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Who led USDA's Poison Squad in 1902, a group that tested compounds on human beings?
Harvey Wiley
What type of sensors have resistance characteric fall off with increasing temperature?
negative temperature coefficient
What are some of the benefits of a thermistor?
they are preferable in simple applications due to their low cost and simple electronic circuitry, also they can be produced in very small designs with a fast response and low thermal mass
What is the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) in terms of sensory testing?
JND is the amount by which the physical concentration of a stimulus chemical has to be increased in order to be perceived psychologically.
Give the Henderson Hasselbach equation and define each term.
The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is used to calculate the pH of a buffer solution, or to relate the pH of a solution to the concentrations of a weak acid and its conjugate base. ph=pKa + log[A-/HA] Where: - pH: The hydrogen ion concentration, which indicates the acidity or alkalinity of the solution. - pK‚Çê: The negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant (K‚Çê) of the weak acid. It represents the pH at which half of the acid is dissociated into its conjugate base and hydrogen ions. - (A-): The concentration of the conjugate base (the ion formed when the acid loses a proton). - (HA): The concentration of the weak acid (the undissociated form of the acid).
What type of oil is consumed the most around the world?
Palm oil/Soybean oil
What is the antimicrobial compound within an egg?
Lysozyme
Identify the two federal government publications you would use to find the most recent changes in FDA regulations.
Code of Federal Regulations, Federal Register
During which phase of microbial growth is bacteria the easiest to kill?
log or exponential phase
What is the purpose of pasteurization in high acid foods?
To kill spoilage micro-organisms like wild yeasts, and to inactivate enzymes
The pH of albumen in freshly laid eggs is 7.6 - 7.9. The pH rises to 9.7 during storage. Why does this occur?
Diffusion of solubilized CO2 through the shell and ph rises
What are the holes in Swiss cheese called?
Eyes
What does BLT stand for?
Bacon Lettuce Tomato
What is the name of this Italian cheese that contains live maggots?
Casu Marzu
In the US, a food additive derived by biotechnology: A. must be declared and identified as such in the ingredient statement B. are subject to the same regulatory approval process as other food additives C. must be declared and identified as such in the principal display panel D. all of the above
D. All of the above
Who was the first individual to win Samuel C Prescott award from IFT?
Edgar Allen Day
Name five major food thickeners and stabilizers.
Modified starch, unmodified starch, guar gum, alginates, casein, carrageenan, xanthan gum, pectin, CMC, methyl cellulose, locust bean, gelatin.
Give three examples of wheat flour types.
All-Purpose Flour, Bread Flour, Cake Flour, Pastry Flour, Whole Wheat Flour, Semolina Flour, Self-Rising Flour, Durum Flour, High-Gluten Flour, White Whole Wheat Flour
What is the source of natural toxins peculiar to shellfish?
Planktonic organisms
What 2 parabens are permitted for use in food products in US?
Methylparaben, propylparaben
Describe the mechanism by which CaCl2 firms plant tissues.
Divalent Ca++ binds the carboxyl groups of adjacent pectin polymers forming bridges and tightening the structure
Name 6 polyol sweeteners.
Xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, lactitol, maltitol, isomaltitol
What is the primary purpose of the FDA?
Enforce the federal food, drug, and cosmetic act
Name 5 primary functions of food thickeners.
Thickening, emulsion stabilization, suspending, gelation, crystallization, water binding, mouth feel, foam stabilization, flavor fixation, film formation
On what three properties are major functional uses of egg products based?
Coagulation when heated, foaming ability (whippability), emulsifying properties.
Describe osmosis in terms of dehydration
As water on the surface evaporates, water moves from the interior of the product to the surface due to the concentration gradient.
Name the acid coagulated cheese.
Quark
Name 2 functions of H2SO4 in the Babcock milk fat test.
Digest protein to release fat, generate heat to melt fat, increase density of serum
Which Mass spec technique relied on large protein fingerprint for bacteria?
MALDI-TOF MS
What Michigan inventor discovered peanut butter in 1870?
John Harvey Kellogg
What is the common name given to the statement which bans food additives which are shown to be carcinogenic?
Delaney Clause
What is the average specific gravity of milk?
1.032
To be classified as Champagne a sparkling wine must have 90psi or 6 atm of pressure. What is the concentration of sugar added, known as the liqueur de triage, to achieve this pressure during the 2nd fermentation?
24 g/L
Which law, passed in 1906, is known as the Pure Food Law?
Federal Food and Drug Act (of 1906)
Russia did not classify beer as an alcoholic product till what year? 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011
2011
What is food intolerance?
a person has difficulty digesting a particular food.
Name one of the three amino acids that cannot be cleaved by carboxypeptidase A at the free carboxyl end.
Lysine, arginine, proline
Dry and semi-dry sausages are examples of what kind of sausage?
Fermented Sausage/ cured sausage
Polydextrose is a natural polysaccharide that can be used as a bulking agent.
FALSE, it is synthetic.
Name a bacteriocin approved for use in the US.
nisin
Explain Pasteurization.
Process used to inactivate pathogens (e. coli) and vegetative (alive) pathogens
What are the 3 types of still retorts?
vertical, horizontal, and hydrostatic
What is the link between TDT and processing time?
when thermal death time is reached sterilization would be completed thus, process time can be the same as TDT
What is "converted rice" and how is it manufactured?
Whole grain rice is parboiled or steeped in hot water prior to removal of the hulls, bran, and germ in milling. The rice loses fewer nutrients as the B vitamins and minerals from the hulls, bran, and germ are leached into the endosperm. The converted rice is then dried, milled, and polished
What is the template for PCR and Real Time PCR?
DNA for both
What chemical is used to sterilize tetrapak packaging?
H2O2
What is scalding used for in poultry processing?
To loosen the feathers
A difference of ___ BCU is estimated to be a visual difference in a product.
0.1
What is the glass transition temperature?
when an amorphous food polymer is heated the temperature at which it changes from a glass to the rubbery state form is called the glass transition temperature Tg, second order transition
Why is Vitamin C sometimes added to frankfurters?
To enhance the rate of cured color formation in the frankfurter
The primary yeast used in baking is what?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
What british desert shares a name with an early atomic model?
Plum pudding
Name 5 antimicrobial spices.
Cinnamon, cloves, mustard, allspice, horseradish, onion, garlic, oregano, thyme, cumin, rosemary, ginger, basil, fennel, coriander, black pepper
Name the three tests for packaging materials.
Tensile strength, moisture transmission, Oxygen transmission
Juice or beverage spoilage by Alicyclobacillus primarily leads to what spoilage compound, associated with a medicinal off odor?
Guaiacol
Which mineral is important in nerve excitation, muscle contraction, and pH balance of blood?
Calcium
Which organisms does MacConkey Agar select for?
MacConkey Agar selects for Gram Negative Bacteria
Name two variety of waffles origininating from Belgium.
Brussels, Liege
Cyanogenic glycosides are compounds that when treated with an acid or appropriate hydrolytic enzyme yield what compound?
cyanohydron
What are myoglobins? What are its 3 forms?
Myoglobin is a single-chain, globular protein found in muscle cells and pigments responsible for color of meats. The 3 forms are: metmyoglobin, oxymyoglobin, and dexoxymyoglobin.
What vitamin naturally occurs only in animal materials such as meat, milk, eggs, and the like?
Vitamin A
What are the time-temperature combinations used in the following thermal processes for the pasteurization of milk: Batch/LTLT, HTST, and UHT?
Batch/LTLT: 63°C (145 °F) for 30 minutes HTST: 72°C (161 °F) for 15-20 seconds UHT: 135-150°C (275-302°F) for 2-5 seconds
Distinguish between a law and a regulation.
A law is made by legislators or elected officials. A regulation is made by government officials.
What are dyes and lakes?
Food colors. A dye is water soluble (it dissolves). A lake or pigment is a solid (on a carrier of Al or Ca salt) which disperses.
Name the countries where the following dishes are popular, often recognised as the national dishes: Ema datshi, Bacalhau, Poutine, Bobotie
Ema Datshi: Bhutan, Bacalhau: Portugal, Poutine: Canada, Bobotie: South Africa
How many pints are in one quart?
2 pints
Name three advantages of pasteurization of milk used for cheese production.
Destroy pathogenic bacteria and other odor causing bacteria, removal of undesirable gases, product uniformity, higher cheese yield, better control over acid development
Which of the following solutions would have the lowest freezing point: A.1L of water w/1 mole of sucrose, B.1L of water w/1mole of amylase, C.1L of water w/1mole of NaCl, or D.1L of water w/1 mole of glucose
C. 1L of water w/1 mole of NaCl
What is the main function of food additives know as emulsifiers?
To stabilize water-in-oil or oil-in-water systems
List 3 methods to measure the molecular weight of polysaccharides.
Light scattering, NMR, gel electrophoresis, size-exclusion chromatography(SEC)
What is the term for a complete set of genetic material in an organism?
Genome
Which was the first civilization to make marshmallows?
Ancient Egypt
What is the toxin found in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum)?
Tomatine, Solanine
What is the color of carmine cochneal extract?
Red
What is the major color pigment in green leaves?
Chlorophyll
Name all seven Ben and Jerry's vegan frozen dessert flavors released in 2016 and 2017.
Chunky Monkey, Chocolate Fudge Brownie, Coffee Caramel Fudge, PB & Cookies, Cherry Garcia, Caramel Almond Brittle, and Coconut Seven Layer Bar
What is BHA's full name and purpose?
Butylated hydroxyanisole; used as an antioxidant to prevent rancidity in fats and oils
The irradiated product that most US consumers have eaten is what?
spices
Caramelization is an example of nonenzymatic browning.
True
In which year did USDA made HACCP mandatory for meat and poultry operations?
The USDA mandated HACCP programs for meat and poultry operations with the "Pathogen Reduction: Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Systems; Final Rule" in July 1996, requiring implementation by establishments by 1997-2000.
Messenger RNA is synthesized by what process?
Transcription
What is the toxin found in potatoes?
Solanine.
What causes greening of luncheon type meats?
Lactobacillus Viridescens.
What is the world's oldest and most common form of food preservation?
Drying
What is a batch pasteurizer and how does it work?
It helps to reduce the formation of cold spots
What are the health benefits attributed to inulin?
May lower blood cholesterol and glucose or serve as a food source for gut microflora.
What is the name of the Scandinavian dish that is composed of whitefish that has been dried and soaked in lye?
Lutefisk
Boston Butt and Ham are primal cuts of what meat?
Pork
Ketosis, the buildup of ketones in the blood, can be caused by dietary insufficiency of _________________.
carbohydrates
Where is 25 hydroxycholecalciferol hydroxylated to produce the active form of vitamin D?
kidney
What instrument is used to measure soluble solids in foods?
refractometer
What is the number one disease-related cause of death in the United States: A.Heart Disease, B.Lung Disease, C.cancer, or D.stroke?
A. Heart disease
Why would an aluminum can be preferred over a tinplate can for the packaging of a seafood such as crab meat?
Aluminum prevents the black iron sulfide that may form in tinplate cans
On average how much casein is in sheep’s milk?
4-5%
define kinetic viscosity.
ratio of absolute viscosity and density
What is the name of milk mildly caramelized by simmering in low heat?
Baked Milk
Flour bleaching targets what type of food pigment?
Carotenoids
What is the single most important phase of a sterile canning operation?
retorting
What is the scientific name of the most tender muscle in a beef carcass?
Psoas Major
Name the piece of milk processing equipment used to remove some bacteria and sediment originating from the cow's udder.
Clarifier
What happens to the physical properties of an egg when stored below -6°C?
The yolk viscosity rises irreversibly, giving it a gel-like consistency (this is called egg yolk freeze-thaw gelation)
Identify the two federal government publications you would use to find the most recent changes in FDA regulations.
Code of Federal Regulations, Federal Register
What is the general name of foods prepared following Jewish religious traditions?
Kosher Foods
State Hook's law.
F = -kx (k = spring constant, x = spring elongation, F = force)
Explain IR radiation.
it is transmitted as a wave and gets converted into heat when it impinges on the food surface
What is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that has been identified in free-ranging and captive mule deer, white tailed deer, and elk?
Chronic wasting disease
Beta-glucans have been identified w/beneficial and detrimental traits. Name a nutritional benefit and a processing detriment.
Reduces colon cancer, and causes viscosity and filtering problems in brewing
What processes are used to separate and isolate whey proteins from the lactose and minerals in whey?
Ultrafiltration and diafiltration
There are two kinds of food colorants, what are they?
1. Certified, synthetic, derived from petroleum-based sources and undergo batch testing; 2. Exempt from certification, do not undergo batch testing, derived from plants.
What percentage of US food sales are organic foods?
4-5%
What is the name of small tarts?
Tartlet
Name the author of the book 'What Einstein Told His Cook'.
Robert Wolke
What is the full form of R&D?
Research and Development
Who is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of IFT?
Christie Tarantino-Dean
Name the government organizations responsible for regulating seafood.
FDA, EPA, CDC
What are the 3 common forms that orange juice is found in?
Frozen concentrate, reconstituted liquid, single straight, unconcentrated *not from concentrate
Chocolate prevents dental caries.
True
Describe the pasteurization process.
product heated to desired temperature, product held at desired temperature for defined time (typically for 12D reduction), product cooling, and product handling/distribution under refrigeration
What are the stages of lipid oxidation:
(1) Initiation (2) Propagation (3) Termination
The third most abundant element in the earth's crust is used to make this packaging material.
Aluminum
ESL dairy cow product means: A.estimated shelf life, B.extremely short-lived, or C.extended shelf life
C.extended shelf life
Why is absorbance generally used in spectroscopy experiments instead of transmittance?
Absorbance has a linear relationship with concentration based on Beer's Law; transmittance does not have a liner relationship w/ concentration
Proteins missing in essential amino acids are called?
Incomplete proteins
What is the term for farming and grazing practices that, among other benefits, reverse climate change by rebuilding soil organic matter and restoring degraded soil biodiversity resulting in carbon drawdown and improving the water cycle?
Regenerative Agriculture
What is the unfermented beer called?
Wort
With respect to spectrometric analytical techniques, what does SIMS stand for?
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
What is the strongest biochemical bond?
Covalent
What is the latin name for deer?
Cervus
A polypeptide antibiotic produced by some Lactococcus lactis strains is called what?
Nisin
The safety of seafood is influenced by the presence of the biologically active amine, histamine. How is it formed?
It is formed in spoiling fish by decarboxylation of the amino acid histidine
What is the term used to describe the least energy capable of producing a sensation?
Absolute threshold
Name the 2 main types of secondary structures of proteins.
Alpha-helix and beta-sheet
What is microencapsulation?
a process in which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a coating to give small capsules.
What is the product of a reverse transcriptase?
cDNA
Is apple juice sweeter when it is colder?
No
How can protein quality of plant-based meals be improved?
By combining different plant protein sources in a meal
What is the artificial color number for Sunset Yellow?
FD&C Yellow No.6
What popular pesticide was banned in 1972 due to its negative effects on humans and birds?
DDT
What is the name given to the pasteurized milk product which has been concentrated and brought to approximately 63% sugar/solids?
Sweetened condensed milk
You have a solution with a concentration of 2 mg/L. Please convert this concentration to ug/L, ng/mL, and ug/g
2000 ug/L, 2000 ng/mL and 2 ug/g
Name the first synthetic packaging material used as a food wrapper and how it is derived.
Cellophane. Chemically derived from cellulose fiber (wood).
What additive can be legally used to restore the color of fresh meat?
none
In microbiology, what does the index IMViC stand for?
Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer test, and Citrate test
What is an intermediate moisture food?
contains 10-50% water with an Aw of 0.60 - 0.90
The name for a mixture of fat and flour that is used to thicken sauces?
Roux
Name in microbial reduction process for spices and seasonings.
Answer: irradiation
What is the term for electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of charged particles in matter?
thermal radiation
What is the common name for the pelt removal process during sheep slaughter?
flaying or pelting or fisting
β-D-galactosidase is added to dairy products for what 3 reasons?
Prevents sandiness in ice cream; makes ice cream more scoopable, and enables people with lactose intolerance to consume dairy
California produces more wine than Italy.
False
What action did the FDA take regarding raw milk's interstate shipment?
They banned interstate shipment of final package form for human consumption.
Top graded red and white wine
Judgement of Paris
From the inside to the outside, list the components of the four layers found in the "tin" can.
Enamel (inside), Tin, Tin-iron alloy, Steel (outside)
What is 30% of 180 bushels?
54 bushels
Name the orange coloring agent or dye allowed in the production of oranges? What is the food dye allowed to dye the skin of oranges?
Citrus Red 2
What are the 2 component proteins of gluten?
Glutenin and gliadin
Name 3 types of heat treatment during food processing and what is their purpose
blanching (inactivates enzymes), pasteurization (kill pathogenic bacteria), and sterilization (kill all bacteria and other organisms)
The equation which relates electrochemical cell potentials to the concentrations of the oxidation/reduction reactants, is called what?
The Nernst Equation
What does DHHS stand for?
Department of Health and Human Services
Categorize the following breads as being made with enriched or lean dough: Baguette, Brioche, Babka, Challah, Ciabatta, Pita
Enriched: Brioche, Babka, Challah Lean: Baguette, Ciabatta, Pita
What milk product did the U.S. Agriculture Department propose as a substitute for meat in school lunches in 1996?
Yogurt
What is the most commonly used gas in MAP of cured meat products?
Carbon dioxide and Nitrogen
Why must be the pH of the custard neutral during heating?
Protect the egg protein from aggregation
What US federal agency is responsible for the safety of drinking water?
EPA
In what year was the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt?
1906
How does high sugar content in foods affect the drying process?
High sugar content causes foods to dry slower, as sugar attracts water
Name the enzyme used to remove O2 from the headspace of canned or bottled products.
Glucose oxidase
When a product contains dairy as an ingredient, what needs to be mentioned on the label?
Allergen warning
Give the full names of the following federal agencies that have jurisdiction over the food industry: USDA, FSIS, NMFS, EPA, FTC, OSHA, NIST, BATF.
USDA-United States Department of Agriculture; FSIS-Food Safety Inspection Service; NMFS-National Marine Fisheries Service; EPA-Environmental Protection Agency; FTC-Federal Trade Commission; OSHA-Occupational Safety & Health Administration; NIST-National Institute of Standards and Technology; BATF-Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
What is food dehydration?
A unit operation in which water activity of a food is lowered by removal of nearly all the water normally present through vaporization and or sublimation. A process of thermally removing volatile substances (moisture) to yield a solid product. One of the oldest and most common unit operations found in diverse process.
List four kinds of food deterioration.
Microbial, insect & rodent, chemical, enzymatic.
What is Furfural?
Off-flavor compound associated w/ascorbic acid browning
What toxin-producing Gram-positive cocci can cause illness within 30 minutes of eating contaminated food?
Staphylococcus aureus
Potato botanical name?
Solanum tuberosum [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]
Ceylon is a tea variety from which country?
Sri Lanka
Absorbtivity is a proportionality constant dependent on: A. molecular properties of species, B. Wavelength, C. Chemical Environment, or D. All of the above?
D. All of the Above
What is the name of the Korean dish that uses raw ground beef?
Yukhoe
What does PLA stand for?
Polylactic Acid
Which vitamin provides the cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase?
Thiamine
Are there any negative changes caused by Refrigeration?
There are some changes that are not beneficial: - Vitamin degradation takes place. - Some Fruits and Vegetables cannot be stored at refrigerated storage temperatures due to the optimal storage conditions for these items being higher than refrigerated temperature.
Give the genus and species of the microorganism used in the fermentation of tequila.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
In the sugar refining process, what is the function of earth and charcoal?
Decolorize.
What is the geographic divide between Elgin and Western Butter?
Rocky Mountains
What are the major connective tissues of proteins of meat?
Collagen and elastin
What is the genus and species of the pumpkin commonly used in pumpkin pie filling?
Cucurbita moschata
A Mojonnier flask is generally used for what?
Extraction of fat (normally from milk)
What is the name of a sweet, dark liquor made from blackcurrants?
Cassis or crème de cassis
What are two measures of dispersion?
Range, standard deviation, variance, interquartile range
Name a variety cut of meat.
Liver, Kidney, Heart, Thymus, Brain
Smoke point comparisons of oils: canola, grapeseed, sunflower, safflower, olive
Safflower (510), Canola (460), Sunflower (450), Grapeseed (420), Olive (410)
Name three pumpkin cultivars.
Connecticut Field, Howden, Jack O' Lantern, Baby Boo, Jack Be Little, Small Sugar, Triple Treat
What enzyme hydrolyzes raffinose and what are the hydrolysis products?
α-galactosidase, galactose and sucrose
Which hormones increase appetite?
Ghrelin (Leptin suppresses it)
Poultry breast is classified as what type of meat?
White Meat
What is Just noticeable difference (JND) in frozen foods?
Just noticeable difference (JND): defined as the length of time for a panel of human subjects to distinguish the product being evaluated from the same product held at a reference temperature (typically -35º C).
What is the primary microorganism used for leavening of bakery products?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
What is the name of naturally occurring antimicrobial system in milk consisting of 3 components, 2 of which are thiocyanate and hydrogen peroxide?
Lactoperoxidase system (LP-System)
Dielectric heating is also called what, and why?
volumetric heating, and because heat is generated throughout the food volume
What is mechanical vapor recompression?
Use compressor to increase pressure of vapor to increase energy efficiency. Mechanical energy supplies via a compressor or fan compresses the process vapor to a higher pressure (and condensing temperature) where it is reused as the heating steam
What is the name of the pasta that translates to "little tongues"?
Linguines
What milk protein is present in cheese?
Caesin
What two organizations developed the marion blackberry (or marionberry)?
USDA-ARS and Oregon State University
what is the color of typical Salmonella colony on EMB agar?
Colorless
What stimulant solution is used in place of fat to establish extraction limits for food films?
Stimulant D2 (vegetable oil with a specified fatty acid distribution)
Give the 7 steps of HACCP
1. perform hazard analysis, 2. decide on the critical control points, 3. set critical limits, 4. establish monitoring procedures, 5. establish corrective actions, 6. establish verification procedures, 7. establish a record keeping system
What do the following microbiological acronyms mean? REA, MPN, SPC
REA: , MPN: Most Probable Number, SPC: Standard Plate Count
Name three spinach cultivars.
Bloomsdale, Melody, Space, Tyee
What are plastic milk jugs mostly made out of?
HDPE
Identify the name of this sensory test: five samples are presented and panelists are instructed that two are of one kind and three are of another. The panelists are then asked to identify the two different samples.
Two out of five test
Wheat flour is characterized by a relatively high concentration of what two protein classes?
Prolamines and glutelins.
Due to its high amounts of potassium, noni berry is not advised to be consumed by which individuals?
Kidney issues
What is the first type of descriptive analysis test used in food sensory science?
Flavor profiling
In intelligent packaging, what is TTI?
Time temperature indicator
Why does phosphate salt add to cured beans?
Promote water tension, juiciness of texture.
In apple juice, titratable acidity should be reported as which acid equivalent?
Malic acid
What is the artificial color number for Brilliant Blue?
FD&C Blue No.1
Which food group has the most nitrates?
Vegetables
Which of the following is NOT part of a can's double seam? a. cover hook; b. body hook; c. overlap; d. cover slip
d. cover slip
Onion botanical name?
Allium cepa
What are the pre-fixes for million, billion, and trillion?
Mega, Giga, Tera (10^6, 10^9, 10^12)
What does HEPA stand for?
High Efficiency Particulate Air (filter)
What is the name of a vitamin B2 deficiency?
Ariboflavinosis
In high pressure processing, the pressure is of the order of which of the four?
1000 atm
Give 5 examples of pasta types.
Long, Short, Filled, Minute, Pasta all'uovo, Pasta al forno, Fresh Pasta
What is starch retrogradation?
Realignment (crystallization) of the amylose and amylopectin to form crystalline regions, leading to firmness or staling
Why add K(ALSO4)2 to a pickle mix?
To keep the pickles firm (the AL3+acts as a cross linker between pectin polymers)
What does “GRAS” stand for?
generally recognized as safe
If you had 10 ml of Kool-Aid with 10% sucrose, how much water should you add to make the drink 0.1% sucrose?
990 ml water
Can Clostridium botulinum grow at 0°F?
No
What is the mortality rate of Clostridium botulinum if ingested?
Approximately 70 percent.
What is a TTC test? What is it used for?
2,3,5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride test, used for detection of antibiotics in milk
Media and what they are used for: MYP, BHI, XLD
MYP (mannitol egg yolk polymyxin): bacillus cereus BHI (Brain heart infusion): listeria XLD (xylose lisine deoxycholate): salmonella
Which vitamin needs an intrinsic co-factor?
