?
bacon and irradiation
What are Halophilic bacteria?
Love Salt.
A yellow or greenish cast or color in raw egg white may indicate what specific vitamin is present?
Riboflavin
Who is the NFPA?
National Food Producers Association
What are the 2 different syndromes associated with Bacillus cereus?
diarrheal syndrome and emetic syndrome
What was the flavor of the 1st Betty Crocker cake mix: A.chocolate, B.vanilla, C.butter, or D.ginger?
D. Ginger
What enzyme is primarily responsible for tomato softening?
Polygalacturonase.
According to the standard of identity, what is the maximum fat content allowed in a frankfurter?
30%
Aseptic milk is often packaged in Tetrapak containers (often known as "juice boxes"). What is the primary barrier material in these packages?
Aluminum foil.
What is Swiss-style yogurt?
fruit is pre-mixed into the yogurt
What kind of corn has multicolored kernels on the cob?
Indian Corn
What three metals make up German silver, a metal historically used in food processing equipment?
Copper, Steel, and Silver
What is the latin name for goats?
Capra hircus
Which organism is responsible for the defect "buttons" in sweetened condensed milk?
A. Aspergillus repens
Hydrolysis of RNA with 5-phosphodiesterase yields 5-nucleotides that are used in the food industry as ______________________.
flavor enhancers, GMP, IMP
What plastic category, name and number, does the styrofoam belong in?
PS
What is the name of sauteed minced mushrooms and onions?
Duxelles
Name a naturally occurring protein sweetener.
Thamautin
Give the four main classifications of proteins and the solvents with which they can be extracted.
Albumins (saline), Globulins (saline), Prolamines (70% EtOH), Glutelins (Dilute Acetic Acid).
Legally, cheese must be aged for at least how many days if produced using raw milk?
60
What are soluble polymers of anhydro-galacturonic acid and its esters called?
Pectins
If oxygen attacks an unsaturated fatty acid at the double bond what is the resultant product?
Two aldehydes
Define specific gravity.
Specific gravity is the weight of a volume of the substance divided by the weight of an equal volume of water
When air is passed over a thin layer of water (such as water in a wick surrounding a thermometer) it assumes a characteristic temperature governed by the moisture content and temperature of the air. What is this temperature?
The wet bulb temperature
In food safety, which temperature range is known as the "danger zone"?
40-140F
What are the Positive/Acidic Amino acids?
Histidine, Arginine, & Lysine (HAL)
What are the 3 common forms that orange juice is found in?
Frozen concentrate, reconstituted liquid, single straight, unconcentrated *not from concentrate
What is the term used to describe pork meat that has undergone a sudden decrease in pH after slaughter?
Pale, Soft, and Exudative Meat
Fats and oils are soluble in...
ethyl ether
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
The total energy of a system and its surroundings must remain constant, although it may be changed from one form to another.
What slaughter type performed according to prescribed rabbinical procedures, under supervision of authorized representatives of jewish faith?
kosher
What are the different types of atomizers available?
Rotary (wheel) atomizer: spinning discs or vaned wheels or cups. Nozzle atomizer: pressure nozzles and two-fluid nozzles
Approximately how many varieties of tomatoes are grown?
10000
What are the two measures of dispersion?
Range and standard deviation
Egg tart is a pie from which country?
China
In SDS-PAGE, what is the use of SDS?
the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, also known as sodium lauryl sulfate) and polyacrylamide gel largely eliminates the influence of the structure and charge, and proteins are separated solely based on polypeptide chain length.
Name the compound responsible for pungency in mustard, horse radish, wasabi, radish.
Allyl isothiocyanate (breakdown product of singirin)
Name three metabolic products of heterofermentative microorganisms.
acetic acid, ethanol, formic acid, and CO2
Name three papaya cultivars.
Hawaiian Solo, Blue Solo
What is the measurement in inches of a 603 x 612 can?
6 3/16" x 6 12/16"
Canele is a pie from which country?
France
What does high total counts in dehydrated foods indicate?
Poor raw materials, improper processing techniques, and poor sanitation.
The thick, gel-like albumin differs from the thin albumin only in its content of what protein?
Ovomucin.
What fruit gets its name from the way it hangs in bunches like grapes?
Grapefruit
What are the two proteins that function in wheat gluten formation?
Gliadin (prolamine) and glutenin (glutelin)
The waste product of protein catabolism is urea. What happens to urea once it enters the blood?
It is diluted with water by the kidneys and excreted in urine
In the manufacture of chocolate, what is the name of the process that impacts flavor & texture changes in the chocolate paste, through agitation?
