MemoCard lernen mit System

Typically, what causes the formation of characteristic flavor compounds in vegetables?

tissue damage, either from heating, chewing,stressing, etc.

Name the genera of Downy mildew disease and fruits and vegetables.

Sclerospora and Bremia

What characteristic typifies a pome fruit, and name 2 examples?

has a compartmented core; apples, pears

Name three honeydew cultivars.

Honey Girl, Honey Star, Sweet Delight, TAM Dew

Name three collards cultivars.

Blue Max, Georgia Southern, Vates

Rank the following foods by vitamin C content from highest content to lowest: Red bell pepper, broccoli, orange, potato, banana

-Red bell pepper (152 mg) -Broccoli (132 mg) -Orange (51 mg) -Potato (42 mg) -Banana (10 mg)

What is the similarity between tomatoes, cucumbers, avocado, olives and eggplant?

All are fruits.

Apples and milk are approximately 85% of what component?

Water

What enzyme is responsible for cold-induced sweetening of potatoes?

Phosphorylases (esp. phosphofructokinase)

Cassia cinnamon botanical name?

Cinnamomum cassia [Lauraceae (Laurel)]

What are the 3 common names for Corylus Avellana?

Hazelnut, cobnut and filbert nut

How much fruit juice is found in a juice cocktail?

10-30%

Anti nutritional factor in rhubarb and spinach that prohibits calcium absorption?

Oxalic acid

What are the eight vegetables in original V8 juice?

Celery, parsley, watercress, carrots, beets, tomatoes, spinach, and lettuce

Which nut is the main ingredient in Nutella?

Hazelnut

What are the four female parts of a flower?

Stigma, style, ovary, ovule

Pistachio botanical name?

Pistacia Vera

What's the difference between the intracellular and interstitial spaces?

-Intracellular spaces are within cells. -Interstitial spacers are between cells

How is citron different from most other citrus fruit?

It is primarily pith with only a small amount of juice/pulp

Green Vegetables turn dull "olive green" or brown in thermal processing due to what chemical reaction?

conversion of chlorophyll to the pheophytin due to loss of the magnesium in the structure. (Heat causes a magnesium atom at the center of each chlorophyll molecule to detach and be replaced by hydrogen atoms. This chemical change in chlorophyll molecules changes their bright green color to a dull gray-green.)

Why shouldn't potatoes be stored at temperatures below 5°C?

Lower temps cause sugar accumulation, leading to browning when fried.

Potato botanical name?

Solanum tuberosum [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]

What is Beet and Chard botanical name?

Beta vulgaris [Amaranthaceae (Amaranth)]

What botanical family does tomato plant belong to?

Nightshade or Solanaceae

Two reasons why pectic enzyme preparations from Aspergillus Niger are often used during fruit juice production.

It is to increase yield and increase clarity

What nuts are used in marzipan?

Almonds

What vegetable burns more calories to eat it than the vegetable actually contains?

celery

Watermelon botanical name?

Citrullus lanatus [Cucurbitaceae (Gourd)]

T/F: Both carrots and potatoes are tubers.

False, carrots are roots.

What is the most widely eaten fruit in America?

The banana

What are some positive effects of precooling of fruit and vegetables?

slow degradation, reduce wilting, slow rotting

Which of the following foods contain the lowest content of water: A.fresh carrots, B.fresh tomatoes, C.whole milk, or D.fresh celery?

Carrots contain 88.2% water, fresh tomatoes contain 93.5% water, and fresh celery contains 94.1% water, whole milk (87.2% water)

Name three tangerine cultivars.

Clementine, Dancy, Changsha, Satsuma, Sunburst, Robinson, Ponkan, King Mandarin, Murcott

What is the difference between the hot break and cold break process for tomato processing?

A. Hot Break - the fresh tomato is chopped when heated with an average Bostwick viscosity ranging between 3.5 and 6 centimeters to usually produce ketchup and different sauces with 28-30° Brix (more viscous, dense product) B. Cold Break - the fresh tomato is chopped at lower temperatures, ranging from 65 to 75°C with an average Bostwick viscosity ranging from 9 to 16 centimeters to usually produce triple concentrate paste at 30-38° Brix packaged in 500 or 1000 gram cans for domestic use (less viscous, less dense, enzymes not denatured with heat)

Almond botanical name?

Prunus dulcis

Name the lactic acid bacteria involved in pickle fermentation.

A. Leuconostoc mesenteroides (heterofermentative starter) B. Lactobacillus plantarum (heterofermentative) C. Pediococcus cerevisiae

What is the structural difference between chlorophyll and chlocophyllide?

Chlocophyllide does not have a phytol tail

Why are citrus fruits harvested late after ripening?

Because they are non-climacteric fruits

Name genus and species of Celery.

Apium graveolens

Which vegetable is known as a ripening anomaly, ripen after it has been picked from the tree?

Avocado

What is the main class of color compounds found in raspberries?

Anthocyanins

Name 3 of the top 5 raspberry producing countries.

Russia, Poland, United States, Serbia, Mexico

Which has the least number of calories: raw potatoes or potatoes boiled in their skin and why?

Raw potatoes. They contain a type of resistant starch (type I - physical inaccessible to enzymes). Once a potato is cooked, the structure changes and it is more easily digestible leading to more calories

What do you call a fruit preserve made from the juice and peel of citrus fruits boiled with sugar and water?

Marmalade

Wheat botanical name?

Triticum spp.

Which country produces the most potatoes?

China

What happens to chlorophyll in the presence of lipoxygenase and fatty acid hydroperoxides?

Bleached to yellow or white.

Name three of the twelve or so ingredients used to make curry powder.

Cumin, turmeric, coriander, ginger, pepper, fennel, chili, mace, cloves, mustard, and others

Name three onion cultivars.

Yellow sweet spanish, Red Baron, and White Lisbon

What is the stage of fruit ripening associated with increased ethylene production and a rise in cellular respiration?

climacteric

Name five grapefruit cultivars.

Marsh, Ruby Red, Henderson/Ray, Rio Red, Star Ruby, Pomelo, white, pink, star ruby, sweeties, oro blanco, melogold, lavender

How much fruit juice is found in fruit nectar?

25-50% fruit juice

from what plant is linseed oil derived?

flax

Which enzyme is deactivated in the hot break process in juice production?

Pectin Methylesterase (PME)

In 2008, what state ranked first in value of production of sweet corn, fresh market snap beans, fresh market tomatoes, and fresh market cucumbers?

Florida

What major herb is used to garnish dishes?

Parsley

Grapefruit botanical name?

Citrus × paradisi [Rutaceae (Citrus)]

What gas is absorbed and what gas is produced during the climacteric rise or ripening of fruit?

Oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is produced.

What is the name of the substance, which can form colloid suspension as a defect in apple juice?

Pectin

What are the two species of Vanila beans used in US food industry?

Vanilla Planifolia and Vanilla Tahitensis

What is the protein content of most fruits and vegetables?

Fresh fruit ~1%, Fresh vegetables ~2%, Brassica vegetables 3-5%, and legumes 5%.

Alar is the trade name for what chemical compound?

Daminozide

Name and describe the component of pineapple that will make your mouth sore and give you a stomach ache if you eat too much of it.

Bromellin - a proteolytic enzyme

The development of red or purple colors during ripening of many fruits and vegetables is due to formation of what pigments?

Anthocyanins.

What are the six stages of tomato ripening?

Green, Breakers, Turning, pink, light red, red

Put the following 5 crops in order of least to greatest based on total extractable oil percentage by weight. sesame, sunflower, soybean, copra, rapeseed

Soybean (14) Sunflower (32) Rapeseed (37) Sesame (50) Copra (62)

What is the citrus fruit that used to describe British sailors? What fruit did British sailors got their nickname from?

Lime

Name a notable plant phytosterol

Campesterol, sitosterol, or stigmasterol

What is the name of the toxic alkaloid usually found in tomato leaves?

Tomatin

Strawberry botanical name?

Fragaria × ananassa [Rosaceae (Rose)]

What characteristic of fruit is described by the "Brix to acid ratio"?

Tartness or sweetness

What is the major alkaloid saponin in the Irish potato?

Solanine

Amaranth botanical name?

Amaranthus (caudatus, cruentus, hypochondriacus) [Amaranthaceae (Amaranth)]

Grapes are to raisins as plums are to what?

Prunes

Western honey bee botanical name?