Cobalamin (B12)
The equation which relates electrochemical cell potentials to the concentrations of the oxidation/reduction reactants, is called what?
The Nernst Equation
What is the name that is associated with the 1889 discovery of the temperature dependence of reaction rates?
Arrhenius
In fermentation by lactic acid bacteria, which enzyme is important for the hydrolysis of lactose into galactose and glucose?
β-galactosidase/ lactase
Promortion of which food product in Africa won 2016 world food prize?
Orange fleshed sweet potato
In baking, what does baking a pastry blind mean?
Baking the pastry without a filling
What is the main aroma compound found in banana oil?
Isopentyl acetate
Name 3 nonpolar, 3 polar and 3 charged amino acids.
Nonpolar: Valine, Alanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline. Polar: Glycine, Serine, Cystein, Threonine, Tyrosine. Charged: Lysine, Arginine, Histidine, Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid
Fully developed turbulent flow of fluid in a pipe is achieved when the Reynolds number is greater than ______?
10000
The USDA Meat Inspection Act was signed into law by this president.
Theodore Roosevelt
Name types of drying.
1) Air convection 2) Drum or roller driers 3) Vacuum driers.
What does antisense refers to?
The antisense strand is a DNA strand that is non-coding and serves as a template for the production of messenger RNA (mRNA). It is also known as the template strand.
According to the standard of identity, margarine must contain how much fat?
0.8
Name the non-sporforming Gram positive bacterium that is most resistant to irradiation.
Deinococcus radiodurans
Name five functions of eggs in food systems.
Binder, emulsifier, foaming/leavening agent, gel, thickening agent, Adhesion, Aeration, Browning/Color, Clarification, Coagulation, Coating, Emulsification, Flavor, Fortification, Humectancy, Leavening, Richness, Tenderization / Texture, Whipping
What is the pastry that was the precursor to croissants, from Hungary?
Kifli
What is the name of mexican flatbread made from masa harina?
Tortilla
In meat processing, what does the acronym STPP stand for and what is its primary function?
Sodium Tripolyphosphate - increases yields - increases pH --> more water holding capacity of meat proteins
Name two conditions under which yeasts and molds will outcompete most bacteria.
low Aw (0.6-0.7) and pH <4 or >9
What two reasons classify fish as tender meat?
Less connective tissue and they convert to gelatin after cooking
What is the name for the absolute temp. scale in the English sytem?
Rankine
Name 2 ways yeast divide.
Budding (a special kind of mitosis) and Meiosis
Which area of the US prefers brown shell eggs?
New England
Give two methods by which aseptic packages are commercially sterilized.
H2O2 rinse, steam, dry heat.
In the 2022 Food Code by FDA what term is used for the cleaning and sanitizing of utensils and food-contact surfaces of equipment.
Warewashing.
What restaurant chain popularized the short spelling version of doughnuts?
Dunkin Donuts
What is the temperature the air needs to be cooled to (at constant pressure) in order to achieve a relative humidity (RH) of 100%?
dew-point
Name three Kumquat cultivars.
Nagami, Meiwa, Nordmann, Hong Kong, Malayan
What does cAMP stand for in biotechnology?
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Why do the crystals in lard readily transform to the coarse beta form?
The homogeneity of the crystals causes them to associate in large crystals and transform
What is a dielectric material and give an example?
dielectric materials are an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field. examples include: porcelain/ceramic, mica, glass, plastics, various metal oxides
What do the initials A.S.T.M. stand for?
American Society for Testing and Materials
What does GMP stand for and why does it exist?
Good Manufacturing Practice, to make food products sanitary
What does USDA stand for?
United States Department of Agriculture
What is the fully fermented cabbage called?
Sauerkraut
What does the microscopic technique 'CLSM' stand for?
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
What are the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures?
Primary - amino acid sequence. Secondary - alpha-helix, beta sheet. Tertiary - one complete protein chain with cross bonds linking it together. Quaternary - four separate protein chains assembled as one.
Name the five different modes of chromatography.
Adsorption; Partition; Size exclusion/gel permeation/gel filtration/molecular sieve; Ion exchange; Affinity. PAISA.
What does HACCP stand for?
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
What cooking method uses a high radiant heat source from the top?
Broiling
In a water molecule, what are the H-bond acceptor sites?
Unshared oxygen electrons
Pacific salmon contains what genus?
Oncorhynchus
What french pastry is made from merengue, sugar, almond meal, and food coloring?
Macaron
What does JIT stand for?
Just in Time
Name 2 major types of seafood intoxications.
ciguatera poisoning, scromboid fish poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning
What does somebody have to do to keep the rights to their trademark?
Use it
Name the fifth French mother sauce that Chef Auguste Escoffier added in the 20th century?
Hollandaise
Which refrigerant is the trademark for a family of fluorocarbons manufactured by DuPont and commonly used as refrigerants, solvents, and in other applications.
Freon
Packaging materials are classified as what?
Food Additives (indirect)
Name two heterofermenters?
Lb. casei, Bifidobacterium breve, Lb. fermentum, Bacillus infantis, Lb. plantarum, Bacillus longum, Lb. rhamnosus, Bacillus thermophilum, Lb. salivarius, Leuconostoc.
Name the three genera of lactic acid producing bacteria important in fermented dairy products?
Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, and Leuconostoc
Muscle tissue is often allowed to stand post-rigor at refrigerated temps to yield a more tender meat. What is this process called?
Aging or conditioning of the meat
Define viscosity.
The state of being thick, sticky and semifluid due to internal friction. measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress
What are two types of enzymatic spoilage caused by Pseudomonas fluorescens refrigerated foods?
proteolysis and lipolysis
How long can eggs be stored under appropriate conditions?
3- 5 weeks or sell by date
What is the can defect 'panneling' caused by?
Excessive external pressure during cooling compared to internal can pressure, resulting in permanent deformation.
What are the organic chemicals, other than essential amino acids and fatty acids, that must be supplied to an animal in small amounts to maintain health?
Vitamins
Which federal publication would you consult for recent changes in FDA regulations?
Federal Register
With which of the following cooking methods would you obtain the greatest non-enzymatic browning: braising, grilling, or stewing?
Braising
In 2001, what city's mayor proclaimed the week of June 23rd to 27th as the national food science and technology week due to the annual IFT Food expo that occured that weekend?
New Orleans
Scotch bonnet, habanero botanical name?
Capsicum chinense [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]
What sugar is the chief sweetener in natural maple syrup?
Sucrose
What is the main components causing browning in bananas?
Enzyme (PPO) and phenols
At what pH is benzoic acid most effective?
pH 4.5-5
What does EPA (fatty acid) stand for?
Eicosapentaenoic Acid
Why are linoleic and linolenic acid considered essential fatty acids?
They are omega 3 fatty acids taken through diet, because they cannot be synthesized by humans (N six and N three fatty acids cannot be synthesized in vivo)
When the coordination number decreases during the transition from water to ice, what happens to the density?
Density decreases
Time in minutes for one log reduction?
D-value.
How much volume of 37% HCl (the commercial product) is required to make a litre of 1 M HCl with DI water?
82 ml (80-85 ml acceptable)
Name 4 colligative properties of water.
Freezing point, boiling point, vapor pressure, osmotic pressure; properties that depend on the number of solute molecules in water.
Who regulates alcohol in US?
TTB (Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau)
What is the most commercially significant form of uncooked ham sold in the United States?
country hams (or country shoulder)
Is glass a crystalline or non-crystalline structure?
Non-crystalline (amorphous)
What compound in chicken feed can lead to arsenic in chicken?
Roxarsone
What are the four fat-soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
For muscle foods, as cooking time and end-point temperature increases, what happens to % cooking losses?
They increase
What are the units of a Reynold's number?
It has no units/ it is dimensionless
What is "unsaponifiable matter"?
Fat soluble matter remaining after saponification
What is reverse osmosis?
Reverse osmosis is a process that removes foreign contaminants, solid substances, large molecules and minerals from water by using pressure to push it through specialized membranes. It is a water purification system used to improve water for drinking, cooking and other important uses.
What protein is used as a reference to measure the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Ratio?
Casein
What actions can FDA take against companies or individuals who market adulterated or misbranded cosmetics
FDA can pursue action through the Department of Justice in the federal court system, request a federal district court to issue a restraining order, may be subject to seizure or crimal action
What is the refrigerator (36-40 F) storage limit for maximum quality of bacon? A.2 weeks, B.2 months, C.1 week, or D.10 days?
C. 1 week
Passage of the food drug and cosmetic act of 1938 was motivated by
The tipping point came in 1937, when an untested pharmaceutical killed scores of patients, including many children, as soon as it went on the market.
What is a food intoxication?
An intoxication results when a person eats food containing toxins that cause illness
What are some of the factors that affect the dielectric properties of foods?
frequencies, food composition, moisture content, product temperature, physical state of water in the food, fat content, and product density
Name the two synthetic antioxidants and two natural antioxidants.
Synthetic: BHA, BHT, PG, TBHQ; Natural: alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, ferulic acid, sesamol
What additional ingredient in pastry allows for a crumbly/flaky texture?
Shortening, Fat
What is the chemical nomenclature for caffeine?
1,3,7-trimethylxanthine
What is the name of the scale that was developed in 1912 to measure the "hotness" of peppers? What is the unit used to measure the hotness in peppers?
Scoville scale
What is the predominant character compound in banana oil?
Isoamyl acetate
Which enzyme is found in saliva and promotes the digestion of the breakdown of starch in the mouth?
Amylase
What toxin causes acute liver damage?
Aflatoxin
Name the 2 types of milling used for corn.
Dry and wet
What's the equation for Planck-Einstein relation with respect to radiation?
E = h * (nu)
What is the chemical nature of anthocyanins?
Glycosides of anthocyanidins
What are the only two perennial vegetables?
Rhubarb and asparagus
Name five of the 17 categories of college level questions and we are requiring exact wording.
1. Alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages 2. Biotechnology 3. Carbohydrates, cereal and grain products 4. Culinology and baking 5. Dairy products 6. Food analysis and quality assurance 7. Food Chemistry 8. Food history and trivia 9. Food laws and regulations 10. Food packaging 11. Food processing and engineering 12. Food safety toxicology and microbiology 13. Fruit, and vegetable products 14. IFT knowledge 15. Meat, fish, poultry and egg products 16. Nutrition 17. Sensory and Consumer Science.
What is a blood condition characterized by a decreased number of circulating RBCs, hemoglobin, or both?
Anemia
What is sensory adaptation?
A decrease in or change in sensitivity to a given stimulus as a result of continued exposure to that stimulus or a similar one
Give an example of fats/oils classed as Oleic-Linoleic Acid fats.
Peanut, sunflower, safflower, olive, sesame, soybean
Define endotoxin.
Endotoxin is a complex lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a toxic substance found in the outer membrane of most gram-negative bacteria
A positive catalase test shows the formation of _______ when hydrogen peroxide is added.
Effervescence due to the in vitro Oxygen production
What is the purpose of corrugations or ripples?
Used to increase the surface area, causes turbulence which causes the boundary film of lower thickness on the solid surface, heat transfer coefficient is increased
What microorganism does Baird-Parker agar select for?
Baird-Parker= Staphylococcus aureus
What is the term given to the process of kneading and aerating melting masses of chocolate to develop smoothness, viscosity, and flavor?
Conching
Describe the flow direction of water across a cell membrane in an isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solution.
Isotonic: no net flow (equilibrium); Hypotonic: water flows into the cell; Hypertonic: water flows out of the cell
How does Refrigeration affect microbial growth and food quality?
#NAME?
Mad cow disease is caused by?
Prions
The undesirable clarification of orange juice or tomato juice (precipitation of pulp) is caused by what enzymes?
Pectin methyl esterase or galacturonase
State the 1-letter abbreviations for the following amino acids: Arginine, Asparagine, Alanine, Aspartic Acid, and Phenylalanine
Arginine=R; Asparagine=N;Alanine=A;Aspartic Acid=D;Phenylalanine=F
Beta cyclodextrin is a cyclic malto oligo saccharide that forms inclusion complexes with various organic compounds. How many glucose units comprise one molecule of beta cyclodextrin?
Seven
What 3 things are removed from milk during the clarification step?
Somatic cells, dirt, some microbes
A non-substrate molecule binds to an enzyme, which enables it to bind to a substrate it previously could not. What likely is that molecule? A. Non-competitive inhibitor B. Competitive inhibitor C. Uncompetitive inhibitor D. Activator
D. Activator
According to the guidelines for the 1990 Nutrition Labelling and Education Act product label, which vitamins and minerals must be listed?
Calcium, Iron, Vitamin A and Vitamin C
The forequarter of lamb has what additional muscle compared to the other cuts?
Connective Tissue
Name of the continent of origin for the following fruit: Watermelon, raspberry, blueberry, kiwi, guava
Watermelon: Africa, kiwi: Asia, raspberry: Europe/North America, guava: South America, blueberry: Europe/North America. Raspberry and blueberry both originate from Europe and North America, with different species naturally occurring in both continents.
What law of filtration rate to change in presse drop across a filter bed?
Dary's law
Please define water activity.
The ratio between the vapor pressure of the food itself and the vapor pressure of distilled water under identical conditions. It indicates the availability of water for microbial growth and chemical reactions.
The descriptor "free" has been defined by NLEA (listed above in order) with restrictions on specific nutrients. What are the restrictions of the following: calories, sodium, fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sugar?
< 5 cal, < 5 mg Na, <0.5 g fat, <0.5 g sat. fat, < 2 mg cholesterol, <0.5 g sugar
The 8 Regions of IFT:
(1) southeast (2) central atlantic (3) north atlantic (4) midwest (5) north central (6) south central (7) pacific NW (8) pacific SW
Name three detectors used in HPLC.
UV-Vis, Refractive Index Detector, Fluorescence Detector
What year is food drugs and cosmetic act?
1938
What term describes the difference between the absorption and desorption isotherms?
Hysteresis
Solid canned foods are heated by...
Conduction
What are the products of corn wet milling process?
Protein, starch , oil and fiber
Discuss the principle of HTST processing and why it is used.
By heating food at a high temperature and short time, many desirable nutrients and sensory components can be retained but many undesirable microorganisms and enzymes can be destroyed. It is based on the principle of different z values for vitamins and bacteria
Yeast and mold are both fungi (True/false)
True
Name four additives that are legal for use in making cheese.
Rennet, annatto, calcium chloride, and starter culture
What percent of the world eats with their hands, eats with two sticks, and eats with utensils?
70%, 20%, 10%
Which amino acid lies at the 105th position on kappa casein, which is the cleavage point for chymosin during renneting?
Phenylalanine
By volume, what is the most consumed dairy product around the world?
Milk
What enzyme is responsible for making methanol in wine production?
Pectin methyl esterase, pectinase
(True/false) The enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus can withstand boiling
True
What is the term that describes polymeric crosslinking that entraps the solvents between junction zones?
Gelation
What polysacc from crustacean shells help lower cholesterol level?
chitosan which is produced by deacetylating chitin
The Lane-Eynon method is a titration that measures what in a food sample?
Reducing sugars
What is the ratio of internal to external resistance?
Biot number
What does a sling psychrometer do?
Determines the ratio of wet bulb temperature and dry bulb temperature to get the relative humidity
What is the purpose of having a back pressure device for the hold tube?
to prevent flashing or boiling
Which alkaloid compound is an anti-malarial agent and is the standard for bitter taste sensation?
Quinine
Give three examples of classes of foods which are low acid.
Meats, seafood, vegetables (except tomatoes), some fruits.
What is the processing involving heat for cocoa beans to brew?
Roast
At what temperature is sugar syrup considered to be in a soft, cracked stage?
270-290°F
Shortening is defined as any ______ used in baked products.
Fat or oil
Taq polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase I named after the thermophilic eubacterial microorganism _____________
Thermus aquaticus
At what temperature are bacterial spores destroyed?
250 F
If you take a vitamin/mineral supplement every morning and exceed your RDA, what would help determine if you are consuming too much of a nutrient?
Tolerable upper limit
What two enzymes degrade pectic substances?
Pectin methylesterase & polygalacturonase
What are Halophilic bacteria?
Love Salt.
What is the name of the Indian variant of clotted cream, sometimes made with Buffalo milk?
Malai
Peppercorns and bay leaf are commonly used spices that give which beef product its distinctive flavor?
corned beef
Describe the chemical that causes burning eyes when chopping onions.
Propanethial S-oxide
What is the common name for acetylsalicylic acid?
Aspirin
What is the predominant meat that PSE occurs in?
Pork (you could argue Turkey)
A ribbon blender is preferred over a propeller-type agitator when mixing which types of ingredients?
low speed= cake dough mixing; high speed= dissolving solid ingredients into a liquid component.
Which is the most bioavailable precursor to vitamin A?
beta carotene
How much fruit juice is found in a juice beverage?
10% fruit juice, source: 21 CFR § 102.33
Someone has suggested that you use sucrose in your confectionary product where Maillard browning is desireable, will this cause a problem?
Yes, because sucrose is a non-reducing sugar
Buffalo milk is what % of fat: A.20%, B.5%, C.8%, or D.who drinks buffalo milk?
C. 8% fat
What causes the yellow-green pigment of skim milk and whey?
Riboflavin
Name the active compounds in Monkfruit extract responsible for its sweetness.
Mogrosides, specifically mogroside V.
What are the common adjuncts added to beer?
Oats, Wheat, Corn, Rice, fruits, honey, spices.
Why is scale important? What is scale up?
This is very important for having to feed over a million people. A scale up is increasing the production from a benchtop to a pilot plant scale to an industrial scale. This has a big effect on mass production including the overall cost (reduction) and quality control
Polymorphic forms of lipids in chocolate?
5
What is 'margarine disease' (AKA Planta Disease)?
Allergic reaction to the emulsifier 'ME18', which is added to margarine to keep fat from spattering during frying.
What state designated Jell-O as its "state snack food" in 2001?
Utah
a rapid pH drop in post-mortem pork causes decreased water binding by muscle tissue. What is this condition called?
PSE: Pale, Soft, exudative
How many hydrogen atoms benzene has?
6
What are the chemical classes in the carotenoid compounds?
Xanthophylls (which contain oxygen) and carotenes (which are purely hydrocarbons and contain no oxygen)
What is angular acceleration?
The change in angular velocity divided by the change in time
Describe the process of forming an hermetic seal.
the can end and body are interlocked during two rolling actions, first action curls the edge of the can end up and under the flange of the can body, and the second action roll flattens and tightens the seam
What food ingredients is glycinin and conglycinin the main proteins in?
Soy protein
Which organisms commonly grow in tomato juice blends that are not acidified?
Bacillus coagulans.
what is the purpose of using a rotary retort for canned soup?
the rotation causes currents in the liquid, which causes more efficient heating during retort.
The phase transition directly from the solid state to the gaseous state that occurs during freezing drying is called what?
Sublimation
What characteristic acid is formed during Swiss cheese fermentation?
Propionic Acid
Name one of the two truly crogenic freezing media used in freezing fruits and vegetables.
Liquid nitrogen or dry ice
what is the common metric unit for force?
force= Newton
A minimum of how many days is required for aging beef?
10 days
What are the fructose contents in commercial HFCS products?
42% and 55% (HFCS-42 & HFCS-55)
At the end of her "French Chef" show, Julia Child always says ...
Bon appetit
What are the effects of drying on flavor?
heat treatment reduce volatiles, introduces additional compounds, mechanisms (evap, autoxidation fatty acids, thermal decomp, maillard reactions, inactivation volatile forming enzymes) factors: temp moisture content, vapor pressure volatiles, solubility volatiles in water, open pore structure of food)
In high pressure processing, the pressure is of the order of which?
1000 atm.
What is thermal vapor recompression?
As a way to reduce energy consumption a thermocompressor which uses high pressure steam as a motive fluid is added to a typical steam heated evaporator. The motive steam at approximately 150 psig enters the thermocompressor and expands as it passes through a diffuser=
Which fruit/ vegetable is known as gator legs?
avocado
What kind of microorganism can survive MAP (Modified Atmosphere Packaging)?
Facultative anaerobes
What are the two types of bloom in chocolate?
Sugar bloom and fat bloom
What can be considered the original puffed cereal?
Popcorn
Give three reasons for adding starch to food.
coating and glazing agent, thickening agent, colloidal stabilizer, moisture retention, gel forming, binding
What by-product of the brewing industry is used in baking?
Yeast
Excessive amounts of nitrite in meat cures may result in a green pigment. What is this often referred to as?
nitrite burn
What is the definition of a functional food?
Foods that provide health benefits beyond their nutrient contributions
What plant lipid is normally a solid at room temperature?
Cocoa butter
What elements does glutathione transferase require?
selenium
What end product does the Voges-Proskauer test detect?
Acetoin
What is Carboxy-methyl cellulose often used for?
Thickener in foods
What is Z value?
Z value is the increase in temperature needed for obtaining the 1 log reduction in TDT. Larger z value implies more resistant microbes.
What are the real names of the Pillsbury Dough Boy and his family members?
The dough boy: Poppin' fresh; Poppie Fresh, was released, followed by Granmommer and Granpopper, Uncle Rollie, a son (Popper), daughter (Bun-Bun) and Flapjack and Biscuit (the Fresh family’s dog and cat) in the years that followed.
Passed by Congress in 1990, the Waxman bill will bring important changes to the food industry. What is the Waxman Bill better known as?
The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990
Sodium bicarbonate, Potassium bicarbonate, and GDL are examples of what compounds?
Leavening agents
Name three gums that are extrudates of trees.
Karaya, Ghatti, Arabic
What is the name for Italian soup with meatballs?
Italian wedding soup
What is the initiation step in crystal formation?
Nucleation
How many times per year is the newsletter of the Institute of Food Technologists Student Association published?
3
Beta cyclodextrin is a cyclic malto oligo saccharide that forms inclusion complexes with various organic compounds. How many glucose units comprise one molecule of beta cyclodextrin?
Seven
What is the effect of pH and temperature on the Maillard reaction?
High temperature and high pH increase the reaction rate.
The compound responsible for the characteristic buttery flavor of fermented dairy foods is what?
Diacetyl
Meringue is not supposed to be mixed in a bowl made of what type of metal and why?
Copper, because it combines with proteins and is difficult to work with.
What is the name for a tall chef’s hat?
Toque
An oil in water emulsion is best achieved with an emulsifier having a low HLB value.
False
What are the 2 parameters describing supercritical fluid?
temperature and pressure
what is the collective term for a group of chickens?
a brood or flock or chicks
How many Calories are in 5 g fat, 10 g sugar and 5 g protein?
45, 40, 20
What is the exact address of IFT headquarters?
525 W. Van Buren, Ste 1000, Chicago, IL 60607.
What does the acronym CFU stand for?
Colony Forming Units
what is the term for an ingredient that is added during processing that is later, during shipping, handling, and storage is altered, removed, or diminished?
a processing aid
Which of the following fats has the highest percent of mono unsaturated fat: Lard, canola oil, or olive oil?
Olive oil
What is the only meat cut rich in vitamin A?
Liver
What is the hottest pepper currently known to man? It comes in at more than 1 million scoville units.
The hottest pepper currently known is Pepper X, with a rating of 2,693,000 Scoville Heat Units (SHU), according to Guinness World Records
What is the common name for a 10 carbon saturated fatty acid?
Capric
Name the polyol that is found in triglycerides.
Glycerol
Edam was popuplar from the 14th century to 18th century due to its resistence of what quality?
Spoilage
Grape botanical name?
Vitis vinifera
Describe the TDT curve, what are the axes, the slope?
The x axis is temperature and the y axis is thermal death time. Z value = 1/slope of thermal death time vs temperature
From the innermost to outermost side, arrange the tissue layers surrounding the lumen of the GI track: mucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
What is the amount of energy to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water from 14.5 C to 15.5 C?
1 Calorie
What classic method is commonly used to determine fat content in milk?
Babcock method, also Mojonnier
Name 5 spices that are in curry powder.
Cumin, cardamom, coriander, turmeric, mustard, cayenne
The hydrolysis of a specific bond in kappa casein (phe 105 - Met 106) results in what?
destabilization of the casein micelles (cheese curd formation)
What are enantiomers?
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures. They are mirror images of each other and refract light differently
Name one group regulating the seafood industry.
FDA
What is the term that describes food placed in a plastic pouch and then cooked for a long time in a water bath or steam at a low temperature?
Sous vide (poaching is different and at higher temperatures)
What is the name of the vitamin bound by avidin in raw egg white?
Biotin
Clostridium Botulinum
A bacteria found in foods that produces toxins that are harmful when consumed. Very heat resistant, won't grow in acidic foods
Cleave of K-casein by rennet gives which 2 peptides?
Para-kappa casein and glycomacropeptide
What common food preservative chemical destroys the vitamin activity and should not be used to preserve foods that are major sources of thiamin?
