Biotechnology

In genetic engineering, what is the specific class of enzyme used to cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences?

Restriction Endonucleases (or Restriction Enzymes)

What reaction does the enzyme "reverse transcriptase" catalyze?

RNA transcribed to cDNA

What does S stand for in 30S, 50S and 70S ribosomes and what does it measure?

S stands for Svedberg unit, a non-metric unit for sedimentation rate. A unit used to measure how fast molecules move in an ultracentrifuge.

Phosphorylation is a post translational modification of protein essential for their function. Name three amino acids that can be phosphorylated.

Serine, threonine, tyrosine

What two (2) hormones are produced from tryptophan metabolism?

Serotonin and Melatonin

What do we call high-protein food from yeast and other microorganisms?

Single cell protein or SCP

Whenever ATP generation is coupled directly with a specific reaction in a metabolic pathway, it is referred to as what type of phosphorylation?

Substrate-level phosphorylation

What is the main function of gluconeogenesis?

Synthesis of glucose from smaller precursors to be used by the brain

What is the complementary nucleotide sequence to A-G-C-T?

T-C-G-A

Name the enzyme used for PCR.

TAQ polymerase.

What technique uses CRISPR-Cas9 primarily for what purpose?

Targeted genome editing

What is the last phase of mitosis?

Telophase

What is the term for a substance that causes birth defects or malformations in an embryo or fetus?

Teratogen

What does antisense refers to?

The antisense strand is a DNA strand that is non-coding and serves as a template for the production of messenger RNA (mRNA). It is also known as the template strand.

The Crabtree effect in yeast is?

The Crabtree effect is a metabolic process in yeast that allows it to use fermentation instead of respiration to produce energy. This process occurs when there is excess glucose and oxygen present.

The glycolytic pathway was the first major metabolic sequence to be elucidated. Most of the decisive work was done in the 1930's by the German biochemists Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas, whom gave the sequence what alternative name?

The Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway

Why is uncompetitive inhibition considered "hypothetical"?

The enzyme-substrate complex is too brief to be observed

What is the P/O ratio wrt respiration?

The number of molecules of ATP produced per gram atom of oxygen

What does the term phenotype refer to?

The observable properties of an organism.

What is the Pasteur effect in terms of metabolism?

The Pasteur effect is a biological phenomenon that describes how oxygen affects the production of energy in cells. It can refer to how oxygen affects yeast fermentation, platelet storage, or the metabolism of cells. The Pasteur effect can also refer to how oxygen suppresses the accumulation of products from anaerobic metabolism. It can also be attributed to changes in the balance of phosphate compounds.