Apis mellifera

How are the flavor compounds in caraway and spearmint related structurally?

They are the enantiomers of the same compound, carvone

What part of the Crocus sativus flower is used for the saffron colorant?

The stigma.

What is the major color pigment in green leaves?

Chlorophyll

What is the structural difference between pheophytin a and chlorophyll a?

Pheophytin a is chlorophyll without a Magnesium ion

What are protoplasts?

-Plant cells whose outer wall has been removed exposing the thin cellular cytoplasmic membrane -Protoplast from ancient Greek means "first-formed," initially referred to the first human, or more generally, to the first organized body of a species

What are two types of fruit and vegetable peelers?

Caustic or lye; steam; hot water; abrasive

Name three lettuce cultivars.

Esmeralda, Bibb, Buttercrunch, Black Seeded Simpson, Green Ice, Red Raisa, Red Sails,

Name three Cauliflower cultivars.

Alverda, Brocoverde, Majestic, Snow Crown, Violet Queen

Name two fruits that naturally contain cyanide.

Pits of apricots, peaches, and apple seeds

List the five most expensive spices in order from most to least expensive.

Saffron,Vanilla, Cardamom, Cloves, Cinnamon

Soybean botanical name?

Glycine max [Fabaceae (Bean/Legume)]

What two organizations developed the marion blackberry (or marionberry)?

USDA-ARS and Oregon State University

Name two popcorn cultivars.

Japanese Hulless, Robust White/Yellow

What organic acid occurs naturally in cranberries, prunes, cinnamon, and cloves?

Benzoic acid

Quince botanical name?

Cydonia oblonga

Dancy, fair, nigerian are types of what?

Tangerines

Vanilla beans are extracted from which of the following types of trees? A. Orchids B. Palm trees C. Shrub D. Wines

Orchids

Name three of the many vegetables that are different cultivars of the species Brassica oleracea.

Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, Chinese kale, brussels sprouts, broccolini, collard greens, savoy, kohlrabi, Jersey cabbage, romanesco, broccoflower, and gai lan.

What is another name for Carambola?

Starfruit

Tapioca starch comes from?

cassava

Grape botanical name?

Vitis vinifera

Raw cassava naturally contains what toxin?

Cyanide

On what continent were potatoes first cultivated in ca. 200 AD?

South America

What fruit has extremely high levels of vitamin A?

Mango

What is the water activity of dried fruits?

0.6-0.70

What country recently became the top producer of vanilla in the world?

Indonesia

Name the chemical used to delay the ripening of apples that caused concern among consumers in 1989.

Daminozide or Alar

Where did Meyer lemons originate?

China

What is the group of red and yellow pigments found in beets, cactus fruits, and pokeberries?

Betalains

What plant is actually the world’s largest herb?

the banana plant (it doesn’t actually have boughs or a woody trunk!)

Bay laurel botanical name?

Laurus nobilis [Lauraceae (Laurel)]

Name two fruits that are commonly considered to be vegetables.

Tomatoes, cucumbers, avocados, olives, squash, pumpkin

What is a plant, bacterial, or fungal cell that had its cell wall completely or partially removed using either mechanical or enzymatic means? What is a bacteria called without a cell wall with its cell membrane is exposed?

Protoplast

The problem of cloud loss in orange juice is due to: A.high temp, B.low acidity, C.activity of pectin methyl esterase, or D.activity of polyphenol oxidase?

C. activity of pectin methyl esterase

Cooking green vegetables in an acidic medium results in the formation of which pigment?

Pheophytin, a brown pigment resulting from chlorophyll degradation.

In order to slow the deterioration process of fruits and vegetables in storage, this gas is added to the environment of the storage facility:

Carbon dioxide

What vegetable did the ancient Egyptians worship?

Onion

What color is a Granny Smith Apple?

Green

What is the largest fruit known to grow on trees?

The jackfruit

Name three tropical fruits grown commercially in the continental US.

Avocado, banana/plantain, carambola/star fruit, dragon fruit/pitaya, guava, jackfruit, longan, lychee, mamey sapote, mango, papaya, sapodilla

What is the white of an orange peel a good source of?

Pectin

Lutein and lycopene are members of what general class of colored compounds?

Carotenoids

Name the 5 steps of mushroom farming.

Composting, spawning, casing, pinning, cropping

Why do you have to blanch fruits and vegetables before canning?

soften texture, remove oxygen, inactivate enzymes, cleans surface (removes dirt and organisms), brightens color, helps reduce loss of vitamins

How many potatoes are grown in Idaho annually?

13.8 billion

Maize (Corn) botanical name?

Zea mays

Plum (European) botanical name?

Prunus domestica

From what part of the plant is the potato tuber derived?

Stem

Name the high molecular weight polyester deposited in the waxy cuticle of some plant epidermal cells.

Cutin

Does a cup of spinach have more, the same, or less calcium than a cup of ice cream?

More (spinach = 244 mg; ice cream = 176 mg calcium)

The marionberry is a cross between which two blackberry varieties?

Chehalem and Olallie

Name four citrus-producing states.

Florida, Texas, California, Arizona.

Linamarin is a compound found in lima beans. When exposed to gastric hydrochloric acid, what is released?

Hydrogen Cyanide

Name a tree fruit that is referred to as a vegetable.

Cucumber, pepper, corn, tomato

The following are a varieties of what fruit: Flame Tokay, Emperor, Muscat, Malaga, and Catawba?

Grape varieties

What is the common name of the fruit Citrus grande?

Grapefruit

Name five types of foodstocks found in the cucurbitaceae family?

Squash, pumpkin, cucumbers, gourds, zucchini

What is a transgenic plant?

a plant whose DNA has been modified by introducing one or more genes from a different species through genetic engineering

What are the varieties of oranges used for orange juice production?

Pineapple, Homosassa, Parson Grown, Hamlin, Washington Navel, and Valencia.

Give one example of Brassica vegetable.

broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage

What common component of oranges is missing in navel oranges?

the seeds

What color is apple flesh in basic and acidic conditions?

-Basic - yellow and brown -Acidic - white and cream

Name three beet cultivars.

Cylindra, Detroit Dark Red, Pacemaker II

What metal can cause an abnormal green color in vegetables?

Copper

What are the 2 species of vanilla beans used in the US food industry?

Vanilla planifolia and vanilla tahitensis

Which spice is associated with eugenol, kaempferol, and rhamnetin as sources of flavor and is known to have anti-inflammatory activity? Eugenol is the active pungent component of what spice?

Cloves

Clementine botanical name?

Citrus reticulata [Rutaceae (Citrus)]

What are the only two perennial vegetables?

Rhubarb and asparagus

Name five steps for sauerkraut production.

-Shredding the cabbage -transfer to container -add salt brine to the shreds and let it stand -wilt the shreds with compaction -weigh down on the top of container -store and ferment

What is the benchmark citrus fruit for marmalade production in Britain?

Spanish Seville orange, Citrus aurantium var. aurantium

For each fruit provide the season (autumn, winter, spring, and summer) for when they are harvested. Pears, blueberries, dates, oranges, pomegranates, cherries, limes

pear – autumn (late summer is acceptable) Blueberries – summer (spring is also acceptable) Dates – Summer Oranges – winter Pomegranates – fall and/or winter Cherries – summer Limes - summer

What country did Kiwi originate from?

China (Kiwi is also known as the Chinese gooseberry)

When drying/storing sesame seeds what is the maximum percent moisture allowed?

0.06

What levels of ethylene are generally needed to initiate ripening in fruits?

0.1 to 1.0 ppm (some fruits need as little as 0.01 ppm).

What is the Scoville rating or value of pure capsaicin?

15,000,000-16,000,000 Scoville value

West indian, mexican, madagascar are all types of what?

Vanilla

Marsh Ruby, Ruby Red, Melogold, Oro Blanco (White Golden) and Star Ruby are varieties of what?

Grapefruit(citrus fruit)

What compound is the cause of the bitterness in orange juice?

Limonin

These days you are likely to find some interesting produce at your local market. Which of the following is NOT a fruit or vegetable currently imported into the United States? A.Nilquat B.Burdock C.Ugli fruit D.Cardoon

A. Nilquat is just a nonsense word.

What are the cropping technique involves the systematic sequencing of various crops in a field to help in insect control and soil fertility?

Crop Rotation

What is the fruit with highest protein and oil content?