Sulfur Dioxide
What is the % sugar w/v of a solution with specific gravity of 1.06 and 15 brix?
15.9% (15*1.06)
What temps are needed for proper freezing and storage of meat: A.32 degrees F, B. 0 degrees C or lower, C.0 degrees F or lower, or D.5-20 degrees F?
C. 0 degrees F or lower.
What is the new address of IFT headquarters?
433 W Van Buren St, Suit 11-G, Chicago, Il-60607
How do refrigeration and freezing affect staling? a. both slow staling b. fridge slows staling, freezing aids staling c. fridge aids staling and freezing slows staling d. both aid staling
c. fridge aids staling, freezing slows staling
What vitamin deficiency causes Beriberi?
Thiamin (vitamin B1)
Why is BPA being removed from plastic?
It's an estrogen mimic that negatively influence sex in fish and other organisms
According to the standard of identity, what is the maximum fat content allowed in a frankfurter?
0.3
Plasmalogens are a unique group of phospholipids that occur in small amounts in muscle tissue and milk. The 1 position of glycerol is linked to a 16 or 18 carbon what functional group?
Aldehyde
Which phosphates are allowed in food?
Phosphoric acid, Sodium phosphates, Potassium phosphates, Calcium phosphates, Magnesium phosphates, Ammonium phosphates
Name 5 out of 10 parts of a knife.
Tang, butt, rivets, handle, heel, spine, tip, edge, bolster, point
Why is vitamin C usually not used for fortifying milk?
it is easily destroyed by pasteurization and normal storage; it is also against current standard of identity for milk
What sweetener has the same calorie content and sweetness as sucrose, but is non-cariogenic?
Xylitol
What part of the plant does ginger come from?
Rhizome, an underground stem
What is the main sugar found in milk?
Lactose
What is the favorite ice cream flavor in the US?
Vanilla
Name four grains that contain gluten.
Wheat, rye, barley, triticale
Give 2 ways to block production or reception of ethylene post harvest.
There are several anti-ethylene chemicals. Silver thiosulfate (STS) is used on flowers. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, trade name ReTain) blocks ethylene synthesis. It is applied preharvest. The fruit (plant) will not produce much ethylene, so there is not an ethylene response. The ethylene blocker 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP, trade name EthylBloc) blocks ethylene by binding to its receptor. It is applied postharvest. The fruit (plant) may still produce some ethylene, but there is no response to the ethylene.
Maltol and ethyl maltol are effective at sparing what common food ingredient?
Sugar
What type of heat energy is added or subtracted from a system resulting in a phase or state change, but no change in temperature?
Latent heat (energy)
To prevent the reoccurrence of staphylococcal food poisonings through spray-dried nonfat milk, the USDA incorporated DMCC levels as quality factor in the U.S. Standards for Grades of Nonfat Dry Milk. What does the acronym DMCC stand for?
Direct Microscopic Clump Count
Give an example of fats/oils classed as Oleic-Linoleic Acid fats.
Peanut, sunflower, safflower, olive, sesame, soybean
What is DFD meat?
Dark firm dry (DFD) meat is a type of meat characterized by its dark color, firmness, and dryness, resulting from stress before slaughter. a condition in meat where the meat's pH remains higher than normal, resulting in a dark color, firm texture, and dry consistency
What is the term used for Dulce de Leche in France, translating to milk jam?
Confiture de lait
Black bread, pumpernickel, and roggelcehn are examples of what types of bread?
Rye Bread
Which microorganisms produce endospores?
Bacillus and Salmonella.
What are papillae?
Papillae are the small bumps on the tongue; taste buds are within papillae.
Name the four base sauces set forth by Antonin Careme in the 19th century that is known as the French mother sauces.
Sauce Tomat, Béchamel, Velouté, and Espagnole
The sterilization value, also known as F sub zero describes what?
the integrated impact of time and temperature on the microbial population, expressed as time at the reference temperature, calculated by using the lethal rate times heating time
In plastic polymer packaging, what does the term "thermoplastic" refer to?
The ability of the plastic polymer to be melted repeatedly without any physical or chemical change.
For the sugar-free jellies, pectin used needs to have a degree of esterification of: A.99, B.67, C.55, or D.35?
D. 35
Who invented the first continuous centrifugal cream separator?
Carl Gustav De Laval in 1878
What defect in ice cream is caused by ice crystal formation?
Coarseness or sandiness
What animal cause the most human deaths?
Rats
What is the range of refrigerated temperature?
40°F (4°C) or below; the freezer at 0°F (-18°C).
Name 5 unit operations in the food industry.
Material handling, cleaning foods, cleaning equipment, separating, disintegrating, pumping, heat exchange, cooling, evaporating, drying, forming, controlling, packaging
what is the official name of the act that made sale, manufacture, and transport of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States?
Volsted Act
Who comprises the executive committee of the IFTSA?
Elected Officers (Voting), Area Meeting Chairs, Competitions Chairs
Name the three methods of producing a vacuum in cans.
Mechanical, thermal, or live steam injection
What is scalding used for in poultry processing?
To loosen the feathers
How many rads are in one gray?
100
What is the name of sauteed minced mushrooms and onions with herbs and spices?
Duxelles
Why shouldn't potatoes be stored at temperatures below 5°C?
Lower temps cause sugar accumulation, leading to browning when fried.
How does ATP become ADP?
By transferring its terminal phosphate group to an acceptor molecule.
What company owns the Ben and Jerry's brand?
Unilever
Low dose irradiation acts to preserve foods by: a. forming free radicals in foods; b. causing disintegration of bacteria; c. destroying enzymes in food; d. stopping rancidity
a. forming free radicals in foods
What are the six certified food color and their names?
Blue 1: Brilliant Blue Blue 2: Indigotine Green 3: Fast green Red 40: Allura red Yellow 5: Tartrazine Yellow 6: Sunset yellow
Name 2 approved bleaching agents used in flour production.
Cl2, NOCl, N2O4, benzyl peroxide, ClO2, NO2, lipogenase
What does PDA stand for?
Potato Dextrose Agar
What toxic element is commonly found in fish?
Mercury
What characteristic typifies a pome fruit, and name 2 examples?
has a compartmented core; apples, pears
Name two phospholipids found in eggs. What are the phospholipids in egg yolk?
Phosphatidyl choline (lecithin) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine
Name the company that patented Olestra.
Proctor and Gamble
Name three of the twelve or so ingredients used to make curry powder.
Cumin, turmeric, coriander, ginger, pepper, fennel, chili, mace, cloves, mustard, and others
In which year did belgian chemist ernest solvay patented his method for the industrial production of sodium carbonate?
1882
What is Utah's state snack?
Jell-o
In what year was the poultry products inspection act passed, and what did it do?
1957, made poultry inspection mandatory for any processor that ships products in interstate commerce
What type of flour has the highest protein content?
Semolina flour
Campbell made condensed soup first in what year?
1897
What do microaerophiles require for growth?
Some oxygen.
What does CAFO stand for?
concentrated animal feeding operation
What is the Westphal balance used to measure
Specific gravity
What are the three common cuts of ham?
Rump, Centre, Shank
Why is a rotating retort used for the thermal processing of canned soups?
The rotation causing mixing of the soup in the can and promotes even heating during the thermal processing
In plants, what amino acid is used to synthesize ethylene?
Methionine.
What is another name for carob gum?
Locust Bean Gum
What poisoning occurs when bacteria in fish decarboxylate histamine?
Scombroid poisoning
Which of the following oils would become rancid fastest? Canola, soybean, or olive
Soybean
More (for added nutrients)
10%+ of the RDI
Which test is used to check if the dough is properly kneaded or not? Describe it.
Window pane test (Take a small ball of the dough and stretch it into a square. Keep on stretching until it becomes a thin film in the middle without breaking. The dough must be thin enough to pass light through it. If it is obtained without any tear, then your dough is properly kneaded.)
With regard to can defects during thermal processing, what is buckling?
Permanent deformation of the can ends caused by excessive internal can pressure compared to external pressure during cooling; opposite of paneling.
What bacteria is added to Swiss cheese for eye formation?
Propionibacterium freudenreichii subspp. shermanii or Propionibacterium shermanii
What term refers to the measure of foreign material present in grain sample?
Dockage
What is the standardized method of brewing tea?
ISO 3103
What is the commercial source of starch?
Cereal grains
Give five types of RNA.
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, small nuclear RNA, regulatory RNA, ribozymes, double stranded RNA, signal recognition particle RNA, transfer messenger RNA
Spider cheese is made by fermenting quark with rye flour and what arthropod?
Cheese mites. Milbenkäse, called Mellnkase in the local dialect and often known as Spinnenkäse, is a German speciality cheese. It is made by flavouring balls of quark with caraway and salt, allowing them to dry, and then leaving them in a wooden box containing rye flour and cheese mites for about three months.
Which compound found in chocolate is toxic to dogs?
Theobromine
What is a Disc bowl centrifuge?
for sub-micron particles, designed to maximize the surface area for separation, thus providing the most cost effective separation solution, applications (fish, olive oil, breweries, wineries, jucies)
What is the % by weight of water in a watermelon?
0.92
In Canada, what is the minimum protein rating as a source of protein?
20
What is AAS and what is the principle of its use?
Atomic absorption spectroscopy; it is an analytical method for determination of elements based on absorption of radiation from a light source by the free atoms
Name and describe the component of pineapple that will make your mouth sore and give you a stomach ache if you eat too much of it.
Bromellin - a proteolytic enzyme
What cut of beef is the boneless section of rib meat?
Ribeye
What does PLA stand for?
Polylactic Acid
What is the best way to assure that meat is cooked to a temperature that will kill any bacteria that may be present?
Meat thermometer
why are sulfides prohibited from use in foods that are recognized sources of thiamin?
because sulfides destroy thiamin, which could lead to deficiencies
Name uses for the 3 types of caramel colors that are produced.
color for cola drinks, brewers color for beer, and bakers color to give brown, baked color
Potassium bicarbonate, ammonicum bicarbonate, and sodium bicarbonates are examples of what type of leavening agent?
Leavening Bases
When the Ponkin Iron Works made the original cans for "Appertizing" of food, what was the shape of the can?
Cylindrical
How many PKa(s) does ascorbic acid have?
2: one at 4.10 and another at 11.79
In the US, scampi refers to a dish usually prepared from shrimps. However, in UK, scampi is legally defined as which seafood species?
Lobster
Which of the following statements regarding the bovine growth hormone, or bovine somatotropin (bST), is true? More than one statement may be true. a) bST, when consumed by humans, is broken down into active fragments by normal human digestion b) bST is normally found in cow's milk, even if the cow is not administered additional bST. c) If injected into humans, bST is inactive and has no observable effect. d) Milk from cows treated with bST contains bST in amounts comparable to the upper limits of levels found in untreated cows.
All are true
Name the orange coloring agent or dye allowed in the production of oranges? What is the food dye allowed to dye the skin of oranges?
Citrus Red 2
What are the top 2 selling spices in the world?
Black pepper and cinnamon
Name three examples of crystalline candy.
Crystalline candies have a structure of a small crystal, are smooth, creamy, and easily chewed. Examples include fondants and fudge
BHA can be used as a preservative in meats. What does BHA stand for?
Butylated hydroxyanisole
What is PSS and PSE?
PSS - Porcine Stress Syndrome; PSE - Pale, Soft, Exudate.
According to the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance, what is the maximum number of microorganisms allowed in un-pooled raw, Grade A milk? What is the bacterial limit for non-commingled milk?
100,000 CFU/ml
In 1809, who preserved food by heating in hermetically sealed containers?
Nicholas Appert
Of the three types of product recalls, types I, II, and III, which one deals with critically hazardous products?
Class I
Brazil Nuts are rich in what mineral?
Selenium
The rotary pump and the reciprocating pump are both types of what kind of pump?
Positive displacement pump
What is the bacteria of greatest concern in home canned foods?
Botulism
Name two PUFA commonly in foods.
Linoleic, Linolenic
What organism is responsible for Q fever?
coxiella burnetii
A Meyer lemon is a cross between what two sister fruits?
Citron and Mandarin Pomelo hybrid
Which of the following vegetables can tolerate the highest atmospheric CO2 levels during storage? a) Broccoli b) Cauliflower c) Potatoes d) Lettuce
Broccoli
What external factors influence microbial growth during refrigeration?
#NAME?
What processing principle or technology is used to preserve the following foods: canned beef, potato chips, ketchup, and yogurt?
Canned beef: retort (heat sterilization) Potato chips: dehydration Ketchup: acid, heat sterilization/hot filling Yogurt: fermentation, low storage temperature.
What is the FDA's definition of "safe and suitable ingredients" for use in food products?
d) Safe and suitable means that the ingredient: (1) Performs an appropriate function in the food in which it is used. (2) Is used at a level no higher than necessary to achieve its intended purpose in that food. (3) Is not a food additive or color additive as defined in section 201 (s) or (t) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as used in that food, or is a food additive or color additive as so defined and is used in conformity with regulations established pursuant to section 409 or 721 of the act.
why is HFCS used for sweetening of cold but not hot drinks?
fructose is found either as pyranose or furanose; increasing the temp shifts the equilibrium toward the furanose form (which is less sweet)
What is the cause of the haze in beer?
The haze in beer is often caused by the interaction between proteins (from the malt) and polyphenols (from hops), especially when the beer hasn't been properly filtered or conditioned.
What is the collapse problem with freeze drying?
don't want to cross rubbery stage during freeze drying, otherwise the food will collapse
Name an official method of food analysis for fat determination.
Soxhlet, Mojonnier
What is the characteristic fruit flavor compound of cherry?
Benzaldehyde
Name 5 active compounds in Gouda cheese.
Diacetyl, 3-methylbutanal, methional, ethyl butyrate, acetic acid, 2-methylbutanal
Pre-market clearance for the use of pesticides is obtained from which government agency?
EPA
What are the three parts of a tenderloin?
Butt, Center Cut, Tail
What is the common name of 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine or methyl theobromine?
Caffeine
In statistics, when sample size is 30 or larger, the t-distribution approximates what distribution?
Z-distribution (Normal)
Which foodborne pathogen also causes necrotic enteritis in poultry and gas gangrene in humans?
Clostridium perfringens
True/False: a fresh egg has a high percentage of thick egg white next to the yolk and a small amount of thin egg white beyond the thick white.
True
What kinds of food emulsions are butter, mayonnaise, and milk?
Butter = water in oil, Mayonnaise = oil in water, Milk = oil in water
Name 5 proteins with good foaming properties.
Egg white proteins, whey proteins, gelatin, soy proteins, bovine serum albumin
Why is calcium propionate used as an ingredient of soft rye bread?
Antifungal agent (preservative also accepted)
What are the two chemicals used in spherification?
Sodium alginate, calcium chloride
Name three collards cultivars.
Blue Max, Georgia Southern, Vates
In what portions of the cells are the excess organic acids stored in fruits and vegetables? Where in a plant cell are anthocyanins contained?
Vacuoles
Name a common breed of pig.
Berkshire, Yorkshire, Landrace, Duroc, Hampshire, Tamworth
What does Saccharomyces stand for?
Sugar fungus
What is the name for Italian soup with meatballs?
Italian wedding soup
what is the common metric unit for acceleration?
acceleration= meters/seconds^2
List several benefits associated with the use of phosphates in meats.
Moisture retention and flavor protection,increase water binding capacity, improve emulsification, tenderness, juiciness, color uniformity, decreases rancidity, minor antimicrobial activity, buffering against acidic marination ingredients
What is the most common pathogen found in cheese outbreaks?
Monocytogenes
How many layers are baklavas in Greece, an ode to the years of Christ's life?
33
How long does a US patent last?
20 years
Name two fermentation sources of chymosin.
Kluyveromyces marxianus variety lactis, E. coli, Aspergillus niger
Name 5 ways to lower the water activity of a food.
Dehydrate, add sugar, add salt, freeze drying, freezing, combination of any of these methods
Which statement is NOT correct about meat fats:A.it adds flavor & makes meat seem juicy, B.help in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, C.all animal fat is saturated, or D.moderate amounts of fat are essential in human diets?
C. all animal fat is saturated
What drink was directly responsible for the development of first web cam?
Coffee
If a wet pet food is named 'chicken dinner', how percentage of chicken must be present in final product?
0.25
Dietary fiber has several physiological effects except: A.increase fecal bulk, B.increase nutrient availability, C.reduce cholesterol, or D.improve large bowel function?
B. increasing nutrient availability
What is Liquid oxidation and how does it relate to Maillard Browning?
1. Liquid oxidation - causes an oxidized flavor or rancidity. - Vacuum packaging, antioxidants, inhibitors, and modified atmosphere storage can prevent or inhibit liquid oxidation. 2. Maillard Browning - chemical reduction between reducing sugars and proteins leads to the brown color.
Meringue is not supposed to be mixed in a bowl made of what type of metal and why?
Copper, because it combines with proteins and is difficult to work with.
How do lactose intolerance and milk allergy differ?
Lactose intolerance results from a lack of lactase, milk allergy is an autoimmune response to milk protein
What are the microbial inhibitors in egg whites and how do they work?
The albumen is beneath the shell membranes and is important in providing three antimicrobial defenses to the egg. The first defense is the viscosity of the albumen components, which provide conditions in which bacteria cannot move easily. The second defense is the alkaline pH of the albumen that initially ranges from 7.6 to 7.8 but quickly increases over a period of a few days due to the loss of carbon dioxide during storage, resulting in a pH of 9.1–9.6. This is a pH range that is not conducive to the growth of most microorganisms. The third defense is the presence of a number of proteins and glycoproteins that possess antimicrobial activity.(See additional info)
What is the hormone responsible for milk let down in cows and from which gland is it secreted?
Oxytocin; pituitary gland
Which thermoduric, acidophilic, spore forming bacterial species is an emerging spoilage issue for juice and beverage processors?
Alicyclobacillus
What is the phone number for IFT?
312-782-8424
What is equilibrium moisture?
Xe, moisture of a food when it reaches equilibrium with the air. When it reaches this it cannot be dried anymore, free moisture= moisture - equilibrium moisture
What are the three important reasons for curing?
1) Color 2) Flavor 3) Preservation (Anti Bacterial) 4) Tenderness
What restaurant chain popularized the short spelling version of doughnuts?
Dunkin Donuts
What are the different membrane module selections?
Flat sheets - can wrap into different shapes, Plate and frame module - feed fed through spacer(between membranes) and permeate moves through membrane, Spiral module - product flows through center and then permeate moves outward through membranes, Tubular >10mm tubular, Capillary 0.5-10mm, <0.5mm hollow fiber
What is Racking wrt breweries?
Pulling off the clearer liquid above the lees in the barrels or containers
What is the average lifespan of a taste bud?
10-14 days
Pomegranate peel can be used as a natural dye. What color does it produce?
Yellow
What enzyme catalyses the conversion of acetaldehyde to ethanol in fermentation?
Alcohol dehydrogenase
What is the major constituent of cellophane?
Cellulose
Min fat % according to SOI: Butter, whole milk, cottage cheese, cream cheese
Butter: 80%, whole milk: 3.25%, cream cheese: 33%, cottage cheese: 4%
How is buttermilk made?
Cow's milk is inoculated with lactic acid bacteria (usually either Lactobacillus lactis or L. bulgaricus), or buttermilk can refer to the liquid leftover after making butter from cream
Black bread, pumpernickel, and roggelcehn are examples of what types of bread?
Rye Bread
Why is flour added to confectionary frosting?
As a flow agent and anti-caking agent
What 2 vitamins are required for cell division?
Folacin and B12 (cobalamin)
Give an alternate name for "cake flour".
Pastry Flour
How many essential amino acids are required by adults?
9
What happens to a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
A catalyst can increase the rate of a reaction but the catalyst itself remains unchanged
Vegetables and fruits can be heated by microwave energy because they have a high "loss factor". The "loss factor" is mainly due to what compositional content of fruits and vegetables?
water
Compared to unsaturated fats, saturated fats contain more?
Hydrogen
Which of the following was the 1st product to have a barcode on its package: A.M&M chocolate candies, B.Wrigley's gum, C.Campbell's tomato soup, or D.Heinz tomato ketchup?
B. Wrigley's gum
What are the names of the two journals published by IFT?
Food Technology (monthly) Journal of Food Science (bi-monthly).
What is cryogenic freezing?
Freezing process by direct immersion of products in cryogenic liquids (liquefied gas with extremely low boiling points)
What is the the name of layered filo pastry with apple fillings?
Apple Strudel
Name 5 of the 12 USDA-approved GMO food products
alfalfa, apple, corn, pineapple, salmon, soybean, squash, sugar beet, potato, tomato
The ability of an organism to survive thermal processing is termed what?
Heat resistance
What is the term for a place where fresh healthy food is unaffordable or inaccessible?
Food desert
What are the three sister plants cited in indigenous American agriculture?
Bean, squash, corn
What does the 'E' stand for in the Beer-Lambert Law?
E is Molar Extinction Coefficient (L·mol⁻¹·cm⁻¹)
What are the freezing and frozen temperature ranges?
Freezing below the temp. at which ice crystals begin to form within the food -10 to -20º C.
What sound does a female turkey make?
Cackle (turkeys do not gobble), yelp
What is FAD?
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
What is the difference between gelato and ice cream in terms of sugar and fat content, and overrun?
Gelato is higher in sugar, lower in overrun and fat
What are the two main ingredients of a popular Latin American dessert 'dulce de leche'?
Milk and sugar
Duplicates of naturally occurring aromatic compounds that are synthesized and added to foods are called:
Nature-identical flavors
A soxhlet extractor was originally designed to extract what from solid foods?
Lipids
What are the eight vegetables in original V8 juice?
Celery, parsley, watercress, carrots, beets, tomatoes, spinach, and lettuce
Name 3 factors influencing the consistency of commercial fats.
Proportion of solids in the fat, number, size, and kinds of crystals, viscosity of the liquid, temperature treatment, and mechanical working.
What main compound is responsible for the smell of lavender?
Linalool or linalyl acetate
What was the impact of the FDA Modernization Act (FDAMA) of 1997 on food additive evaluation and approval?
As a result of FDAMA, certain indirect food additives (those that meet the definition of food contact substances) are approved by a premarket notification process rather than the traditional petition process.
What three terms, respectively, are used to describe the ability of microorganisms to grow at cold, ambient and warm temperatures?
psychotrophic (or psychophilic), mesophilic, thermophilic
Pomelo botanical name?
Citrus maxima [Rutaceae (Citrus)]
Which government agency is responsible for regulation of labeling of use of pesticides?
EPA -- Environmental Protection Agency
What does the abbreviation oz represent while cooking and what is it used to measure?
Ounces. Oz can measure weight or volume (fluid oz can measure fluid volume).
Name the sweetener the following products contain: Ace-K, Sunett, Sweet One, Sweet n Low, Equal Saccharin, Sugar Twin, Necta Sweet, NutraSweet, Equal, Splenda, Equal Sucralose, Equal Naturals, Splenda Stevia, Pure Via, Truvia, Enliten, Splenda Monkfruit, Nectresse, Monkfruit In The Raw, Swanson PureLo, Newtame, Talin
Ace-K, Sunett, Sweet One: Acesulfame potassium Sweet n Low, Equal Saccharin, Sugar Twin, Necta Sweet: Saccharin NutraSweet: Aspartame, Stevia Equal: Aspartame, Ace-K Splenda, Equal Sucralose: Sucralose Equal Naturals, Splenda Stevia, Pure Via, Truvia, Enliten: Stevia Splenda Monkfruit, Nectresse, Monkfruit In The Raw, Swanson PureLo: Monkfruit Newtame: Neotame Talin: Thaumatin
What protein structure refers to the spatial arrangement obtained when a linear protein chain with a secondary structure folds further into a compact three dimensional form?
Tertiary structure
What are the substrates for the following enzymes: invertase, beta-galactosidas, and alpha-galactosidase?
Invertase (Sucrose), beta-galactosidase (Lactose), alpha-galactosidase (raffinose)
What is the word that means “to the tooth” when referring to cooking pasta?
Al dente
What is ultrafiltration?
Particles retained 0.001 - 0.02 µm, Pressure 10-100 psig, Proteins rejected (macromolecules)
What is Ultra High temperature/aseptic processing?
Process at very high temperature for very short time. Sterilize liquid before filling, sterilize containers, Fill food in containers in sterile environment
Why do we perform a desugaring step before drying egg whites?
To degrade traces of glucose and avoid Maillard browning or discoloration during drying
What main agency is charged with enforcing standards that limit exposure to ionizing radiation?
US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
How many times may a U.S. patent be renewed?
Patents are non-renewable
Coextrusion involves using two or more extruders to form multilayer structures.
TRUE.
