Biotechnology

In glycolysis ___ moles of NADH are produced per mole of glucose consumed.

2

The use of a highly exergonic reaction in the beginning of a catabolic pathway is referred to as?

"Activation" or "Turbo design".

With regard to ATP production, aerobic metabolism is how many times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism?

19X. Aerobic metabolism produces 38 ATP, while anaerobic metabolism produces 2 ATP

How many moles of ATP are yielded per mole of glucose in anaerobic glycolysis and in aerobic respiration?

2 moles in anaerobic glycolysis; 38 moles in aerobic respiration.

By definition, an alpha-helix peptide chain contains how many amino acid residues per turn?

3.6

How many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one mole of glucose to CO2 and H2O?

38 (30-32 also acceptable)

What is the average glucose concentration in the cell?

4 mM (0.4-6 mM range)

In which direction does DNA replicate?

5' to 3'

How many molecules of oxygen are in glucose?

6

What is the percent RNA and protein in a ribosome?

60% RNA, 40% protein

What is the optimal blood glucose range in milligrams per deciliter?

70-100 mg/dL (3.9-5.5 mmol/L)

Why do 50S and 30S make 70S ribosomes not 80S?

70S ribosome is made up of 50S and 30S, and its total is not 80S because the sedimentation rate of a particular ribosome is not equal to the total of 50S and 30S subunits. The sedimentation rate is less than the total of two subunits.

What is the difference between competitve and noncompetitive inhibition?

A competitive inhibitor directly competes with a substrate for binding to the enzyme's active site, while a noncompetitive inhibitor binds to a separate site on the enzyme (called an allosteric site), causing a conformational change that indirectly prevents the substrate from binding effectively; essentially, the competitive inhibitor "blocks" the active site, while the noncompetitive inhibitor alters the enzyme's shape to hinder substrate binding.

What are primary and secondary metabolites?

A primary metabolite is directly involved in the normal growth, development, and reproduction. A secondary metabolite is not directly involved in those processes, but usually has important ecological function (ex. antibiotics and pigments).

In molecular biology, what is a vector?

A self-replicating high molecular weight DNA sequence that can be absorbed by the host cell, leading to expression of the inserted gene. In other words, a vector is a DNA molecule that is used to transport foreign genetic material into a host cell.

What compound is said to be the link between carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism?

Acetyl-coA

In organisms that create alcohol, pyruvate must first be converted to what compound before being converted to alcohol?

Acetylaldehyde

What is the primary function of a plasmid in genetic engineering?

Acts as a vector to carry foreign DNA.

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine TriPhosphate

What enzyme catalyses the conversion of acetaldehyde to ethanol in fermentation?

Alcohol dehydrogenase