Avocado

What gaseous atmosphere is used to inhibit ethylene production and ripening of fruits?

Nitrogen.

What is the complex polymer of aromatic alcohols known as monolignols, comprised of phenylpropanoid units, and associated with the cell walls of plants?

Lignin

A Coconut is a member of what family

Drupe

What percentage of apples is air?

0.25

What country is the world's largest producer of Vanilla?

Madagascar

Mustard greens botanical name?

Brassica juncea [Brassicaceae (Mustard)]

Which of the following are not nuts? Cashews, almonds, brazil nuts, peanuts

peanuts (legumes), cashews (drupes)

Which enzyme is associated with the quality of fruits and vegetables?

Pectin Methyl Esterase

Name three types of cooling procedures for fruits and vegetables.

Convection (blast cooling), Hydrocooling (ice bath), Low Pressure (evaporative or vacuum cooling)

What do you call something made from fruit that is a semisolid food prepared from a mixture containing not less than five parts of weight of fruit ingredient to each two parts of sugar? What is the name of a sweet spread made of fruit cooked to a paste, then lightly sweetened?

Fruit butter - ex. Apple butter and plum butter

What two orange varieties is commonly used for eating?

Naval & Valencia

What is the genus and species of the pumpkin commonly used in pumpkin pie filling?

Cucurbita moschata

Clingstone and Freestone are varieties of what type of fruit?

Peaches

Cherries, pears, and apples belong to what botanical family?

Rose

Orange botanical name?

Citrus × sinensis [Rutaceae (Citrus)]

What is the citrus fruit "Pomme" also known as?

Grapefruit

Name three tomato cultivars.

Carnival, Better Boy, Bush Beefsteak, Carmello, Big Beef, Celebrity, First Lady, Porter Improved, Small Fry, Cherry Grande, Champion

In 2015, Campbell's launched a line of six organic soups. This line now contains nine premium soups. Name five of the nine flavors.

Organic Chicken Noodle, Organic Chicken Tortilla, Organic Creamy Butternut Squash, Organic Lentil, Organic Garden Vegetable With Herbs, Organic Sun-Ripened Tomato Basil Bisque, Organic Mega Noodle Soup, Organic Chicken and Stars, Organic Disney FrozenⓇ Cool Shapes

What fermented dish is made with a blend of peppers, onions, cabbage, other various vegetables, and spices and is common in Korean cuisine?

Kimchi

What type of orange is commonly used for juice manufacture?

Valencia

What is the fully fermented cabbage called?

Sauerkraut

Name the fruit associated with each of the following varieties: Gros Michel, Thompson seedless, Deglet Noor, Winesap, and Bosc

-Gros Michel: banana -Thompson seedless: grape -Deglet Noor: date -Winesap: apple -Bosc: pear

What is the irritating compound found in black pepper?

Piperine

Name three Okra cultivars.

Annie Oakley, Blondy, Emerald, Lee, Clemson Spineless

The structural unit of edible portions of fruits and vegetables is called ___.

A parenchyma cell

What fruit is a Starkspur® Golden Delicious?

Apple

What is the common name of the fruit known as Actinidia deliciosa?

Kiwi

Myristicin is a hallucinogen found in relatively high concentrations in what spice?

Nutmeg

What are the top three states in the value production of cucumbers for pickles?

Michigan, Florida and North Carolina

Turgor pressure in vegetables is due to what pressure?

Osmotic pressure

Persian walnut botanical name?

Juglans regia [Juglandaceae (Walnut)]

What is the main aroma compound found in banana oil?

Isopentyl acetate

Prior to dehydration, many fruits are exposed to sulfur gas in order to prevent microbial growth and browning.

True

Jackfruit botanical name?

Artocarpus heterophyllus [Moraceae (Mulberry)]

Name a milk protein that is expressed in plants.

-β-casein -lactoferrin -lysozyme -ɑ-lactalbumin

List 6 vegetables that are part of the Brassica plants.

Brassica (and not Brassicaceae), rutabaga, turnip, kohlrabi, cabbage, collard greens, kale, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussel sprouts, cabbage, mustard seed, rapeseed

Which U.S. state is the leading producer of apples?

Washington

Name the predominant organic acids in the following products. Grape Fruit, grapes, oranges, apples, vinegar, tomatoes, spinach, cranberries, blackberries, cherries,

Grapefruit: citric acid, Grape: tartaric acid, Orange: citric acid, Vinegar: acetic acid, Apple: malic acid, tomatoes: citric acid, spinach: oxalic acid, Cranberries: quinic acid, Blackberries: citric/malic acid, Cherries: malic acid

What is the difference between a climacteric fruit and a non-climacteric fruit?

Climacteric fruits continue to ripen after harvest, non-climacteric fruits do not

Tea botanical name?

Camellia sinensis

Name 8 types of lettuce used commonly in salads.

Romaine, arugula, Batavia (French crisp or summer crisp), endive, butter lettuce, little gem lettuce, Mache (lambs lettuce), mescalin, mizuna, oak leaf lettuce, purslane, iceberg, radicchio, watercress

Durian botanical name?

Durio species [Malvaceae (Mallow)]

Name a vegetable that is also a pulse.

Peas, beans, and lentils

Which part of a tree protects the seeds?

Fruit

Black eyed peas are not actually peas, but what type of vegetable?

Beans

What are the two parts of a citrus rind?

Albedo and flavedo

Eureka & Lisbon are most common varieties of _____

Lemon

Stuart, Mahan, Desirable and Hastings are all varieties of what nut?

Pecans

Which vegetable has the highest concentration of vitamins and minerals? a) Broccoli b) Cauliflower c) Potatoes d) Lettuce

Broccoli

What is the genus of jalapeno and other peppers?

capsicum

For the sugar-free jellies, pectin used needs to have a degree of esterification of: A.99, B.67, C.55, or D.35?

D. 35

Fruits can be classified according to their respiratory patterns. List 5 non-climacteric fruits.

blueberry, cacao, cherry, cucumber, fig, grapefruit, lemon, grapes, melon, orange, pineapple, strawberry, tamarillo, sweet orange

Common Blackberry botanical name?

Rubus fruticosus

What is the genus of Jalapeño and other peppers?

Capsicum.

Which group of sulfhydryl-containing compounds is responsible for the flavor of garlic and also known for their homeopathic properties?

Allicins

Why is stannous chloride added to asparagus canned in glass jar and how much SnCl2 is allowed?

It controls the discoloration (black spots) of the product due to oxidation of the pigment rutin; not more than 15 ppm in glass containers with unlined metal lids and not more than 20 ppm with inert, lined lids

what is stem and blackening in raw potatoes caused by?

phenolic compounds

What is the second generation source of Beta-Carotene in golden rice after?

Corn

Which fruit is known as the king of fruits?

Mangoes

What does the term florentine refer to when used to describe a menu item?

With spinach

S – (1- propenyl) – L – cysteine sulfoxide and thiopropanol – S oxide – are associated with the flavor of

Onions

Name three lemon cultivars.

Meyer, Ponderosa, Eureka, Lisbon, Monachello, Santa Teresa, Karna, Vangasay, Adam's Apple

Apple botanical name?

Malus domestica [Rosaceae (Rose)]

Name the energy source used by the following groups of organisms: autotrophs, heterotrophs, phototrophs, and lithotrophs

Autotrophs: inorganic carbon Phototrophs: light Heterotrophs: organic carbon Lithotrophs: inorganic molecules

What fruit, known as a seeded apple, has the Latin name Punica granatum?

Pomegranate

Pineapple, Homosassa, Parson Brown, Hamlin, Washington Navel, and Valencia are varieties of oranges specifically for the production of what product?

Orange juice

Rank these according to the Scoville scale from least to most hot: Habañero, Bird's eye chili, Jalapeño, Poblano, Pimiento, Serrano, Cayenne Pepper, Dorset Naga, Ghost Chili

A. Pimento (100-500) B. Poblano (500-2,500) C. Jalapeño (2,500-8,000) D. Serrano Pepper (10,000-23,000) E. Cayenne Pepper (30,000-50,000) F. Bird's eye chilli (50,000-100,000) G. Habañero (100,000-350,000) H. Ghost Chili Pepper or Ghost Pepper (Bhut Jolokia, Naga Jolokia, Naga Morich, Bih Jolokia, Red Naga Chili, 850,000-1,000,000) I. Dorset Naga (923,000 - 1,600,00 SHU). [SPICIEST]

Which U.S. state has the greatest number of farms?

