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What are the four general types of adulteration of foods according to FDA?
Statutory (unsafe substances), Economic (substitution or hiding damage), Microbiological/Decomposition, and Filth/Foreign Material
What does CFR stand for in U.S. food regulations?
Code of Federal Regulations
Discuss two scientific challenges and two regulatory challenges facing large-scale commercialization of cell-cultured meat.
Scientific: scalable cell media, texture/structure replication. Regulatory: safety validation frameworks, labeling and consumer transparency requirements.
A certified food color is one: (a) That the US Government passed for safety (b) That the US Government passed for use in 1958 (c) That the US Government passed for purity (d) That has zero viscosity (e) None of the above
(c) That the US Government passed for purity
What does WHO stand for?
World Health Organization
Name the body of FAO WHO concern refreshed standards including additives and pesticides. In foods allowable limits micronutrient supplementation.
Codex Alimentarius Commission
By weight, what are the three most common GRAS substances in foods, besides water?
Salt, sugar, corn syrup
When was the first formalization of GMPs done?
In 1958, the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) was amended, leading to the first formalization of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regulations for the pharmaceutical industry.
The PMO was developed by the FDA to provide a model of uniformity and adequacy for a certain product; what does PMO stand for?
Pasteurized Milk Ordinance
Under what Act was the FDA established?
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
How many FDA regions are there in the United States?
The FDA's headquarters is located in the White Oak area of Silver Spring, Maryland. The agency has 223 field offices and 13 laboratories located across the 50 states, the United States Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico.
The 2016 National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard requires the labeling of certain foods. What is the common name used on this label to denote a food that contains GE material?
Bioengineered (or BE)
Which regulatory agency has the prime responsibility for the safety, wholesomeness, and nutritional quality of food in the U.S.?
FDA
What was the 1st state law against food adulteration and when and where was it enacted?
An act against selling unwholesome provisions Massachusetts 1785
Which act, passed in the 1990s, establishes dietary supplements as a legal food category ?
1994 Dietary Supplement, Health and Education Act (DSHEA)
When was the Food Quality and Protection Act enacted and what did it do?
In 1996 and it gave the EPA control over pesticides in food.
What are the requirements for a product to be labeled 'Fat free'?
Less than 0.5g fat/serving or per 100g
What will a successful injunction action by the FDA do to your company?
The injuction is a civil judicial process that will stop or prevent violation of the law, by halting the flow of the product in insterstate commerce, and to correct the condition that caused the violation
In which year the Color Additive Amendment was introduced to FD&C act?
1960
Which agency establishes pesticide tolerances in raw foods?
EPA
Name the three natural colorants approved by FDA on 9th May, 2025 in its efforts to phase out petroleum based dyes.
Galdieria extract blue, Butterfly pea flower extract, Calcium phosphate
Describe the Delaney Clause.
Part of the 1958 Food Additives Amendment; prohibits the approval of any food additive shown to cause cancer in humans or animals.
What is the FDA's definition of "safe and suitable ingredients" for use in food products?
(1) Performs an appropriate function in the food in which it is used. (2) Is used at a level no higher than necessary to achieve its intended purpose in that food. (3) Is not a food additive or color additive as defined in section 201 (s) or (t) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as used in that food, or is a food additive or color additive as so defined and is used in conformity with regulations established pursuant to section 409 or 721 of the act.
Paris Wine Tasting of 1976, a wine tasting competition, was also known by a Greek mythology inspired name.
Judgement of Paris
What organizations govern the regulation regarding seafood?
FDA (USDA for catfish)
Wrt food processing, what does IGTC stand for?
International Grain Trade Coalition
What year was the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act pass and what president was involved?
1938, Franklin Roosevelt
A product may be considered _________ if marketed under the name of a product covered by a standard of identity, if the requirements of the standard are not met.
Misbranded
The Massachusetts Unwholesome Food Act prohibiting sale of unwholesome or adulterated food was enacted in which year?
1785
2 important amendments to the Pure Food and Drug act were passed in 1912 and 1930; name them.
Sherley and McNary-Mapes Amendments
The first federal food law was passed in 1896. What was it?
Federal Filled Cheese Act
Name the year in which following acts/amendments were enacted and if applicable, what do they stand for: DSHEA, FPLA, color additive ammendment in FDCA, Delaney Clause in FDCA, FSMA, NLEA, FDCA, Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act, Massachusetts "An Act against selling unwholesome provisions", WMA, GMP
DSHEA: Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, 1994 FPLA: Fair Packaging and Labelling Act, 1967 Color Additive ammendment in FDCA: 1960 Delaney Clause in FDCA: 1958 FSMA: Food Safety Modernization Act, 2011 NLEA: Nutrition Labelling and Education Act, 1990 FDCA: Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act 1938 Pure Food and Drug Act: 1906 Meat Inspection Act: 1906 Massachusetts "An Act against selling unwholesome provisions": 1785 WMA: Wholesome Meat Act, 1967 GMP: Good Manufacturing Practices, 1958
What US federal agency is responsible for the safety of drinking water?
EPA
What agency regulates the production, labeling, and sale of wine coolers?
TTB/ FDA. If the wine cooler is a traditional wine-based beverage (containing 7% or more alcohol by volume), it is regulated by the TTB (Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau). However, if it is a "malt-based" cooler or a wine-based beverage under 7% ABV, jurisdiction shifts to the FDA.
In which year the concept of GRAS introduced legally through the Food Additive Amendment?
1958
Who administers the ServSafe exam?
The National Restaurant Association
Which government agency is responsible for policing food advertisements that run on television?
The Federal Trade Commission
What is the name given to substances that may come into contact with food as part of packaging or processing equipment, but are not intended to be added directly to food by the FDA?
Indirect Additive
In which year the concept of GMP introduced legally through the Food Additive Amendment?
1958
What does CGMP stand for wrt food safety?
Current Good Manufacturing Practice
What three US government agencies regulate GMO?
FDA, APHIS-USDA, EPA
What is the name of FD&C Green No.3?
Fast Green
What is the name of FD&C Blue No.1?
Brilliant Blue
Which federal agencies have the responsibility for administration of the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act?
FDA and FTC
Identify the federal government publication you would use to find the most recent changes in FDA regulations.
Federal Register
What is the name of the amendment to the Pure Food and Drug act that was passed in 1930?
McNary-Mapes Amendment
What is the term the FDA uses to describe the maximum amount or natural or unavoidable decfects in a products?
Defect action levels
What is the act of intentionally debasing the quality of food offered for sale, either from the addition or substitution that is either from addition or substitution of inferior substances or by the removal of some valuable ingredient?
Adulteration
In what decade was the Bureau of Chemistry within the Department of Agriculture changed to the FDA?
In the 1930's
When was the Nutritional Labeling act passed and when did it become effective?
1990, 1994
What 5 general provisions were established in the 1958 Food Additives Amendment?
1)Additives were defined; 2)Burden of proof for approval shifted to industry;3)Delaney Clause outlawed carcinogens;4)GRAS list was established;5)GMP's were established
what 5 statements regarding sodium content in a food are allowed by the FDA on a food label?
Sodium Free, very low sodium, low sodium, reduced sodium, and unsalted
The main agency charged with enforcing standards that limit exposure to ionizing radiation is the NRC. What do the initials N.R.C. stand for?
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
What was the 1st comprehensive legislation regarding regulation of dyes intended for use in foods?
Federal Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
Who has the prime responsibility for the safety, wholesomeness, and nutritional quality of food?
Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the USDA seeks to ensure that meat and poultry products for human consumption are safe, wholesome, and correctly marked, labeled, and packaged if they move into interstate or international commerce. FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) seeks to ensure that all other foods are safe, sanitary, nutritious, wholesome, and honestly and adequately labeled.
How many times may a U.S. trademark registration be renewed?
Any number of times
What is 'The Park Principle'?
Supreme Court Case (US vs. John Park) in 1975 that established the precedent for criminal liability of food company executives w/o the need of establishing intent
Which year was DSHEA enacted and what does it stand for?
Dietary Supplements Health and Education Act, 1994
Which two acts were both signed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1906, spurred by Upton Sinclair's novel?
Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act.
What Congressional law provides that no food additive may be considered safe if it proves to cause cancer when ingested, at any level, by man or by animals?
Delaney Clause
How much calorie reduction is needed for a food to be considered reduced calorie food?
1/3 calorie reduction
According to the NLEA, what health claim can be made regarding calcium?
Calcium and osteoporosis
According to the U.S. government, food irradiation is regulated as which: a process, an additive, or a unit operation?
An additive
The "Standard of Identity" for margarine specifies that it contain at least what percentage animal or vegetable fat?
0.8
Describe the three classes of FDA food recalls.
Class I (serious health risk), Class II (temporary or reversible effects), Class III (unlikely to cause harm).
The "Standard of Identity" for mayonnaise specifies that this product contain at least what percentage of vegetable oil?
0.65
What does FCC stand for?
Food Chemicals Codex
Which government agency is responsible for regulation of labeling of use of pesticides?
EPA -- Environmental Protection Agency
The DeLaney Clause of the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act did NOT pertain to: a. preservatives, b. processing aids, c. pesticides on raw products for agricultural use, d. pesticides on food, e. color additives
c. pesticides on raw products for agricultural use
What is the Delaney Clause concerned with?
It prohibits approval of food additives found to induce cancer in humans or animals.
Under the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA), for a food to be labeled "Fat Free," it must contain less than how many grams of fat per serving?
0.5 grams
What federal agency controls meat processing quality?