Conching
What scientist discovered cyclamate while working on anti-fever medication?
Michael Sveda
What region cultivated the first potato on ca. 200 BC?
South America
The earliest recorded reference to sausage occurred in which epic work written in the 8th century BC?
Homer’s the Odyssey
What are yield grades used to estimate?
Cutability
Typically, what color is the fat of a cow's carcass that have only been grass fed?
yellow
What are the 7 steps of HAACP?
Conduct a hazard analysis, identify critical control points, establish critical limits, monitor critical limits, define corrective actions, establish verification, keep records
How do lactose intolerance and milk allergy differ?
lactose intolerance results from a lack of lactase, milk allergy is an autoimmune response to milk protein
Give the genus, species and subspecies of the two major lactic acid bacteria involved in yogurt fermentation. Two microorganisms are involved in the normal fermentation of milk to yogurt. Name them.
Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus
Carbohydrates of soy.
Raffinose, Stachyose, Sucrose
What is the percent fat content in sour cream and half & half?
Sour cream: 18-30% half & half: 10.5-18%
What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency?
neuropsychiatric symptoms (irritability, depression, lethargy, sleepiness, slurred speech, tremors), keratinization of the eye, dermatitis (around orifices), Diarrhea
Plants contain no vitamin A but contain its precursor called what?
Beta Carotene
What compound in muscle is converted to lactic acid?
Glycogen or glucose.
What is the botanical name of okra?
Abelmoschus esculentus [Malvaceae (Mallow)]
What amino acids, with an aromatic side chain, have hydrophilic properties?
Tyrosine
A bacteria, yeast, fungi, or filamentous genetic material has been changed in nucleic aicd modification by FAO/WHO is termed what?
Genetically modified
Which nutrient enhances iron absorption from the intestinal tract?
Vitamin C
What is latent heat of vaporization?
Temperature remains constant as liquid turns to gas
What are the fructose contents in commercial HFCS products?
45%, 52%, 90%
Which descriptive sensory analysis technique uses consumers instead of trained judges?
free choice profiling
What is the major purpose of blanching foods prior to packaging?
To inactivate natural enzymes in fruits and vegetables prior to further processing.
How long does a U.S. patent last?
20 years (note: utility and plant patents last 20 years; design patents last 14 years)
What is the order of heat resistance for microorganisms?
Bacterial spores are more heat resistant than bacterial vegetative cells, yeast cells, and molds.
What are the components of steam table?
Specific volume, entropy, enthalpy
The safety of seafood is influenced by the presence of the biologically active amine, histamine. How is it formed?
it is formed in spoiling fish by decarboxylation of the amino acid histidine
What is the difference between braising and baking?
Braising uses dry and wet heat, baking uses dry heat
What is the most difficult undesirable milk component to inactivate by Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) processing in aseptic operations?
Enzymes, specifically lipases and proteases
At what temperature do bacterial spores get destroyed?
250 degrees F
what is the color of typical Salmonella colony on EMB agar?
Colorless
Fructose enters the glycolytic pathway as what compound?
Fructose-6-phosphate
What are the effects of high temperatures on whey protein?
Denaturation, coagulation, cooked flavor
The abbreviation CAST stands for ______. What is this organization composed of?
Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. It is a consortium of 29 professional societies in food and agricultural science (including IFT, AACC, ADSA)
why do the crystals in lard readily transform to the coarse beta form?
the homogenicity of the crystals causes them to associate in large crystals and transform
What two minerals are most essential in the human diet?
Calcium and phosphorus
What is the most commonly used gas in MAP of cured meat products?
Nitrogen
In what year were the official United States standards for grades of carcass beef promulgated?
1926
Consensed milk adds what % of sugar to evaporated milk
0.45
Materials which exhibit a direct proportionality between shearing stress and rate of shear are known as what type of fluids?
Newtonian Fluids
What is defined as the ability of meat to retain its water during application of external forces such as cutting, heating, grinding, or pressing?
water holding capacity
What was the first genetically modified animal approved for human consumption, and in what year did the FDA approve it?
Salmon (AquAdvantage), 2015
Why is short-grain rice more sticky than long-grain rice after cooking?
Higher amylopectin
What variety of dutch pancake is thinner than american pancakes but thicker than crepes?
Pannekoek
Name a hormone that suppresses appetite.
Insulin, cholecystokinin, leptin, PYY (peptide YY), etc.
What does lyonnaise mean?
Lyonnaise is a French culinary term that refers to a style of preparing food, particularly potatoes or onions, in a way that is characteristic of the city of Lyon, France.