Texas

Why is 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, also called ethephon, sprayed on tomato fields?

It forms ethylene which causes uniform ripening prior to harvest

Which two states produce almost all of the domestic lemon crop?

California and Arizona

Breakdown product of Daminozide.

UDMH - unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine

What is the function of 1-MCP used in post-harvest fruit?

bind the ethylene receptor to block the effect of ethylene so that to delay the ripening and extend shelf life.

Define climacteric fruits and name 5 of these fruits.

Fruit ripening associated with ethylene production and cell respiration rise: Apples, Bananas, Melons, Apricots, Tomatoes, Blackberries, Kiwi, Peaches, Pears, Breadfruit, Jackfruit, Pawpaw, Papayas, Figs, Plantains, Passion fruit, Guavas, plum, avocado

Cabbage, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kai-lan, savoy botanical name?

Brassica oleracea [Brassicaceae (Mustard)]

What fruit has been genetically modified to be resistant to the ringspot virus?

Papaya

Give the scientific name of mango, list five (5) mango cultivars and indicate the country of origin for each.

Magnifera indica Mexico: Haden, Irwin, Kent, Manila, Palmer, Sensation, Tommy Atkins, Van Dyke USA: Keitt, Kent, Tommy Atkins Indonesia: Arumanis, Dodol, Gedong, Golek, Madu, Manalagi, Cengkir, Wangi India: Alphonso, Banganapalli, Bombay, Bombay Green, Chausa, Dashehari, Fazli, Fernandian, Himsagar, Kesar, Kishen Bhog, Langra, Mallika, Mankurad, Mulgoa, Neelum, Pairi, Samar Behisht Chausa, Suvarnarekha, Totapuri, Vanraj, Zardalu, Amrapali, Bangalora, Gulabkhas.

What enzyme is primarily responsible for tomato softening?

Polygalacturonase.

What is limonene?

An aroma component or compound. It is a colorless liquid hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic terpene. The common D-isomer possesses a strong smell of oranges.

What is the general equation for produce respiration?

C6(H2O)6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

Normally the lipid levels in fruits and vegetables are less than 1%. What are the two exceptions?

Avocado, coconut, olive is also aceptable

What enzyme activity is most commonly used to determine the adequacy of blanching vegetables for freezing to ensure stability during storage?

peroxidase

What fungus has a crown, spores, gills, and a stalk?

Mushroom

What are the four major groups of natural pigments or pigment molecules found in fruits and vegetables (or plants)?

-Chlorophylls - primary pigment in plants, lipid-soluble -Carotenoids - are red, orange, or yellow terpenoids, lipid-soluble -Anthocyanins - literally "flower blue," water-soluble flavonoid pigments that appear red to blue according to pH -Betalains - red or yellow pigments, water-soluble

Name 2 sun-dried fruits.

Raisins, tomatoes, apricots, figs

What is the difference between protoplasts and spheroplasts?

-Protoplasts have their cell wall entirely removed and are derived from gram positive cells. -Spheroplasts have their cell wall only partially removed and are gram negative.

Name seven examples of tree nuts.

Brazil nuts, cashews, chestnuts, hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios, walnuts

What is pineapple's botanical name?

Ananas comosus [Bromeliaceae (Bromeliad)]

How much fruit juice is found in a juice beverage?

10% fruit juice, source: 21 CFR § 102.33

Tomato products, particularly cooked and canned tomatoes provide a red pigment called lycopene that acts as:

an antioxidant

The internal pressure in plant cells is called what?

Turgor pressure

What is a winter banana?

A variety of apple

what is the genus and species of the Thompson seedless grape?

Vitus vinifera

Is a high post-harvest respiration rate in vegetables an indication of a long storage life or a short storage life?

Short.

Federal SOIs for jellies, preserves, and jams require: A. not <43% soluble solids in finished product, B.not <45% sugar to 55% fruit in the formula, C.not > 65% soluble solids in the finished product, D. not<45% fruit to 55% sugar in formula

D. not < 45% fruit to 55% sugar in the formula

Give the colors of anthocyanins when the pH is acidic and basic.

Acidic: red/ pink Basic: blue/violet

What type of plant cell is most common in the edible part of plants?

Parenchyma cells

What is the process by which plants change light energy into chemical energy?

Photosynthesis

What is the color of anthocyanins at a ph of 8?

Yellow

Which grape variety is used for jam, jelly, and juice?

Vitis Labrusca

What are the four methods used for peeling potatoes?

Mechanical (abrasion), heating, lye peeling, dry caustic peeling

What are the leading three states in the value production of cucumbers for pickles?

Michigan, Florida, and North Carolina

What is the purpose of dipping an apple into citric acid?

To prevent browning by chelation of metal ions

What color is the inside of a pistachio nut?

Green

Where in the world does broccoli originate?

Italy (Europe acceptable)

Up to the discovery of the Americas by the Europeans, one genus and species of grape supplied all grape-based products to humans; name it.

Vitus Vinifera

What is the original name for the kiwi fruit?

Chinese gooseberry

What is an edible wolf peach?

A tomato

Tabasco, Thai peppers botanical name?

Capsicum frutescens [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]

What term is defined as, "those processes that follow physiological maturity and lead to death of tissue"?

Senescence

Potato flesh (the white part) is high in which vitamin?

Vitamin C

Which of the following is NOT considered a "super-fruit"? a) Tamarind b) Acai c) Noni d) Mango

Mango

Which food group has the most nitrates?

Vegetables

What is the % by weight of water in a watermelon?

0.92

What is the hottest pepper currently known to man? It comes in at more than 1 million scoville units.

The hottest pepper currently known is Pepper X, with a rating of 2,693,000 Scoville Heat Units (SHU), according to Guinness World Records

How much fruit juice is found in fruit punch?

1% fruit juice, can be as low as 0%. If it contains any, it needs to be labeled. Fruit punch is not regulated as a standardized product by the FDA.

A Meyer lemon is a cross between what two sister fruits?

Citron and Mandarin Pomelo hybrid

Apricot (Armenian) botanical name?

Prunus armeniaca

Name three radish cultivars.

Champion, Cherriette, Cherry Belle, White Icicle

What is a truffle?

An edible fungus

Oleuropein causes what fruit to be extremely bitter at harvest?

Olives

Name three garlic cultivars.

California Early, Elephant, French Mild Silverskin, Mexican Purple

Jersey king and purple passion are varieties of what?

Asparagus

What enzyme is not inactivated by blanching?

Peroxidases

Name the three major classifications of vegetables.

Root Vegetables: These are the edible roots of plants. Examples include carrots, beets, and radishes. Leafy Greens: These consist of the edible leaves of plants, such as spinach, lettuce, and kale. Fruit Vegetables: These are botanically fruits but are used as vegetables in culinary contexts. Examples are tomatoes, cucumbers, and bell peppers.

What is the other name for yellow dragon disease in fruit?

Citrus greening

What is the purpose of an energy crop?

low-cost, low-maintenance crop used/processed/combusted for its energy content to generate electricity or heat, etc.

Tangerine botanical name?

Citrus tangerina [Rutaceae (Citrus)]

Carotenoids include what two groups of pigments?

Carotenes and xanthophylls.

What fruit gets its name from the way it hangs in bunches like grapes?

Grapefruit

Name three watermelon cultivars.

Big Stripe, Bush Sugar Baby, Crimson Sweet, Jamboree, Mickylee, OrangeGlo, Pinata, Royal Jubilee, Stars and Stripes, Summer Gold, Verona, Gem Dandy, Matrix, Black Diamond

Banana (Cavendish) botanical name?

Musa acuminata

Tumeric botanical name?

Curcuma longa [Zingiberaceae (Ginger)]

What fruit is Spain most famous for?

Tomatoes

Which citrus fruit has an edible sweet peel?

Kumquat

Chocolate botanical name?

Theobroma cacao [Malvaceae (Mallow)]

Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACC synthase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) which is the precursor of what plant hormone from S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM)?

Ethylene

How spices are pasteurized? What method or substance is used to sterilize spices?

Ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, irradiation, or food appertization

Which fruit/ vegetable is known as gator legs?

avocado

What is the name of one of the toxic compounds in cassava?

Cyanogenic glucosides: linamarin and lotaustralin

Why is salt used in sauerkraut production?