USDA
When were large food processing plants (500 or more employees) required by USDA to implement HACCP?
January 1998.
Name one source of each of the following classes of colorants exempt from certification: Anthocyanins, Betalains, Caramel, Canthaxanthin, Chlorophylls, Riboflavin.
Anthocyanins-grape skins, elderberries; Betalains-red beets, cactus fruits; Caramel-modified sugar; Canthaxanthin (carotenoid)-mushrooms, crustaceans, fish, seaweed; Chlorophylls-green vegetables; Riboflavin-milk (Source: Food Technology, 1993)
Identify the two federal government publications you would use to find the most recent changes in FDA regulations.
Code of Federal Regulations, Federal Register
True or False: The FDA has decided that a substance used in a food prior to 1958 can be shown to be GRAS through experience based on its common use in food outside, as well as inside, the United States.
True
What is the Delaney Clause?
1958 the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was amended to include coverage of food additives.
Which mycotoxin is included in a Hazard Analysis for apple juice or apple cider?
Patulin
How does the standard identity for Ruby chocolate differ from other chocolates to prevent adulteration?
Other ingredients cannot imitate the flavor of chocolate, milk, or butter, berry or another fruit. Additionally, Ruby chocolate contains no added color.
What federal organization provides the marine fisheries industry with a number of services?
National Marine Fisheries Service
What does the CFR title 7 refer to?
USDA (Agriculture standards, organic certification, grading)
Which federal agency is responsible for regulating the sale and use of pesticides in the United States?
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Outline the key components required on a U.S. Nutrition Facts label.
Serving size, calories, macronutrients, selected micronutrients, %DV, ingredient list, allergen declaration, and manufacturer information.
How many FDA regions are there in the U.S.?
6
To be called Cheddar cheese, a product must contain at least what percentage of milkfat?
50% fat in the dry matter
Under what section is food regulated in the code of federal regulations?
Title 21
What percentage of the Daily Value must a product contain for it to claim that it is a "good source" of a vitamin?
10-19% of the Daily Value
Who is the current commissioner of the FDA?
Dr. Martin "Marty" Makary
In accordance to the NLEA, what are the general disqualifying levels for fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium that must not be exceeded in order to make a health claim?
13.0 g fat, 4.0 g Sat. fat, 60 mg cholesterol, 480 mg sodium
In the 2022 Food Code by FDA this term means the transfer of food that is unused and returned by a consumer after being served or sold and in the possession of the consumer, to another person.
Re-service.
When were small food processing plants (10-499 employees) required by USDA to implement HACCP?
January 1999.
What does FDA stand for?
Food and Drug Administration
Which food colorant must be specifically labelled because they may induce allergic reactions?
FD&C Yellow #5 (or tartrazine)
What is required for a product to bear the label "100% organic"?
Products labeled as “100% organic” must contain only organically produced ingredients and processing aids, excluding water and salt. No other ingredients or additives are permitted.
How has the Food Quality Protection Act changed food regulations?
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will change how they evaluate pesticides in setting tolerances for raw agricultural commodities. Pesticides will no longer be subject to the strict zero tolerance of the Delaney Clause.
Which act, amended in 1972, requires anyone to obtain a permit before discharging pollutants from point sources into waters in the U.S.?
Clean Water Act
Which FDA regulation governs Current Good Manufacturing Practices for food facilities?
21 CFR Part 117.
What does HR stand for?
Human Resources
What are the key differences between the FDA and the USDA?
FDA is smaller and covers safety and labeling of food, drugs, makeup and medical devices. USDA is larger and covers all aspects of food and food production.
What is the requirement for a product to be labeled 'More' (for added nutrients)?
10%+ of the RDI
What does AOAC International stand for?
Association of Official Analytical Chemists International
Which regulatory agency is responsible for bottled water and which is for pipe water?
FDA (bottled water) and EPA (pipe water)
What document is the NLEA found in?
Federal Register
Passed by Congress in 1990, the Waxman bill will bring important changes to the food industry. What is the Waxman Bill better known as?
The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990
According to the code of Federal Regulations, if unpasteurized milk is used to manufacture cheese, how long must the cheese be aged prior to sale?
at least 60 days
ISO 9000 applies to which of the following: A. Quality management system B. Food safety system C. Environmental management system D. Occupational health and safety
A. Quality management system
Which year was the first Federal Food Standards Issues implemented?
1939
What main agency is charged with enforcing standards that limit exposure to ionizing radiation?
US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
What does the CFR title 21 refer to?
FDA (Food safety, labeling, additives, dietary supplements)
Standards of identity include which of the following: a) ingredients that must be used; b) ingredients that may be used; C) Ingredients that may not be used D) All of the above
D) All (a, b, c)
Which is not Protected cheeses by EU?: cheddar, feta, roquefortii, camamberti
Cheddar
Food Chemistry codex publisher is:
US Pharmacoepia
What does FTC stand for?
Federal Trade Commission
Which international body sets maximum residue limits (MRLs) referenced by Codex Alimentarius?
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).
What is the artificial color number for Fast Green?
FD&C Green No.3
Which law is believed to be the first US food safety law and what did it achieve?
In 1785, Massachusetts passed "An Act Against Selling Unwholesome Provisions," believed to be the first U.S. food safety law, regulating the local sale of food, regardless of its origin.
What agency regulates meat and poultry inspection in the U.S.?
USDA-FSIS
According to the FDA, what does "GRAS" stand for?
Generally Recognized As Safe
Which federal regulating body requires that all animal foods, like human foods, be safe to eat, and produced under sanitary conditions?
FDA
What does ATF stand for wrt regulation agencies?
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
9 major allergenes that must be declared in US.
Dairy Egg Soy Wheat Peanuts Treenuts Fish Shellfish Sesame
What 5 nutrients must by law be included in enriched bread?
thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, iron, folic acid
On January 24, 1996, the FDA approved the use of Olestra in place of fats and oils in prepackaged ready-to-eat savory snacks. Foods containing Olestra must bear a warning statement. Name the two key points that must be in the warning statement.
1. Olestra may cause abdominal cramping and loose stools; 2. Olestra inhibits the adsorption of some vitamins and other nutrients.
What does FALCPA stand for and what does it require of the food industry?
Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act. Food industry must list major food allergens on food labels, either in the ingredient statement or as contains _________; FDA must report back to congress on progress within 18 months; increase inspection with regard to allergen prevention; Develop a final rule within 4 years allowing the use of "gluten free" on food labels; Increase inspection with regard to allergen prevention
What agency regulates the production, labeling, and sale of Turkey?
Turkey= USDA
Is Bovine Growth Hormone a food additive and does it need to be labeled?
Yes to the first part, because it comes into contact with food, and no to the second part, because it has lost its functionality
Due to congressional action, the safety of food additives must be proven by the food industry rather than the regulatory agencies such as the FDA. Give the year and the name of this legislation.
1958, Food Additives Amendment to the FD&C Act
The FDA action level for mercury in shark and swordfish is: A) zero B) 20 ppb C) 1 ppm D) 10 ppm
C) 1 ppm
What is the full form of FAO?
Food and Agriculture Organization
What was the impact of the FDA Modernization Act (FDAMA) of 1997 on food additive evaluation and approval?
As a result of FDAMA, certain indirect food additives (those that meet the definition of food contact substances) are approved by a premarket notification process rather than the traditional petition process.
What is the artificial color number for Sunset Yellow?
FD&C Yellow No.6
What law gives the FDA the power to demand a recall of a product?
Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), specifically Section 206
According to the FDA standard of identity, what is the minimum legal percentage of peanut ingredients in peanut butter?
90%.
What is the Minimum Protein Rating in Canada?
0.2
Name the six CFR titles pertaining to food and beverages industries, the regulatory agencies they constitute and what they are responsible for.
7: USDA (Agriculture standards, organic certification, grading) 9: USDA FSIS (Meat, poultry, and egg product inspection) 21: FDA (Food safety, labeling, additives, dietary supplements) 27: TTB (Alcohol production, labeling, and taxation) 40: EPA (Pesticide tolerances, chemical residues in food) 50: NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)/FDA (Seafood safety, fisheries regulation)
Which of the following do not require pre-market approval by the FDA? a. structure-function claims b. health claim c. drugs d. food additives
a. structure-function claims
What is the name of the amendment to the Pure Food and Drug act that was passed in 1912?
Sherley Amendment
Under the US and European Union, which mycotoxin is regulated in apple juice products?
Patulin
What is the minimum percentage Daily Value of fiber on nutritional label to declare the food product an excellent source of fiber?
0.2
What is the requirement for a product to be labeled 'Good source' of something?
10-19% DRI/RDA
What action did the FDA take regarding raw milk's interstate shipment?
They banned interstate shipment of final package form for human consumption.
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 required processors to do which of the following? (a) Test to safety of their additives (b) Disclose the additives used (c) Not use injurious substances in food (d) Prove the efficacy of the additives used
(c) Not use injurious substances in food
In order to be described as lean, a serving of meat, poultry, seafood, a game meats must contain less than how many grams of fat, saturated fat, and mg of cholesterol?
< 10 g fat, < 4 g saturated fat, < 95 mg cholesterol
Explain the regulatory distinction between GRAS determination and food additive approval in the U.S., including who bears the burden of proof.
GRAS substances are generally recognized as safe based on scientific consensus; manufacturers may self-affirm GRAS status with supporting evidence. Food additives require premarket FDA approval via a food additive petition, with FDA bearing final authority. GRAS relies on publicly available data and expert consensus; additives require formal review.
