MD5 creates 128-bit hashes, which are also referred to as MD5 checksums.
A hash is simply a number created by applying the algorithm to a file or message at different times.
Comparing the hashes verifies integrity
Card 142
Question
MITM
Answer
Man in the middle.
A MITM attack is a form of active interception allowing an attacker to
intercept traffic and insert malicious code sent to other clients.
Kerberos provides mutual authentication and helps prevent MITM attacks.
Card 143
Question
MOU
Answer
Memorandum of understanding.
Defines responsibilities of each party, but it is not as strict as an SLA or an ISA.
If the parties will be handling sensitive data, they should include an ISA to ensure
strict guidelines are in place to protect the data while in transit.
Card 144
Question
MPLS
Answer
Multi-Protocol Layer Switch.
A WAN topology provided by some telecommunications companies.
Directs data to nodes using labels rather than IP addresses.
Card 145
Question
MS-CHAP
Answer
Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol.
Microsoft implementation of CHAP.
MS-CHAPv2 provides mutual authentication.
Card 146
Question
MTBF
Answer
Mean time between failures.
Provides a measure of a system’s reliability and is usually represented in hours.
The MTBF identifies the average (the arithmetic mean) time between failures.
Higher MTBF numbers indicate a higher reliability of a product or system.
Card 147
Question
MTTF
Answer
Mean time to failure.
The length of time you can expect a device to remain in operation before it fails.
It is similar to MTBF, but the primary difference is that the MTBF metric indicates you can repair the device after it fails.
The MTTF metric indicates that you will not be able to repair a device after it fails.
Card 148
Question
MTTR
Answer
Mean time to recover.
Identifies the average (the arithmetic mean) time it takes to restore a failed system.
Organizations that have maintenance contracts often specify the MTTR as a part of the contract.
Card 149
Question
MTU
Answer
Maximum Transmission Unit.
The MTU identifies the size of data that can be transferred.
Card 150
Question
NAC
Answer
Network access control.
Inspects clients for health and can restrict network access to unhealthy clients to a remediation network.
Clients run agents and these agents report status to a NAC server.
NAC is used for VPN and internal clients.
MAC filtering is a form of NAC.
Card 151
Question
NAT
Answer
Network Address Translation.
A service that translates public IP addresses to private IP addresses and private IP addresses to public IP addresses.
Compare to PAT and DNAT.
Card 152
Question
NDA
Answer
Non-disclosure agreement.
Ensures that third parties understand their responsibilities.
It is commonly embedded as a clause in a contract with the third party.
Most NDAs prohibit sharing data unless you are the data owner.
Card 153
Question
NDP
Answer
Neighbor Discovery Protocol.
Performs several functions on IPv6.
For example, it performs functions similar to ARP, which is used on IPv4.
It also performs autoconfiguration of device IPv6 addresses and discovers other devices on the network such as the IPv6 address of the default gateway.
Card 154
Question
NetBIOS
Answer
Network Basic Input/Output System (NetBIOS)
A name resolution service for NetBIOS
names on internal networks.
NetBIOS also includes session services for both TCP and UDP communication.
NetBIOS uses UDP ports 137, 138, and TCP port 139. It can use TCP port 137,
but rarely does.
Card 155
Question
NFC
Answer
Near field communication.
A group of standards used on mobile devices that allow them to communicate with other nearby mobile devices.
Many credit card readers support payments using NFC technologies with a smartphone.
Card 156
Question
NIC
Answer
Network interface card.
Provides connectivity to a network.
Card 157
Question
NIDS
Answer
Network-based intrusion detection system.
A NIDS is installed on network devices, such as routers or firewalls and monitors network traffic.
It can detect network-based attacks.
Card 158
Question
NIPS
Answer
Network-based intrusion prevention system.
An IPS that monitors the network.
An IPS can actively monitor data streams, detect malicious content, and stop attacks in progress.
Card 159
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NIST
Answer
National Institute of Standards and Technology.
NIST is a part of the U.S. Department of
Commerce, and it includes an Information Technology Laboratory (ITL).
The ITL publishes special publications related to security that are freely available for download at http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/PubsSPs.html.
Card 160
Question
NOP
Answer
No operation.
Sometimes listed as NOOP.
NOP instructions are often used in a buffer
overflow attack.
An attacker often writes a large number of NOP instructions as a NOP sled into
memory, followed by malicious code.
Some processors use hexadecimal code x90 for NOP so a string of x90 characters indicates a potential buffer overflow attack.
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