Biotechnology

Taq polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase I named after the thermophilic eubacterial microorganism _____________

Thermus aquaticus

What is the function of plasmids in genetic engineering?

They serve as vectors for transferring genes between organisms.

Which vitamin provides the cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase?

Thiamine

What is the main goal of golden rice biotechnology?

To increase provitamin A (beta-carotene) content to combat vitamin A deficiency.

Conversion of fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate has two purposes. One is the commitment of the molecule to glycolysis, the second is?

To prevent any later product from diffusing out of the cell because charged molecules cannot easily cross membranes.

What is the function of Lohmann reaction which uses ATP creatine phosphotransferase?

To replenish ATP

Messenger RNA is synthesized by what process according to the Central Dogma theory?

Transcription

What is the mode of DNA transfer which uses a vector such as virus?

Transduction

In genetics, what is transduction?

Transduction is the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another. Viruses called bacteriophages are able to infect bacterial cells and use them as hosts (living cell) to make more viruses.

What are the 3 processes by which genetic material may be exchanged between bacteria?

Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction

What are the two most common methods of introducing foreign DNA into a cell?

Transformation, transfection

What term describes the insertion of a gene from one species into another?

Transgenesis.

What term describes an organism that has had genes from another species integrated into its genome through recombinant DNA technology?

Transgenic (or Genetically Modified Organism/GMO)

What is the term for an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques (often referred to in food science as GE or GM foods)?

Transgenic Organism (or Genetically Modified Organism/GMO)

Malic acid, oxaloacetic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, and citric acid are important intermediates of what metabolic cycle?

Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) or Krebs cycle

What regulatory challenge is currently debated for cell-cultured meat regarding product labeling?

Use of traditional meat terms (e.g., “beef,” “chicken”) versus qualifying language.

Hydroxylation of lysine to hydroxylysine in collagen is dependent on which cofactor?

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Hydroxylation of lysine and proline amino acids occurs inside the lumen. This process is dependent on ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) as a cofactor. Further glycosylation of specific hydroxylysine residues occurs.

What is the protoplasm of cells mostly composed of?

Water

Which is the first company approved by FDA to launch cultivated (lab-grown) seafood in US?

Wildtype

Insulin is found in a complex with what mineral?

Zinc