Who makes food safety recommendations for the foodservice industry?
FDA
What is the full form of USDA?
United States Department of Agriculture
What is the name of FD&C Red No.3, now banned?
Erythrosine
Name the six synthetic dyes permitted by FDA in food.
FD&C Blue No. 1 Brilliant Blue FCF, FD&C Blue No. 2 Indigotine/ Indigo Carmine, FD&C Green No. 3 Fast Green FCF, FD&C Red No. 40 Allura Red AC, FD&C Yellow No. 5 Tartrazine, FD&C Yellow No. 6 Sunset Yellow FCF
Food safety plans must be reviewed often to ensure that they are up to date. Under old HACCP guidelines, how often was review required and how often will review be legally required under FSMA?
HACCP required review at least once a year; FSMA requires food safety plans to be reviewed one every three years
Which law, passed in 1906, is known as the Pure Food Law?
Federal Food and Drug Act (of 1906)
Name the year following major laws were published: Pure food and drug act, food drug and cosmetic act, Nutrition labeling and education act, US organic food production act, food safety modernization act
PFDA: 1906 FDCA: 1938 NLEA: 1990 USOFPA: 1990 FSMA: 2011
Under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), what category of ingredients is generally recognized as safe and thus exempted from formal FDA pre-market approval?
GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe)
Define the terms GRAS and ADI as they relate to food additives, and provide the full name of the U.S. government agency that generally oversees these regulations.
GRAS stands for Generally Recognized As Safe, a status that exempts substances from formal FDA premarket approval. ADI stands for Acceptable Daily Intake, the amount of a substance that can be consumed daily over a lifetime without appreciable health risk. The overseeing agency is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
In which year was the Bioterrorism Act enacted?
2002
According to Codex Alimentarius, what is the difference between extra virgin olive oil and virgin olive oil?
According to the Codex Alimentarius, extra virgin olive oil has a free acidity of no more than 0.8% (expressed as oleic acid), while virgin olive oil has a free acidity of no more than 2.0%
In which year did USDA made HACCP mandatory for meat and poultry operations?
The USDA mandated HACCP programs for meat and poultry operations with the "Pathogen Reduction: Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Systems; Final Rule" in July 1996, requiring implementation by establishments by 1997-2000.
A GRAS listed ingredient in widespread use was banned by HEW Secretary Finch causing an abrupt end to the use of this compound in foods. Name the compound and the year.
Cyclamate, 1969
What is the artificial color number for Erythrosine?
FD&C Red No.3
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Seafood Inspection Program insures the safety and quality of seafood consumed in the US. This agency can be found in what government department?
Department of Commerce
What natural color needs to be certified?
None
In which year was NLEA enacted? What does it stand for? What did it achieve?
The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) of 1990 mandated standardized nutrition labeling on food products, requiring the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to develop the Nutrition Facts Label (NFL) and regulate nutrient content and health claims.
Food additives that have GRAS status: a. can be used in foods without special approval from the FDA, b. can substitute for Good Manufacturing Practices, c. can only be used in beverages, d. do not need to be declared on the ingrediants list
a. an be used in foods without special approval from the FDA
What is the artificial color number for Allura Red?
FD&C Red No.40
In addition to standards of identity, the FDCA also provides for the establishment of standards of _________ and ______________
Standard of Quality and Standard of Fill
What is the full form of EMP?
Environmental Monitoring Program
What is the difference between a food law and a food regulation?
Law: Enacted by an elected governing body (Congress). Regulation: Written and enforced by an agency with appointed members. FDA regulations are also federal laws. Also regulation can be found in title 21 COF and the public typically can input before FDA issues a final regulation
What are the two types of certified food colorants based on solubility in water?
Lakes (water insoluble) and dyes (water soluble)
In US Standrd of butter nad margarine, what is min fat content
80% for both
What title of the Code of Federal Regulations is entitled "Food and Drugs"?
Title 21
What 5 pieces of information are required by the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act to be included on a package?
1. Name of food 2. Name and place of business 3. Net contents (weight) 4. Number of servings 5. Ingredient declaration.
What is the name of FD&C Yellow No.5?
Tartrazine
What does DHHS stand for?
Department of Health and Human Services
What percentage of juice must a beverage contain to be included in FDA Juice HACCP Regulation?
1
In the 1940's, legislation was passed requiring that all grain products crossing state lines be enriched w/which vitamins and minerals?
thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, iron, folate (folate in late 1990s)
The Delaney Clause specifically prevents the use of food additives that are __________.
Carcinogenic
In 1991, who succeeded Frank Young as the Commissioner of Food and Drugs in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services?
(David A.) Kessler
At what level is a food considered a reduced calorie food?
A 1/3 reduction in calories
Which federal government agencies are involved in regulation of the U.S. food supply?
FDA,USDA, EPA
What uniform multi-state mandate requires the testing of milk for the presence of antibiotics?
Pasteurized Milk Ordinance
The FASTER Act of 2021 announced which ingredient as the 9th major allergen?
Sesame
What is the name of FD&C Red No.40?
Allura Red
What is the FDA's established allowable level of lead in bottled water?
5 ppb
Which U.S. law mandates allergen labeling for major food allergens?
FALCPA.
the right of states to determine their own laws for food inspections and regulations is ensured by what amendment to the US constitution?
10th amendment
Which federal agency regulates meat and poultry products in the U.S.?
USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS).
What president signed into existence the Land Grant College System?
Abraham Lincoln in 1862
What was the poison squad?
The poison squad was started by Harvey Washington Wiley and was a result of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906.
In which year was Pure Food and Drug Act enacted? What did it achieve?
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 protected consumers by prohibiting the sale of contaminated or mislabeled food and drugs. It also established the foundation for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
What does FDAMA stand for?
Foods and Drug Administration Modernization Act
The Good Manufacturing Practice Regulations for the packing and thermal processing of low-acid foods in hermetically sealed containers is located in which federal publication?
Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations
The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 is enforced by which government agency?
EPA
Tests for which two bacteria must be conducted under the final rule on pathogen reduction and HACCP?
Generic E. coli and salmonella
Which regulation regulates the frequency in microwave?
FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
According to the NLEA, what health claim can be made regarding dietary fat?
Dietary fat and cancer
What substances are prohibited in foods by the delaney clause?
any substance shown to cause cancer in man or animal
Current version military sampling dimensions?
ASQ/ANSI QUALITY CONTROL STANDARDS Z1.4 & Z1.9
Which of the following does not have an official regulatory definition under FDA regulations?Dietary supplement, food, functional food, all of the above
functional food
With what food source does the North American Mycological Association deal?
Mushrooms
What is one of the oldest federal agencies whose primary function is consumer protection?
CFSAN, center for food safety and applied nutrition
What does the legal term " defect action level "refer to?
Allowable limits for the presence of filth in foods
In what year was the poultry products inspection act passed, and what did it do?
1957, made poultry inspection mandatory for any processor that ships products in interstate commerce
In the U.S. the legal processing for low-acid foods requires:
Exposure to temps for a period equal to 12 D values for C. botulinum
Which federal agency enforces the Meat Inspection Act?
USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)
Distinguish between a law and a regulation.
A law is made by legislators or elected officials. A regulation is made by government officials.
What does "HACCP" stand for?
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
What term refers to water-soluble colorants that color by dissolution?
FD&C dyes
Ingredient labels have a recommended level for added sugar consumption, what is it?
10% of total calorie
What does NIST stand for?
National Institute of Standards and Technology (US Department of Commerce)
The 1999 treaty between the US and Japan was important for the importation of what food?
Meat
What is the name of FD&C Yellow No.6?
Sunset Yellow
The USDA FSIS requires that the internal muscle temperature of poultry be decreased to what temperature © or lower within 8 hours of slaughter?
40 F
In 2020, the FDA removed the standard of identity in which pie?
Frozen cherry pie
Food and Drug administration is responsible for the enforcement of food additives regulation in US. Which canadian agency is responsible for the same?
CFIA (Canadian food inspection agency)
What 2 parabens are permitted for use in food products in US?
Methylparaben, propylparaben
Which federal agency houses the National Marine Fishing Service?
US Department of Commerce
What is required for a product to bear the label "organic"?
Products labeled “organic” must contain at least 95 percent organically produced ingredients (excluding water and salt). Any remaining ingredients must consist of non-agricultural substances that appear on the NOP National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances.
Two-part question: What are the present and previous departments of government that the FDA operates and operated) under?
Present - Department of Health and Human Services; Previous - Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
What does ICSMF stand for?
International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods
What are 4 responsibilities of meat inspectors?
Antemortem Inspection: Checking the live animal before slaughter. Postmortem Inspection: Checking the carcass and organs after slaughter. Sanitation Monitoring: Ensuring the facility follows SSOPs (Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures). Labeling/Wholesomeness: Verifying the product is unadulterated and the label is truthful.
Which law passed on January 4, 2011 aims to ensure that the U.S. food supply is safe by shifting the focus of federal regulators from responding to comtamination to preventing it?
The Food Safety and Modernization Act
Which U.S. president signed the legislation establishing the U.S. Department of Agriculture and in what year?
Abraham Lincoln in 1862
According to the Codex Alimentarius, what is the minimum percentage fat that required for cream and prepare creams
0.1
what Supreme Court Case in 1975 established the precedent for criminal liability of food company executives w/o the need of establishing intent?
US vs. John Park= the Park Principle
What is the primary purpose of the FDA?
Enforce the federal food, drug, and cosmetic act
At what level is a food a reduced calorie food?