To what genus does the kumquat belong? a) Citrus b) Fortunella c) Allium d) Lactuca
Fortunella
Which amino acid is part of hemoglobin?
histidine
Name four compounds that may be used as humectants.
Glycerol, sorbitol, propylene glycol, honey, xylitol, or polyols
If the D-value of the critical organism is 0.2 and the product is canned peas, what should the F-value be?
F = 2.4 (=12D)
What is pK?
The negative log of equilibrium constant
Name a notable plant phytosterol
Campesterol, sitosterol, or stigmasterol
What is a substance that has a high affinity for water?
Humectant (hygroscopic also acceptable)
the Munsell System is based on the use of what 3 color attributes?
Hue, Value, and Chroma
Name all essential amino acids for adults.
Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine, threonine, lysine, methionine, tryptophan
Given in the proper order, what are the four steps in cleaning and sanitizing food equipment?
Cleaning, rinsing, sanitizing, air drying
What does "STP" mean, and what are its values?
Standard Temperature and Pressure: 14.7 psia or 760 mm Hg and 0°C
What plant contributes bitter flavor and pleasant aroma to beer?
Hops
What are the three types of junctions in a thermocouple?
Exposed, ungrounded, grounded.
Egg albumen, or egg white, is a 10% solution of various proteins. What are the three major structural proteins of egg albumen?
Ovalbumin, conalbumin, ovomucoid.
What is hydrogenation?
Addition of Hydrogen to the double-bonds of unsaturated oils. This changes liquid oils into semisolids and makes the fat or oil less susceptible to oxidation and rancidity. It causes fat to be more saturated.
How does sugar affects starch gelatinization temperature in water?
Sugar lowers the starch gelatinization temperature in water.
What does MFGM stand for wrt milk?
Milk Fat Globule Membrane
What is the simplest carbohydrate?
Glyceraldehyde
What type of sugar is cotton candy made up of?
Granulated sugar
Fat is of increasing concern in our diets. Name the four required fat declarations on the Nutrition Facts label.
calories from fat, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C) of 1938
ensure consumers that foods are safe and wholesome, produced under sanitary conditions and packaged/labeled truthfully.
Skim milk has a bluish tint due to the scattering of light by what component?
Casein micelles
Carotenoids include what two groups of pigments?
Carotenes and xanthophylls.
For the fluorescent analysis of vitamin C, dehydroascorbic acid is allowed to react with what compound to form a fluorescent derivative?
O-phenylenediamine (or dimethyl-O-phenylenediamine)
What 3 monosaccharides make up raffinose?
Glucose, galactose, fructose
there are an increasing number of people who believe that it is more beneficial and nutritious to feast on insects; what are these people called?
entomophagists
What is the traditional source of rennet?
the fourth stomach (abomasum) of calves
Name the inorganic chemical additive that is often included in brines to minimize softening of vegetables during thermal processing.
CaCl2
Name 2 straight chain polyhydric alcohols used as food additives.
Sorbitol-bodying agent, humectant, flavor and crystal modifier. Mannitol-flavor modifier, intert base
What is the flavor/antimicrobial compound associated with Thyme?
Thymol
What is the name of semi-hard cheese from the Netherlands, packaged in red paraffin wax?
Edam
The Great British Bake Off, a British baking compeition, is more popularly known by what name in US and Canada?
The Great British Baking Show
Which mineral causes cross bridges between actin and myosin in muscle contraction?
Calcium
What is the genus and species of the fungus that caused the Irish famine?
Phytophora infestans
In order, name the first three ingredients in a regular Coke and in Diet Coke.
Regular: Carbonated water, high fructose corn and/or sucrose syrup, caramel color; Diet: Carbonated water, caramel color, aspartame.
Name the mold responsible for soy sauce.
Aspergillus oryzae
Roti and Chapati are made by what type of flour?
Wheat flour (Atta)
Overcooking meat results in: A.greater shrinkage and decreased tenderness/juiciness, B.makes meat more moist, C.produces a lower cost per serving, or D.all of the above?
A.overcooking meat results in a greater shrinkage and decreased tenderness and juiciness
Name the body of FAO WHO concern refreshed standards including additives and pesticides. In foods allowable limits micronutrient supplementation.
Codex Alimentarius Commission
Which of the following are not nuts? Cashews, almonds, brazil nuts, peanuts
peanuts (legumes), cashews (drupes)
What is sensory adaptation?
A decrease in or change in sensitivity to a given stimulus as a result of continued exposure to that stimulus or a similar one
What color is phenolphthalein under acidic conditions?
Colorless
What is the name of lactic acid bacteria commonly found in type I sourdough?
Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis
What is the boiling point of water in °F, °C, and °K?
212 °F, 100 °C, 373 °K.
What are 5 fatty acids found in vegetable oil?
Stearic, linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and alpha-linolenic
The band They Might Be Giants sang a song called 'John Lee Supertaster'; what compound could John Lee readily detect?
bitterness of either phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) or propylthiouracil (PROP)
What is the relationship between soft-shell and hard-shell crabs?
A soft-shell crab is a hard-shell crab in its molting stage when its new shell is still soft enough to eat
What are the steps in freeze concentration?
Step 1: It all starts from the ice crystal point of view by removing heat from the solution, Typically done by using a scraped surface heat exchanger ( inside scraped by a rotating shaft while outside cooled by refrigerant). Tiny ice crystals are formed at this cold surface. Step 2: Once crystals formed in SSHE, enter a mixed vessel (recrystallizer). Most of the small crystals will melt allowing larger ones to grow. Why? Bc melting required the addition of heat and changing from solid to liquid. Known as ripening and forms the heart of separate nucleation and growth process. Step 3: Since we want a continuous flow of small crystals to the recrystallizer, we must extract liquid from a filter in the recrystallizer and circulate that over the SSHE (scraped surface heat exchanger). Step 4: Once sufficient crystals in recrystallizer can start separation from concentrated liquid, This is done with wash column, where crystals sep from liquid, washed to remove and remaining concentrate, melted and discharged as pure water, Concentrate returned to recrystallizer. Step 5: Fresh feed replaced the water that is removed from the system. The feed is mixed with the recirculation stream feeding the SSHE. Since the feed is replacing the water that is removed from the system the concentration of the soluble solids in the system will increase. Step 6: Next add a way to remove the concentrated product, discharged from the liquid recirculation line after filtration. Since the concentrate contains all of the soluble solids originally in the feed the system will now remain constant
Steam table disease is caused by consumption of meat dishes adequately cooked but held at 50-55 degrees C for several hours. the causative agent is _____________.
Clostridium perfringens
What is the water activity for minimal problems in a package?
0.85
What does FNS stand for?
Food and Nutrition Service
As molecular weight increases, both tensile strength and viscosity of a packaging polymer increase.
TRUE.
Which is the main yeast used in beer production?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (for ales) and Saccharomyces pastorianus (for lagers)
What do each of the following stand for: AAAS, IAMFES, and ADSA?
AAAS: American Association for the Advancement of Science; IAMFES: International Association of Milk, Food and Environment Sanitarians; ADSA: American Dairy Science Association
What temperature does the FDA recommend for the final internal temperature of chicken?
165°F.
What is the name of compounds that can act as either an acid or a base?
Amphoteric
what does the abbreviation related to shellfish toxin DSP stand for?
DSP is Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning
What is the term for loss of smell?
Anosmia
Imported to Europe for the first time by Dutch traders around 1610. It was sold for the first time in England around 1660. What is it?
Tea
Name 2 types of tinning process.
Hot dipping and electroplating
What 2 products does milk separate into during the production of cheese?
Whey and Curd
What is food processing?
Food preservation method, creates functionality, and increases nutrition
What is a germplasm in a grain?
DNA containing part of the grain
Halo effect in sensory means?
Subjects rate the same attributes when they appear in a series of questions differently from when they were asked separately/ One possitive/negative attribute of a sample affects the rating of other aspects.
What is rennin?
Proteolytic enzyme from the stomach of suckling calves.
The temperature at which water boils_______ as elevation increases?
Decreases
Which is greater, the amount of radiation needed to inhibit the sprouting of potatoes or that amount which is lethal to humans?
The amount needed to inhibit the sprouting of potatoes (7500-10,000 rads will inhibit sprouting while only 500 rads is lethal to the human)
What graphs the relationship betwee water content and water activity?
Moisture sorption isotherm
Which protein in milk is not secreted by mammary glands?
Bovine serum albumin
How many new food and drink products are launched worldwide each year?
100000
What is the name of the controversial hormone given to dairy cows to increase milk production?
Bovine Somatotropin or Bovine Growth Hormone.
What is the natural circulation tubular method, how does it work, what is it used for?
Utilizes the density difference between the liquid and the generated vapor to circulate the liquid past the heating surface. It is a continuous process and the residence time is 10-20 minutes. It is used for cane sugar solutions
What is the sum of non-digestible substances that composed of polysaccharides and lignin?
Total dietary fiber, dietary fiber
What is the property of a substance such as a liquid or dough that is measured by its rate of flow?
Viscosity
Ingestion of gradients and other insects as may cause a reaction in people allergic to which common?
shellfish crustaceans
What is an emerging infectious disease (EID)?
an infectious disease whose incidence has increased in the past 20 years and could increase in the near future
In an emulsion, which law gives a qualitative indication of the physical factors that influence the stability of an emulsion?
Stoke's Law
What is the structural difference between pheophytin a and chlorophyll a?
Pheophytin a is chlorophyll without a Magnesium ion
What three cuts of beef come from the loin?
Short, Sirloin, tenderloin
How is a café latte made?
Espresso shot in glass, add steamed milk then a layer of foamed milk
Which of the following is a non-nutritive sweetener: A. Sugar Alcohol, B. Sucralose, C. Saccharine, or D. Aspartame?
A. Sugar Alcohol
Chocolate botanical name?
Theobroma cacao [Malvaceae (Mallow)]
What are two methods for producing a vacuum in a canned food?
Hot filling, thermal exhausting (steam in headspace)
The two most popular means of measuring temperature in heat penetration tests involve what two devices?
1) Thermocouple (requires electrical hookup) 2) Thermistors (uses radiotelemetry)
Who is the current Commissioner of Foods for the FDA?
Margaret Hamburg
What is the S.I. unit for pressure?
pascal (Pa) or N/m2
Botrytis cinerea is a mold found on grapes, aka noble rot. What 2 wine styles require botrytis during growing or processing?
Sauternes and Tokaji
What is the address of IFT world headquarters?
525 W Van Buren St., Suite 1000, Chicago, IL 606067
Who invented the first continuous centrifugal cream separator?
Carl Gustav De Laval in 1878
Pasteurization standards for milk were originally designed to destroy what and are currently designed to destroy what?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Coxiella burnetii
Deoxynivalenol is a toxin produced in foods which causes foodborne illnesses associated w/cereals, wheat, and cornbread. Give the genus and species of the organism that produces this toxin.
Fusarium graminaerian
What is the compound in rhubarb, spinach and beets that result in kidney stone formation?
Calcium oxalate
What are the three sister plants cited in indigenous American agriculture?
Bean, squash, corn
What are cytokinins (CK)?
A class of plant growth hormones that promote cell division in plants. They have potential uses in prolonging the freshness of vegetables and cut flowers.
Fugu has what extremely dangerous toxin?
Tetrodoxin
What microorganism causes ropiness in milk?
Alcaligenes viscolactis (also acceptable Enterobacter spp. (e.g., Enterobacter cloacae), Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris (some strains), Bacillus spp. (e.g., Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus polymyxa), Klebsiella spp. (e.g., Klebsiella oxytoca))
Which wheat protein is responsible for celiac disease?
Gliadin
Why do the crystals in lard readily transform to the coarse beta form?
The homogeneity of the crystals causes them to associate in large crystals and transform
What is aseptic processing?
food and container are sterilized separately and then filled in a sterile environment
What are the X and Y axis on a lineWeaver Burk plot?
X=1/[S] (substrate concentration) and Y=1/v (velocity (reaction speed)
What are the different processes that can be used depending on the raw material and end product?
Raw End Pro Liquid->liquid Concentration, thermal pasteurization Liquid->Solid Concentration, thermal pasteurization, drying solid->Solid Drying, extrusion, thermal pasteurization
What is the process of staling of bread also known as?
Retrogradation
What is "straight flour"?
The total amount of flour milled from the wheat with all the flour streams combined. Straight flour corresponds to 100% of extraction or about 72% of the wheat
True or False: The FDA has decided that a substance used in a food prior to 1958 can be shown to be GRAS through experience based on its common use in food outside, as well as inside, the United States.
True
What milk type is characterized as milk with 2% milk fat?
Reduced Fat Milk
What is the most common form of MAP used to extend the shelf-life and maintain the natural integrity of fresh and cured meats?
Vacuum packaging.
What is the term for adding a layer of fat outside of meat?
Barding
What enzyme can disrupt the cell membranes of gram positive bacteria by cleaving the peptidoglycan?
Lysozyme
In 1990 which state became the first to ban tetra-pak juice boxes in the its landfills?
California
What is the difference between mellorine and ice cream?
Mellorine contains essentially the same ingredients as ice cream; however, the milk fat is replaced with another fat, usually vegetable fat
Mouthfeel of fat is most influenced by?
Solid fat content
Name two adaptogens and their flavor notes.
Ashwagandha root: Bitter and Astingent Cordyceps: Savory umami and deep earthy-nutty flavor Ginseng: Bitter and earthy Holy Basil (Tulsi): Astringent and peppery spiciness
How long is the average lactation cycle of a cow?
The cycle is split into four phases, the early, mid and late lactation (each of about 120 days, or d) and the dry period (which should last as long as 65 d). In an ideal world, cows calve every 12 months
Why should olive oil be stored in a dark environment?
Prevent photooxidation of PUFAs
What is the rendered form of beef and mutton fat called?
tallow
What does GPC stand for wrt food analysis?
Gel Permeation Chromatography
What is the rate of doing work called? It has units of watts.
Power
What is the common name for rigidity of plant cells as a result of being filled with an aqueous solution?
Turgor
If you have 8 panelists who will try all 4 samples, what type of experimental design would you use and how many degrees of variance would you have?
Randomized complete block design; degrees of variance 8-4 = 4
What are the pre-fixes for million, billion, and trillion?
Mega, Giga, Tera (10^6, 10^9, 10^12)
What is the name of a polypeptide antibiotic produced by some streptococcus lactis strains?
Nisin
How should tomato soup be processed?
High Temperature Processing
Please assign the following animals as either hindgut or foregut fermenters; rabbit, human, pig, horse, goat, ostrich, cow
Hind-gut – rabbit, horse, ostrich, human, pig, foregut – cow, goat
Nicotinamide and riboflavin are necessary in the diets of humans. They play a role in energy metabolism as constituents of what type of important compounds?
Coenzymes (proton and electron carriers)
What percentage of juice must a beverage contain to be included in FDA Juice HACCP Regulation?
1
Where is heating by hot water used in the food industry?
mainly glass containers, flexible pouches, polymer - trays glass thicker so decreased conductivity, provides lower thermal shock then steam - flexible pouches and polymer trays are thinner and therefore can increase temperature rapidly
What two pieces of information must appear on a food package's principle display panel?
Name of product (statement of identify) and net quantity of contents.
What is the largest dairy farmer cooperative and what does it stand for?
DFA= Dairy Farmers of America
In mammals, what is the process by which eggs or ova are produced?
Oogenesis
What is the major ingredient in your dog/ cat's food? a. Grains b. Meat. C. Starch (potato) d. Corn.
Meat (because they are naturally meat eaters)
Of the following films, nylon, polyester, polyethylene, and saran, which has the highest oxygen permeability?
Polyethylene
Two bacteriocides allowed in foods.
xanthan gum, gellan gum
In the SI system what are the units applied to the following 5 dimensions or measurements? length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temp
meter, kilogram, second, ampere, Kelvin
What is the standard against which all sweetners are measured in terms of quality of taste and taste profile?
Sucrose (table sugar)
What does MS stand for in food analysis?
Mass Spectrometry
How does high sugar content in foods affect the drying process?
High sugar content causes foods to dry slower, as sugar attracts water
What is the unit of measurement of heat in peppers?
Scoville
What does the Ninhydrin assay measure?
Free amino acids and amines
Integration of lethality will determine which value?
F- value
A number 16 scoop is equal to how many ounces?
2 oz
What is meant by the "signature line" on a package?
The name and address of manufacturer, distributor or importer
HDPE and LDPE are plastics used in food packaging. What happens to the impact strength as the density increases?
Decreases
What is the toxic glycoside in potato skins that is produced when potatoes are exposed to sunlight?
Solanine
What sweetener has the same calorie content and sweetness as sucrose, but is non-cariogenic?
Xylitol
EAEC, EHEC, EIEC, EPEC and ETEC represent five serological grouping of five virulent strains of what bacterium?
Escherichia coli
The time in minutes required to destroy 90% of a population at a given temperature.
D value – decimal reduction time
What preserving process loses the most vitamins and minerals?
Canning
What is the D value of a microorganism that is decreased in population by a factor of ten in two minutes?
Two
You are trying to pasteurize milk to reduce the amount of E. coli. If you are treating the milk for 15 seconds what temperature is needed?
161 deg F or 72 deg C
What does GDA stand for on nutrient labels?
Guideline Daily Amount
Name 3 foods that are sources of Listeria.
Soft cheese made from unpasteurized milk, hot dogs, ready to eat deli meats, refrigerate spates or meat spreads, unpasteurized milk, refrigerated smoked seafood, raw sprouts
Lysine, an essential amino acid is commercially produced by which genus of bacterium for use as a food additive?
Brevibacterium
Insulin is found in a complex with what mineral?
Zinc
What is the most abundant component of skeletal muscle?
Water
In a closed vessel, what happens to the density of gas when the temperature changes?
The density of gas stays the same
Name three Leek cultivars.
American Flag, Electra, Titan
What is moussaka and where does it come from?
An eggplant or potato based dish popular in Balkan and Mediterranean cuisine, especially Greek
What is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius?
Calorie
Kajmak is an icing used for what Polish cake eaten in Easter?
Mazurek
What is the major stumbling block for the growth of food irradiation?
consumer acceptance
What vegetable yields the most pounds of produce per acre?
Cabbage
What does the acronym NADP stand for?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
What was the first fast food hamburger shop in US?
White Castle
Original root used for root beer that is not used anymore because of toxin?
Sassafras and safrole.
What is the critical Reynolds Number for tube flow?
2100
The process in which eggs are held up to a light to detect blood spots or cracked shells is called what?
Candling
What is the pH of fresh caught shrimp?
pH 7.2 (7.0-7.4)
What defect in Frankfurter's is caused when there is too much connective tissue?
Gelling out
Potassium permanganate is an oxidant and is used in many titrations. Name 3 types of titrations that utilize potassium permanganate as the titrant and indicator.
Iron (Fe2+) or Mohr’s salts, oxalic acid (oxalate), hydrogen peroxide, Copper (II), tannins (other redox reactions)
What is the difference between X-ray and gamma-ray? They have the same energy level.
X-ray is generated from a shift of electron of the orbital of an atom whereas gamma-ray is generated by shifting of energy levels in a radioactive nucleus
What temps are needed for proper freezing and storage of meat: A.32 degrees F, B. 0 degrees C or lower, C.0 degrees F or lower, or D.5-20 degrees F?
C. 0 degrees F or lower.
What are the different processes that can be used depending on the raw material and end product?
Raw End Pro Liquid->liquid Concentration, thermal pasteurization Liquid->Solid Concentration, thermal pasteurization, drying solid->Solid Drying, extrusion, thermal pasteurization
What is the aroma of diacetyl?
Buttery
Which unit of electricity measures the number of electrons moving through a wire?
Ampere
Name the two parts of Central Dogma theory.
(1) Transcription (DNA ‚Üí mRNA; in nucleus) (2) Translation (mRNA ‚Üí protein; in ribosomes)
What does a correlation coefficient define?
a statistical measure of the strength of a linear relationship between two variables
The reaction of secondary amine with nitrous acid results in the formation of powerful carcinogens called
Nitrosamines
For unsteady state heat transfer what do you plot vs time to get a straight line?
Log of unaccomplished temp difference or (Text - T) / (Text - Ti)
Potassium sorbate can be applied to sausage casings before or after stuffing to retard what?
Yeast, Molds, and select bacteria
What is a thermal center?
The slowest point of heating in a can
What is misbranding?
a food has been improperly labeled or filled/packaged to be misleading
What does BOD stand for regarding water quality?
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
What is the common name of the mycoparasite Hypomyces lactifluorum?
Lobster Mushroom
What is the area under a lethal rate curve defined as?
lethality
The structural unit of edible portions of fruits and vegetables is called ___.
A parenchyma cell
Capillary tube and rotational are two types of what instrument?
Viscometer
What is the peritoneum?
A hollow space near the stomach
Brachyura is the latin name for what animal?
Crabs
The most desirable color of beef to the customer is a cherry red. What pigments are responsible for the color of meat?
Myoglobin and hemoglobin
What is the most common way to avoid a foodborne illness?
Wash hands
Are frankfurters an emulsion?
Not a true emulsion because they have more than 2 components in them. However, they do have lipid separated from water by myofibrillar proteins
Would hydrodynamic failure in glass bottles occur more likely with ketchup or lemon juice?
Ketchup
Excess vitamin A is a concern for pregnant women because it causes?
Birth defects
What virus crippled the poultry industry in 2015?
Avian Flu (H5N1), Avian influenza (HPAI)
Why is goat's milk more pungent than cow's milk?
It contains more short chain fatty acids that cow's milk.
Rank the following foods by their corresponding water activities from highest to lowest: syrups, jams, potato chips, and bread
Bread (0.96), syrups (0.88), jams (0.77), potato chips (0.30)
What is the purpose for electrically stimulating beef and lamb carcasses as part of the slaughter and dressing procedure?
Reduce muscle toughness caused by cold shortening and improve meat tenderness
What common component of oranges is missing from navel oranges?
Seeds
What value describes the time required to reduce the bacteria count one log cycle or 90% at a specified temperature?
D-value
What are the main forces stabilizing the gluten structure of dough systems?
Hydrogen bonding and disulfide linkages
What is the white color and yellow color of milk due to?
Whiteness is due to scattering of light by casein micelles and fat globules; yellow is due to fat-soluble pigments such as carotenoids.
Who is the current president-elect of IFT?
Margaret Poole
What reaction does not occur when moist heat is used?
Maillard Reaction
From what part of the plant is the potato tuber derived?
Stem
Give 3 examples of sweetbread.
Roti bolen, Pan Dulce, Pandesal, Cinnamon Rolls, Hot Cross Buns, Monkey Bread, Chelsea Buns, Lemon Bread, Fruit Breads (e.g., Banana Bread, Zucchini Bread), Panettone (Italian Christmas bread), Krantz Cake (also known as Babka), Gingerbread, Marmalade Bread
To slow the deterioration process of fruits what gas is added to the storage environment?
CO2
Define Z-value.
Degrees Fahrenheit required for a thermal destruction curve to traverse one log cycle. ( Temperature dependence of D value)
What year did the American Dairy Association Launch the 'Real' Seal, which is used for US dairy products that meet federal SOI, or products containing these US dairy products?
1976
Is hard candy crystalline or non-crystalline?
Non-crystalline
Give the genus and species of 3 molds that are used in the production of blue cheese.
Penicillium roqueforti, Alt. names: P. glaucum, P. gorgonzola and P. stilton
Name the two molds primarily responsible for blue cheeses.
Penicillium roqueforti, Penicillium glaucum
Per the Osborne solubility classification, provide the protein amount for whole wheat flour, enriched flour and cake/pastry flour.
Whole wheat – 13% (14% is also acceptable), enriched – 12%, cake/pastry – 8-9%
Barley, Rye, and Oats are examples of what grain type?
Cool season cereals
Which three countries produce highest amount of rice?
China, India, Bangladesh
Is most of the corn consumed by humans used in whole kernel form or in a milled form?
Milled
State the full name that corresponds w/the recycling #4 for recyclable polymers.
LDPE= low density polyethylene
What compound(s) most aptly describes the aroma of durian fruit?
ethyl-2-methylbutanoate and 1-(ethylsulfanyl)ethane-1-thiol), (ester and volatile thiol is also acceptable)
What is the derived SI unit defined by the power that gives rise to the production of energy at the rate of one joule per second?
Watt
Which is not an agent of paralytic shellfish poisoning? A. Saxitoxin B. Parasaxotoxin C. Neosaxotoxin D. Gonyautoxins (GTX) E. Decarbamoylsaxitoxin
B. Parasaxitoxin
Cucumber botanical name?
Cucumis sativus [Cucurbitaceae (Gourd)]
Who is most responsible for disproving Spallanzani's theory of spontaneous generation?
Louis Pasteur
A wedding cake is to be baked tomorrow. The cook will need five pounds of _____ flour.
