(1) Transformation = Bacteria can acquire new genetic material by taking up free DNA (often plasmids) from their surroundings.
(2) Conjugation = Genetic material is transferred directly from one bacterium (the donor) to another (the recipient) through a physical connection (a pilus).
(3) Transduction (viral) = A bacteriophage (a virus that infects bacteria) acts as a vector, transferring DNA from one bacterium to another.
Card 282
Question
Transporter that lies on the basolateral membrane of enterocytes and facilitates the movement of hexoses to the portal blood?
Answer
GLUT2.
Card 283
Question
Minute hair-like projections on the apical surface of enterocytes that increase surface area for absorption of nutrients?
Answer
Microvilli/Brush Border.
Card 284
Question
What essential amino acid is a precursor for Tyrosine?
Answer
Phenylalanine.
Card 285
Question
How many moles of ATP are yielded per mole of glucose in anaerobic glycolysis? Aerobic respiration?
Answer
2 moles in anaerobic glycolysis; 38 moles in aerobic respiration.
Card 286
Question
by definition, an alpha-helix peptide chain contains how many amino acid residues per turn?
Answer
3.6
Card 287
Question
What is the average glucose concentration in the cell?
Answer
4 mM
Card 288
Question
In which direction does DNA replicate?
Answer
5' to 3'.
Card 289
Question
How many molecules of oxygen are in glucose?
Answer
6
Card 290
Question
What is the percent RNA and protein in a ribosome?
Answer
60% RNA, 40% protein
Card 291
Question
What is the optimal blood glucose range in milligrams per deciliter?
Answer
70-100 mg/dL.
Card 292
Question
Why do 50S and 30S make 70S ribosomes not 80S?
Answer
70S ribosome is made up of 50S and 30S, and its total is not 80S because the sedimentation rate of a particular ribosome is not equal to the total of 50S and 30S subunits. The sedimentation rate is less than the total of two subunits.
Card 293
Question
What does antisense refers to?
Answer
The antisense strand is a DNA strand that is non-coding and serves as a template for the production of messenger RNA (mRNA). It is also known as the template strand.
Card 294
Question
In molecular biology, what is a vector?
Answer
A self-replicating high molecular weight DNA sequence that can be absorbed by the host cell, leading to expression of the inserted gene.
Card 295
Question
With regard to ATP production, aerobic metabolism is how many times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism?
Answer
19X. Aerobic metabolism produces 38 ATP, while anaerobic metabolism produces 2 ATP
Card 296
Question
How many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one mole of glucose to CO2 and H2O? During complete respiration how many ATP molecules are produced?
Answer
38
Card 297
Question
What are primary and secondary metabolites?
Answer
A primary metabolite is directly involved in the normal growth, development, and reproduction. A secondary metabolite is not directly involved in those processes, but usually has important ecological function (ex. antibiotics and pigments).
Card 298
Question
What compound is said to be the link between carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism?
Answer
Acetyl-coA
Card 299
Question
In anaerobic metabolism, pyruvate can be converted into what two intermediates?
Answer
Acetyl-coA and lactate (lactic acid in muscle)
Card 300
Question
A transgenic organism can be defined as?
Answer
An organism containing foreign DNA.
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