25% reduction
What is the purpose of Food Additives Amendment of 1958 (to the FD&C Act of 1938)?
Food additives must be proven safe before addition to food and must be safe at intended levels of use. Delaney Clause is attached to this amendment which prohibits the FDA from allowing anyone to use a substance that can cause cancer at any dose.
Name 5 of the 12 USDA-approved GMO food products.
Alfalfa, apple, corn, pineapple, salmon, soybean, squash, sugar beet, potato, tomato
What does BSI stand for?
British Standards Institute
In which year was the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act enacted?
2004
Under the FDA's Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), name four of the seven foundational rules established to shift the focus from responding to contamination to preventing it.
(Any four of the following): 1. Preventive Controls for Human Food; 2. Preventive Controls for Food for Animals; 3. Produce Safety Rule; 4. Foreign Supplier Verification Program (FSVP); 5. Third-Party Certification; 6. Sanitary Transportation; 7. Mitigation Strategies to Protect Food Against Intentional Adulteration.
What does EPA (agency) stand for?
Environmental Protection Agency
According to a 1993 food marketing institute survey, what is the number one piece of information sought by American food label readers?
Fat content - followed closely by ingredients, calories, and other nutrient information
Two part question: What does PMO stand for and are its regulations mandatory?
Pasteurized milk ordinance; No - they are guidelines that can be accepted or adapted by states
Which U.S. federal agency enforces the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA)?
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
The abbreviation CAST stands for ______. What is this organization composed of?
Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. It is a consortium of 38 professional societies in food and agricultural science (including IFT, AACC, ADSA)
What is the artificial color number for Indigotine?
FD&C Blue No.2
Define 'defect action level".
Level of natural/ unavoidable contamination that calls for seizing a product
What is the Talmadge-Aiken Agreement?
Talmadge-Aiken (TA) plants are federally inspected plants that are staffed by state employees because its cheaper to pay the state to employ inspectors.
What is the legal citation for the good manufacturing practices regulation applied to all foods?
21 CFR 110
In July 1996, USDA-FSIS made a final ruling that all meat processors must implement what?
HACCP
Although the usage levels of antioxidants are generally defined on the basis of the fat content of the recipient food, what is the maximum antioxidant content, as a percentage of the total food weight, allowed in any food?
0.0002
In which year was the color additive ammendment was done in FDCA? What did it achieve?
Color Additive Amendments of 1960, a part of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, established that color additives, except for coal-tar hair dyes, must be approved by the FDA before use in food, drugs, cosmetics, and certain medical devices.
Who is the current FDA Commissioner?
Dr. Martin Makary
In which year was the Federal Meat Inspection Act enacted?
1906
In which year was the FASTER Act enacted which announced sesame as the 9th major allergen?
2021
Titles of CFR pertaining to food.
Title 7, 9, 21, 27, 50
What does the CFR title 9 refer to?
USDA FSIS (Meat, poultry, and egg product inspection)
Based on the 2014 Proposed Rules for Updating the Nutrition Facts Label, which four vitamin and mineral declarations will be required on new labels?
Potassium, Vitamin D, Calcium, and Iron (Vitamins A and C will no longer be required)
List the current subparts listed under 21 CFR part 110.5 Current Good Manufacturing Practices
Umbrella GMPs: subpart: A. General provisions B. Building and facilities C. Equipment D. (reserved) E. Production and process controls F. (reserved) G. Defect action levels
What does APHA stand for?
American Public Health Association
In 1994, Title 21 section 104.20a of CFR was amended by FDA, commonly referred to as jellybean rule. How does it affect food companies?
It prevents companies from fortifying junk or snack food and marketing it as healthy.
What does the acronym NADA stand for?
New animal drug application
According to the guidelines for the 1990 Nutrition Labelling and Education Act product label, which vitamins and minerals must be listed?
Calcium, Iron, Vitamin A and Vitamin C (Vit A and C were replaced with Vit D and potassium in 2020)
Name the cabinet-level agency responsible for FSIS, FDA, Biopesticides, and Alcohol.
USDA, Department of Health and Human Services, EPA, and Department of Justice
What makes poultry inspection mandatory for any processor that ship product?
In interstate commerce
In which year was the Food Safety Modernisation Act enacted?
2011
What is maximum level of nitrites allowed in finished hams?
200 ppm
According to CODEX, what defines extra virgin olive oil?
The oil must have a free fatty acidity, expressed as oleic acid, of no more than 0.8 grams per 100 grams (0.8%)
What is the name of a food process which is considered to be a food additive under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act?
Irradiation
CFSAN is one of the oldest federal agenices whose primary function is consumer protection. What does "CFSAN" stand for?
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
Two other government agencies along with the FDA which have responsibility for ensuring the safety of imported foods are ______ and _______
USDA and U.S. Customs
Which 4 micronutrients are necessary on nutrition labels according to the 2016 FDA format?
Vitamin D, Calcium, Iron, Potassium
Which act established Land grant universities in 1862?
Land-Grant College Act
Name five color additives approved by FDA that are exempted from labelling requirement.
Annatto extract, beta-carotene, grape skin extract, cochineal extract or carmine, paprika oleoresin, caramel color, fruit and vegetable juices, saffron
The owner of a registered U.S. trademark has certain rights to that property. What must the owner do to have these rights?
Use the trademark. Ownership is acquired only by use
What are the 4 basic chemical classes of certified dyes?
azo, anthraquinone, carbonyl, phthalocyanine
The Codex Alimentarius Commission is an internation body that sets food safety and quality standards. What two organizations are responsible for this commission?
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) and the WHO (World Health Organization)
According to the NLEA, what health claim can be made regarding folate?
Folate and neural tube defects
What U.S. governmental agency sets the standards of identity of meat products?
FSIS, USDA
What does the term 'fresh' mean when describing foods?
Not frozen, heat-processed, or preserved.
The Codex general standards for labeling, what is the only situation that ingredient list is not needed?
If it is single ingredient
List the major food allergens that must be declared on U.S. food labels under FALCPA.
Milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat, soybeans, and sesame (added in 2023).
Who was the USDA chief chemist who crusaded for federal efforts to regulate the food industry in the early 1900's
Dr. Harvey Wiley
What is the full form of R&D?
Research and Development
What does somebody have to do to keep the rights to their trademark?
Use it
What four food additives were banned in the 'California Food Safety Act' in 2023?
Red #3 (Erythrosine), Potassium bromate, Brominated vegetable oil, Propylparaben
Name the six items that must be present on the label of meat products?
Name, Net Weight, Ingredient Statement, Company, Storage Instructions, & Inspection Legend.
In what year was the Saccharin Study and Labeling Act introduced which warned that the use of saccharin may be hazardous to your health?
1977
What vegetable oils are approved for use in butter?
None
What does FSIS stand for?
Food Safety and Inspection Service
In which year was FDCA enacted? What does it stand for? What did it achieve?
The United States Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act is a set of laws passed by the United States Congress in 1938 giving authority to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to oversee the safety of food, drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics.
In 1963 the FDA approval for a new processing method was given, only to be revoked in 1968. What were the product and the process?
The product: irradiation-sterilized bacon (bacon is acceptable); the process: irradiation
How long does trademark registration in the U.S. last?
10 years
What are the requirements for a product to be labeled 'light/lite'?
If fat makes up more than 50% calories, fat content reduced by 50%. If fat makes up less than 50% calories, calories reduced by 33.3% or fat reduced by 50% compared to reference food.
Give the names of the 5 non-nutritive sweeteners the FDA has designated as GRAS.
Aspartame (NutraSweet® and Equal®) Acesulfame-K (Sweet One®) Neotame Saccharin (Sweet’N Low®) Sucralose (Splenda®)
What FDA publication serves as a model that assists food control jurisdictions at all levels of government by providing them with a scientifically sound technical and legal basis for regulating the retail and food service segment of the industry?
Food Code
What is the name of FD&C Blue No.2?
Indigotine
Given in the proper order, what are the four steps in cleaning and sanitizing food equipment?
Cleaning, rinsing, sanitizing, air drying
In the US, irradiated foods must carry a declaration 'Treated w/Radiation' or must carry a symbol on their label; what is this symbol called?
Radura, which is green in color
What act, which was passed in 1990, made nutritional labeling mandatory on most food products under FDA jurisdiction?
Nutritional Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) of 1990
What is the major law in the U.S. which controls the safety of food, drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics?
The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic act of 1938
What agency manages the UPC system?
GS1 (GS1 US in US)
What did Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) of 1990 achieve?
Made nutrition labeling mandatory on most food products and established definitions for health and nutrient claims.
According to section 403 of the FDCA, an imitation food which is not declared on the label as such is adulterated, mislabeled, or misbranded?
Misbranded
What will an injunction action by the FDA do to your company?
It will prevent you from producing the product in question until you comply with FDA regulations
Who governs meat and poultry labeling?
USDA-FSIS
In what year was the Bioterrorism Act passed: A.1999, B.2000, C.2001, or D.2002?
D. 2002
What does the FASTER Act which announced sesame as the 9th major allergen stand for?
Food Allergy Safety, Treatment, Education, and Research Act of 2021
What is the maximum acceptable dose of a chemical substance that a person can consume daily over a lifetime without an appreciable health risk?
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
What is the food safety training and certificate program administered by the National Restaurant Association?
ServSafe
What is the common name given to the statement which bans food additives which are shown to be carcinogenic?
Delaney Clause
Which of the following food categories is NOT approved for treatment with irradiation: A. fruits, B. milk and dairy, C. animal and pet foods, or D. none of the above?
