Biotechnology

Name 6 substrates that can be used for gluconeogenesis.

Pyruvate, Lactate, Glycerol, Amino Acids, Citrate, Isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, Succinyl-coA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate

What is the difference between PCR and real time PCR?

Real time or qPCR differs from regular PCR in that it quantifies the amount of DNA (or cDNA) in real-time during the amplification process using fluorescent dyes or probes that emit signals as the DNA amplifies. This allows for the measurement of gene expression levels or DNA quantities during each cycle.

Name 3 methods used for DNA fingerprinting.

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Based Fingerprinting, Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Analysis, AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism), DNA Sequencing, Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Analysis

The principal products of the pentose phosphate pathway include which two compounds? What roles do they play in metabolism?

Ribose-5-phosphate sugar used to make DNA and RNA, and the NADPH molecules which help with building other molecules

Name what the following blotting techniques detect for: Southern, Northern, Western, Eastern, Far-western, Southwestern

Southern: DNA Northern: RNA Western: Proteins Eastern: Post-translational modifications of proteins (like lipids, carbohydrates) Far-western: Protein-protein interactions Southwestern: DNA-binding proteins

Name three functions of enzymes used as food additives.

Speed up reaction; lower viscosity; improve extractions; enhance separations; improve their flavor, texture, digestibility, and nutritional value, enhancing product yield, improve preservation

Name 3 factors useful in controlling enzyme activity.

Temperature, water content and activity, pH, chemicals, alteration of substrates, alterations of products, preprocessing controls.

In an enzymatic assay intended to measure enzyme activity, should the substrate concentration be much greater than the km or much smaller than the km?

The substrate concentration must be much greater than the km so the that the reaction is 1st order with respect to enzyme and zero order with respect to substrate.

Name the six classes of enzymes.

Transferases, Hydrases, Isomerases, Oxidoreductases, Ligases, Lysases

Explain the difference between transgenic and cisgenic crops.

Transgenic crops contain genes from unrelated species, while cisgenic crops contain genes from the same or closely related species.

Which of the following statements regarding the bovine growth hormone, or bovine somatotropin (bST), is true? More than one statement may be true. a) bST, when consumed by humans, is broken down into active fragments by normal human digestion b) bST is normally found in cow's milk, even if the cow is not administered additional bST. c) If injected into humans, bST is inactive and has no observable effect. d) Milk from cows treated with bST contains bST in amounts comparable to the upper limits of levels found in untreated cows.

All are true

Which class/type of enzyme inhibition is also known as mixed inhibition? A. Competitive B. Non-competitive C. Uncompetitive D. None of the above

B. Non-competitive

Which class/type of enzyme inhibition is hypothetical? A. Competitive B. Non-competitive C. Uncompetitive D. None of the above

C. Uncompetitive

Which of these are not part of the enzymes used for cloning? A. Restriction endonucleases B. DNA ligase C. Alkaline phosphatases D. Acetylases

D. Acetylases

A non-substrate molecule binds to an enzyme, which enables it to bind to a substrate it previously could not. What likely is that molecule? A. Non-competitive inhibitor B. Competitive inhibitor C. Uncompetitive inhibitor D. Activator

D. Activator

Which of the following bacteria has been used to transfer DNA to food crops? A. rhizobalin boloni B. Pseudomonas cotita, C. lactobacillus planatarum, D. agrobacterium tumefaciens

D. agrobacterium tumefaciens

In the US, a food additive derived by biotechnology: A. must be declared and identified as such in the ingredient statement B. are subject to the same regulatory approval process as other food additives C. must be declared and identified as such in the principal display panel D. all of the above

D. All of the above

What is the fate of excess dietary amino acids? A. Stored for future metabolic use B. Excreted C. Used to synthesize proteins D. Converted to intermediates

D. Converted to intermediates (pyruvate, oxaloacetate, and alpha-ketoglutarate)

Which of the following enzyme is used to cut DNA: Conversion, Mannic, Conjungtion and restriction

Restriction

As a percent, how much total sugar is consumed in the brain?

0.6