Soft wheat
what is the collective term for a group of chickens?
a brood or flock or chicks
Why is agitation used in steaming processing?
may be difficult to hear solid and highly viscous foods, cook time longer at thermal center could cause over cooking therefore to increase hear transfer - containers agitated, thinner containers used
What Japanese wine is made from fermented rice?
Sake
Which food company will sponsor FIFA soccer in 2025?
Coca Cola, Frito Lay, AB Inbev
In lye peeling of vegetables, give a typical concentration of lye used.
One percent (accept 0.5 - 3%)
What does LCL stand for wrt statistical analysis?
Lower Control Limit
What is the isoelectric point?
The pH where the sum of the charges (+ and -) is equal to zero for an amino acid/protein
Black and white cows are what breed of cow?
Holstein
Name 2 'Value Added' meat products.
Pre-cooked vacuum packaged roast beef and marinated pork loin.
What is Hess's Law?
Enthaply is not dependent on the reaction pathway, just on initial and final conditions (State Function)
What is one advantage and one disadvantage to direct heating?
advantage: rapid heating minimizes organoleptic changes, less fouling/burn-on. disadvantage: requires culinary steam (expensive), increases volume of product (adds water from steam), bad for products containing oil (oxidizes quickly)
The Maillard reaction is a reaction between what two specific components in foods?
Reducing sugar and amino acid
As of 2025, what is the state vegetable of Vermont?
Gilfeather turnip
Outbreaks of Salmonellosis from consumption of raw almonds in 2000 and 2004 were caused by rare phage types of Salmonella Enteritidis. What were these two rare phage types?
PT 30 in 2000 and PT 9c in 2004
What is the shape of the federal inspection stamp for exotic meat?
A triangle
Give the country of origin of the following cheeses: Feta, Monterey Jack, Primost, Gouda, Roquefort, Stilton, Gorgonzola, Fourme d'Ambert, Cabrales, Camembert, Limburger, Danablu
Feta: Greece; Monterey Jack: USA; Primost: Norway; Gouda: Netherlands, Roquefort: France, Stilton: UK, Gorgonzola: Italy, Fourme d'Ambert: France, Cabrales: Spain, Camembert: France, Limburger: Belgium, Danablu: Denmark
What are the three types of fluid flow through a pipe and the Reynold's number that defines them?
Laminar (Re < 2000), transitional (2000 < Re < 3500), turbulent (Re > 3500)
To be called peanut butter the product must contain 90% peanuts. Name 3 items used as the other 10% of peanut butter.
salt, sugar(sweetener) hardened vegetable oil, or emulsifier
Haagen Dazs is : A. the new last name of Sonja haagen after she married frank Dazs, B. a century old Dutch ice cream company that started marketing in the US in 1957, C. The name of an ice cream company originally founded by US entrepreneur Reuben Mattus, who thought up the name while taking a shower, D. an ice cream company founded by pillsbury company
C
What is the visible intercellular fat in meat called?
marbling
What is the common name of Hylocereus undatus?
Dragon fruit
Clarified orange juice is referred to as: A.clear orange juice, B.see-through orange juice, C.orange serum, or D.no-pulp orange juice?
C. orange serum
What is the major assumption made when dealing with CFU in microbiology?
Each individual colony is originated from one original bacterial cell All the cells within each colony forming unit is homogenous
What organelle serves as the primary packaging area for molecules to be distributed throughout the cell?
Golgi apparatus
Name top 3 cheese producing countries.
US, Germany, France
What is the compound that occurs naturally in dairy products and wine? It is responsible for strong buttery flavor.
Diacetyl
What common food preservative chemical destroys the vitamin activity and should not be used to preserve foods that are major sources of thiamin?
Sulfur Dioxide
What is the equation for conduction and define each term?
Q=KA[ΔT/L] Q=the heat rate K = thermal conductivity L= thickness of the wall A = surface area of the wall ΔT = the difference in temperature between the 2 sides
How is the cell wall structure of a Gram+ cell responsible for the cell's Gram-stain reaction?
G+ bacteria have a very thick cell wall consisting of peptidoglycan. These are dehydrated by the alcohol, causing the pores to close, thus preventing the Crystal Violet-Iodine complex from leaving the cell
Cow's milk is considered to be an ideal food for human health being rich in vitamins and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus however milk lacks one very important mineral. Which one is that?
Iron
What is bovine somatotropin used for?
Known as BST for short, it is a bovine growth hormone used to increase milk production in cows
Name five probiotic microorganisms.
Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium animalis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Enterococcus faecium, Kefir (mixture of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium), Saccharomyces boulardii (a yeast), and Limosilactobacillus reuteri.
Give 3 examples of pulses.
Lupins, Lentils, Chickpeas (Garbanzo beans), Peas (e.g., split peas), Beans (e.g., kidney beans, black beans, pinto beans), Fava beans, Black-eyed peas, Mung beans, Adzuki beans, Broad beans, Soybeans
What is the full form of SSOP?
Sanitation Standard Operating Procedure
Food infection vs Food intoxication
Infection has microorganisms living in the food, intoxication is when a biological end product (toxin) is in the food. Intoxication can be fatal
Summer sausage is made in the summer and consumed in the winter (True/False)
False
What is the term used to describe the allowable tolerances of natural or unavoidable foreign materials in foods which do not constitute a health hazard to the public?
Defect action level
During the Middle Ages, candy moved from what kind of base to a sugar base?
Honey
What are the three parts of a tenderloin?
Butt, Center Cut, Tail
Pineapple, Homosassa, Parson Brown, Hamlin, Washington Navel, and Valencia are varieties of oranges specifically for the production of what product?
Orange juice
What is the predominant emulsifier found in the yolk of an egg?
Lecithin (Phosphatidyl choline)
What is the name of meat from old sheep?
Mutton
What are the chemical classes in the carotenoid compounds?
Xanthophylls (which contain oxygen) and carotenes (which are purely hydrocarbons and contain no oxygen)
What are the advantages and disadvantages of hollow fiber membrane modules?
Advantages: Low hold up volume, Back flushing possible, Low energy consumption Disadvantages: Susceptible to end-face fouling, Not suitable for viscous fluids, Single fiber damage - replace entire module
The presence of beta-giucuronidase signifies the presence of what microorganism?
Escherichia coli
Which is the most commonly consumed single-celled food?
the Egg
What name is given to the small circular DNA molecules that carry genetic information independently of the main bacterial chromosome?
Plasmids
How many different vitamins are there? A.20, B.25, C.17, or D.13
D. 13
Semolina is used to mainly make what grain product?
Pasta
What is the difference between intoxication and toxicoinfection?
intoxication is caused by a toxic compound found in the food; toxicoinfection is a type of infection in which the symptoms are caused by a toxin produced by a microorganism
Define food infection.
ingestion of organism which then produces toxin or infects cells causes illness
What is the principle-flavoring compound in oranges and onions?
Oranges: limonene; onions: propenyl cysteine sulfoxide
What is the most common source of foodborne illness in Japan?
vibrio from seafood.
Beef was traditionally suspended using which tendon, which was also a cause of muscle shortening?
Achilles
what is the only major vitamin the human body that is known to be capable of manufacturing but may not be synthesized in adequate amounts?
Vitamin D
Within 3%, what percentage of world population has lactose intolerance according to NIH?
0.0068
What quantitative analysis method is based on the oxidation of reducing sugars by copper ions under alkaline conditions?
Fehling's test and Benedict's test
Color Additives Amendment (includes Delaney Clause)
1960
Promortion of which food product in Africa won 2016 world food prize?
Orange fleshed sweet potato
Meaning of certified and exempt from certification?
Certified colorants require FDA certification per lot; exempt colorants (e.g., annatto, zinc oxide, caramel) do not.
What polysaccharide from crustecean shells lowers cholesterol?
Chitin
Name three Okra cultivars.
Annie Oakley, Blondy, Emerald, Lee, Clemson Spineless
What enzyme, only present in the liver and kidney, converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose?
Glucose-6-phosphotase
Why are fruit or vegetables often heated prior to maceration for juice production?
To inactivate enzymes which may cause undesirable quality changes
Additional component in mass and energy balance equation in food processing
- Time sucrose +heat + acid --> Hydrolysis/inversion
What three metals make up German silver, a metal historically used in food processing equipment?
Copper, Steel, and Silver
What is malt?
Barley or another cereal grain that has been germinated (sprouted), dried, and often roasted
What type of edam is eaten with cheese fruits?
Aged Edam
Name the microorganism associated w/ Zearalenones in corn.
Fusarium graminarium
The thermal inactivation of microorganisms and most nutrients obey which order of reaction kinetics?
First Order
What metabolic end product does the Voges-Proskauer test detect?
Acetoin
What is the 12D process?
the time/temperature process that will reduce the microbe spore population (typically C. bot) by 12 log cycles
Sauerkraut fermentation can be broken down into 3 different phases, early, middle and late. What bacteria is responsible for fermentation in each stage and what is their major fermentation products?
Early – Leu. Mesteroides, acetic acid Middle – L. plantarum, lactic acid Late – L. brevis, lactic and acetic acid
What is the botanical name of okra?
Abelmoschus esculentus [Malvaceae (Mallow)]
Which of the following is NOT a low-acid (pH 7-5.5) food: A.cheddar cheese, B.poultry, C.mayonnaise, or D.rice?
C. Mayonnaise
Addition of sugar after gums are dissolved in water can enhance the dispersion of gum particles. (T/F)
True
What is the most common psychrotropic bacteria?
Pseudomonas
What is the name of structural carbohydrate found in lobsters, crab, shellfish and insects?
Chitin
Which lipoprotein transports triacylglycerols and cholesterol from the intestine to other parts of the body?
Chylomicrons
The Delaney Clause is exempted for animal drugs in what specific type of food?
Animal feed
What is the name of deep-fried turkey meat?
Turkey twizzlers
How does the addition of salt before the microwave cooking of vegetables affect the cooking time?
The time decreases
What is the biggest factor in increasing thermal efficiency of continuous pasteurizers?
By using a larger size of the regeneration section
What is the established legal level for reduced cholesterol in food?
25% reduction
What are the three requirements for being called a 'Scotch whiskey'?
Must be produced and aged in Scotland, must be aged for three years in oak barrels, must be made with barley
Name two fruit and two vegetable plants with their coordinating scientific genus and species names.
Apples: Malus domestica Strawberries: Fragaria ananassa Banana: Musa acuminate, balbisiana and paradisiaca for the hybrid Tomatoes: Solanum lycopersicum Pineapple: Ananas comosus Watermelon: Citrullus lanatus Lemon: Citrus limon Orange: Citrus sinensis Pomelo: Citrus grandis Peach: Prunus persica Apricot: Prunus armeniaca Cherry: Prunus avium or Prunus cerasus Lettuce: Lactuca sativa Corn: Zea mays Green beans: Phaseolus vulgaris Peas: Pisum sativum Broccoli/cabbage/cauliflower/brussels sprouts: Brassica oleracea Cucumber: Cucumis sativus Carrot: Daucus carota Onion: Allium cepa Beets: Beta vulgaris Asparagus: Asparagus officinalis
Sauerkraut fermentation can be broken down into 3 different phases, early, middle and late. What bacteria is responsible for fermentation in each stage and what is their major fermentation products?
Early – Leu. Mesteroides, acetic acid Middle – L. plantarum, lactic acid Late – L. brevis, lactic and acetic acid
What bacteria is xanthan gum extracted from?
Xanthomonas campestris
What is the name of thin pastry layers separated by fat?
Laminated dough
What is the difference between plate heat exchanger and tubular heat exchanger in regards to the heating/cooling medium flow?
plate heat exchangers have concurrent flow while the tubular heat exchanger have countercurrent flow
Common Blackberry botanical name?
Rubus fruticosus
What is the most widely eaten fruit in America?
The banana
How can casein be separated from whey proteins in milk?
Whey proteins are acid-stable and caseins are not; therefore add acid or microbial cultures to reduce pH to 4.6 where casein precipitates.
Five other vegetables have the same species name as head cabbage (brassica oleracea). Name two.
Broccoli, Cauliflower, Kale, Kohlrabi, Brussels sprouts, Collards
If water is not utilized, what are the USDA standards for egg pasteurization?
3.5 minutes at 60 degree C
Name the five different modes of chromatography.
Adsorption; Partition; Size exclusion/gel permeation/gel filtration/molecular sieve; Ion exchange; Affinity. PAISA.
The addition of antioxidants in muscle food products is to control what?
Lipid oxidation
What herb is considered a key component of a traditional American turkey stuffing?
Sage
Name the packaging material made out of cellulose.
Cellophane (paper is acceptable too)
What position implies that there are specific differences between samples?
Alternative hypothesis
What is the common term for the rapid removal of water vapor molecules from the frozen surface of a food by cold dry air through sublimation?
freezer burn
Selenium Deficiency can cause?
Keshan Disease Kashin Beck
What is the difference between a high-methoxyl pectin and low methoxyl pectin?
High-methoxyl pectin requires a significant amount of sugar to gel properly, but low-methoxyl pectin requires less.
What B-vitamin was added to ground beef as an illegal color enhancer by two meat manufacturers in Israel?
Riboflavin (Vit B2)
How many foodborne illness cases every year?
48 million
What common enzyme can be used to modify lipids from their original triacylglycerol form?
Lipase
What instrument is used for dough-mixer to measure torque?
Farinograph
What is a bacteriophage composed of?
A nucleic acid molecule surrounded by a protein structure.
Which food product from Africa won the 2016 World Food Prize?
The orange-fleshed sweet potato
What was the first genetically modified animal approved for human consumption, and in what year did the FDA approve it?
Salmon (AquAdvantage), 2015
Garlic botanical name?
Allium sativum
Why are lethality calculations important?
Allows us to compare the effect of different temperature and time combinations on microbial destruction. Also the temperature changes constantly in a retort and we want to know the effect of the temperature time profile on killing microbes
What does detrempe stand for in puff pastry?
Dough
What syrup most commonly used in food?
High fructose corn syrup
The first federal food law was passed in 1906. What was it?
Food and Drugs Act and/or Meat Inspection Act, both June 30th, 1906.
Symptoms from this organism (genus and ssp) are often mis-diagnosed as appendicitis, and have resulted in many unnecessary appendectomies.
Yersinnia enterocolitica
Name four commonly used coatings for steel cans.
Epoxy, phenolic, acrylic, vinyl and oleoresins (REF: Food and beverage can coatings: A review on chemical analysis, migration, and risk assessment).
What is another term for the name of a food?
Statement of Identity
What carotenoid when bound to specific protein is responsible for lobster's distinct pink orange color after cooking?
Astaxanthin
What type of enzymes are commonly added to fruit prior to juice production?
pectic enzymes (specifically polygalacturonase, pectinesterase, and cellulases, and other enzymes)
What are the smallest and largest amino acids by MW?
Glycine and tryptophan
The interaction of glutenin and gliadin forms a class of proteins called?
Gluten
Name a food that has an alkaline pH.
Egg whites, pretzels, hominy, olives, shrimp.
Name a cheese made from the byproduct of most other cheeses' production.
Ricotta, myost, primost, gjetost, anari, mató, brocciu, etc.
9 major allergenes that must be declared in US.
Dairy Egg Soy Wheat Peanuts Treenuts Fish Shellfish Sesame
Full description of why shrimp turn pink?
Shrimp turn pink, orange, or reddish when cooked due to the release of astaxanthin, a carotenoid pigment.
What is the major fermentable sugar in brewer’s wort?
Maltose
Gelatin is produced from what protein?
Collagen
Name the year that astronauts first ate food that had been successfully grown in space.
2015 (Red Romaine Lettuce)
What is supercooling?
The difference in temperature between the melting point and the temperature below the melting point in which the material remains liquid.
Ingestion of crickets may cause which type of allergen reaction?
shell fish crustaceans
In 2013, Wisconsin declared a new state pastry. This pastry is hand-rolled from Danish pastry dough (wienerbr√∏d dough) that has been rested overnight before shaping, filling, and baking. Many sheets of the flaky dough are layered, then shaped into an oval. After filling with fruit, nut, or other flavor combinations, the pastry is baked and iced. What is the name of this pastry?
Kringle
What does antisense refers to?
The antisense strand is a DNA strand that is non-coding and serves as a template for the production of messenger RNA (mRNA). It is also known as the template strand.
What enzyme is most responsible for browning bananas?
Polyphenol Oxidase
What characteristic of compounds is usually utilized to separate compounds in gas chromotography?
Molecular weight, polarity, volatility
In what publication could one find the complete general enforcement regulations regarding the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act?
Federal Code of Regulations, Title 21
What organic solvent is used to extract oil from oil seeds?
hexane
What is the name of sauteed minced mushrooms and onions with herbs and spices?
Duxelles
Coliform general characteristics.
rod-shaped Gram-negative nonspore forming and motile or nonmotile bacteria that can ferment lactose with the production of acid and gas when incubated at 35–37°C.
What is the name of the protein responsible for oxygen transport in the body?
Hemoglobin
A whole fresh egg contains about how many mg of cholesterol?
186 mg
What should be the size of milk fat globules after homogenization?
less than or equal to 2 microns
What is caramelization?
Reaction to the removal of water from the sugar molecules by heat. This changes the structure and results in darkening, occurs quicker in foods with lower moisture content
9 major allergenes that must be declared in US.
Dairy Egg Soy Wheat Peanuts Treenuts Fish Shellfish Sesame
Which vegetables belong to the allium family and which to the cruciferae? Onions, garlic, broccoli, spinach, leeks and cabbage
Allium – onions, garlic, leeks Cruciferae – broccoli, spinach and cabbage
What does Kjeldahl measure and how does it quantify proteins?
Measures nitrogen content and therefore, protein indirectly.
Define specific heat and provide its units.
The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass by 1 degree (Kcal / kg¼C or Btu / lb¼F or J / mol K)
What type of ANOVA should be used when the means being compared are based on multiple observations from the same group of individuals?
Repeated measures ANOVA
What is the time between ribbing and grading of beef carcasses called that allows oxygenation of the ribeye pigments?
Bloom Time
What organ produces and secretes the major fat digesting enzymes?
Pancreas
What is semolina?
Purified middling obtained from durum wheat
Barley can come with different numbers of rows. What are the 2 most common row numbers for barley?
Two-row and six-row
Less starch granule damage occurs during milling of soft wheats because?
The softer wheats have a less compact starch–protein complex which results in less starch damage and lower water absorption.
Name names three intrinsic factors and three extrinsic factors that affect microbial growth in food products.
Answer: Intrinsic: water activity, pH, nutrient content; Extrinsic: temperature, storage environment, humidity.
if the total plate count is 500 CFU/ml, with the generation time of 30 min., what will the total plate count be after 3 hours?
32,000 CFU/ml
What are the dominant spoilage microflora of fish?
Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, and Moraxella.
What is the processing difference between fresh pack and salt stock (genuine) pickles?
Fresh pack pickles are only marinated (with vinegar and salt and sometimes sugar) , whereas salt stock pickles are fermented.
what is 'honey laundering'?
honey harvested in one country that is exported to a second country, where it is relabeled as a product of the second country
Coconut, Almond, Walnut, Hazelnut, Pecan, and Peanut. Please list the top state producer of each nut
Coconut: Florida, Almond and walnut: California, Hazelnut: Oregon, Pecan and Peanut: Georgia
What is a technique used to inject pickle simultaneously and automatically through a series of hollow needles, the shafts of which have numerous, evenly spaced holes along their lengths?
multiple injection pumping (stitch)
What major herb is used to garnish dishes?
Parsley
Early colonial New England’s largest and most profitable industry was distilling what product?
Rum
Who won the William V Cruess award in 2024?
Clint Stevenson
Why is it important to not get meat juice or raw meats on other foods?
because raw meat and meat juice has bacteria that can be easily spread to other foods, causing foodborne illness.
What are the three levels of food packaging?
Primary, secondary, tertiary
What is a California Long White?
A potato
Materials which exhibit a direct proportionality between shearing stress and rate of shear are known as what type of fluids?
Newtonian Fluids
What process is done prior to freezing or dehydration to inactivate enzymes?
blanching, chemical inactivation
What is the difference between glucose and galactose?
4th carbon hydroxyl group orientation
In food safety, which temperature range is known as the "danger zone"?
40-140F
What are the long, branching filamentous structures which collectively make up the mycelium?
Hyphae
In the islet of Langerhans, there are alpha and beta cells, which produce two different hormones. Which cells produce which hormones?
Alpha cells produce glucagon and beta cells produce insulin
Dehydration, definition and purpose
The removal of water from a food by heat and it lowers the water activity, concentrating flavors
How is the boiling point of water affected by boiling on the moon, adding gelatin, boiling on Mount Everest, and adding table sugar?
Decrease, no effect, decrease, increase.
What is miltone?
Nutrition formula for fighting protein-calorie malnutrition
Q:In 1963 the FDA approval for a new processing method was given, only to be revoked in 1968. What was the product and process?
A: Bacon and Irradiation
What are the 3 forms of water in food?
Free water, adsorbed water, and water of hydration
Name 3 examples of seafood intoxications.
Scromboid poisoning, puffer fish toxin, ciguetera toxin, shellfish toxin
Who is more sensitive to sour tastes, men or women?
Men.
Name 5 types of nonthermal pasteurization.
high-pressure processing, pulsed electric field, ultraviolet, radio frequency, ultrafiltration
Define "microencapsulation".
Microencapsulation is the science of trapping components (core or active) into a secondary material (encapsulant, wall material, carrier, or cover), producing small solid particles (1–500 μm in size). These particles are able to release their contents at a specified rate or under specific conditions.
Of the three types of muscle protein: sarcoplasmic, myofibrillar, and stroma, which accounts for the greatest percentage of the total muscle protein?
Myofibrillar (55%)
Plants contain no vitamin A but contain its precursor called what?
Beta Carotene
The process of irradiating foods is sometimes referred to as ____.
Cold sterilization.
The farmer’s share of the retail food dollar varies greatly among foods. Can you guess the share for eggs? A. 15 %, B. 29%, c 50% and d 65%
B. 29%
What are wheat middlings?
Wheat middlings are a by-product of the wheat milling process, consisting of fine particles of wheat bran, germ, and flour that are left over after flour production. They are a useful and versatile ingredient in animal feed, particularly for livestock and poultry, and are also being researched for use as a biofuel.
(True/false) The organism responsible for making wine, beer, sauerkraut, and bread is Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoides
False
What pastry tool is used to cut the outlines of shapes?
Pastry Cutter
What is a chemical leavening system, and what are the two essential components of a chemical leavening system?
A Chemical leavening system is a system of controlled carbon dioxide release to give rise to baked products, the two components are a leavening agent. sodium bicarbonate) and acidic agent
Which two physical phenomena play a role in colloidal stability?
Van der Waals attractive forces and electrostatic repulsion due to charge.
Polyethylene is available in low density, medium density, and high density forms. As density increases, what happens to the impact strength properties?
The film impact strength decreases.
Give 6 examples of pastries.
Croissants, Danish pastry, eclairs, profiteroles, Napoleon (Mille-Feuille), tarts (such as fruit tarts or lemon meringue), puff pastry, churros, turnovers, baklava, palmiers, strudel, cinnamon rolls, and tartlets
Explain Blanching.
Process used to inactivate enzymes and set color
What four types of animals are legally called meat?
bovine or cattle, pigs, lambs, goats
Which artificial sweeteners do the following numbers refer to? E950, E951, E952, E953, E954, E955, E957, E960, E961
E950: Ace-K, E951: Aspartame, E952: Cyclamate, E953: Isomalt, E954: Saccharin, E955: Sucralose, E957: Thaumatin, E960: Steviol glycosides, E961: Neotame
What is the sum of non-digestible substances that composed of polysaccharides and lignin?
Total dietary fiber, dietary fiber
What is the antimicrobial agent found in onions and garlic?
Allicin
Acesulfame K can be derived from which sulfur-containing compound?
Sulfamic acid.
Give 3 advantages of food dehydration over sun drying.
more controlled conditions, shorter drying time, better sanitary conditions, no climate losses due to weather, some products (such as milk) cannot be sun dried
When you order squab at a restaurant, what have you ordered?
Pigeon, or fowl
What does the term dockage mean in cereal processing?
In grain grading, dockage refers to any material, other than the desired grain, that is readily removable using sieves or cleaning devices. This includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grains other than the primary one, and even underdeveloped or shriveled grains.
What is the name of vitamin C deficiency disease?
Scurvy
What is cheddaring?
The process where matted cheese curd is cut into blocks, stacked, and drained of whey.
What percentage of oysters come from aquaculture?
Over 80%
What instrument is a recording dough mixer that measures and records the torque developed by the action of the blades on Joe during mixing?