B. Milk and dairy
The Food and Drug Act was enacted on June 30, 1906, and The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act on June 25, 1938. The two presidents who signed these acts during their respective terms had what common last name?
Roosevelt
What does the FPLA require?
Use of retail packaging that are not deceptive. Beyond being non-deceptive, the FPLA specifically mandates the "Big Three" on a label: The identity of the product, The name and place of business of the manufacturer/distributor, The net quantity of contents (in both metric and U.S. customary units).
In order to be lablled USDA organic, what is the minimum percentage of product weight should be from organic ingredients?
0.95
Where does one find the defect action levels for foods?
Defect Levels Handbook.
According to FDA, what is the only fish that produces real caviar?
Sturgeon
What is the requirement for a product to be labeled 'High/excellent source of'?
>20% of the DRI/RDA
What percentage of a vitamin/mineral must be present in a food in order for it to be called an excellent source/high in/rich in?
0.2
What study was conducted in 1991, 1995, and 2000 to establish baselines for beef quality shortfalls and identify targets for desired quality levels?
National Beef Quality Audit
What two pieces of information must be shown on the principle display panel of a package containing greater than 0.5 ounces of a food product?
Net Quantity of Contents and the Statement of Identity
Give the legal citation number and name of the regulation involved in the sterilization of foods.
21 CFR 113 Low acid canned food regulation
What was the first comprehensive law regulating food colors?
Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906
What type of label claim is the following statement and example of ‘pop tarts are a good source of calcium’?
Nutrient content claim
In February of 1990 the FDA approved the use of the fat substitute Simplesse for what category of products?
Frozen desserts
The FDA has recall power over what materials or conditions?
Under the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), the FDA has mandatory recall authority for food products.
What actions can FDA take against companies or individuals who market adulterated or misbranded cosmetics?
FDA can pursue action through the Department of Justice in the federal court system, request a federal district court to issue a restraining order, may be subject to seizure or crimal action. Mandatory Recall Authority. Under the Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act (MoCRA), the FDA now has the power to order a mandatory recall if a company refuses to voluntarily recall a product that is likely to cause serious adverse health consequences.
The USDA Meat Inspection Act was signed into law by this president.
Theodore Roosevelt
Name the four Authorized Health Claims authorised by NLEA, 1990.
Sodium: May reduce the risk of Hypertension (High Blood Pressure). Soy Protein: May reduce the risk of Coronary Heart Disease. Folate: May reduce risk of Neural Tube Defects. Calcium: May reduce the risk of Osteoporosis.
The Food and Drug Administration categorizes recalls into three categories, Class I, Class II, and Class III. Which of these classes describes the routine recall of a product which is not likely to cause adverse health consequences?
Class III
According to the NLEA, what health claim can be made regarding dietary saturated fat and cholesterol?
Dietary saturated fat/cholesterol and coronary heart disease
What organization publishes standards for the design and manufacture of milk processing equipment?
3-A Sanitary Standards, Inc.
When was the dietary supplement health and education act enacted?
1994
A food product would not be considered adulterated if: a) It contained a new animal drug; b) It contains FD&C Yellow #4; C. It contains carmine; D. If it is the product of an animal that did not die by slaughter
C
Give the significance of the following dates for U.S. food law: 1785, 1850, 1862, 1906
1785-The Massachusetts “Act Against Selling Unwholesome Provisions,” 1906- Pure Food and Drugs Act was signed by President Roosevelt 1862- President Abraham Lincoln founded the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
What title of the Code of Federal Regulations is entitled Agriculture?
Title 7
What is the name of the 1958 amendment to the "Pure Food and Drug Act" states that any substance causing cancer in human beings or animals at any level of use cannot be added to food?
Delaney Amendment
Name the three letters that form the acronym for the international organization that sets standards for food safety, quality, and fair trade practices.
Codex Alimentarius Commission (or Codex)
What are the four categories of food additives established by the FDA?
Food Additives (require pre-market approval). GRAS Substances (Generally Recognized As Safe). Prior-Sanctioned Substances (approved by FDA or USDA before 1958). Color Additives (regulated under the 1960 Amendment).
What are the requirements for using the word reduced?
Contains 25% less of a given nutrient or a 25% reduction in calories.
Define and differentiate between GMPs and cGMPs.
GMPs are Good Manufacturing Practices used by the food industry; cGMPs are Current Good Manufacturing Practices regulations under FDA codified at 21 CFR 117
Which act established the FDA in the United States?
The 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act.
Which title and part of the Code of Federal Regulations is Good Manufacturing Practices found?
Title 21, Part 117, Subpart B
In 1998, the FDA prepared a document that lead to the development of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs). What is the name of this document?
Guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards for fresh fruits and vegetables
What CFR contains regulation on wine, seafood, color additives, food labeling, acidified food?
21 CFR. Wine Part 24, Seafood Part 123, color additives Part 70, Food Labeling 101, Acidified Food 114
The first federal food law was passed in 1906. What was it?
Food and Drugs Act and/or Meat Inspection Act, both June 30th, 1906.
What is the effective date for nutritional labeling of meat and poultry products?
7/6/1994 12:00:00 AM
Which FDA regulation introduced mandatory preventive controls for food facilities?
FSMA (Food Safety Modernization Act)
Explain the difference between identity standards, quality standards, and fill-of-container standards under U.S. food law, and give one example of each.
Identity standards define required ingredients/composition (e.g., mayonnaise). Quality standards specify acceptable characteristics (e.g., canned peas). Fill-of-container standards regulate container fill (e.g., canned fruits).
What agency regulates gluten-free beers?
FDA. Most "malt beverages" (beers made with malted barley and hops) are regulated by the TTB. However, if a "beer" is made without malted barley (like some gluten-free sorghum beers) or is a wine-based beverage under 7% alcohol, jurisdiction shifts to the FDA for labeling and safety.
Three food groups exempt from mandatory nutrition labelling.
Fresh Produce, fruits, veggies, medical food, alcohol, bottled water, bulk fruits, airplane service foods, free samples, coffee, tea and spices
What was the previous name of the FDA?
Food drug and insecticide administration (renamed 1931)
What is OSHA and when was it passed?
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
What does AMS (in USDA) stand for?
Agricultural Marketing Service
Who conducts the voluntary seafood inspection program on a fee-for-service basis?
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
What does NLEA stand for?
Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, 1990
What are the Standards of Identity for high, medium, and low fat contents in chocolate/cocoa?
High fat (breakfast cocoa) – not less than 22% cocoa fat, Medium fat - less than 22% cocoa fat and not less than 10%, Low fat - less than 10% cocoa fat
On February 14, 1994 the American Technology Preeminence Act of 1991 took effect. What did this law mandate?
The net quantity of contents must be stated in both English units as well as metric units
Which government agency within USDA is responsible for ensuring that the nation's commercial supply of meat, poultry, and egg products is safe, wholesome, and correctly labeled and packaged?
FSIS
10 Mandatory nutrients on nutritional label.
1. Total Fat, 2. Saturated Fat, 3. Trans Fat, 4. Cholesterol, 5. Sodium, 6. Total Carbohydrate, 7. Dietary Fiber, 8. Total Sugars, 9. Added Sugars, 10. Protein, 11. Vitamin D, 12. Calcium, 13. Iron, 14. Potassium, 15. Calories
Raw milk is still sold in some states but the FDA has recently taken a firm position on its interstate shipment. What action did the FDA take?
They banned interstate shipment of final package form for human consumption.
Name the two limited use synthetic colorants which are no longer used in food products but are still approved by FDA, and their approved application.
Citrus Red No. 2: Coloring orange peels, Orange B: Coloring hot dog and sausage casings
According to the NLEA, only 11 health claims will be allowed on food labels; name 5.
calcium and osteoporosis,folate and neural tube defects,sodium and hypertension,dietary fat and cancer,dietary sat. fat/cholesterol and coronary heart disease,soy intake and cancer,fruits and veg and cancer
Name 4 US departments that are involved in seafood regulation.
FDA, USDA, Department of Commerce, NMFS, CDC, EPA.
Of the three types of product recalls, types I, II, and III, which one deals with critically hazardous products?
Class I
The meat inspection act involves which meats?
Cattle, sheep, swine, goats/ beef, pork, and lamb
What agency regulates the production, labeling, and sale of the following products: wine coolers, Emu, Turkey, Lite Beer
Wine/Beer: TTB (Alcohol/Tax) & FDA (Non-Alcohol/Ingredients); Emu/Turkey: USDA-FSIS (Meat/Poultry Inspection)
In which year was the GRAS category created?
1958
in 2000, a proposal was submitted to the FDA for review to require the addition of 2 essental fatty acids to a particular product. Name the fatty acids and the product.
Baby formula: docosahexanois acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA)
According to recent federal regulations, a warning label must be on fruit juice products, which have not been so processed or treated to achieve what performance standard?
5 log (100,000 or 99.999%) reductions in significant pathogens
What FD&C lake pigment was banned in 1990 by the USFDA?
Red no. 3 lake (The dye form is to be banned by Jan 2027)
Which color additive is allowed by FDA only in hot dog and sausage casings or surfaces?
Orange B
How long does a US patent last?
20 years from the date filed. Note: the patent holder is required to pay maintenance fees to keep his patent valid
What is adulteration?
Adulteration means the food in question has failed to meet industry or FDA or USDA health and safety standards
The health trend hit the National School Lunch Program in May 1990, when the USDA's Food and Nutrition Service started requiring schools participating in the program to offer what food item?