To facilitate water removal and to act as a antimicrobial agent

What are cytokinins (CK)?

A class of plant growth hormones that promote cell division in plants. They have potential uses in prolonging the freshness of vegetables and cut flowers.

Name three Cantaloupe cultivars.

Ambrosia, Caravelle, Israeli, Magnum 45, French Orange, Minnesota Midget, Mission, Perlita, Rocky Sweet

Name three carrot cultivars.

Big Top, Bolero, Nantes Half Long, Purple Dragon, Red Core Chantenay, Scarlet Nantes, Touchon, Sweet Treat, Short'n Sweet

What is the main pigment in carrots?

Carotene

What are the two main varieties of oranges grown in Florida for orange juice production?

Valencia and Hamlin

What is the most widely grown red wine grape variety in the world?

Cabernet Sauvignon

What fruit was named for Enoch Bartlett?

The Bartlett Pear

which of these contain the LEAST amount of fruit juice: A.fruit punch, B.fruit nectar, C.juice beverage, or D.juice blend?

A. Fruit punch (only 1% fruit juice)

Name the lactic acid bacteria involved in Sauerkraut fermentation. What kind of microorganism utilizes mannitol and dextran in the production of sauerkraut?

A. Leuconostoc mesenteroides (heterofermentative starter) B. Lactobacillus plantarum (heterofermentative) C. Lactobacillus brevis (homofermentative)

What portion of citrus fruit provides cold-pressed essential oils?

Peel

Alcohol-insoluble solids content in vegetables is an indicator of what?

maturity or ripeness

To what genus does the kumquat belong? a) Citrus b) Fortunella c) Allium d) Lactuca

Fortunella

What toxic element is present in low levels in apple juice?

Arsenic

Coconut palm botanical name?

Cocos nucifera

What carbonyl compound is a major component of flavor in tomatoes?

cis-3-hexenal

Give the plant source for any one of the following enzymes: ficin, papain, and bromelin

Ficin: fig tree sap Papain: papaya Bromelin: pineapple

What is the oldest known vegetable?

The pea

Which legume accounts for one sixth of the world's vegetable oil production?

The peanut.

What is the minimum soluble solids % (Brix) allowed in jellies?

65% or 65°Brix

Approximately how many varieties of tomatoes are grown?

10000

What nut, in its natural state, contains poisonous oils that are eliminated when roasted?

Cashew

What is the difference between Vietnamese cinnamon and Indonesian cinnamon?

Indonesian cinnamon (Cinnamomum Burmanni) has a more spicy taste, it's cheaper, but with high levels of coumarin. It also comes from younger trees than Vietnamese cinnamon.

Native to China, what is wolf berry also known as?

Goji berry

With respect to food flavor, what are potentiators?

Compounds that enhance or accentuate existing flavor

Name three Orange cultivars.

Navel, Marrs, Pineapple, Hamlin, Valencia

What are the two enzymes in vegetables commonly used to evaluate effectiveness?

Catalase and hydrogen peroxidase

List 4 varieties of sour cherries.

Montmorercy, Morello, amarelle, early Richmond, meteor, north star

what color are maraschino cherries after picking?

Whitish-green

Rank the following fruits from highest water percentage to the lowest water percentage: orange, apple, grape, strawberry.

Strawberry 91%> Orange 86% > Apple 85% > Grape 81%

Kumquat botanical name?

Citrus japonica [Rutaceae (Citrus)]

What are the 3 common forms that orange juice is found in?

Frozen concentrate, reconstituted liquid, single straight, unconcentrated *not from concentrate

Formation of the characteristic dark green color of chlorophyll requires what chemical structure?

Mg complexed in protoporphyrin IX with a phytol chain.

What was the first fruit eaten on the moon?

Peach

Miracle berry botanical name?

Synsepalum dulcificum

what is BT corn?

genetically modified corn that contains a gene taken from Bacillus thuringiensis (a bacterium); the gene allows the plant to manufacture a protein crystal that is toxic to certain insects

Name the six general categories of fruits. (If want to make more difficult, ask examples.)

Berries: Blueberries, Grapes, Strawberries Citrus: Oranges, Lemons, Limes Tropical fruits: Mangoes, Pineapples, Bananas Melons: Watermelon, Cantaloupe, Honeydew Drupes/stone fruits: Peaches, Cherries, Plums Pomes/cores: Apples, Pears

Which are the 'three sister plants' of Indigenous American agriculture?

Corn, bean, squash

The color of an anthocyanin pigment is pH dependent. What is the color of cyanidin at pH 2 and pH 5?

At pH 2: red pH 5: blue

Cranberry botanical name?

Vaccinium sg. oxycoccus [Ericaceae (Heather)]

Name three pomelo cultivars.

Chandler, Oro Blanco, Cocktail, Cuban Shaddock, Hirado Buntan, Honey, Jaffa Red, Mato Buntan, Pomelit, Reinking, Siamese, Thong Dee, Valentine, Tahitian

27. The softening of fruits during ripening is most often attributed to changes in what group of compounds?

pectins or pectic substances (decrease insoluble pectins and increase soluble pectic substances)

Name four enzymes which contribute to the softening of fruits and vegetables during ripening. Describe their action and whether they increase or decrease during ripening.

polygalacturonases -- Hydrolyze pectic materials; increase cellulases -- hydrolyze cellulose; increase β-galactosidase -- hydrolyze galactans and release galactose; increase pectin methyl esterase -- esterify pectin -COOH groups; decrease

How many coffee beans does each coffee cherry normally contain?

Name a fruit in which fat contributes to most of the calories?

Avocado, olive, and raw coconut meat

Peach/Nectarine botanical name?

Prunus persica

What is the principle-flavoring compound in oranges and onions?

Oranges: limonene; onions: propenyl cysteine sulfoxide

What is the toxin found in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum)?

Tomatine, Solanine

Name the enzyme that causes browning of many fruits and vegetables.

polyphenol oxidase

Rape seed botanical name?

Brassica napus [Brassicaceae (Mustard)]

What are pectinases used for in fruit juices?

To break down the pectin for easier juice extraction, higher yield, and de-clouding purposes

What is the optimal pH for kimchi?

4.2 ± 0.1

Organize the following nuts from highest to lowest protein content: chestnut, hazelnut, peanut, pecan, pistachio, walnut.

Peanut (38 g/cup) Pistachio (25) Hazelnut (20) Walnut (12) Pecan (9) Chestnut (4.5)

Name genus and species of most common mango fruit.

Mangifera indica

Why are ethylene absorbers used in apple storage?

Ethylene initiates fruit ripening

Marshmallow botanical name?

Althaea officinalis [Malvaceae (Mallow)]

When tomatoes and avocados are eaten together, they have a synergistic effect. Explain their synergism.

Tomatoes are rich in lycopene, a pigment-rich antioxidant known as carotenoid, which reduces cancer risk and cardiovascular disease. Fats, from the avocado, make carotenoids more bioavailable

The grape contains what percentage of sugar made up of which two sugars?

15-25% sugar, composed of glucose and fructose.

From what plant were broccoli and cauliflower bred?

Cabbage

What do we call dried plums?

Prunes

What group of compounds makes carrots bitter?

Terpenoids

An ear of corn has on average 16 rows of corn kernels. How many kernels are in each row?

50 ± 1

Name a cinnamic acid derivative that is widely distributed in plants.

Caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic

Citrus HLB is a bacterial disease. What does it stand for?

Huanglongbing or citrus greening

What fruit naturally contains benzoic acid?

Cranberries

Lime botanical name?

Citrus latifolia [Rutaceae (Citrus)]

Barley botanical name?

Hordeum vulgare

Which two US states are the leading producers of cranberries, totalling roughly 75% of the US production and making it the top producer of cranberries globally?

Wisconsin and Massachusetts

Name three postharvest methods used to preserve perishable produce.

Cold storage (lowers enzyme activities) Controlled atmosphere storage (high CO2 or nitrogen to slow down catabolic processes, ripening, and aging) microatmosphere individual packaging or coating (reduces transpiration and ripening)

Apple juice is considered adulterated if what acid is present?

D-malic acid (must specify D form)

Where is amygdalin found?

Pits/seeds of apricots, bitter almonds and black cherries

Onion is the Latin term for what?

Large pearl

Name the musical fruit.

beans

What are the two spices that come from nutmeg plant?

