Which of the following bacteria has been used to transfer DNA to food crops? A. rhizobalin boloni B. Pseudomonas cotita, C. lactobacillus planatarum, D. agrobacterium tumefaciens
D. agrobacterium tumefaciens
In which form glucose stored in the liver and in skeletal muscle?
Glycogen
How many molecules of oxygen are in glucose?
6
In 2024, which company joined National Fisheries Institute as the first cell-cultured seafood company?
BlueNalu
What is the traditional source of rennet?
the fourth stomach (abomasum) of calves
Multiple forms of the same enzyme in a given tissue that arise from genetically determined differences in primary amino acid sequences are called what?
Isoenzyme
The Lohmann reaction is catalyzed by ATP creatine phosphotransferase. Its function is to replenish ______
ATP
Name 3 amino acids that can be cleaved at protein carboxylic acid end by Carboxypeptidase A.
Lysine, Arginine, Prolein
What are the end products of scission and dismutation?
Aldehydes and ketones
The Cory cycle transports what compound from muscles to liver?
Lactate (from muscles to liver, converted to glucose and returned to the cells)
Name 1 way for genetic material exchange between bacteria.
transduction, conjugation, transformation
Name three functions of enzymes used as food additives
speed up reaction; lower viscosity; improve extractions; enhance separations; improve their flavor, texture, digestibility, and nutritional value, enhancing product yield, improve preservation
What is the difference between recombinant bovine growth hormone and natural bovine growth hormone?
Recombinant version has an additional Methionine
What is the name of the protein responsible for oxygen transport in the body?
Hemoglobin
What is PCR? Why is it used?
It is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and used to "amplify" - copy - small segments of DNA.
Name 3 factors useful in controlling enzyme activity.
Temperature, water content and activity, pH, chemicals, alteration of substrates, alterations of products, preprocessing controls.
What is the main function of gluconeogenesis?
synthesis of glucose from smaller precursors to be used by the brain.
Name the first genetically modified produce allowed by the FDA to hit the market?
Flavr-Savr tomatoes
What is a transformation in terms of biotechnology?
Genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s).
The enzyme used to manufacture the liquid center of candies is:
invertase
Enzyme used to cut DNA: Conversion, Mannic, Conjungtion and restriction
restriction
What term refers to the physical location of a gene on a strand of DNA?
Locus, plural is loci.
In anaerobic organisms, pyruvate is used to regenerate what?
NAD+
What 2 amino acids are aspartame derived from?
aspartic acid and phenylalanine
Define the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins.
Primary=amino acid sequence, secondary=alpha-helix, beta sheet. Tertiary=one complete protein chain with cross bonds linking it together. Quaternary= four separate protein chains assembled as one.
A noncoding section of DNA in a gene from eukaryotes is called what?
Inron
Name 2 ways of transporting solutes across a membrane.
pressure and electrostatic forces (concentration or electrochemical gradient are both acceptable)
What substance did Canadians Charles Best and Fredrick Banting discover in 1922?
Insulin
Name 3 nonpolar, 3 polar and 3 charged amino acids.
The Embden-Myerhof pathway is also referred to as what?
the glycolytic pathway or glycolysis
What scientist won a nobel prize for being the first to deduce the amino acid sequence of insulin and second for being the first to sequence DNA?
frederick sanger
Which lipoprotein transports triacylglycerols and cholesterol from the intestine to other parts of the body?
chylomicrons
What elements does glutathione transferase require?
selenium
What is the branch of chemistry concerned with fermentation or activation of enzymes?
Zymology or enzymology
In mammals, what is the process by which eggs or ova are produced?
Oogenesis
What name is given to the small circular DNA molecules that carry genetic information independently of the main bacterial chromosome?
Plasmids
In the US, a food additive derived by biotechnology, a- must be declared and identified as such in the ingredient statement, b - are subject to the same regulatory approval process as other food additives, c - must be declared and identified as such in the principal display panel, d - all of the above
D
BlueNalu, a cell-based/cultured seafood developer, is known for it's unique offering of Bluefin Tuna Toro. What part of tuna does the animal-based tuna toro come from?
Fatty belly cut of tuna.
Thinking, memory, and learning in the brain are closely linked to what levels in the body?
Glucose
During postmortem aging of meat, the pH declines from 7.2 to approximately 5.5. Considering the biochemical pathways associated with this observation identify the primary acid that accumulates during this process.
Lactic acid
What enzyme catalyses the conversion of acetaldehyde to ethanol in fermentation?
alcohol dehydrogenase
A non-substrate molecule binds to an enzyme, which enables it to bind to a substrate it previously could not. What likely is that molecule?
A. Non-competitive inhibitor
B. Competitive inhibitor
C. Activator
Activator
What reaction does the enzyme “reverse transcriptase” catalyze?
From a microbial point of view, what is the main purpose of fermentation?
Free up NAD to keep glycolysis running
Name the enzyme that converts glucose to fructose and vice versa.
glucose isomerase
How many polypeptide chains make up an antibody?
4
What is the name of the muscle enzyme that catalyzes the formation of glucose - 1 - p from glycogen?
phosphorylase
What is the nonprotein portion of myoglobin?
heme ring
An enzyme family called ________ catalyzes the phosphorylation of hexoses in the body.
Hexokinases
Which vitamin provides the cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase?
Thiamine
Name two fermentation sources of chymosin
kluyveromyces marxianus variety lactis and e. coli
In genetics, what is transduction?
Transduction is the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another. Viruses called bacteriophages are able to infect bacterial cells and use them as hosts (living cell) to make more viruses.
What are the coenzyme forms of niacin?
NAD, NADP
In 2024, which company joined National Fisheries Institute as the first cell-cultured seafood company?
BlueNalu
Which amino acids absorb light under UV range?
phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan (all with aromatic groups)
In the International Union of Biochemistry system of enzyme nomenclature, the first number identifies what?
General reaction type/class of the enzyme
How many amino acids are in one alpha helix rotation?
3.6
What is the function of glucagon?
release glucose from storage to raise blood sugar levels (glycogenolysis)
What amino acid has the greatest molecular weight?
Tryptophan
A bacteria, yeast or filamentous fungi in which the genetic material has been changed through in vitro nucleic acid techniques or fusion of cells is referred to as what by the FAO-WHO?
50
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