Low-fat milk
Why was Sassafras bark banned by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1976?
Due to the carcinogenic properties of its chemical safrole.
What is required of the food industry under the public health security and bioterrorism preparedness and response act (aka the Bioterrorism act) of 2002?
1) Food facilities register with FDA, and 2) FDA be given advance notice on shipments of imported food.
According to the USDA National Organic Standards, ingredients derived by biotechnology or GMOs: a- are not allowed in organic products, b - are only allowed in first generation organic products, c- are allowed in organic products, d - are only allowed if declared and identified as such on the label
Not allowed
In what year and by which president what the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act enacted?
Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1938
How does FSIS define a Class III Product Recall?
A Class III recall involves a situation in which eating the food will not cause adverse health consequences.
define the following acronyms relating to government agencies USDA, TTB, DHHS, FDA,USDA
United States Department of Agriculture, Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, Department of Health and human Services, Food and Drug Administration
What is the Codex Alimentarius Commission?
A group of 144 countries that develop standards for food commodities internationally
Based on FDA definition, four substances exempt from the definition of food additive.
Pesticide residues, color additives, new animal drugs, dietary supplements
The Center for Disease Control is a part of what governmental organization, which in turn is part of what governmental department?
CDC is one of 8 organizations within the Public Health Service, which, in turn, is one of about 14 organizations within the Department of Health and Human Services.
Give the full names of the following federal agencies that have jurisdiction over the food industry: USDA, FSIS, NMFS, EPA, FTC, OSHA, NIST, BATF.
USDA-United States Department of Agriculture; FSIS-Food Safety Inspection Service; NMFS-National Marine Fisheries Service; EPA-Environmental Protection Agency; FTC-Federal Trade Commission; OSHA-Occupational Safety & Health Administration; NIST-National Institute of Standards and Technology; BATF-Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
What is the USDA legal limit for moisture in dried apples?
0.24
What did the Delaney Clause do?
Food additives were added to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1958.
What cabinet-level department is the FDA a part of?
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
What is the official name of the act that made sale, manufacturing, and transport of alcoholic beverages illegal in the US?
Volstead Act, 1919
According to the NLEA, what health claim can be made regarding fruits and vegetables?
Fruits and vegetables and cancer
What U.S. federal act, passed in 2011, shifted the focus of federal food regulation from responding to contamination to preventing it?
Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA)
According to the NLEA, what health claim can be made regarding sodium?
Sodium and hypertension
Define "indirect" additive wrt food processing.
Substances that may come into contact with food as part of packaging or processing equipment, but are not intended to be added directly to food.
What does GRAS mean?
Generally Recognized As Safe
what is the federally mandated minimum soluble solids content of jams, jellies, and preserves?
0.65
In which year was Delaney clause introduced?
1958
Which country banned U.S. poultry imports in march of 2002?
Russia
What year was the fair packaging and labeling act (FPLA) enacted and what does it require?
The Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA or Act), enacted in 1967, directs the Federal Trade Commission and the Food and Drug Administration to issue regulations requiring that all "consumer commodities" be labeled to disclose net contents, identity of commodity, and name and place of business of the product's manufacturer, packer, or distributor.
A congressional moratorium was in place from 1977-91 for which alternative sweetener?
Saccharine
What state did Rep. James Delaney, author of the famous Delaney Clauses, come from?
New York
What body implements the FAO/WHO Food Standards Program, protects health and interests of consumers, and encourages fair international trade in food?
Codex Alimentarius Commission (CODEX).
What is the nutritional claim made on a regular bottle of Coca-Cola?
Very low sodium; 35 mg or less per 240 mL (8 fl oz)
What does the CFR title 40 refer to?
EPA (Pesticide tolerances, chemical residues in food)
What year was folic acid added to the standard of identity for fortified wheat flour?
1996
Which act modified the Delaney clause from zero tolerance for carcinogens to negligible risk?
Food Quality Protection Act, 1996
What talk show host was sued by cattle producers because of an episode aired in April 1996 about Mad Cow Disease?
Oprah Winfrey
When was the "food guide pyramid" unveiled by the secretary of agriculture Edward Madigan?
4/1/1992 12:00:00 AM
According to the original Pure Food Law of 1906, what two things were required to be on a food package label?
Alcohol content and Narcotic content
Occasionally, the FDA will allow controversial additives to foods that may harm a subset of US consumers, w/the stipulation of requiring a statement that provides customers w/ 'informed consent'. What is the statement of for products containing aspartame?
Phenylketonurics: contains phenylalanine
Which of the following allergens does Canada require to be labeled but the United States does not? Shellfish, Celery, Sesame, Egg
Sesame
7 FSMA regulations.
Produce safety rule. Foreign supplier verification programs (FSVP) Sanitary Transportation Rule. Protection Against Intentional Adulteration. Accredited Third-Party Certification. Preventive Control Rule for Human and Animal Food. Voluntary Qualified Importer Program (VQIP)
Which year was FPLA enacted and what does it stand for?
1967, Fair Packaging and Labelling Act
Of the following four choices, which is the purpose of food laws and regulations? a. Ensure the safety and wholesomeness of the food supply, b. Prevent economic fraud or deception in food labeling, c. Inform consumers about the nutritional content and healthfulness of foods, d. All of the above
d. All of the above
What does the acronym "IFIS" stand for?
International Food Information Service
Several scientific bodies have established peer groups or named qualified scientists to study and report on the controversies about food in relation to health. Name 3 outstanding groups.
1. IFT's expert panel on food safety and nutrition 2. CAST (Council on Agricultural Science and Technology) 3. AMA's council on food and nutrition
When were very small food processing plants (<10 employees) required by USDA to implement HACCP?
January 2000.
True or False: Small packages with less than 12 square inches available for labeling may omit nutrition labeling but must provide an address or telephone number for consumers to obtain the required nutrition information
True
Which agency enforces pesticide tolerances in raw foods?
FDA
Which regulatory agency is responsible for bottled water and which agency for piped water?
FDA for bottled and EPA for piped water
What does AAFCO stand for? a. All Animal Food Control Officials B. All Animal Food Coalition in Ontario C. American Animal Feed Control Organization D. Association of Animal Feed Control Officials
D
When was the USDA created and who did Abraham Lincoln appoint as its first leader?
1862. Charles Wetherill
Name five natural colorants expempted from certification by FDA.
Annatto, Beet juice, Beet powder, Beta-carotene, Grape color extract, Grape skin extract, Fruit juice, Vegetable juice, Paprika, Paprika oleoresin, Saffron, Turmeric, Turmeric oleoresin, Caramel color, Chlorophyll, Chlorophyllin copper complex, Elderberry juice, Spirulina extract, Titanium dioxide, Galdieria extract blue, Butterfly pea flower extract, Calcium phosphate, Gardenia (genipin) blue
Presently, all grain products crossing state lines are required to be enriched with which vitamins and minerals?
Iron, Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), and Folate.
What year were red m&ms discontinued due to concern over red dye no.2?
1976, they were brought back in 1987
Which U.S. federal agency enforces the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA)?
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Minimum sodium reduction to declare a reduced sodium product?
25% of the original.
What part of the food industry is regulated by the U.S. Department of Treasury?
Purity and safety of alcoholic beverages, and other distilled beverages
The federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, passed in 1938 and enforced by the FDA, provides three mandatory standards for products being shipped across state lines. What are the three?
Standards of identity, quality, and container fill
Under FSMA, The Preventive Controls for Human Food Rule exempts some smaller scale processors from some parts of the rule. Are these processors "Covered Facilities" or "Qualified Facilities"?
Qualified Facilities are exempt from some parts of the rule, and may not need to have a full safety plan as defined by the rule.
What was the purpose of Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C) of 1938?
Ensure consumers that foods are safe and wholesome, produced under sanitary conditions and packaged/labeled truthfully.
Name the government organizations responsible for regulating seafood.
FDA, EPA, CDC
Name ten of the 14 mandatory dietary components required in the current nutritional labels.
Total Calories, Total Fat, Saturated Fat, Trans Fat (Added as mandatory), Cholesterol, Sodium, Total Carbohydrate, Dietary Fiber, Total Sugars, Added Sugars (The most significant new addition), Protein, Vitamin D (Now mandatory), Calcium, Iron, Potassium (Now mandatory)
The definition of food given in the Food Additive ammendment has three sections. Which confectionary product comprises an entire section?
Chewing gum
In which year was the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act enacted?
1994
What does GATT stand for?
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
What does GRAS stand for, and who determines GRAS status in the U.S.?
Generally Recognized As Safe; determined by qualified experts, with FDA notification optional.
What is another term for the name of a food?
Statement of Identity
How does the CDC define "outbreak"?
The number of persons (2 or greater) that got ill and the illness is linked to the same cause or causative agent.
What regulatory body oversees meat and poultry inspection in the United States?
USDA-FSIS
Which color additive is allowed by FDA to color the skins of oranges not intended for processing?
Citrus Red No. 2
What is the number assigned to a meat-packing or processing plant approved for state or federal inspection?
Establishment number
Under the Food Safety Modernization Act, "Small businesses" will have two years to meet compliance rules. What constitutes a "Small business"?
A business with fewer than 500 full-time equivalent employees but more than $1 million in sales and held-without-sale food products annually
What does the 1913 Gould Amendment require of food products marketed in the U.S.?
It requires that contents be plainly marked on the outside of the food package
What is the FDA action level for aflatoxins in nearly all US commodities?
20 ppb (animal feeds and milk are exceptions)
What artificial color was permanently listed in Nov, 1986?