Farinographs measure and record the resistance to deformation of a flour/water dough against the mixing action of blades over time and at a specific speed (rpm) and temperature.
What is the name of an adult female sheep?
Ewe
According to the Beef Steak Color Guide, what end-point cooking temperature (F) is associated with medium rare degree of doneness?
145
What does CAS stand for with regards to poultry processing?
Controlled atmosphere stunning
What title of the Code of Federal Regulations is entitled Agriculture?
Title 7
What are the units for the convective heat transfer coefficient?
W/m2C or W/m2K
What factors influence dehydration
Temp, dryness, air vol, particle size, type of food, load
Food that absorbs water, resulting in increased % moisture without an increase in water activity are called_______.
Hygroscopic
This substance is formed from gliadins, glutenins and glycolipids when water is mixed with wheat flour.
gluten
Fourier's law is the fundamental differential equation for heat transfer by conduction. For the steady flow of heat, this equation reads q= KA(delta)T. What does K stand for in this equation?
Thermal conductivity (of the material through which the heat is flowing)
What is the term for determining the magnitude of reflection, refraction, and transmission of microwave radiation?
Fresnel equations
What is the term used to describe diseases that can be trasmitted from human to animal, and vice versa?
Zoonotic
What are the enzymes calpains and cathepsins associated with?
Meat tenderization/ protein degradation
State the full name that corresponds w/the recycling #3 for recyclable polymers.
PVC=polyvinyl chloride
What is the Schreiber melt test?
Used melt test for cheese where sample discs of known dimensions are heated in an oven and the final diameter of the melted disc is measured.
What effect causes recrystallization in ice cream?
Ostwald Ripening
There are 2 main differences between scotch and whiskey. What are they?
Geography: Scotch is made in Scotland, and whiskey can be made anywhere. Substrate: Scotch is made from malted barley and bourbon from distilled corn.
Name the sulfur containing essential amino acids.
Methionine
In dairy processing, what do the initials CIP stand for?
Clean in place
What does NLEA stand for?
Nutrition Labeling and Education Act
What vitamin is responsible for the prevention of certain kinds of anemias, is involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids, and is synthesized by microorganisms?
Folacin (or folate/folic acid)
Name the three main components of cereal grains.
Endosperm, germ, bran
An object that absorbs light in the red and the blue regions of the visible spectra will appear what hue?
Green
What is the backbone structure for each of the polysaccharide? guar gum, xanthan gum, pectin, alginate
Guar gum: mannose Xanthan gum: glucose Pectin: galacturonic acid Alginate: mannuronic acid, guluronic acid Locust bean gum: mannose
What is the name of italian flatbread which uses olive oil, salt, flour, water, and lard?
Piadina
In material/energy balance for continuous processes, what must also be considered?
time
What is the latin name of beef?
Bos taurus
The water content of lean beef muscle normally ranges from A) 15-20% B) 40-50% C) 70-75% D) 90-95%
C) 70-75%
What type of flowers produce vanilla pods?
Orchids
What does ServSafe say is the distance food should be off the ground for dry food?
6in
Does volume increase or decrease when a liquid becomes a gas?
Increases
What happens to chlorophyll in the presence of lipoxygenase and fatty acid hydroperoxides?
Bleached to yellow or white.
What is the major rate limiting or regulatory enzyme in glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase
What type of heat energy is added or subtracted from a system, resulting in a change of phase or state, but no change in temperature?
Latent heat (energy)
Which food colorants must be specifically labelled because they may induce allergic reactions?
FD&C Yellow #5 (or tartrazine) and #6
Name three methods to determine the lengths of polysaccharides.
Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Viscometry (intrinsic viscosity measurements), Light scattering (static or dynamic), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
IGTC stands for?
International global traceability center
What is an emulsion?
A system containing 2 immiscible liquids
What material are most plastic bakery bags made of (the typical grocery store bread bags, for example)?
Low density polyethylene
Which heavy metal is generally the most toxic to humans?
Lead
What is the fundamental equation for the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?
(delta)u= q + w, where (delta)u - internal energy, q - heat, w - work
The specific class of protein that is acted upon by rennin to bring about clotting of milk casein is called what?
κ-casein
What is the chemical name of enzyme lactase?
Beta-D-galactosidase
How do the roles of consumers and trained, expert panels differ in sensory testing?
Consumers tell you if the food is acceptable or not. Trained panels identify and describe the product attributes for use in specific product development decisions.
What are the four most commonly used flexible packaging materials?
Plastic (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, PET), paper, cellophane, aluminum foil
In the US, cultured butter is also known as what?
European-style Butter
Name the first flavors of Jell-O.
Raspberry, strawberry, lemon, and orange
Although the usage levels of antioxidants are generally defined on the basis of the fat content of the recipient food, what is the maximum antioxidant content, as a percentage of the total food weight, allowed in any food?
0.0002
Name 3 factors that influence the rate of lipid oxidation in foods.
Fatty acid composition, free fatty acid content versus the corresponding glycerols, oxygen concentration, temperature, surface area, moisture, pro-oxidants, antioxidants
Under FSMA, The Preventive Controls for Human Food Rule exempts some smaller scale processors from some parts of the rule. Are these processors "Covered Facilities" or "Qualified Facilities"?
Qualified Facilities are exempt from some parts of the rule, and may not need to have a full safety plan as defined by the rule.
How many rads are in one gray?
100
What is enology?
The study of wine and winemaking
Which organ is responsible for the secretion of insulin?
Pancreas
How much chocolate liquor must each of the following contain? (milk, semisweet, bittersweet)
Milk - 10%, semisweet - 15%, bittersweet - 35%
Vitamin B9 Deficiency can cause?
Megaloblastic anemia; associated with neural tube defects, may mask B12 deficiency
What color is grape juice at pH 2 and pH 8?
At pH 2, grape juice is red; at pH 8, it is blue-green.
What is the general bacterial limit for Grade A pasteurized milk?
20,000 CFU/ml
What are the three basic types of food packaging containers?
Primary, secondary, and tertiary
Heat that causes a temperature to rise or fall as it is added or removed is called what?
Sensible heat
What is osmotic pressure?
minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane. It is also defined as the measure of the tendency of a solution to take in water by osmosis. Excess pressure needed to reach the state of equilibrium between two systems
Where does Emanthal cheese originate?
Switzerland
What two amino acids have the highest pKa?
Arginine and lysine
What two factors largely determine the degree of thermal processing required?
pH of foods and rate of heat penetration into canned products
Why do you not want the pH of frankfurters to be at an isoelectric point of myosin?
the product will not be able to bind water and you cannot form a gel
What is the name of pastry that uses yeast?
Viennoise Pastry
What artificial sweetener does the number E954 refer to?
Saccharin (and its salts)
What law describes the theoretical spectral distribution for the emissive power of a black body?
Planck law
What is a racemic mixture?
50:50 mixture of two enantiomers (mirror-image isomers) of a chiral molecule, resulting in an optically inactive compound because the enantiomers' effects on polarized light cancel each other out.
Glucose can be broken down either aerobically or anaerobically using what pathway?
Glycolysis EMB pathway
Why cannot polybutadiene be used as an enamel on two-piece cans, but can be used as such on three-piece cans?
It cannot hold up under the stresses of the manufacturing process for two-piece cans
What compound is the biological precursor of ethylene in plants?
Methionine, known as Yang cycle
What is the most abundant protein in meat?
Collagen
What usually causes anemia?
Iron deficiency
What is the act of debasing food using food additives?
Adulteration
Cow's milk is considered to be an ideal food for human health being rich in vitamins and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus however milk lacks one very important mineral. Which one is that?
Iron
Guernsey and Jersey cows, also known as the Channel Island breeds, produce rich, yellow milk due to a relatively high amount of what compound?
β-carotene
When was the "food guide pyramid" unveiled by the secretary of agriculture Edward Madigan?
01/04/1992 00:00:00
What type of sourdough requires a drying process?
Type III
20 grams of amylose is added to 80 grams of water in a beaker; the boiling point is measured with an ordinary mercury-in-glass thermometer. What is the observed boiling point of the material in the beaker?
100 Degrees Celsius (it is not a true solution - there is no boiling point of elevation)
What is the function of the chalaza in the egg or what is it an indication of?
To maintain the structure of the egg, it is a sign of freshness
What serum protein carries dietary fat?
Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)
What Finnish product is made by fermenting milk with the mold Geotrichum candidum and bacteria Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis?
Viili
Vitamin B9 is chemically known as?
Folic acid
What is the term for noises made by fluid and gas movement in the intestines?
Borborygmus
What is the difference between the following types of data: nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
Nominal = the items examined are placed in two or three groups that differ in name but do not obey any particular order or any quantitative relationship; Ordinal = the panelist places the items examined into two or more groups that belong to an ordered series (e.g. level of intensity); Interval = panelists place the items into numbered groups separated by a constant interval (e.g., three, four, five, six); Ratio = panelists use numbers that indicate how many times the stimulus in question is stronger than a reference stimulus presented earlier; Nominal data contains the least information. ordinal data carries more information and can be analyzed by most nonparametric statistical tests. Interval and ratio data are even better because they can be analyzed by all nonparametric methods and often by parametric methods. Ratio data is preferred by some because it is free from end of scale distortions, however, in practice, interval data, which is easier to collect, appears to give equal results
Name the three positively charged amino acids.
Lysine, Arginine, and Histidine
Give an example of a food oil which contains as its principal fatty acid each of the following: Lauric Acid, Oleic Acid, Linoleic Acid, Linolenic Acid, Erucic Acid
Lauric: Coconut, Palm, Kernel; Oleic: Olive, Ground Nut, Rapeseed; Linoleic: Sunflower, Safflower, Soybean, Cottonseed, Maize; Linolenic: Linseed; Erucic: Rapeseed, Mustard Seed.
What method is used to determine the fat content of milk?
Mojonier, Gerber, Babcock, Rose-Gottlieb
Which government agency is responsible for policing food advertisements that run on television?
the Federal Trade Commission
Give one example of Brassica vegetable.
broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage
Which sarcoplasmic muscle protein is primarily responsible for meat color?
Myoglobin
What is the difference between Bingham plastics and Newtonian Fluid models?
Bingham plastics have a yield stress
Name and describe the component of pineapple that will make your mouth sore and give you a stomach ache if you eat too much of it.
Bromellin - a proteolytic enzyme
If the freezing point of milk is closer to zero degrees C, what could be the cause?
Adulteration with water
What does WONF stand for?
With Other Natural flavors
How can we enhance heat recovery?
By increasing the heat exchange area in the regeneration section, by using more plates in the regeneration section of plate type pasturizer, by increasing the length or diameter of tubes in regeneration section of concentric tube pasturizer
Typical mutton carcasses always have ___ joints on their front shanks.
spool
What dish is derived from the stomach lining of ruminant animals?
tripe
What is the form of aflatoxin excreted in milk?
M1.
What is 2-10 milk?
Milk containing 2% fat and 10% milk solids nonfat
Q: Which act requires inspection of all meat if it is moved within or between states?
A: Wholesome Meat Act of 1967
What metabolic disorder prevents conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine by normal metabolic pathways?
Phenylketonuria
Steady state mass balance equation
Mass in - mass out = mass acumulation
Name two reasons why fats are hydrogenated.
It allows the conversion of liquid oils into semisolid or plastic fats; it improves the oxidative stability of the fat; Improves texture/mouthfeel; Used in shortening and margarine production
What two minerals are most essential in the human diet?
Calcium and phosphorus
Which has better barrier properties, amorphous or crystalline polymers?
Crystalline polymers
What is the term for loss of smell?
Anosmia
What is the function of benzoate in food?
Benzoate acts as a preservative by inhibiting the growth of mold, yeast, and some bacteria.
Is evaporation endothermic or exothermic?
Evaporation is endothermic
Which is the 2nd most abundant polysachharide?
Chitin
What grain is used as the substrate in the production of sake?
Rice
What is the Weston A. Price Foundation?
An organization that, among other things, promotes the consumption of animal fat, consumption of raw milk
What is a plant, bacterial, or fungal cell that had its cell wall completely or partially removed using either mechanical or enzymatic means? What is a bacteria called without a cell wall with its cell membrane is exposed?
Protoplast
What study was conducted in 1991, 1995, and 2000 to establish baselines for beef quality shortfalls and identify targets for desired quality levels?
National Beef Quality Audit
What is the conversion of protein to glucose called?
Gluconeogenesis
What french puff pastry is known for frangipane cream and royal icing?
Conversation Tart
What are the six classes of IFT membership?
Premier, premier early carrier, networking and engagement, international joint membership, emeritus, student
Which grape variety is used for jam, jelly, and juice?
Vitis Labrusca
What federal agency has the responsibility for administration of the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act?
FDA
What are Xerophilic molds?
Dry Loving.
What is a cock-a-leekie soup?
Scottish soup dish of leeks and chicken stock often thickened with rice or barley
The wheat type having the lowest protein and weak gluten is?
Soft white winter wheat
What is phenolphthalein use for?
pH indicator, acid=colorless, base=red violet
What enzyme is primarily responsible for tomato softening?
Polygalacturonase.
Bromelain for pineapple, ficin from figs or papain from papaya may be added to meat to serve as what type of agent?
Tenderizers
What beef dish is baked with filet, pate, duxelles, wrapped in puff pastry?
Beef Wellington
What dessert was invented by Franz Sacher in 1832?
Sachertorte
What is 'surimi'?
a paste made from fish muscle which is a a Japanese word for fish flesh that is deboned, minced and washed to remove the soluble proteins, lipids and pigments
To which of the following filament protein does Ca++ bind, and regulate actin myosin interaction during muscle contraction : a) myosin, b) actin, c) troponin
Troponin
What does EDTA stand for?
Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid
According to the Arrhenius equation, what happens to the rate of a reaction if the temperature increases?
Increases.
What are the disadvantages of using Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Ultrafiltration (UF)?
Disadvantages of using membranes: - Membranes can get clogged. - Concentration gets to only between 40 to 50% compared to 80% in evaporation.
what term describes the process of surgically de-sexing male livestock?
castration
What does IQF in frozen food refer to?
Individually Quick Frozen
Rio, Marsh White, and Ruby Red are all varieties of which fruit?
Grapefruit
What does the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act of 1967 require on all food labels?
Name and address of manufacturer or distributor, name of food, net contents in terms of weight, measure, or count, and ingredients statement
A non-substrate molecule binds to an enzyme, which enables it to bind to a substrate it previously could not. What likely is that molecule? A. Non-competitive inhibitor B. Competitive inhibitor C. Uncompetitive inhibitor D. Activator
D. Activator
What effect is described by a visco elastic fluid climbing an impeller shaft during mixing or agitation?
The Weissenberg Effect
Define the 'hurdle concept' as it pertains to foods.
preservation technique that involves using multibarrier methods in order to prevent microbial spoilage of foods: ex. combination of salt, water activity, pH, and temperature on the inhibition of bacterial growth
What is G-force?
measure of the magnitude of the acceleration relative to the local gravitational acceleration
What is the microorganism used to make miso and sake?
Aspergillus orzae
Which of the following does not have an official regulatory definition under FDA regulations?Dietary supplement, food, functional food, all of the above
functional food
When a hen eats a diet full of xanthophylls, where are they deposited?
The egg yolk
What is exsanguination?
The removal of as much blood as possible during animal slaughter to improve meat quality.
Name three collards cultivars.
Blue Max, Georgia Southern, Vates
What does the acronym PCB stand for?
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Name three nonpolar, polar, and charged amino acids.
Nonpolar: Valine, Leucine, Alanine, Isoleucine, Proline, Methionine Polar uncharged: Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Asparagine, Glutamine Charged (polar): Positive: Lysine, Arginine, Histidine Negative: Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid
Match geographic regions to products: Amaranth, guava, Kosha, spelt; South america, central america, central europe, middle east
Central America: Amaranth; South america: Guava; Middle east: Kosha; Central Europe: spelt
What is a bacteriophage?
A virus that infects bacteria.
Intermittent boiling of spores for 1 hour each for 4 times will kill the spores. This process is called
Tydallization
COD, BOD, and TOC are all methods used to measure pollutants in water. Which method is the cheapest but takes the longest time to complete?
BOD
What is the citrus fruit that used to describe British sailors? What fruit did British sailors got their nickname from?
Lime
How many milliliters are in each of the following? 1 teaspoon, 1 tablespoon and 1 cup
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL and 1 cup = 236-240 mL
What is the major structural component of fleshy vegetables?
Pectin
What is the name for the chord that anchor that enter egg yolk?
In a fresh egg, you can see two white cords attached to the yolk. These two cords, called chalazae, are made of twisted strands of mucin fibre, a special form of protein. The role of the chalazae are to anchor the yolk in the centre of the egg.
What is the primary difference between fruit jelly and fruit jam?
Jelly is made using fruit juice, while jam is made using whole fruits that have been smashed or crushed.
What is the protein source in TVP (textured vegetable protein)?
Soy
Name 4 cereal grains in the Poesia family.
Wheat, maize, rice, barley, oats, rye, common millet, finger millet, teff, sorghum
The lactose content in human milk is higher than in cow milk.
True
Which of the following enzyme is used to cut DNA: Conversion, Mannic, Conjungtion and restriction
Restriction
What protein supplement was discovered to mimic the effects of exercise on the body without actual physical activity?
Sestrin
What is the packaging material that is impermeable to gas?
Glass
What are 2 ways milk is dried into powder form?
Spray drying and drum roller drying
name 4 bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria and state the most thoroughly studied.
Nicin, pediocin, diplocoxin, helveticin, and lactacin (nicin most thoroughly studied)
What 2 chemicals are generally used to prevent browning in fruit?
sulfur dioxide and ascorbic acid
What three mamilian papillae contain taste buds?
Fungiform, foliate, circumvaliate
What B vitamin is called the anti-pernicious anemia factor and is important in nucleic acid formation and in fat and Carbohydrate metabolism?
B12
You are mixing a liquid food product and observe that you increase the mixing speed, the product becomes harder to mix. What type of Non-Newtonian rheological property is the food exhibiting?
Dilatancy
Over the years, the most commonly used additive in processing meat products is: A.pepper, B.sodium chloride, C.papain, or D.bromelin?
B.Sodium Chloride
What fish produces red caviar?
Salmon
A disease associated with the way pork is cooked is called: A.leptospirosis, B.brucellosis, C.trichinosis, or D.vibriosis?
C. trichinosis
Give 5 examples of flatbreads.
Matza, Bazalama, Focaccia, Piadina, Kulcha, Pita, Naan, Tortilla, Lavash, Roti, Chapati, Paratha, Injera
Name the equation that relates electrochemical cell potential to redox states.
Nernst equation
Which 4 fast food restaurants have the most locations worldwide?
Mixue (A Chinese brand specializing in ice cream, coffee, and bubble tea, Mixue has rapidly expanded, boasting over 45,000 stores globally), McDonalds, Subway, Starbucks, KFC
Which preserving process loses the most vitamins and minerals?
Canning
In sensory analysis, the assignment of symbols, usually with 3-digit numbers, to test samples so they can be presented to a subject without identification is called ______.
Coding
The muscle tissue from bony fish flesh contains what amount of connective tissue as compared to beef?
Most fish contain about 10% of the collagen level present in terrestrial meat sources
What is Newton's First Law?
Every body persists in its state of rest or motion in a straight line unless acted upon by a force.
What is the main difference between a food intolerance and a food allergy?
Food intolerance deals with the digestive system and food allergy with the immune system
Name the 4 layers in a sandwich ELISA.
capture antibody, sample, enzyme-labeled antibody, enzyme substrate
What are 4 advantages of impingement heating?
efficient heat transfer, uniform heating, better moisture retention in food, heat transfer is independent from the conveyor belt, easier nozzle configuration, adjustable velocity and temperature
How may the seam tightness of a can be judged visually?
By the degree of wrinkling of the cover hook.
What are some examples of unit operations?
Evaporator, storage tanks, filler, shipping, peeler/dicer, washing, mill, pasteurizer, grinding, extraction, drying
Which of the following allergens does Canada require to be labeled but the United States does not? Shellfish, Celery, Sesame, Egg
Sesame
The inventor of which snack is now buried in that product's packaging?
Pringles (Fredric J. Baur, the inventor of the Pringles can, is buried with some of his ashes in a Pringles can)
How does Convection Heating work?
(canned liquid) the first heated portion of the liquid becomes lighter in density and rises thereby setting up circulation within the can. Coldest location at bottom of container.
How can osmotic pressure affect shelf life?
One can regulate the shelf life of foods by adjusting the osmotic pressure of the solution. Π > 12.7 MPa most bacteria do not proliferate Π > 17.3 most yeast do not proliferate Π > 30.1 most molds do not proliferate
What are three symptoms of vit A toxicity?
Fatigue, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, joint or bone pain, loss of appetite, blurred vision, liver damage
What vegetable did the ancient Egyptians worship?
Onion
What is a concentric tube pasteurizer and what is it used for?
Used for fluids with high viscosity, , ketchup, concentrated juices, tomato paste, needs high pressure to move
What is the measurement of how much KOH or NaOH is needed to break down one gram of fat?
Saponification value
What is used to pasteurize spices?
ethylene oxide or gamma radiation
To maximize quality of frozen foods, why is it more desirable to freeze a product quickly rather than slowly?
Ice crystals formed will be the smallest possible if the product is frozen quickly to prevent quality problems
Which of the following is the strongest form of radiation: a. alpha, b. beta, c. gamma?
c. Gamma radiation.
At room temperature, which phase are oils generally in?
Liquid
"Sharp" freezing can be described as.....?
Still air freezing
(True/False) Boiling bacterial spores for 4 hours will destroy the spores
False
What is the average lifespan of a taste bud?
10-14 days
What color of grapes are dark and golden raisins made from, and how do the processes differ?
Both are from green grapes: Dark raisins are sun-dried and golden raisins are hot-air dried
Marasmus is a type of PEM disease. What does PEM stand for?
Protein Energy Malnutrition
True/False: the adult Recommended Daily Allowance is 13-20mg/day for niacin, depending on age and gender.
True
Why are fruits or vegetables often heated prior to maceration for juice production?
to speed up the process or to infuse flavors prior to maceration, to increase extract yield and to inactivate the enzymes
Why can goats eat grass and paper while humans cannot?
Bacteria present in their stomachs break down the cellulose
At what temperature (in degrees F) does meat freeze?
28
What is the selective agent in the following medium: proteose peptone?
Sodium Azide.
What is Coulomb's law?
The electrical force between two charges of magnitude Q1 and Q2 separated by a distance r in vacuum is; f = k(Q1*Q2)/r^2) where k= 1/(4*pi*epsilon naught)
What is the major purpose of blanching foods prior to packaging?
To inactivate natural enzymes in fruits and vegetables prior to further processing.
Name four additives that are legal for use in making cheese.
Rennet, annatto, calcium chloride, and starter culture
State that leads in Mushroom production
PA
Which amino acid has the greatest molecular weight: tryptophan or tyrosine?
Tryptophan
Define apparent acidity.
Apparent acidity is the measure of the total acid content (free and bound acids) in a food, often determined by titration, reflecting the overall acidic character rather than just free hydrogen ions.
Why is the measurement of phosphatase enzyme used to assess the adequacy of milk pasteurization?
The alkaline phosphatase enzyme is more heat-resistant than most pathogens, so its inactivation indicates that pasteurization has been sufficient to destroy harmful microbes.
What is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that has been identified in free-ranging and captive mule deer, white tailed deer, and elk?
Chronic wasting disease
Give the country of origins of the following ethnic foods: Kimchi, Tempeh, Idli, Miso.
Kimchi - Korea, tempeh - Indonesia, idli - India, Miso - Japan
What alternate name is used for Hong Kong waffles?
Grid cake/Grid biscuits
What is the dimer that forms the basis of cellulose?
Cellobiose
What is vitamin B6 also called?
Pyridoxine
What is the toughest beef cut, used in stews and soups?
Foreshank, Shank
What percentage does lactose take up in whole milk?
0.048
According to the original Pure Food Law of 1906, what two things were required to be on a food package label?
Alcohol content and Narcotic content
C20:4n6 represents which fatty acid?
(Unsaturated fatty acid) arachidonic acid (from elongating linoleic acid)
What method is used to determine the fat content of milk?
Mojonier, Gerber, Babcock, Rose-Gottlieb
Which of the following does not have an official regulatory definition under FDA regulations?Dietary supplement, food, functional food, all of the above
functional food
Single drum, double drum, and twin drum are all types of what?
(drum) Driers
What do you call a fruit preserve made from the juice and peel of citrus fruits boiled with sugar and water?
Marmalade
What is the minimum product temperature necessary for expansion of an extruded material?
100?C (In order for expansion to occur, moisture in the product must be able to flash-vaporize)
Candy corn is made to look like corn kernels, how many times larger is a candy corn compared to a real corn kernel?