Nutmeg and mace

What are four parameters that affect the efficiency of a lye peeling operation?

Concentration of lye, time used, temperature of the solution, lye and peel removal systems

Name 3 fruits or veggies that contains lycopene.

tomatoes, watermelon, guava, red/pink grapefruit, papaya, red cabbage, mango

Place the following in order form least to greatest based on antioxidant capacity per serving. Strawberry, granny smith apple, wild blueberry, Pinto bean, black plum

Black plum, granny smith apple, strawberry, Pinto bean, wild blueberry

What type of flowers produce vanilla pods?

Orchids

What is the only fruit or vegetable that is never sold processed, only fresh?

Lettuce

What is the carcinogen found in mushrooms?

Hydrazine

What pigments are responsible for colors ranging from yellow to orange and red in fruits and vegetables?

Carotenoids.

What term describes plants that can grow in high-salt environments?

Halophytes

What color of light is absorbed for maximum photosynthesis?

Blue

What is the common acid in spinach?

Oxalic acid

In the middle ages, what did woman eat in order to dilate their pupils (a sign of beauty)? a) Salt b) Leaves of nightshade plants c) Bark of the Hemlock tree d) Tea

Leaves of nightshade plants

How much fruit juice is in a juice blend?

100% fruit juice if it's made of juice concentrate, lower than 100% is also allowed as long as the % is mentioned

In terms of plant respiration, what does the acronym RQ stand for and how is it defined?

Respiration Quotient. It is defined as the ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the plant to oxygen consumed by the plant

Choke berries are high in polyphenols, procyanidins, anthocyanins, and other antioxidants. What are choke berries also known as?

Aronia berries

What four ingredients are needed to make jelly?

Pectin, water, sugar, acid

Green beans botanical name?

Phaseolus vulgaris

Sweet Potato botanical name?

Ipomoea batatas [Convolvulaceae (Morning Glory)]

What are the essential ingredients for a fruit preserve?

sugar, fruit, pectin, and acid

Lemon botanical name?

Citrus limon [Rutaceae (Citrus)]

A plant hormone that is sometimes called the "ripening hormone" is ...

Ethylene

What are the spices in Chinese five-spice?

Star anise, Chinese cinnamon, Sichuan pepper, Cloves, Fennel seeds

What causes you to tear up when chopping onions?

Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide

what nuts are also called Filberts?

Hazelnuts

Carot botanical name?

Daucus carota subsp. sativus

What kind of fruit were the golden apples of Greek mythology? What fruit pit does Laetrile, a proposed cancer-fighting agent, come from?

Apricots

Common fig botanical name?

Ficus carica [Moraceae (Mulberry)]

Ginger root botanical name?

Zingiber officinale [Zingiberaceae (Ginger)]

What gas is produced by ripening fruit that also causes bitterness in carrots?

Ethylene

Açaí botanical name?

Euterpe oleracea

A chlorophyll molecule reacting with hydrogen exhibits what shade of green?

Olive

The macadamia nut originated from what continent?

Australia

The addition of sulfite to an anthocyanin-pigmented fruit will result in the loss of red color. Why?

Sulfite forms an adduct with the anthocyanin at position 2 or 4 forming a stable, but colorless adduct.

What compound is the biological precursor of ethylene in plants?

Methionine, known as Yang cycle

How do you determine whether an orange is ripe?

Color, texture, weight, and aroma. A ripe orange should be a bright, vibrant color, firm but yielding to gentle pressure, heavy for its size, and have a sweet, citrusy aroma

What are cytokinins?

Plant hormones that promote cell division in plants (They have potential uses in prolonging the freshness of vegetables and cut flowers).

Garlic botanical name?

Allium sativum

Name the genus and species for cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, savoy, and Chinese kale.

Brassica oleracea, these are all different cultivars of the same organism.

Five fruits/vegetables from the family solanaceae.

Potatoes, tomato, pepper, eggplant, different types of peppers

what variety of grape is the unfermented grape products industry in the US based on?

Concord

Durio zibethinus is a distinct smelling tree fruit that is native to South Asia. What is the common name for this fruit?

Durian

What are the three sister plants cited in indigenous American agriculture?

Bean, squash, corn

Name the protein-rich paste that is made from the seeds of the Arachis hypogaea.

Peanut Butter

What is the major color compound in tomatoes?

Lycopenes

What is the green leafy vegetable that contains about 1200 mg of minerals per 100 g fresh?

Parsley

Which vegetable is the immature flower bud thistle found in sunflower family?

Artichoke

Name a chemical that is commonly used to inhibit potato sprouting during storage?

Chlorpropham (CIPC, isopropyl (3-chlorophenyl) Carbamate(commercial name: Bud Nip, Taterpex) Maleic hydrazide

Pecan botanical name?

Carya illinoinensis [Juglandaceae (Walnut)]

What are the 6 stages of tomato ripening?

green, breakers, turning, pink, light red, red

What is the most widely used seasoning in the world?

Salt

What is the name of the process to normally make ketchup?

Hot break; the fresh tomato is chopped when heated, which creates a more viscous and dense product

Which alkaloid is derived from cinchona bark and has a bitter taste?

Quinine

Name two fruit and two vegetable plants with their coordinating scientific genus and species names.

Apples: Malus domestica Strawberries: Fragaria ananassa Banana: Musa acuminate, balbisiana and paradisiaca for the hybrid Tomatoes: Solanum lycopersicum Pineapple: Ananas comosus Watermelon: Citrullus lanatus Lemon: Citrus limon Orange: Citrus sinensis Pomelo: Citrus grandis Peach: Prunus persica Apricot: Prunus armeniaca Cherry: Prunus avium or Prunus cerasus Lettuce: Lactuca sativa Corn: Zea mays Green beans: Phaseolus vulgaris Peas: Pisum sativum Broccoli/cabbage/cauliflower/brussels sprouts: Brassica oleracea Cucumber: Cucumis sativus Carrot: Daucus carota Onion: Allium cepa Beets: Beta vulgaris Asparagus: Asparagus officinalis

What is the difference between Vietnamese cinnamon (cassia) compared to Ceylon cinnamon?

Vietnamese is oilier and more flavorful but has less health benefits and is cheaper with higher levels of coumarin. Vietnamese (Cinnamomum Loureiroi) and Ceylon (Cinnamomum Zeylanicum or Cinnamomum Verum).

What three spice flavors are experienced when tasting allspice?

Cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg

Olive botanical name?

Olea europaea

How is orange juice defined by the US code of federal regulations?

unfermented juice obtained from mature oranges of the species Citrus sinensis or of the citrus hybrid commonly called Ambersweet

Name three cucumber cultivars.

Saladin, Calypso, Carolina, Burpless, Slice Master, Diva, Suyo, Sweet Slice/Success

What qualifies a fruit to be an heirloom?

Heirloom fruits are open-pollinated varieties passed down through generations, typically grown for at least 50 years and valued for flavor, color, or historical significance.

What problem may arise when potato tubers are taken from cold storage and immediately processed?

Cold sweetening caused by Maillard browning

What do we call dried grapes?

Raisins

Cherokee Purple, Brandywine, Ferris Wheel, Lucky Cross and Rosella purple are all types of which fruit or vegetable?

tomatoes (they are all heirloom varieties)

The US Supreme Court unanimously agreed that this item was a vegetable, despite its genus and species.

Tomatoes

Ripening in a fruit can be measured by what ratio?

The sugar to acid ratio

What are the five most prominent chemical elements in living systems?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

What is the botanical name of okra?

Abelmoschus esculentus [Malvaceae (Mallow)]

Subpar nutmeg is listed as BWP, what does BWP stand for?

Broken, Wormy, Punky

What is the white part inside an orange peel called, and what is it a good source of?

Albedo; it is a good source of pectin

Name an enzyme involved in fruit softening.

pectin esterase, polygalacturonase, pectin lyase

What are the three original citrus species?

Citron, Pomelo, Mandarin

What tree do prunes come from?

The plum tree.

What is described by two all-beef patties, special sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles, onions on a sesame seed bun?

McDonald's Big Mac

Arabica coffee botanical name?

Coffea arabica

Scotch bonnet, habanero botanical name?

Capsicum chinense [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]

what is a toxic alkaloid found in the green part of potatoes?

solanine

Turnip, Napa cabbage, bok choy botanical name?

