Psych

social desirability bias

when participants (mostly in surveys) do not answer truthfully; mostly due to societal pressure to give "socially appropriate" responses

in-group bias

the "us"; people that you share a common identity with

prejudice

negative THOUGHTS directed against a person or group

representative heuristic

using STEREOTYPES to draw conclusions about people, objects, or situations (Ex. "She's a woman, therefore she must be a bad driver.")

prototype

when given a concept, it is the first example that comes to mind (similar to availability heuristic)

ethnocentrism

the belief that your culture (language, traditions, religion) is SUPERIOR to other cultures

just-world hypothesis

the belief that people get what they deserve, the belief that the world is "fair"

Perceptual set

the influence of expectations (use this one as an example first on FRQs), experience(schemas), context, or culture on current perceptions

self-fulfilling prophecy

THREE PRONGED: 1) You hold a belief or expectation about ANOTHER person or group 2) You perform an action towards that person/group that is consistent with that belief/expectation 3) that action you take leads to the expected outcome in that person or group

gambler's fallacy or predictable world bias

assuming that the odds of a streak continuing goes up/down, when in fact the odds do not change (Ex. A woman had 4 girls, thefore she believes that her next child "has to be" a boy, even though the odds of it being a boy are still 50:50.)

halo effect

tendency to ascribe positive personality characteristics (kindness, humor, caring, etc.) to attractive people

out-group bias

the "others"; those that are not part of your in-group

out-group homogeneity

the belief that those not in your in-group are MORE ALIKE than they actually are (All (insert group name here) are all the same)

stereotype threat

THREE PRONGED TERM: 1) when members of a group are made aware of a negative stereotype of that group, 2) they change their behavior, and 3) resultingly they tend to perform worse and cause the stereotype to come true

internal locus of control

the belief that events in ones life are determined by personal choices and free will (DO NOT USE THE WORD "BLAME")

external locus of control

the belief that events in ones life are determined by outside factors (luck, circumstance, divine intervention, etc.) (DO NOT USE THE WORD "BLAME")

belief perserverance

THREE PRONGED TERM: 1) you hold a belief, 2) that belief is proven wrong, 3) and you still believe it (Ex. Gary believes that women cause the most traffic accident, but when he is shown evidence from the NTSB that men actually cause more traffic accidents, he still believes that women cause more traffic accidents.)

self-efficacy

the belief that one can accomplish a task (I believe that I can get a 5 on this AP exam!)

false consensus effect

the tendency to overestimate the number of people who agree with you in a group

schemas

past experiences or expectations that have a tremendous influence on our current perceptions (top-down processing)