3 times larger
What chemical is used to sterilize tetrapak packaging?
H2O2
The quality of shrimp remains generally good up to what pH?
7.7
Which city was the birthplace of kool-aid?
Hastings, Nebraska
What is microfiltration?
Particles retained 0.02 - 10 mm, Pressure 1-50 psig, Bacteria, fat globules (suspended particles) rejected, Applications: dairy (milk - removal of bacterial and spores, fractionation of proteins), egg (remove bacteria) juice (clarification) Beer (recover yeast)
PEP-PTS is a transport system that plays a vital role in fermentation by lactic acid bacteria. What does PEP-PTS stand for?
Phosphoenolpyruvate-Phosphotransferase System
What cheese has the most moisture?
Cottage cheese
The INQ or "index of nutritional quality" for a nutrient in a food is ...
a ratio between the amount of nutrient in food/calorie and the human need or allowance for that nutrient/calorie
What is the maximum pH at which sorbic acid is effective as a preservative in foods:A.3.5, B.4.5, C.5.5, or D.6.5?
D.6.5
What is the color of freshly slaughtered beef?
Deep purple or purple red before it is exposed to oxygen
What is the equation for conduction and define each term?
Q=KA[ΔT/L] Q=the heat rate K = thermal conductivity L= thickness of the wall A = surface area of the wall ΔT = the difference in temperature between the 2 sides
What is the latin name for goats?
Capra hircus
Please provide 5 of the 6 “technologies” that are part of the definition of food technology.
Selection, preservation, processing, packaging, distribution, and use
What is the botanical name of pig?
Sus (scrofa) domesticus
What is the typical width of the pulse used in pulsed electric field processing?
1-10 microseconds
What is the white part inside an orange peel called, and what is it a good source of?
Albedo; it is a good source of pectin
In high pressure processing, the pressure is of the order of which?
1000 atm.
True/False: Vitamins function in enzyme systems, which facilitate the metabolism of proteins, Carbohydrates, & fats.
True
What protein is used as a reference to measure the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Ratio?
Casein
What is the name of FD&C Green No.3?
Fast Green
Convective flow is driven by a gradient of what property?
Density
What does the term "con carne" mean in mexican food?
With meat
What is the term that describes food where an ingredient, such as a vitamin or mineral, has been added for dietary purposes only?
Fortified
Vinegar fermentation is done by...
Acetobacteria
In cakes, sugar is a tenderizing agent that counterbalances the effects of what 2 ingredients?
Eggs and flour
The largest soy sauce manufacturer in the world is ___
Kikkoman
What is not the storage temperature of food?
40 to 140°F.
What color of ink is used to apply the red meat carcass inspection stamp?
Purple
What are the major pigments in yellow peppers?
Carotenoids
Why should olive oil be stored in a dark environment?
Prevent photooxidation of PUFAs
Why do foods freeze faster than they thaw?
Water layer insulates, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of ice>water
What are the uncontrolled fat crystallizations which give chocolate an impaired texture and a grey surface called?
Fat bloom
Dry and semi-dry sausages are examples of what kind of sausage?
Fermented Sausage/ cured sausage
Bonus: Name two homofermentative and two heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria
Leuconostoc, Oenococcus; Some homofermentative: Pediococcus
What is the name of the pasta that translates "to line"?
Rigatoni
Additional component in mass and energy balance equation in food processing
- Time sucrose +heat + acid --> Hydrolysis/inversion
Name 3 factors useful in controlling enzyme activity.
Temperature, water content and activity, pH, chemicals, alteration of substrates, alterations of products, preprocessing controls.
What does a headspace scavenger such as ascorbate do in a container?
Reduce headspace [O2]
The 17th century case of ergotism is popularly known as?
Salem witch trials
What is the log of 1?
0
What flavor compound is responsible for the flavor of the Italian liquor Amarreto?
Benzaldehyde
Under what conditions is the formation of lysinoalanine favored in foods?
Alkaline treatment of proteins
Which of the following is the strongest form of radiation: a. alpha, b. beta, c. gamma?
c. Gamma radiation.
What is the conversion factor of kilocalories to kilo joules?
4.184 kilojoules per kilo calorie
What can be a replacement for sourdough?
1 cup of milk with 1 tablespoon of lemon juice or vinegar
What is a pluot, also known as a dinosaur egg?
It a complex cross hybrid of plum and an apricot
How would you determine which brand of pudding is preferred by customers?
Sensory evaluation, preference tests
Packaging materials are classified as what?
Food Additives (indirect)
What does CFSAN stand for?
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
What limits making rye bread from 100% rye flour?
The protein is too weak to support bread structure.
What drink was developed in 1767 to help mariners stay healthy on long sea voyages?
Tonic water/ carbonated water
Of the four stages in a refrigeration cycle, expansion, evaporation, compression, and condensation, which is a constant entropy process?
Compression
The US Supreme Court unanimously agreed that this item was a vegetable, despite its genus and species.
Tomatoes
What is the genus/species/variety for popping corn?
Zea mays everta
Give the name and type of food borne illness where the pathogens are consumed, take up residence in the intestinal walls and produce a toxin inside the body, and give an example
food toxicoinfection.. E. coli O157: H7
Which food colorants must be specifically labelled because they may induce allergic reactions?
FD&C Yellow #5 (or tartrazine) and #6
What french custard contains almonds?
Frangipane Cream
There are many styles of canned mushrooms, name four of them.
whole, buttons, sliced whole, random sliced whole, stems & pieces, stems & buttons
The Food and Drug Administration is attempting to overcome the dictate of zero tolerance given by the Delaney clause by applying the legal principle given what latin name?
de minimus
For a dairy cow to make 1 liter of milk, how many liters of blood must circulate through the udder?
400 liters
What's the difference between the intracellular and interstitial spaces?
-Intracellular spaces are within cells. -Interstitial spacers are between cells
What is the difference between commercial sterilization and pasteurization?
sterilization: processed at temps higher than 100 C, mainly for canning (retorting), destroys all microbes that may cause spoilage (may contain heat resistant bacteria spores such as endospores or thermophiles or flat sour bacteria), shelf life of 2+ years at room temperature, pasteurization: processed at temps lover than 100 C, typically high temperature for short time (HTST), destroys pathogenic microbes, reduces spoilage microbes, inactivates enzymes
What term refers to microorganisms added to the diet in order to provide health benefits beyond basic nutritive value?
probiotics
What is the time temperature combination required for foodservice operators to safely cool cooked foods?
Answer: food must be cool to 70 degrees Fahrenheit within two hours, and then 41 within four hours, and the total cooling time should not exceed six hours.
Where was the IFT annual meeting held in 2006?
Orlando
Name the key bacteria in Yakult.
Lacticaseibacillus casei Shirota
fecal contamination from what mammal is the source of almost all foodborne viral illnesses?
humans
Durian botanical name?
Durio species [Malvaceae (Mallow)]
When the double bonds of carotenoids change from trans to cis forms, what happens to the carotenoid color?
Cis is lighter/yellowish; trans is deeper red-orange.
When air is passed over a thin layer of water (such as water in a wick surrounding a thermometer) it assumes a characteristic temperature governed by the moisture content and temperature of the air. What is this temperature?
The wet bulb temperature
Deficiency of Vit K, phylloquinone and menaquinone, causes?
Bleeding diathesis
The vitamin made by intestinal bacteria and associated with blood clotting is?
Vitamin K
Which statement is NOT correct about meat fats:A.it adds flavor & makes meat seem juicy, B.help in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, C.all animal fat is saturated, or D.moderate amounts of fat are essential in human diets?
C. all animal fat is saturated
You are determining how much a consumer uses a specific product. This is generally considered what type of sensory test?
Acceptance test (acceptance is used of usage and preference for liking)
Focaccia al rosmario has what herb added to focaccia?
Rosemary
What is the term used to describe the quantity of heat that is gained or lost by a unit weight of product to accomplish a desired change in temperature without a change in state?
Sensible heat
According to FDA SOI, reduced fat milk should have what minimum percentage by weight of milk solids-not-fat (SNF)?
0.0825
What is the most effective synthetic antioxidant?
TBHQ (Tertiary-Butylhydroquinone)
The ability of an organism to survive thermal processing is termed what?
Heat resistance
What is the relationship between viscosity and fluidity?
Fluidity is the reciprocal of viscosity.
What are covalent chemical bonds linking two consecutive amino acid monomers along a protein chain called?
Peptide bonds
During freezing what are the two stages in the crystallization process?
Nucleation (or crystal formation) and crystal growth.
What is the most commonly used polymer in the food industry?
Polyethylene
The ester of which 2 compounds compose chlorogenic acid?
Quinic acid and caffeic acid
Name one of the key bacteria responsible for kefir.
Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus
Identify three types of fungi commonly consumed in foods.
Yeast, molds and mushrooms
Based on FDA definition, four substances exempt from the definition of food additive.
Pesticide residues, color additives, new animal drugs, dietary supplements
In order to be described as lean, a serving of meat, poultry, seafood, a game meats must contain less than how many grams of fat, saturated fat, and mg of cholesterol?
< 10 g fat, < 4 g saturated fat, < 95 mg cholesterol
viruses specific to E. coli are: A.eshiphages, B.cytopathic phages, C.coliphages, or D.microphages
C.coliphages
(True/False) Aflatoxin is produced by a mold
True
Name one ferrous and one ferric form of myoglobin.
Ferrous: oxymyoglobin, deoxymyoglobin Ferric: metmyoglobin
What is the amount of energy to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water from 14.5 C to 15.5 C?
1 Calorie
What's the difference between the intracellular and interstitial spaces?
-Intracellular spaces are within cells. -Interstitial spacers are between cells
What is incipient spoilage in thermally processed foods?
Spoilage that occurs prior to thermal processing
Cooked flavor develops in milk when what compound is released by heat?
Hydrogen sulfide
What are sweetbreads?
(1) stomach sweetbreads (also known as heart or belly sweetbreads), which are an animal’s pancreas. (2) neck (throat or gullet) sweetbreads, an animal’s thymus gland.
Who was the first female IFT president?
Mary K. Wagner (1997-1998).
The best relative humidity for smoke application to pork hams at 60-80 ‚ÑÉ is:
d. 60%.
Citrus HLB is a bacterial disease. What does it stand for?
Huanglongbing or citrus greening
What are the leading three states in the value production of cucumbers for pickles?
Michigan, Florida, and North Carolina
Is Brie cheese classified as soft unripened, soft ripened, or semi soft ripened?
Soft ripened
What is caused when a blood vessel on the yolk surface ruptures during formation of the egg, or by similar accident in the wall of the oviduct?
Blood spots
Federal SOIs for jellies, preserves, and jams require: A. not <43% soluble solids in finished product, B.not <45% sugar to 55% fruit in the formula, C.not > 65% soluble solids in the finished product, D. not<45% fruit to 55% sugar in formula
D. not < 45% fruit to 55% sugar in the formula
Which two resins are the most commonly used for plastic packaging bottles?
High density polyethylene (HDPE) and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
As animals age, what happens to the physico-chemical characteristics of collagen?
Collagen becomes more insoluble, more cross-linked, and less heat labile.
What breed of cow produces the most milk in the United States?
Holstein
How many molecules of ATP will each of the following yield when they are oxidized by the ETC: a) FADH2 b) NADH + H+?
FADH2 yields 2 ATP; NADH + H+ yields 3 ATP
What organisms do the following media select for and how do the colonies appear on the media? XLD (xylose lysine deoxycholate), VRBA (violet red bile agar), EMB (eosin methylene blue), baird parker, macconkey
f) XLD- salmonella- red colonies- black centers and shigella-red colonies g) VRBA- enterobacteriaceae, pink colonies h) EMB- coliforms, E.coli turns metallic green i) Baird Parker-staph aureus- black j) Mcconkey- Macconkey- coliforms, pink- if lactose fermenting, colorless if not, E.coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staph aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium, Proteus vulgaris
What is phenolphthalein used for?
pH indicator, acid=colorless, base=red violet
What are the target microorganisms for milk pasteurization?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Coxiella burnetti
Give an example of a component of unsaponifiable matter.
Sterols, cholesterol
Lemon botanical name?
Citrus limon [Rutaceae (Citrus)]
What is the latin name for pigs?
Sus domesticus
Absence of what causes the meat to go purple?
Oxygen
What is the number of equivalent minutes at 121 C delivered to a container of product calculated using a z value of 10 C known as?
F or sterilization process equivalent time
List the methods of artificial tenderizing.
Mechanical means, applying low levels of salt (salt solubilizes meat protein), adding enzyme to meat, such as bromelin, ficin, trypsin, or papain, electrical stimulation (application of sufficient voltage to cause rapid muscle contractions)
What distinguishes a regulation from a law?
A regulation is an interpretation of a law by government officials
Which type of south american tea is traditionally served in a gourd?
Yerba mate
Name three tangelo cultivars.
Orlando, Minneola, Nova
With respect to thermal processing, what does TA stand for?
Thermophilic anaerobe
Which of the following do not require pre-market approval?
structure function claims
What is the term for the ratio of carbon dioxide evolved to oxygen consumed?
respiratory quotient
Organic material that is not digested by boiling 1.25% sodium hydroxide and 1.25% sulfuric acid is called what?
Crude fiber
What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency?
neuropsychiatric symptoms (irritability, depression, lethargy, sleepiness, slurred speech, tremors), keratinization of the eye, dermatitis (around orifices), Diarrhea
What two compounds are most commonly used as standards for bitterness in sensory evaluation?
Quinine and Caffeine.
Rank sweetness from least to most of the following compounds: sucralose, Acesulfame K, neotame, saccahrine
AceK, saccharin, sucralose, neotame
In US Standrd of butter nad margarine, what is min fat content
80% for both
Myristicin is a hallucinogen found in relatively high concentrations in what spice?
Nutmeg
After harvest, climacteric fruits go through a period in which the respiratory level is at a minimum, followed by a sudden increase in respiration, and a final decline in respiratory rate. What respiratory pattern or behavior do non-climacteric fruits exhibit?
A steady fall in respiratory activity with time.
Name the three glycosidic bonds that can be found in beta-glucans.
Beta-glucans primarily consist of β-(1,3) and β-(1,4) bonds, but can also include β-(1,6) bonds in some cases, particularly in fungal and yeast glucans.
In dairy processing, what do the initials CIP stand for?
Clean in place
What are the foodborne bacterial intoxications?
staphylococcal intoxication: an enterotoxin produced by S. aureus, botulism: a neurotoxin produced by clostridium botulinum
Which country banned U.S. poultry imports in march of 2002?
russia
Name a group of microaerophilic bacteria used in dairy food.
Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, or Leuconostoc
What is the base of profiteroles?
Choux pastry
What is the dressing percentage of a steer that had a live weight of 1,250 lb. and a carcass weight of 800 lb.?
0.64
Name two adaptogens and their flavor notes.
Ashwagandha root: Bitter and Astingent Cordyceps: Savory umami and deep earthy-nutty flavor Ginseng: Bitter and earthy Holy Basil (Tulsi): Astringent and peppery spiciness
What chart gives the dew point, wet bulb, dry bulb temperature, relative humidity . . . ?
Psychrometric chart
In extrusion, most of the energy for melting the polymer resin comes from heat supplied by the extruder barrel.
FALSE.
Give the time and temperature for batch, or LTLT, pasteurization.
63°C (145°F) for 30 minutes
Name 5 dimensionless numbers used in heat and/or mass transfer calculations.
Biot number (Bi), Fourier number (Fo), Fanning friction factor (f), Grashoff number (Gr), lag coefficient for mass transfer (j), Lewis number (Le), Nusselt number (Nu), Plank number (Pk), Prandtl number (Pr), Raleigh number (Ra), Reynolds number (Re), Schimidt number (Sc), Sherwood number (Sh), Stefan number (Ste)
What is described by two all-beef patties, special sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles, onions on a sesame seed bun?
McDonald's Big Mac
In a single serving of 100g of food containing 23 grams of fat and 400 total calories, what percent of the calories come from fat?
51.75
What is the name for the French dish of thin pancakes?
Crepes
What is the term used to describe tying the intestine during evisceration?
Bunging
What are proteolytic enzymes?
Proteolytic enzymes hydrolyze proteins into peptides or amino acids
What does LPM stand for?
Lithium Chloride Phenylethanol Moxalatam
Vitamins B and C's absorption by the body depends on the normal absorption of fat from the diet.
False
What are the only phenols approved for use in the microbiological preservation of foods?
Parabens
Which will be coldest at its freezing point: 1M dispersion of amylose, 1M solution of NaCl, distilled water, or 1M solution of sucrose?
NaCl (it dissociated to a 2M solution)
What is the scientific term for an increase in the size of the cells in an organism?
Hypertrophy
What two metal wires compose a T-type thermocouple?
copper and constantan
Freedom of Information Act (all actions of government must be made public)
1971
Name two types of flow in pipes
Laminar and Turbulent
Define the D-value and the Z-value.
z-value – temperature required to decrease the time necessary to obtain a 1 log reduction in cell number to 1/10th of the original value d-value – the time in minutes at a specific temperature to reduce the number of microogranisms by 1 log cycle, AKA kill 90% of micorbes.
What was the round copper container first used to deliver pizza in Naples in 1800s?
Stufa
Who developed the first mathematical equations to predict thermal process time?
Ball
What muscle enzyme catalyzes the formation of glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen?
Phosphorylase
What are the shapes of following divisions of bacteria? cocci, bacilli, spirilla, vibrios, spirochaetes
spherical (cocci), rod (bacilli), spiral (spirilla), comma (vibrios) and corkscrew (spirochaetes)
What amino acid has the greatest molecular weight?
Tryptophan
Why can birds eat chili peppers and not be bothered?
They can’t taste capsaicin
Pistachio botanical name?
Pistacia Vera
What is HTST method in dairy technology and what are the requirements?
High Temperature Short Time is a pasteurization process for milk: 72 degrees C for 15 seconds
How are potato chips protected from physical damage?
Bags are nitrogen-flushed
Give four advantages of steel cans.
Protection from contamination, barrier from O2 and other volatiles, barrier from light, suitable for high-speed handling, suitable for displays in stores, suitable for high speed handling
What is the full name of MRS agar used for lactobacilli cultures?
De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe agar
What is the minimal water activity for most bacteria?
0.90-0.91
Which food component is used to accurately determine digestibility? Lipid, amino acid, fiber
Fiber
What does IU stand for?
International Units
Pumpkin, Zucchini, Summer or Yellow Squash botanical name?
Cucurbita pepo [Cucurbitaceae (Gourd)]
How does the toxin of Clostridium botulinum work?
It interferes with the release or action of acetylcholine, leading to paralysis.
What is glucono delta lactone?
GdL (glucono-delta-lactone) is a widely used acidulant in meat products, especially for dry cured sausages. It is used when a slow release of acid is required. In the presence of water it reverts to gluconic acid. The lowering of the pH inhibits growth of bacteria and accelerates the drying
What does NIRS stand for?
Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Which vitamin contains cobalt?
vitamin B12 or cyanocobalamin
In December 1991, the FDA officially withdrew the proposed federal ban on what alternative sweetener?
Saccharine
Pozole is a fermented soup or stew from which country?
Mexico
What do we call high-protein food from yeast and other microorganisms?
Single cell protein or SCP
The two twisted rope-like cords in eggs that serve to keep the yolk in the center are called what?
Chalazae.
At which humidity level can bacteria better withstand- High or low?
Low
What are the three most common food monosaccharides?
Glucose, Galatose, and Fructose
What colorant is added to make foods white?
Titanium dioxide.
What is the difference between recombinant bovine growth hormone and natural bovine growth hormone?
Recombinant version has an additional Methionine
Give 5 examples of waffle varieties.
American, Belgian, Brussels, Liege, Croffle, Bergische, Pandan, Kue Gapit, Stroopwafels
Food Additives Amendment of 1958 (to the FD&C Act of 1938)
food additives must be proven safe before addition to food and must be safe at intended levels of use. Delaney Clause is attached to this amendment which prohibits the FDA from allowing anyone to use a substance that can cause cancer at any dose.
How can olive oil help relieve constipation?
It lubricates the digestive system, making it easier for stools to pass through. It also helps stools retain water, keeping them softer.
What three spice flavors are experienced when tasting allspice?
Cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg
With respect to distillation, what is a vaporize/condensation stage called?
A theoretical plate
Baking powder is a combination of what?
Acid and sodium bicarbonate
Name the country where the following companies are headquartered. Nestle, Pepsico, Suntory, Grupo Bimbo
Nestle: Switzerland, PepsiCo: US, Suntory: Japanese multinational brewing and distilling company group, Grupo Bimbo: Mexico
What is the oxidation state of iron when meat is in a red color?
2
Lysine is produced by which genus of bacteria?
Brevibacterium
Name the active compounds in Stevia extract responsible for its sweetness.
Steviol glycosides, particularly stevioside and rebaudioside A
What is the full form of ppm?
Parts per million
What is pK?
The negative log of equilibrium constant
What food will never rot and has been recorded to last 3,000 years?
Honey
What is the name give to the type of flow of a fluid when there is no turbulence?
laminar, streamline, or viscous
What is Thermal conductivity (k)?
Thermal conductivity (k): refers to how heat penetrates the food when freezing the food. It takes into consideration Mw, solids, fat, general composition of the food product.
what is glazing, when applied to fish handling?
fish is flash-frozen in a freezer; when solidified, it is dipped into clean, cold water so that a thin layer of ice is formed on the frozen fish. This process is repeated to get a 1/4 inch layer of clear ice all over the fish
What are crustaceans?
invertebrates characterized by a hard outer shell and jointed appendages and bodies. They usually live in water and breathe through gills. Higher forms of this class include lobsters, shrimp, and crawfish; lower forms include barnacles, and fish lice.
What organelle serves as the primary packaging area for molecules to be distributed throughout the cell?
Golgi apparatus
What is the first type of descriptive analysis test used in food sensory science?
Flavor profiling
Is HTST suitable for food products with large discrete particles?
No
In apple juice, titratable acidity should be reported as which acid equivalent?
Malic acid
Name two anti-microbial factors found in raw milk.
Lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, lysozyme
What is the name of the connective tissue layers surrounding muscle bundle, muscle fibers and sarcolemma?
endomysium/ may be perimysium
list 2 approved application of gamma irradiation in foods.
inhibit sprouting in tubers and bulbs,reduce microbial population in spices,destruction of salmonella in poultry,destruction of spoilage microorganisms
of the following pathogens, which one was recognized even 30 years ago: campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Cyclospora cayetanensis?
Bacillus cereus
Molecular weight of food packaging material is typically between 5,000 and 50,000.
FALSE.
Name the country/region of origin for the following foods: Japchae, Lutefisk, Poutine, Mofongo, Injera
Japchae: Korea, Lutefisk: Sweden/Finland/Norway, Poutine: Canada, Mofongo: Puerto Rico, Injera: Ethiopia
In which year was the color additive ammendment was done in FDCA? What did it achieve?
The Color Additive Amendments of 1960, a part of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, established that color additives, except for coal-tar hair dyes, must be approved by the FDA before use in food, drugs, cosmetics, and certain medical devices.
Define titratable acidity of milk and milk products.
Titratable acidity refers to the total amount of acid present in milk, both free hydrogen ions and those bound in weak acids, measured by titration with a standard alkali (usually NaOH). It indicates the freshness and microbial activity in the milk. It is expressed in degrees Dornic (°D), Thorner (°T), or as a percentage of lactic acid (e.g., 0.14–0.17% for fresh milk). This test is used to determine milk quality and to monitor fermentation of cheeses.
What is the maximum amount of aflatoxin allowed in food by FDA?
20 ppb, .5 ppb for milk, aflatoxin 61 is the most potent known naturally-occurring liver carcinogen
What is regression analysis?
statistical method to analyze a relationship between 2 or more variables such that 1 of them can be predicted by using the information of the others.
The 2 types of bloom in chocolate:
Fat (commonly cocoa butter) and Sugar
What are fluidized bed dryers?
Food pieces on mesh perforated belt 15cm, hot air blown up through bed at high velocity, particles suspended and agitated improving heat and mass transfer, batch or continuous, multistage in cascade, compact, high drying rates, good process control, limited to small 20µ-10mm particles
The labeling of a sausage biscuit is regulated by which agency?
FDA
The earliest recorded reference to sausage occurred in which epic work written in the 8th century BC?
Homer’s the Odyssey
If fermentable carbs are present when pickling food, what percent acid must be present to prevent growth of lactic acid bacilli and yeasts?
0.036
Name three breeds of chicken that lay brown shell eggs.
Rhode Island Red, New Hampshire and Plymouth Rock, Brahma, Aseel, Australop, Cornish
How can olive oil help relieve constipation?
