Master sheet

Name 3 reasons it is advantageous to obtain enzymes from microorganisms.

Microorganisms are very versatile, MO's can be altered by mutations or genetic engineering to produce a greater quantity of enzyme or different enzymes, recovery of enzymes is often easy, readily available, high rate of growth and enzyme production.

Give five types of RNA.

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, small nuclear RNA, regulatory RNA, ribozymes, double stranded RNA, signal recognition particle RNA, transfer messenger RNA

Name 3 nonpolar, 3 polar and 3 charged amino acids.

nonpolar: Valine, Alanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline. Polar: Glycine, Serine, Cystein, Threonine, Tyrosine. Charged: Lysine, Arginine, Histidine, Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid

Define the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins.

Primary=amino acid sequence, secondary=alpha-helix, beta sheet. Tertiary=one complete protein chain with cross bonds linking it together. Quaternary= four separate protein chains assembled as one.

Name 6 substrates that can be used for gluconeogenesis.

Pyruvate, Lactate, Glycerol, Amino Acids, Citrate, Isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, Succinyl-coA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate

name 3 methods used for DNA fingerprinting.

RFLP, PCR, AmpFLP, STR, Y-chromosome, mitochondrial analyses

Name three functions of enzymes used as food additives

speed up reaction; lower viscosity; improve extractions; enhance separations; improve their flavor, texture, digestibility, and nutritional value, enhancing product yield, improve preservation

Name 3 factors useful in controlling enzyme activity.

Temperature, water content and activity, pH, chemicals, alteration of substrates, alterations of products, preprocessing controls.

In an enzymatic assay intended to measure enzyme activity, should the substrate concentration be much greater than the km or much smaller than the km?

the substrate concentration must be much greater than the km so the that the reaction is 1st order with respect to enzyme and zero order with respect to substrate.

Name the six classes of enzymes.

Transferases, Hydrases, Isomerases, Oxidoreductases, Ligases, Lysases

A diauxic shift is?

A diauxic shift is a metabolic change that occurs when a cell switches from using glucose for fermentation to using oxygen for respiration after glucose is depleted. It's a process that happens in yeast cells.

What is the fate of excess dietary amino acids? a) Stored for future metabolic use b) Excreted c) Used to synthesize proteins d) Converted to intermediates

A. d) Converted to intermediates (pyruvate, oxaloacetate, and alpha-ketoglutarate)

A non-substrate molecule binds to an enzyme, which enables it to bind to a substrate it previously could not. What likely is that molecule? A. Non-competitive inhibitor B. Competitive inhibitor C. Activator

Activator

In the US, a food additive derived by biotechnology, a- must be declared and identified as such in the ingredient statement, b - are subject to the same regulatory approval process as other food additives, c - must be declared and identified as such in the principal display panel, d - all of the above

D

Which of the following bacteria has been used to transfer DNA to food crops? A. rhizobalin boloni B. Pseudomonas cotita, C. lactobacillus planatarum, D. agrobacterium tumefaciens

D. agrobacterium tumefaciens

Which of the following enzyme is used to cut DNA: Conversion, Mannic, Conjungtion and restriction

restriction

As a percent, how much total sugar is consumed in the brain?

0.75

In glycolysis ___ moles of NADH are produced per mole of glucose consumed.

2

The use of a highly exergonic reaction in the beginning of a catabolic pathway is referred to as?

"Activation" or "Turbo design".

mRNA is made by what in Central Dogma theory?

(1) Transcription (DNA → mRNA; in nucleus) (2) Translation (mRNA → protein; in ribosomes)