FD&C Yellow number six
In what publication could one find the complete general enforcement regulations regarding the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act?
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21
According to the NLEA, when must foods be nutrition labeled? (Give two ways)
When nutrition information is stated on the label or when a nutrient content claim is being made, AND if the manufacturer meets an exemption (small business, food sold in restaurant, food sold for immediate consumption, food sold for retail in the establishment where the food was processed - as in bakeries and delis, foods not sold for immediate consumption but are packaged according to the conumers' request, foods that contain insignificant amounts of nutrients, infant formula, dietary supplements, medical foods, bulk foods, raw produce, custom processed game fish or meat, food in packages with less than 12 square inches of space, food sold from bulk containers, shell eggs, foods for infants and children under 4 years of age, and multi-unit packages)
List three (3) impacts of the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act (aka Bioterrorism Act) on FDA regulation of the food industry.
FDA now has administrative detention authority for foods suspected of being adulterated; All food processing and handling facilities under FDA jurisdiction must register with the agency; Importers of food must give prior notice to the FDA; Establishment and maintenance of records; Eliminated “port shopping” by importers;
What are BOD, COD and what are their units of measurement?
Biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, mg/L
On a food label, the heading "Nutrition Information per serving" has been replaced with what?
Nutrition Facts
The Food and Drug Administration is attempting to overcome the dictate of zero tolerance given by the Delaney clause by applying the legal principle given what latin name?
de minimus
In what year was the color additives amendment added to the Delaney Clause?
1960
The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 is a law that covers general principles. What are two major amendments?
Food Additive Amendment of 1958 and Nutrition Labeling Education Act of 1990.
Name the synthetic food color slated to be banned by January 2027.
Red No. 3, Erythrosine
What is 'honey laundering'?
Honey harvested in one country that is exported to a second country, where it is relabeled as a product of the second country
In which year was the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act enacted?
1967
What is the meaning of certified colors and colors exempt from certification?
Certified colorants require FDA certification per lot; exempt colorants (e.g., annatto, zinc oxide, caramel) do not.
Who chaired the bill proposing the Food Additives of 1958?
James J. Delaney
In 1963 the FDA approval for a new processing method was given, only to be revoked in 1968. What was the product and process?
Bacon and Irradiation
Who publishes Food Chemicals Codex (FCC)?
United States Pharmacopeia
What is the artificial color number for Brilliant Blue?
FD&C Blue No.1
The direct ancestor of the 1906 Food and Drug Act was first introduced in 1892 by Senator Algernon S. Paddock, a close associate of Dr. Harvey Wiley. Which state did Senator Paddock represent?
Nebraska
What is the FSPCA and what do they do?
FSPCA-food safety preventive controls alliance; responsible for certifying all fsma training
What USDA Agency is responsible for the safety of our food supply?
Food Safety and Inspection Service
Which government agency is responsible for regulating the use of food additives?
FDA
According to the Codex Alimentarius. What is the difference between extra virgin olive oil and virgin olive oil?
The main differences the oleic acid content so extra virgin must be less than point eight grams per 100 grams and Virgin must be less than two grams per 100 grams.
FDA has recently approved a Western Center for Food Safety. At which University is this center located?
University of California - Davis
Which of the following do not require pre-market approval?
Structure function claims
Name the three classes of product recalls and the health hazards associate with them.
Class I: Serious health hazard; Class II: Possible health hazard; Class III: No health hazard
A food that is marketed as a modified food which does not fully meet the requirements of the standard of identity is classified as
Modified or immitation version of the standard food
In July 1992, the U.S 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the negligible risk (de minimus) policy used by the EPA to regulate pesticide use on foods violated what legislation of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)?
Delaney Clause
What percentage of total milk solids is required in milk chocolate?
0.12
What do the following abbreviation stand for?APHIS, FTC, NMFS, NTIS, OSHA, EPA
APHIS-Animal, Plant Health Inspection Service FTC-Federal Trade Commission NMFS-National Marine Fisheries Service NTIS-National Technical Information EPA-Environmental Protection Agency OSHA-Occupational Safety and Health Administration Service
What organizations or agencies publish the following reference texts? A) bacteriological analytical manual; b) compendium of methods in the microbiological examination of foods; c) standard methods for the examination of dairy products
a) Food and Drug Administration (FDA), b&c) American Public Health Association (APHA)
Name three types of foods that are exempt from nutrition labeling.
Food sold by small businesses, food sold in restaurants for immediate consumption, ready-to-eat foods, foods that contain insignificant amounts of nutrients, dietary supplements (except in food form), infant formula, medical foods, custom-processed fish and game, foods shipped in bulk but not sold to consumers in that form, donated foods, meat and poultry products. in small packages (less than .5 oz.), meat and poultry products produced or packaged at retail.
The RDAs are set by what organization?
NRC (National Research Council)
What does CDC stand for?
Centers for Disease Control
What two pieces of information should appear a food package's principle display panel?
Name of the product and net quantity
Sweet chocolate must contain what percent chocolate liquor?
0.15
What is the primary law governing food additives in the U.S.?
The Food Additives Amendment of 1958
What branch of the USDA has responsibility for administering the Meat Inspection Act?
Food Safety and Inspection Services
What U.S. law mandates hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls for food facilities?
Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA)
The Delaney Clause is exempted for animal drugs in what specific type of food?
Animal feed
Which federal agency has jurisdiction for regulating alcoholic beverages?
Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau of the U.S. Department of the Treasury.
The regulations implementing the NLEA labeling provisions took 961 pages in federal register of what date?
1/6/1993 12:00:00 AM
Classification of cheese according to FDA.
Unpast processed cheese, unpast processed cheese spread, cream
What has the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms recently required to be listed on the labels of alcoholic beverages?
A health warning
How many times may a U.S. patent be renewed?
Patents are non-renewable
What 1967 act specifies that all meat sold must have been slaughtered and processed at a facility that was federally inspected or inspected in a state whose meat inspection laws were as strict as federal standards?
Wholesome Meat Act
Which agency was established between the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1962 to develop international standards and safety practices for foods and ag products?
Codex Alimentarius
What does HACCP stand for and give its 7 principles.
HACCP: Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points; 1. conduct hazard analysis, 2. identify critical control points, 3. establish critical limits, 4. establish monitoring procedures, 5. establish corrective actions, 6. establish verification procedures, 7. establish record-keeping procedures
The labeling of a sausage biscuit is regulated by which agency?
FDA. Normally, meat products are regulated by the USDA. However, under a long-standing jurisdictional agreement, closed-faced sandwiches (meat between two slices of bread, a bun, or a biscuit) are regulated by the FDA. If the biscuit was "open-faced" (meat on top of one biscuit half), it would shift to USDA jurisdiction.
Which year was WMA act enacted? What does it stand for? What did it achieve?
The Wholesome Meat Act of 1967 (WMA) was a federal law that strengthened the United States' meat inspection system. The act was passed to address unsanitary conditions in the meat industry and to protect consumers.
According to the NLEA, what health claim can be made regarding soy intake?
Soy protein and coronary heart disease
Which year was FSMA enacted and what does it stand for?
Food Safety Modernization Act, 2011
What is the artificial sweetener that was recently removed in 2000 from the carcinogen list?
Saccharin
When is it necessary to include the ingredients of a product on the label?
When there are 2 or more ingredients and the product does not follow/have a standard of identity
The USDA Farm Service Agency was founded in 1935. It has undergone many name changes. List 4 of its previous names.
Farm security administration, resettlement administration, commodity stabilization service, agricultural stabilization and conservation service, consolidated farm service agency
US department of commerce
Regulate seafood
Who was the first administrator over the Food and Drug Act?
Harvey Wiley.
All food colors must be certified.
False
According to dietary guidelines in US, how much sodium should be consumed daily?
2300 mg
What are the requirements for a product to be labeled 'Sodium free/no sodium'?
<5mg/serving
What does ISO stand for?
International Organization for Standardization
What distinguishes a regulation from a law?
A regulation is an interpretation of a law by government officials
Does the FDA extend the provisions of the delaney clause to pesticide chemicals?
No
What does PTO stand for?
Patent & Trademark Office
What is mis-branding?
If a food has been improperly labeled or filled/packaged to be misleading.
Name the years in which following acts were enacted: Massachusetts Unwholesome Food Act, Pure Food and Drug Act, Federal Meat Inspection Act, FD&C act, Fair Packaging and Labeling act, Wholesome Meat Act, Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, Bioterrorism Act, Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act, Food Safety Modernization Act, FASTER Act
Massachusetts Unwholesome Food Act 1785, Pure Food and Drug Act 1906, Federal Meat Inspection Act 1906, FD&C act 1938, Fair Packaging and Labeling act 1967, Wholesome Meat Act 1967, Nutrition Labeling and Education Act 1990, Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 1994, Bioterrorism Act 2002, Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act 2004, Food Safety Modernization Act 2011, FASTER Act 2021
What are the three categories of claims for food and dietary supplements labels as defined in the statute for FDA regulation?
Structure Function claim; Health claim; Nutrient content claim
What law gave FDA power to make the food industry keep records on traceability of foods?
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 (often shortened to the Bioterrorism Act)
In 1971, this systematic preventive approach to food safety that addresses physical, chemical and biological hazards as a means of prevention rather than a finished product inspection was introduced to the American National Conference for Food Protection?
HACCP, Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points
By what federal government agency was the 1906 Food and Drug Act first administered?
USDA
Fat is of increasing concern in our diets. Name the four required fat declarations on the Nutrition Facts label.
calories from fat, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol
What 1 bacteriocin is approved for food preservation in the US and in what product may it be used?