What is the only meat cut rich in vitamin A?
Liver
What region are the following grains from: Amaranth, Kasha, Quinoa, and Spelt?
Amaranth:Mexico, Kasha:Central Europe, Quinoa:Middle East, Spelt:South America
What is hypobaric storage?
Controlled atmosphere storage with reduced partial pressure of the gases in the environment.
What term is used for beef that is pink in the center and firm?
Medium
What is the equation for convection and how can we effect heat transfer?
There are two mechanisms - random molecular motion (diffusion) and bulk motion of the fulid (when velocity = 0 only diffusion, when velocity ≠0, diffusion + bulk motion). Equation : Q=Asteam hsteam(ΔT) then conduction through wall then Q=Ajuice hjuice(ΔT) where h is the convective heat transfer coefficient. Relationships: as increase velocity of the fluid, then decrease the boundary layer, then increase the heat transfer coefficient, and increase hear transfer rate. If increase viscosity, then increase boundary layer and decrease heat transfer coefficient and decrease heat transfer rate.
The forequarter of lamb has what additional muscle compared to the other cuts?
Connective Tissue
Air freezing, indirect contact freezing and immersion freezing are three freezing preservation methods. Which of these types of freezing is typified by the Birdseye Multiplate Freezer?
Indirect contact freezing
Withering, rolling, fermenting and firing are all processes associated with the production of which beverage?
Tea
In statistics, what is a Type I Error?
Rejecting a true hypothesis.
Q: Good manufacturing practice regulations of the FDA are subdivided into six categories. Name three of them.
A: Sanitation, Thermally processed low acid foods, Acidified foods, Cocoa products and confectionary, smoke and smoke flavored fish, frozen raw breaded shrimp.
What is a hydrostatic cooler and how does it work?
Large continuous sterilizers used for productin of high volume products where ther eis no requirement to regularly change the container size or processing conditions
From what part of the plant is the potato tuber derived?
Stem
What is the branch of chemistry concerned with fermentation or activation of enzymes?
Zymology or enzymology
Who many reducing ends are present in amylopectin?
1
What 4 ingredients are needed to make jelly?
Pectin, water, sugar, acid
To which of the following four basic tastes are humans most sensitive? A) Bitter B) Sweet C) Sour D) Salty
A) Bitter
Name and describe the component of pineapple that will make your mouth sore and give you a stomach ache if you eat too much of it.
Bromellin - a proteolytic enzyme
What milk type is characterized as milk with 2% milk fat?
Reduced Fat Milk
What are the main classes of flavonoids?
Neoflavonoids, isoflavonoids, bioflavonoids
What type of sourdough requires a drying process?
Type III
The muscle tissue from bone flesh of fish contain the same amount of connective tissue as that from beef.
False
Name the piece of milk processing equipment used to remove sediment originating from the cow's udder and some bacteria?
Clarifier
Which milk product is concentrated to 2.25 times the solids of normal milk then sterilized in cans in continuous pressure retorts at 245°F for 15 minutes?
Evaporated Milk.
Define Beer's law.
Concentration and absorbance are proportional in spectroscopy
Will lipid oxidation be higher at a water activity of .05 or .5?
0.05
The pigment found in some plants which is characterized by the ligand structure known as a porphyrin with magnesium at the center is
Chlorophyll
What does BOD stand for?
Biological Oxygen Demand
The production of ethanol and lactate from glucose using phosphoketolase and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes is called the PPP pathway. What does PPP stand for?
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Scotch whisky’s distinctive flavor comes from what?
smoke from the use of peat
Water A) Is the major component of most foods. B) Controls shelf-life or storage capability C) Regulates chemical and microbiological reactions D) All of the above
D) All of the Above
In Southeast Asia a type of echinoderm is in danger of being overharvested as it is considered a delicacy. What is the name of this echinoderm?
Sea cucumber
Which meat on a turkey has more calories: white, dark, or do they have the same number of calories?
Dark meat
What are the three major physiological stages of fruits and vegetables?
Growth, maturation, and senescence
When were very small food processing plants (<10 employees) required by USDA to implement HACCP?
January 2000.
For the following food components, which functional groups are measured by IR? triglycerides, proteins, sugars
Triglycerides - ester; proteins - amide bond; sugars - hydroxyl group.
What are cyclones used for in milk spray-drying systems?
to sediment small particles of powder still present in the air before its release.
What is the official blog of the IFTSA?
Science Meets Food
What pigment results when fresh meat (oxymyoglobin) is oxidised?
metmyoglobin
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