Brassica rapa [Brassicaceae (Mustard)]

Name three banana cultivars.

Orinoco, Horse, Dwarf Cavendish, Lady Finger, Apple, Manzana, Cavendish, Ice Cream

Flavor impact component of grapefruit.

Nootkatone

Name the major masking bioactive compounds in artichokes that may contribute to lower plasma cholesterol when consumed.

Cynarin and silymarin

What 2 chemicals are generally used to prevent browning in fruit?

sulfur dioxide and ascorbic acid

What does the acronym IPM stand for?

Integrated Pest Management

Solanine, a naturally occurring toxic compound found in potatoes, increases in concentration faster during what type of storage condition temperature?

Warm storage

Name one edible fruit-bearing tree that is an evergreen.

Citrus (lemon, orange, grapefruit, lime, tangerines, clementines, and more), olive, avocado, lychee, and mango trees

Orange juice can be fortified with what mineral?

Calcium

What compound(s) most aptly describes the aroma of durian fruit?

ethyl-2-methylbutanoate and 1-(ethylsulfanyl)ethane-1-thiol), (ester and volatile thiol is also acceptable)

Three species of curcubita produce edible fruit. What are the general names for these edible fruits?

Squash, pumpkin, gourd

What is the toxic compound found in high levels in rhubarb leaves?

Oxalic acid

Quinoa botanical name?

Chenopodium quinoa [Amaranthaceae (Amaranth)]

What is the botanical name of Kiwi fruit?

Actinidia deliciosa

Pumpkin, Zucchini, Summer or Yellow Squash botanical name?

Cucurbita pepo [Cucurbitaceae (Gourd)]

What is turgor pressure?

Turgor pressure or turgidity is the main pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells and bacteria cells; It is determined by the water content of the vacuole

Avocado botanical name?

Persea americana [Lauraceae (Laurel)]

Onion botanical name?

Allium cepa

Name three tangelo cultivars.

Orlando, Minneola, Nova

What are the three spices or herbs that contain the essential oil eugenol?

Cloves, cinnamon, and sage

Name 5 foods that are actually roots.

Carrots, beets, potatoes, radishes, rutabagues, yams, kolrabi, onions, garlic, celery root, horseradish, daikon, artichoke, ginger, jicama

Name 5 fruits that use a type of bud grafting in their production.

cherry, plum, apricot, peach, apple, pear

How are square watermelons produced?

by growing a watermelon in a square glass mold.

Name 4 fruits that are members of the rose family.

pears, apples, cherries, and strawberries

How do the red betalain pigments in beets differ from the red anthocyanin pigments in fruits and berries?

Betalains have two carboxyl groups attached to a ring instead of phenolic groups, ring and side chain contains nitrogen. Anthocyanins are flavylium compounds -- polyphenols with usually two joined aromatic rings linked through a carbon bridge to a third aromatic ring.

What is the name of the compound responsible for the grapefruit flavor of grapefruit?

grapefruit mercaptan (1-p-menthene-8-thiol)

Cucumber botanical name?

Cucumis sativus [Cucurbitaceae (Gourd)]

What is gibberellic acid?

A plant growth regulator (hormone) occurring in the seeds of some plants; aids in seed germination.

What fruit ripens from the inside out?

Pear

Name three lime cultivars.

Mexican/Key, Tahiti/Bearss/Persian, Kaffir/Thai, Palenstine, Mary Ellen, Rangpur

Anthocyanins and tannins belong to what class of pigments?

Flavonoids

The following are all types of which fruit? Comice, Forelle, seckel, Concorde and red Bartlett?

Pears

Name two genera of microorganisms that are important in the process of nitrogen fixation in leguminous plants.

Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium

Name three potato cultivars.

Russet Burbank, Yukon Gold, and Red Norland

What nation produces 2/3rds of the world's Vanilla?

Madagascar

Examples of fruits that will not ripen after they are picked are:

oranges and grapes

What is the botanical term for certain plants belonging to the mustard family, such as broccoli and cauliflower, so-called because of the cross-like leaf markings?

Cruciferous

Which of the following vegetables can tolerate the highest atmospheric CO2 levels during storage? a) Broccoli b) Cauliflower c) Potatoes d) Lettuce

Broccoli

Spinach botanical name?

Spinacia oleracea [Amaranthaceae (Amaranth)]

A dehydrated apple is accidentally left out overnight. Also by mistake a fresh apple slice is left out in the open overnight as well. The next morning you find the fresh apple slice brown and the dehydrated apple still looking like it did the night before. Why didn't the dehydrated apple turn brown?

The water activity was too low for Maillard browning to occur

What are the 5 primary anthocyanidins found in Vitis vinifera grapes?

Cyaniding, malvidin, delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin

What vegetables can be irradiated?

Iceberg lettuce and Spinach

Give the names of two major pigment groups.

Chlorophylls, Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, Betalains, Myoglobin

What are the three major physiological stages of fruits and vegetables?

Growth, maturation, and senescence

What would be a safe processing time for heat processing green beans in a boiling water bath? A. 30 minutes B. 300 minutes C. Depends on the size of the food container D. None of the above

D: None of the above

What color of grapes are dark and golden raisins made from, and how do the processes differ?

Both are from green grapes: Dark raisins are sun-dried and golden raisins are hot-air dried

What GMO fruit has been researched or created to not brown after cutting by Okanagan Specialty Fruits by genetically engineering the polyphenol oxidase enzyme?

Granny Smith Apple; called arctic apples since it does not brown

What is another term for a twining wine, a wine without tendrils or suckers, most commonly associated with hot pox?

Bine

What are the 4 basic types of peanuts currently used in the food market?

Runner, Virginia, Spanish, and Valencia

31. Carbonyl compounds responsible for the aroma of tomatoes and bananas and the characteristic flavor of cucumbers arise from what general reaction?

Oxidation of linoleic acid by lipoxygenase

What is the processing difference between fresh pack and salt stock (genuine) pickles?

Fresh pack pickles are only marinated (with vinegar and salt and sometimes sugar) , whereas salt stock pickles are fermented.

From what plant is the flavor anise derived?

fennel

Vegetables that have thiols are considered to be the most protective against cancer. Thiols are found in:

the cabbage family

Papaya botanical name?

Carica papaya

Which fruit is known in China as Dragon's eye?

Longan

What vegetable yields the most pounds of produce per acre?

Cabbage

What is the primary role of leaves on a plant?

Food production

What compound and color are formed when the Mg ion is removed from chlorophyll?

Pheophytin (dull olive green).

Do vegetables go through a post-harvest climacteric rise in respiration comparable to that in fruits?

No, there is no clear-cut division between maturation and breakdown in vegetables.

What type of enzymes are commonly added to fruit prior to juice production?

pectic enzymes (specifically polygalacturonase, pectinesterase, and cellulases, and other enzymes)

This condiment was originally sold as a medicine in the 1830’s.

Ketchup

What is the primary difference between fruit jelly and fruit jam?

Jelly is made using fruit juice, while jam is made using whole fruits that have been smashed or crushed.

Name three spinach cultivars.

Bloomsdale, Melody, Space, Tyee

What is the compound associated with green color in pistachios?

Chlorophyll

Coconut, Almond, Walnut, Hazelnut, Pecan, and Peanut. Please list the top state producer of each nut

Coconut: Florida, Almond and walnut: California, Hazelnut: Oregon, Pecan and Peanut: Georgia

What is the difference between ready-to-eat lettuce and fresh lettuce?

Ready-to-eat lettuce was packaged in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)

Which of the following vegetables contain the most kcals per 100g raw serving:A.cabbage, B.Onions, C.Tomatoes, or D.Beets?

C. Tomatoes

Give the name of the inner, spongy layer of citrus rinds.

Albedo

Blueberry botanical name?

Vaccinium sg. cyanococcus [Ericaceae (Heather)]

Which contains more vitamin C; strawberries, tangerines, parsley, sage, rosemary or thyme?

Parsley

Name two sun-dried fruits.

Raisins, tomatoes, apricots, figs

What is the common name of Hylocereus undatus?

Dragon fruit

Name three Zucchini cultivars.

President, Seneca, Gold Rush, Senator, Eight Ball Tigress, Elite

Which vegetables belong to the allium family and which to the cruciferae? Onions, garlic, broccoli, spinach, leeks and cabbage

Allium – onions, garlic, leeks Cruciferae – broccoli, spinach and cabbage

What is the fruit of the plant Ananas comosus?