Nisin - pasteurized process cheese spread
The use of PVC or polyvinyl chloride containers for alcohol was banned because the monomer vinyl chloride leaked into food. This action was taken under the FDA act covering which of the following? (a) Adulteration (b) Non-intentional poisonous and deleterious substances (c) Misbranding by not having the monomer content labeled (d) The Delaney Clause (e) Improper use of colors
(b) Non-intentional poisonous and deleterious substances
What federal law, enacted in 2011, shifted the focus of food safety from responding to contamination to preventing it?
Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA)
What year was the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act signed into law, and what president signed them?
1906, Theodore Roosevelt
Give the correct name for the following initials of current or past government agencies: APHIS, C&MS, FSQS, FSIS, EPA.
APHIS-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; C&MS-Consumer and Marketing Service; FSQS-Food Safety and Quality Service; FSIS-Food Safety and Inspection Service; EPA-Environmental Protection Agency
What is the established legal level for reduced cholesterol in food?
25% reduction
What is the food safety management system (FSMS) developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)?
ISO 22000
Which year was the Pesticide Chemical Amendment (Miller Act) enacted?
1954
List the five key provisions of the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA).
Preventive controls for food facilities Produce safety standards Foreign supplier verification programs Accreditation of third-party auditors Authority for mandatory recalls and inspection frequency
In which year was the Food Additive Amendment added to the FD&C act?
1958
What is a set of directions that should (must) be followed to ensure food safety when completing certain tasks such as cooking chicken, cooling a food, or sanitizing a work surface?
Standard operating procedures
What agency regulates the production, labeling, and sale of Emu?
USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS).
What did the Meat Inspection Act achieve and when was it enacted?
The Meat Inspection Act of 1906, signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt, established federal regulations for the meatpacking industry to ensure sanitary conditions and prevent the sale of adulterated or misbranded meat products.
Why can vanillin be added to chocolate and it does not have to be labeled on the front panel that it is artificially flavored?
One can add artificial flavorings to foods that do not 'resemble, reinforce, or enhance the named flavor' and not label the front panel as being artificially flavored
The descriptor "free" has been defined by NLEA (listed above in order) with restrictions on specific nutrients. What are the restrictions of the following: calories, sodium, fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sugar?
< 5 cal, < 5 mg Na, <0.5 g fat, <0.5 g sat. fat, < 2 mg cholesterol, <0.5 g sugar
Which year was the book 'The Jungle' published and by which author?
1906, Upton Sinclair
What are the six items that must be present on the label of a meat product?
A: Name, net weight, ingredient statement, company, storage instructions, inspection legend.
What agency oversees seafood safety in the United States?
The FDA (Food and Drug Administration).
What fat substitute was recently confirmed as GRAS when used in frozen desserts?
Simplesse (made from milk or egg-white protein)
Give the industries where HACCP is required.
Seafood, poultry and meat, fruit juices
The Delaney Clause prohibits the use of the suspected chemical at which of the following levels? (a) Above the level tested in chronic tests (b) At a level that is above 1/100 of the minimum physiological response in animals (c) Above the LD 50 (d) At any level above zero (e) If used above the ADI
(d) At any level above zero
In 1986, the president and VP of this corporation were issued a $100,000 fine each and sentenced to one year and one day in prison for mis-labeling adulterated apple juice for infants.
Beech Nut
When did the Pure Food and Drug Act come into US law?
1906
What does APHIS stand for?
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Which federal agency regulated the production. manufacturing and distribution of food?
Food and Drug Administration
What does FPLA stand for?
Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
What food related act was signed into law by the president on November 9, 1990?
The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990.
Which act created the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)?
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
To what % is water allowed to be added to ground beef?
0
In 2003, the National Conference on Interstate Milk Shipments (NCIMS) unveiled a new program which dramatically changed the way Grade A Milk Processing Facilities may be inspected and listed in the IMS list. What was this program?
Voluntary HACCP program
List the three major U.S. federal agencies responsible for food regulation and their primary responsibilities.
FDA: Oversees most foods, labeling, and additives USDA: Regulates meat, poultry, and egg products EPA: Oversees pesticide residues and water safety
What is the maximum amount of fat per RACC (reference amount customarily consumed) allowed in a product labeled "fat free"?
0.5 g
Under what title number in the Code of Federal Regulations are the FDA's regulations published?
21 CFR
In the 2022 Food Code by FDA what is the term used for the process of moderating the temperature of a food such as allowing a food to gradually increase from a temperature of -23C (-10F) to -4C (25F) in preparation for deep-fat frying or to facilitate even heat penetration during the cooking of previously block-frozen food such as shrimp.
Slacking.
A product that contains less than 140 mg of sodium per serving may be labeled as what kind of product, with regard to sodium content claim?
Low Sodium
What does the CFR title 50 refer to?
NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)/FDA (Seafood safety, fisheries regulation)
How many categories of uses does caramel fall under?
Four (Caramel Color I (also known as plain or spirit caramel), Caramel Color II (caustic sulfite caramel), Caramel Color III (ammonia or beer caramel, baker’s and confectioner’s caramel), Caramel Color IV (known as sulfite-ammonia, soft drink caramel, or acid-proof caramel))
Name the number of the regulation that one must follow if you process foods by acidification.
21 CFR 114
What famous case heard in the Federal Supreme Court establishes that the president of a food company is responsible for any adulteration or misbranding of his or her company's food products?
U.S. vs. Park, often called the "Responsible Corporate Officer Doctrine."
What act of 1999 requires timely reporting of livestock market data?
Livestock mandatory reporting
Can a food be marketed as a modified food product under a standard name even if it does not meet all the requirements of the standard?
If listed as a modified or imitation version of the standard product
What is the purpose of Color Additive Amendment of 1960?
Defines color additives, sets rules for certified and uncertified colors, provides for the approval of colors that are exempt from certification and allows the FDA to list color additives for specific uses and set quantity limitations. Also contains a Delaney Clause.
What was the purpose of Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906?
Defined and set regulations of adulterated and misbranded foods.
If a wet pet food is named 'chicken dinner', how percentage of chicken must be present in final product?
0.25
Which agency regulates meat and poultry inspection in the U.S.?
USDA FSIS.
Which act requires inspection of all meat if it is moved within or between states?
Wholesome Meat Act of 1967
The occupational safety and health administration enforces standards on safety in the workplace through ______ and __________
Inspection and penalties
What is defined as any substance or agent present in food in an amount that renders the food unacceptable or potentially harmful to consumers?
Contaminant or adulterant
What is the date mandated by the FDA for food companies to comply with the new Nutrition Facts Label Format?
July 26 2018, additional year for companies with annual sales < $ 10 Million
Name 12 foods exempt from the NLEA.
Food sold by small businesses, sold in restaurants, ready to eat foods prepared on site for immediate consumption, foods with insignificant amounts of nutrients, dietary supplements, infant formula, medical foods, custom processed fish and game, foods sold in bulk not sold to consumers in that form, donated foods, meat/poultry products weighing <.5oz, meat/poultry products at retail
What is required for a product to bear the label "made with organic ingredients"?
Processed products that contain at least 70 percent organic ingredients can use the phrase “made with organic ingredients” and list up to three of the organic ingredients or food groups on the principal display panel.
What does the acronym ISO stand for?
ISO means equal under International Organization for Standardization
Give the history of name changes of FDA.
Beginning as the Division of Chemistry in 1862 and then (after July 1901) the Bureau of Chemistry, the modern era of the FDA dates to 1906 with the passage of the Federal Food and Drugs Act; this added regulatory functions to the agency's scientific mission. The Bureau of Chemistry's name changed to the Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration in July 1927, when the non-regulatory research functions of the bureau were transferred elsewhere in the department. In July 1930 the name was shortened to the present version.
What term describes a compound added to a food to achieve a technical effect during processing, shipping or storage, that is later removed or reduced to an insignificant level?
A processing aid
In December 1991, the FDA officially withdrew the proposed federal ban on what alternative sweetener?
Saccharine
Which U.S. government agency regulates the labeling of meat, poultry, and egg products?
USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture)
What agency regulates the production, labeling, and sale of Lite Beer?
Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB)
In the 1940's, legislation was passed requiring that white bread crossing state lines be enriched with which vitamins and minerals?
Iron, Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), and Niacin (B3)
Ingredient lists must appear on all foods that have more than how many ingredients?
One
What does the CFR title 27 refer to?
TTB (Alcohol production, labeling, and taxation)
Which agency is responsible for carrying out the Title III of the Bioterrorism Act?
FDA
Which additive banned in Europe in 2020?
TiO2
What is standard of Identity?
Mandatory, federally set requirements that determine what a food product must contain to be marketed with a certain name.
In which year was the Delaney Clause done in FDCA? What did it achieve?
The Delaney Clause, incorporated into the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) by the Food Additives Amendment of 1958, prohibits the FDA from approving any food additive found to cause cancer in humans or animals, regardless of the dose.
Name two concerns regulatory agencies have when considering approval of transgenic food.
1. Is the nutrient content of the food adversely affected? 2. Is the content of natural toxins increased? 3. Is there any risk from new metabolites from the rDNA? 4. Is there any risk from the DNA inserted?
What is the artificial color number for Tartrazine?
FD&C Yellow No.5
What agency would publish a report comparing the incidence of foodborne illnesses in restaurants and homes?
CDC
Protecting consumers health and ensuring fair practices in the food trade are the goals of what international document?
Codex Alimentarius
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