Pineapple

Vanilla botanical name?

Vanilla planifolia

In what portions of the cells are the excess organic acids stored in fruits and vegetables? Where in a plant cell are anthocyanins contained?

Vacuoles

Rice (Asian) botanical name?

Oryza sativa

What is another name that a sweet potato is mistaken for?

Yam

Honeydew (Muskmelon) includes Cantaloupe botanical name?

Cucumis melo [Cucurbitaceae (Gourd)]

Black pepper botanical name?

Piper nigrum

What does the term lyonnaise refer to when used to describe a menu item?

With onions

Yam botanical name?

Dioscorea

To slow the deterioration process of fruits what gas is added to the storage environment?

CO2

What's the Hungarian word for red peppers?

Paprika

What are the three vegetables in mirepoix?

Onions carrots and celery

Name the class of organic compounds present in green leafy vegetables that may chelate Ca and Zn.

Phytates (phytic acid, phytin phosphate) or oxalates (calcium oxalate, phytin oxalate)

Name a fruit or vegetable susceptible to chilling injury.

Banana, egg plants, tomatoes, lettuce.

Hops botanical name?

Humulus lupulus

Name three papaya cultivars.

Hawaiian Solo, Blue Solo

What is the genus and species of the chocolate tree?

Theobroma cacao

Tomato botanical name?

Solanum lycopersicum [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]

Why are juices deaerated?

to minimize further destruction of Vitamin C and other oxidative change due to oxygen

Name the major group of natural pigment molecules found in animals?

-Myoglobin (water-soluble)

Peanut botanical name?

Arachis hypogaea [Fabaceae (Bean/Legume)]

Name 5 vegetables that contain phytoestrogens.

beans, soy products, peas, lentils, whole grains, flaxseed, rye, millet.

Name four factors that contribute to texture of fruits and vegetables.

plant cell walls and intercellular cementing substances, cellulose, pectic substances, proteins, lignin, hemicellulose, water

What is primary acid in peaches and apricots?

Malic acid

What is the name of the plant that capers come from?

Caper plants (Capparis spinosa)

There are many styles of canned mushrooms, name four of them.

whole, buttons, sliced whole, random sliced whole, stems & pieces, stems & buttons

Sweet Cherry botanical name?

Prunus avium

What are the three different types of plant cells?

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma

After harvest, climacteric fruits go through a period in which the respiratory level is at a minimum, followed by a sudden increase in respiration, and a final decline in respiratory rate. What respiratory pattern or behavior do non-climacteric fruits exhibit?

A steady fall in respiratory activity with time.

What receptor is used by hot peppers and what does it stimulate?

-Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1). Also known as vanilloid receptor 1 or the capsaicin receptor -Causes heat sensation in neurons.

Name of the continent of origin for the following fruit: Watermelon, raspberry, blueberry, kiwi, guava

Watermelon: Africa, kiwi: Asia, raspberry: Europe/North America, guava: South America, blueberry: Europe/North America. Raspberry and blueberry both originate from Europe and North America, with different species naturally occurring in both continents.

What is a California Long White?

A potato

What common component of oranges is missing from navel oranges?

Seeds

Five other vegetables have the same species name as head cabbage (brassica oleracea). Name two.

Broccoli, Cauliflower, Kale, Kohlrabi, Brussels sprouts, Collards

What flavorful condiment comes from a root commonly grown in southwestern Illinois?

Horseradish

Eggplant botanical name?

Solanum melongena [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]

Why should ethylene be removed during the shipping of bananas?

It is a plant hormone that induces ripening in climacteric fruits like bananas

What does WONF stand for?

With Other Natural flavors

What is the light-absorbing pigment in plants?

Chlorophyll.

What is a pluot, also known as a dinosaur egg?

It a complex cross hybrid of plum and an apricot

Name three asparagus cultivars.

Jersey Giant, Apollo, Atlas, Jersey Gem, Purple Passion, Jersey Knight

What gas mixtures are typically used in controlled atmosphere storage of fruits and vegetables?

Low oxygen and high carbon dioxide or nitrogen

Which fruits contains more than 10% fat?

Olive, avocado, coconut

What pigment imparts green color to lettuce and peas?

Chlorophyll

What enzyme causes problems in jam or jelly production?

Pectinase

What 4 ingredients are needed to make jelly?

Pectin, water, sugar, acid

Why are fruit or vegetables often heated prior to maceration for juice production?

To inactivate enzymes which may cause undesirable quality changes

What compound is extracted from artichokes?

Cyanin

Name three Leek cultivars.

American Flag, Electra, Titan

Name three Kumquat cultivars.

Nagami, Meiwa, Nordmann, Hong Kong, Malayan

Pomegranate botanical name?

Punica granatum

Oat botanical name?

Avena sativa

What compound is responsible for banana flavor?

Amyl acetate

Which of the following pigments is not an anthocyanin: a) Peonidin b) Betanin c) Malvidin

Betanin

What is the function of MSG in food products?

Flavor potentiator or enhancer

Clarified orange juice is referred to as: A.clear orange juice, B.see-through orange juice, C.orange serum, or D.no-pulp orange juice?

C. orange serum

Name the orange coloring agent or dye allowed in the production of oranges? What is the food dye allowed to dye the skin of oranges?

Citrus Red 2

What two vegetables are combined in succotash?

Corn and beans

Botanically, how is a tomato classified?

As a fruit.

Cinnamon is a bushy evergreen tree of the Laurel family. The spice comes from what part of the tree?

Bark

Name five examples of fruits that are drupes.

A fleshy fruit with thin skin and a central stone containing the seed: Cherries, Peaches, Plums, Apricot, Olives, Apricots, Mangoes, Coconuts, Damson, Jujube, Avocados, almonds, Amla (Indian gooseberry)

What percent of juice is needed to label as 100% juice?

Grenadine is produced from syrup of which fruit?

pomegranate

What is the name of the scale that was developed in 1912 to measure the "hotness" of peppers? What is the unit used to measure the hotness in peppers?

Scoville scale

Hungarian Wax, Bishop's Crown, Brazilian Starfish, Madame Jeanette, and Guajillo are all examples of what fruit?

Chili Peppers

Phenolic compound commonly found in the skin of grapes?

Resveratrol.

Raspberry botanical name?

Rubus spp.

In plants, what amino acid is used to synthesize ethylene?

Methionine.

Rio, Marsh White, and Ruby Red are all varieties of which fruit?

Grapefruit

What part of the plant does ginger come from?

Rhizome, an underground stem

What fruit has a fat content of about 20%, about 20 times the average of other fruits?

Avocado

What term is commonly used to describe the taste or tartness of fruits and fruit juices?

sugar to acid ratio or Brix to acid ratio (higher ratio -> sweeter flavor)

What plant and common ingredient is split into two major types: Allium sativum, or softneck, and Allium ophioscorodon, or hardneck?

Garlic

What is the structural 5-carbon unit of carotenoids? a) Lutein b) Isoprene c) Xanthane d) Pentane

Isoprene

Why do apples float when immersed in water?

they are 25% air.

What is clarified orange juice referred to as?

Orange serum

The modern name walnut comes from the German word Walnuss, which means what?

Foreign nut

Name three pumpkin cultivars.

Connecticut Field, Howden, Jack O' Lantern, Baby Boo, Jack Be Little, Small Sugar, Triple Treat

Which fruit has its seeds on the outside?

The strawberry

Pomelo botanical name?

Citrus maxima [Rutaceae (Citrus)]

Name three climacteric and non-climacteric fruits.

Climacteric: banana, mango, peaches Non-climacteric: orange, grapefruit, lemon

When you eat tapioca pudding you are partaking of which one of the world's major crops? a) Wheat b) Rice c) Barley d) Cassava e) Soybeans

Cassava

What are the female parts of the flower?

Stigma, style, ovary, ovule

What is the only edible fruit to have its seeds located on the outside surface?

strawberries

The fruit known as monkey bread comes from which tree?

Baobab

What is the major structural component of fleshy vegetables?

Pectin

Bell Pepper, Jalapenos, Cayenne, Serrano botanical name?

Capsicum annuum [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]

What does FODMAP stand for?

Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Mono-saccharides, and Polyols

Controlled atmosphere is used for the long term storage of apples. What are the main components of controlled atmosphere?

low temperature, low oxygen, high carbon dioxide

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