It lubricates the digestive system, making it easier for stools to pass through. It also helps stools retain water, keeping them softer.
The word 'biscuit' derives from a latin word 'biscotus'. What is the literal meaning of this word?
Twice cooked (bis- twice, cotus- cooked)
you should not attempt to eat insects if you are already allergic to what?
Shellfish
What hormone stimulates enzyme production in barley?
Gibberellic acid/ Gibberellin
In sauerkraut production, salt promotes the growth of what group of bacteria?
lactic acid bacteria
What term refers to a container that is absolutely impermeable to gases and vapors throughout its entirety, including its seams?
Hermetic
What carbon to carbon number bonds are present, most commonly, in the straight and branched chains of starch?
Straight: alpha 1-4, branch: alpha 1-6
What is the name of air-dried salted beef aged two to three months?
Breasola
The first set of dietary recommendations to attract widespread attention was formulated by which committee?
U.S. Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs; they are called dietary goals.
What is the term that refers to a person’s inability to taste?
Ageusia
What color is a Granny Smith Apple?
Green
Name 5 types of air convection driers (heated air driers)
Kili, cabinet, tunnel, conveyer, fluidized bed, air lift, rotary, spray drier
How does the crop triticale get its name?
Triticale is the combination of the scientific names of the two genera involved: Triticum (wheat) and Secale (rye)
What is the characteristic fruit flavor compound of cherry?
Benzaldehyde
Pulses are edible parts of what plant type?
Legumes
Which of the following are emulsifying salts for use in the processing cheese? A - sodium tartrate, B - sodium chloride, C - Potassium chloride, D - all of the above
a. sodium tartrate
Lists the four steps, in proper sequence, for cleaning and sanitizing food equipment.
Rinse, clean, rinse, sanitize
What is the chief whey or serum protein in cow's milk?
β-lactoglobulin
What does DNA stand for in biochemistry?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
what does a piezometer measure?
pressure
Name a tree fruit that is referred to as a vegetable.
Cucumber, pepper, corn, tomato
Initial Neapolian ice cream constitued what 3 flavors, constituting the Italian flag?
Pistachio, Vanilla, Cherry
Name 4 scales used to measure specific gravity in beverages.
Plato, Baume, Balling, Specific gravity, and Brix.
Which sugar has the highest sweetness? A. lactose B. sucrose C. fructose D. maltose
C. fructose
Describe the composition of clarified butter.
Purified butterfat with water and milk solids removed
Define the triple point.
The triple point is the state at which the three phases (solid, liquid, and gas) may all be present in equilibrium
What are the five most prominent chemical elements in living systems?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
Name 4 water-soluble vitamins.
B1 – thiamine, B2 – riboflavin, B3 – niacin, B5 – pantothenic acid, B6 – pyridoxine, B7 – Biotin, B9 – folic acid, B12 – Cobalamine, vitamin C
What are the components of total acidity?
Volatile acidity and fixed acidity
What is the primary substance used for caffeine extraction?
Methylene chloride (CHECK - carbon dioxide - update)
According to U.S. federal regulations, the weight of one gallon of ice cream must be a minimum of:
4.5 pounds
List four symbols used by the Michelin guide in its reviews.
From the Michelin website: 1. Michelin Star (1: high quality cooking, worth a stop!; 2: excellent cooking, worth a detour!; 3: exceptional cuisine, worth a special journey!) 2. Fork and spoon (Comfort and Quality) (1: quite comfortable, 2: comfortable, 3: very comfortable, 4: top class comfort, 5: luxury) 3. Bib Gourmand: named after Bibendum, the friendly Michelin Man and the official company mascot for the Michelin Group, highlighting restaurants offering exceptionally good food at moderate prices. The restaurant must offer menu items priced below a maximum determined by local standards. 4. Grapes: Notable wine list 5. Cocktail glass: Interesting cocktail list 6. Beer mug: Interesting beer list 7. Three crimson rays: Interesting view 8. Patio parasol: Terrace dining 9. Bowl and chopsticks: Simple shop 10. Counter symbol: Counter dining
What is the name of the flask involved with the disproval of the theory of spontaneous generation?
Swan or goose neck flask
Define Beer's law.
Concentration and absorbance are proportional in spectroscopy
At what temp does a solution of 20% amylose and 80% water boil?
100 C
Give the significance of the following dates for U.S. food law: 1785, 1850, 1862, 1906
1785-The Massachusetts “Act Against Selling Unwholesome Provisions,” 1906- Pure Food and Drugs Act was signed by President Roosevelt 1862- President Abraham Lincoln founded the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
name 3 molds that cause spoilage in vegetables.
Alternaria, Penicillium, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus
The inventor of which snack is now buried in that product's packaging?
Pringles (Fredric J. Baur, the inventor of the Pringles can, is buried with some of his ashes in a Pringles can)
Which is the major ion used in muscle contraction?
Ca++
What are the types of membranes used in membrane separation?
microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis
What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?
wavelength= speed of light / frequency or speed of light = frequency * wavelength
What process commercially sterilizes a food product and its container separately and then combines and seals the two under a sterilized atmosphere?
Aseptic Packaging
What french puff pastry is known for frangipane cream and royal icing?
Conversation Tart
In order for a liquid to foam it must have:
A low surface tension
Give three examples of wheat flour types.
All-Purpose Flour, Bread Flour, Cake Flour, Pastry Flour, Whole Wheat Flour, Semolina Flour, Self-Rising Flour, Durum Flour, High-Gluten Flour, White Whole Wheat Flour
What's the name of two enzymes that can perform the same function?
Isoenzymes
Convection, conduction, and radiation are terms which describe what?
Types of heat transfer
What are facultative anaerobes?
microorganisms that can grown and survive with or without oxygen
The pancreas secretes what?
Digestive enzymes
What protein(s) play an important role in the thinning of egg whites during storage of eggs?
Ovomucin.
Name the three genera of lactic acid producing bacteria important in fermented dairy products?
Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, and Leuconostoc
2 radians are equal to how many degrees?
360 degrees
What are the factors that affect the selectivity of membrane separation?
size, shape, electrostatic charge, diffusivity, physiochemical interactions, volatility, polarity/solubility
How can shelf-life of fresh meat be improved?
Freezing, Vacuum Packaging, & Processing
Cooking alters the textural properties of egg by due to what type of alteration?
Denaturation and/or coagulation of protein
Define 'Cheddaring'.
Method used to drain off whey and develop texture and acidity; it is accomplished by slicing drained curds into large blocks which are stacked and turned every 15 minutes until a titratable acidity of 0.5-0.6 is reached
What is not a name of a conformation of sugar? A. Boat, B. chair, C. cube, D. envelope
C. Cube
How long is a frankfurter?
6 inches
What are the three vegetables in mirepoix?
Onions carrots and celery
Who was the first person to claim that electricity made meat uncommonly tender?
Benjamin Franklin
What amino acid in fried potatoes leads to the formation of acrylamide?
Asparagine
What does the term 'hermetic' refer to?
a container that is absolutely impermeable to gasses and vapors throughout its entirety, including its seams
What does RV stand for?
Rappaport-Vassiliadis
What two assumptions are made in the Michaelis-Menten equation?
Formation of enzyme-substrate complex, rapid equilibrium with free enzyme
Name the enzyme used to remove O2 from the headspace of canned products.
Glucose oxidase.
4 quarts: ? gallon
One gallon
Long-term antibiotic therapy can lead to a deficiency of what vitamin?
Vitamin K
What is the method champenoise?
The carbonation of wine by secondary fermentation in the bottle.
What does NFPA stand for?
National Food Processors Association
What is an emulsion?
A system containing 2 immiscible liquids
When can a regional section be established?
When 25 or more members live within the same geographical area
WHO stands for what?
World Health Organization
What are the small protrusions from the surface of a membrane: finger-like projections covering mucosal surfaces of the small intestine?
Villi
What is the term for a place where fresh healthy food is unaffordable or inaccessible?
Food desert
Name 5 foods that are actually roots.
Carrots, beets, potatoes, radishes, rutabagues, yams, kolrabi, onions, garlic, celery root, horseradish, daikon, artichoke, ginger, jicama
What is the name of mexican flatbread made from masa harina?
Tortilla
Copper is part of what enzyme that is needed for the conversion of tyrosine to melanin, which is the dark pigment of hair and skin?
Tyrosinase
What is the genus and species of the organism responsible for red tide?
Karenia brevis
What is the definition of a saturated fatty acid?
A fatty acid with no double bonds on the alkyl chain.
What is the D value of a microorganism that is decreased in population by a factor of 10 in 2 minutes?
Two
Which state leads the nation in Swiss cheese production?
Ohio
Which has better barrier properties, amorphous or crystalline polymers?
Crystalline polymers
Which food preservation process uses low level of radiation to kill pathogens in food products?
Irradiation
What pastry tool is used to chop fat into flour?
Pastry Blender
What are the main causes of product quality deterioration?
Chemical, Biochemical, Physio-chemical, and Nutritional.
What protein is universally considered to be nutritionally complete?
casein
Combustion of 10 g of food in a bomb calorimeter increases the temperature of 1 kg of water by 5°C. How many calories are present in 100 g of this food?
50 (kcal)
Are foods with a 3.7 to 4.5 pH classified as acid foods or high acid foods?
Acid foods
The rheological expression describing the force which must be applied before a substance will flow freely is called what?
Yield stress
Between which two ribs should a pork carcass be ribbed to measure loin eye area?
10th and 11th
What month is designated as National Meat Month?
January
In 1998, the FDA prepared a document that lead to the development of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs). What is the name of this document?
Guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards for fresh fruits and vegetables
Name a halophilic food infectious bacteria
Except for V. cholerae and V. mimicus, all Vibrio species are halophilic (salt requiring) Example: Vibrio parahaemolyticus
List the colors of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of their appearance, from highest energy to lowest.
Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red
A dehydrated apple is accidentally left out overnight. Also by mistake a fresh apple slice is left out in the open overnight as well. The next morning you find the fresh apple slice brown and the dehydrated apple still looking like it did the night before. Why didn't the dehydrated apple turn brown?
The water activity was too low for Maillard browning to occur
What is the standard agricultural unit of dry volume measure in the U.S. and England?
Bushel
What does APHA stand for?
American Public Health Association
According to the NLEA, only 11 health claims will be allowed on food labels; name 5.
calcium and osteoporosis,folate and neural tube defects,sodium and hypertension,dietary fat and cancer,dietary sat. fat/cholesterol and coronary heart disease,soy intake and cancer,fruits and veg and cancer
What kind of microorganism can survive MAP (Modified Atmosphere Packaging)?
Facultative anaerobes
How do you calculate the Total System Head?
Total discharge head-total suction head
What color of grapes are dark and golden raisins made from, and how do the processes differ?
Both are from green grapes: Dark raisins are sun-dried and golden raisins are hot-air dried
What is an indicator organism in food microbiology?
an indicator of sanitary conditions
Who many reducing ends are present in amylopectin?
1
What egg protein is responsible for most of the viscosity of thick albumen?
Ovomucin
Saltwater fish provide how many times more iodine than freshwater fish?
10-100 times more
Which year was FPLA enacted and what does it stand for?
1967, Fair Packaging and Labelling Act
Define triple point?
Pressure-temperature at which a substance is at solid, liquid, and vapor phase at the same time. For water, it is 611.73 Pa and 273.16 K.
Name the top four quality grades for beef.
Prime, Choice, Select, Standard.
In Indonesia, what is the doughnut flour made from?
Potato
During typical food heating, what is the starting size of gap that microwaves cannot pass through?
0.122 m to 0.328 m
Ingestion of crickets may cause which type of allergen reaction?
shell fish crustaceans
Under the Food Safety Modernization Act, "Small businesses" will have two years to meet compliance rules. What constitutes a "Small business"?
A business with fewer than 500 full-time equivalent employees but more than $1 million in sales and held-without-sale food products annually
Which vitamin increases calcium and phosphorus absorption and promotes healthy bones?
Vitamin D
What are cryoprotectants?
Substances that protect against the dehydration which destroys structure and texture caused by freezing.
Name 2 natural surfactants.
Lecithin, whey protein
In poultry, what is the difference between a "broiler" and a "fryer"?
Both are types of chicken that are raised for meat. Fryer are just a bit larger in weight than broiler. A "broiler" is a chicken raised primarily for meat. If it is slaughtered while relatively young (approx. 8 weeks) it becomes a "fryer". [e.g. broilers are alive, when slaughtered they are "fryers]. A broiler is a chicken raised primarily for meat, as opposed to a one raised to produce eggs (called a Layer within the industry as it lays eggs).
Raspberry botanical name?
Rubus spp.
Wilson's Disease involves which mineral?
copper
How does a citric acid dip prevent the browning of fruit?
Chelates metal ions (also decreases the pH).
At what pH is benzoic acid most effective?
pH 4.5-5
In relation to bacterial cultures, give the full form of the acronym ATCC.
American Type Culture Collection
which primary microorganisms are responsible for contagious mastitis in cows?
Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus agalactiae
What are the two most common grades of milk in the United States?
Grade A (fluid milk) and Grade B (used primarily for cheese and other processed products)
UHT is known as a method for pasteurization. What does UHT stand for?
Ultra High temperature
According to FDA SOI, butter and margarine should have what minimum percentage by weight of milk fat?
0.8
What does FNS stand for?
Food and Nutrition Service
What does SASP stand for?
Small Acid Soluble Protein
What is the definition of packaging films?
A thickness of .010 inches or less
Give several examples of active packaging.
Oxygen scavenger, anti-microbial packaging, ethylene scavenger, Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) or other vapor removal packaging, temperature sensitive labels, moisture absorbers, antimicrobial packaging, CO2 emitters, UV light blocking films, flavor and odor absorbers, antioxidant releasing films, biodegradable active packaging
Convection, conduction, and radiation are terms which describe what?
Types of heat transfer
List the following grains from high to low based on their glycemic index. Rye, barley, buckwheat, white rice and quinoa
White rice – GI: 70-89 (high GI) Rye – GI: 50-55 (moderate GI) Quinoa – GI: 53 (moderate GI) Buckwheat – GI: 49 (low GI) Barley – GI: 28-40 (low GI)
Mercury is a toxicant most commonly found in which type of food?
Fish
What is the compound Caffeine Citrate used for in Sensory?
used as a standard for bitterness
How are potato chips protected from physical damage?
Bags are nitrogen-flushed
What do we call dried plums?
Prunes
What compounds oxidize to form brown color in fruits and vegetables?
Polyphenols
Which amino acid is part of hemoglobin?
histidine
What does MSG stand for?
Monosodium Glutamate
What duck breed is used to produce foie gras?
Mulard (Muscovy)
Does an egg white, yolk, or shell have the most protein?
Yolk (17.5% protein)
A Brik-pak is an example of what general class of packaging material?
A laminate
Which to indigenous groups made peanut butter by first grinding roasted peanuts into a paste?
Incas and the Aztecs
Name 5 sources of tea other than camelia sinensis.
Rooibos (red tea), Yerba Mate, Hibiscus, lemon balm, Chamomile, Lavender, Daisies, Chrysanthenum, Ginger, Rosemary, Peppermint, Rose hip, Lemongrass, Passionflower, Butterfly pea flower
What are Xerophilic molds?
Dry Loving.
Compared to reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration requires a) more pressure b) less pressure c)same pressure
b) less pressure
define the D and Z values in respect to microbiology.
D-value= the time required to kill 90% of the microbial load;Z-value= the Temp change required to change the D-value by 1 log
Wheat that is sown or planted in late autumn is called?
Winter wheat
Name 3 components that effect water activity in a food product.
Solute concentration, moisture concentration, temperature
Grape botanical name?
Vitis vinifera
27. The softening of fruits during ripening is most often attributed to changes in what group of compounds?
pectins or pectic substances (decrease insoluble pectins and increase soluble pectic substances)
What did Gail Borden give to the world in 1853?
Condensed milk
The parasitic organism commonly associated with undercooked pork is killed at what temperature?
137 ‚Ñâ.
Another name for thermal death time is
F value or sterilization value
Name two methods for irradiation of foods.
Cobalt 60, x-rays, or E-beam
In sensory evaluation, the carryover stimulus from preceding samples on the sample currently being evaluated is known as ______.
Context effect/ carryover effect/ order effect
What term describes the process of matting and subsequent handling of matted curd in the production of Cheddar-type cheese?
Cheddaring
What was the live weight of a lamb with a "hide off, head on" carcass weight of 60 lb and a dressing percentage of 50.0?
120
Sucralose is 600 times sweeter than sucrose.
True
In the UV determination of protein concentration, what wavelength of light is used?
280 nm, primarily absorbed by tyrosine and tryptophan (and also phenylalanine).
Under what conditions should a food be classified as a low-acid food for the purposes of canning?
pH > 4.6 and aw > 0.85.
What does DPA stand for in food chemistry?
Dipicolinic Acid
How much water can be added to meat to sell it as brown beef?
None
The internal friction which tends to bring to rest portions of the fluid which are moving relative to one another is called what?
Viscosity
What is the trade name of polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) or copolymers of PVDC and polyvinyl chloride?
Saran
By weight, what are the three most common GRAS substances in foods, besides water?
Salt, sugar, corn syrup
What type of pump is preferable and why in an aseptic processing system and?
PD pump (positive displacement pump), it is less sensitive to pressure drop than centrifugal pumps
What color is the inside of a pistachio nut?
Green
Name the 4 steps of refrigeration.
Compression, condensation, expansion, evaporation
What is AAS and what is the principle of its use?
Atomic absorption spectroscopy; it is an analytical method for determination of elements based on absorption of radiation from a light source by the free atoms
Iceberg lettuce was called crisphead until what year?
1930
What determines the color of a chicken egg?
Chickens earlobes
Focaccia al rosmarino with potato is known as what in New York?
Potato Pizza
Almond botanical name?
Prunus dulcis
With respect to pectin, what does DE refer to and what does it indicate?
Degree of esterification. This term indicates the percentage of galacturonic acid molecules in pectin that are esterified (have a methyl group attached). Pectin is classified as either high methoxyl pectin (HMP) with a DE greater than 50%, or low methoxyl pectin (LMP) with a DE less than 50%.
To what temperature must milk be cooled to within 2 hours after milking or after completion of milking?
45°F or 7°C (Grade "A" Pasteurized Milk Ordinance)
What is the scientific name of the beef tri-tip muscle?
tensor fasciae latae
What fruit is found in images on the walls of tombs of Pharaohs, signifying its importance to ancient Egyptians?
Artichokes
In the usage of numbered recycling symbols, what number is used to represent PET?
1
What organism has the highest heat tolerance?
Claustridium botulinum
Conversion of fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate has two purposes. One is the commitment of the molecule to glycolysis, the second is?
To prevent any later product from diffusing out of the cell because charged molecules cannot easily cross membranes.
What does the iodine value tell you about fat and what physical state is most likely for a lipid with a high iodine number at room temperature?
Iodine value refers to the degree of unsaturated fatty acids in a lipid or the number of grams of iodine absorbed by 100g of fat. A high iodine value is associated with an unsaturated fat, which is typically liquid at room temp.
What compound is said to be the link between carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism?
Acetyl-coA
What hydrocolloid is primarily used as a stabilizer in chocolate milk and ice cream?
Carrageenan
What is a layer of connective tissue, which ensheaths the entire muscle?
Epimysium
What base is used in the saponification process?
Potassium Hydroxide or Sodium Hydroxide
What are you doing if you are candling an egg?
Holding it up to a bright, intense light to see inside. Candling could be used to see how developed an embryo is or to assess the quality of the egg. Originally, the practice involved using actual candles as a light source.
You have a new recipe for a salad dressing for Caesar salad that calls for an egg. The egg acts as an emulsifier. What is the phospholipid that acts as an emulsifier in egg yolk?
Lecithin
In an enzymatic assay intended to measure enzyme activity, should the substrate concentration be much greater than the km or much smaller than the km?
The substrate concentration must be much greater than the km so the that the reaction is 1st order with respect to enzyme and zero order with respect to substrate.
What natural color needs to be certified?
None
What are the three main types of meringues and how are they made?
Italian, Swiss and French French is egg whites beaten with sugar. Italian is a egg white beaten with hot sugar syrup. Swiss is egg whites beaten with sugar over heat.
When cysteine in wine breaks down, what happens to the sensory quality?
The wine develops a sulfurous or rotten-egg like odor
What are the different categories of food processing technologies?
Food preservation, separation, congregation
Why is refrigeration combined with other methods?
Combined refrigeration with other preservatives techniques to enhance shelf life. MAS (Modified Atmosphere Storage).
Upon the metabolic breakdown of aspartame, what are the 3 main products?
Phenylalanine, aspartic acid, and methanol
What are the plate type evaporators that are used?
Rising film, falling, parvap (similar to wiped film) and paraflash (similar to forced circulation)
What is the compound that causes the hot sensation in red pepper?
Capsaicin
By definition, an alpha-helix peptide chain contains how many amino acid residues per turn?
3.6
Lamb meat from March through October is known by what?
Spring Lamb
Tomato catsup is described as a: a. Newtonian fluid or b. Non-Newtonian fluid.
b. Non-Newtonian fluid.
What is the state of muscle when permanent cross-bridges form and prevent sliding of filaments so that the the muscle becomes inextensible?
rigor mortis
What is the name given to heat transfer that occurs primarily by mass movement of molecules?
Convective heat transfer.
What french doughnut translates to "nun's fart", made from pate a choux?
Beignets
What is the stage of fruit ripening associated with increased ethylene production and a rise in cellular respiration?
climacteric
What is Z-value?
The number of degrees required to change a D value by a factor of ten.
Name the ingredients of mayonnaise.
Eggs, vegetable oil, acid (lemon juice, vinegar, citric acid)
What does NACMCF stand for?
National Advisory Council on Microbial Criteria for Foods
Why do chelating agents increase the efficiency of antioxidants?
They bind trace minerals that catalyze fat oxidation
When can one-tailed test be used for sensory testing?
Never
Several scientific bodies have established peer groups or named qualified scientists to study and report on the controversies about food in relation to health. Name 3 outstanding groups.
1. IFT's expert panel on food safety and nutrition 2. CAST (Council on Agricultural Science and Technology) 3. AMA's council on food and nutrition
What is a single sugar unit called?
Monosaccharide
A food product with an initial population of 1X10^10 organisms was given a heat treatment of 5D values. What is the bacterial population after heating?
10^5.
In North America, what is the standard size of the pallets used in the Dairy industry?
40"x 40"
What is the toluene distillation used for?
Moisture content determination
What molecular components are responsible for the emulsifying properties of egg yolk?
Lipoproteins and phospholipids (particularly LDLs and lecithin).
Typical caloric value of gram of caramel color?
4 Cal
The TBA method (thiobarbituric acid) is used to monitor oxidative rancidity. What does the method actually measure?
Concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA)
Put these peppers in order from the least to greatest based on their Scoville units: Poblano, Carolina Reaper, Cayenne, Birds eye chilli, Jalapeno
Poblano - 1250 Jalapeno – 5000 Cayenne – 50000 Birds eye chilli – 100000 Carolina reaper - 1500000
Classifying the following microorganisms if they cause intoxication or infection regarding foodborne illness: Clostridium botulinum, Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus flavus, and salmonella species.
Answer: C.bot – toxin (botulinum toxin), Campy (infection), Staph (intoxication, Amongst the more common toxins secreted by S. aureus are hemolysin, leukotoxin, exfoliative toxin, enterotoxin, and toxic-shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1).), A. flavus (aflatoxin), Salmonella (infection).
What is the main difference between Chinese and Japanese tea?
Japanese tea is steamed, Chinese Tea is pan-fired/roasted
In regards to food packaging, what is a passive MAP?
Modified Atmosphere Packaging that relies on the natural respiration of product and permeablity of packaging product. E.g. A piece of lettuce is placed in a package with a breathable film. As the lettuce respire, the oxygen inside the package decreases, and the carbon dioxide levels increase.
Name four commercial types of thermal processing.
Steam Retorting, Pasteurization (HTST, UHT), Aseptic, Hot Fill, Frying, Flaming, Baking, Dry Oven...
What two factors determine the flour type?
Protein content and ash
What is the main ingredient in the Southern dish, the potlikker?
Collard Greens
What is phenolphthalein used for?
pH indicator, acid=colorless, base=red violet
In 2008 and 2009, which state had the highest value of production (production multiplied by average price per pound) of honey?
North Dakota
What is an alternate name for pastry cream?
Confectioner's custard
What 3 monosaccharides make up raffinose?
Glucose, galactose, fructose
Which compound is the sealing layer in brik package?
PE
Where is 25 hydroxycholecalciferol hydroxylated to produce the active form of vitamin D?
kidney
What are 3 sections of extrusion screw?
Feed, compression, metering
How many foodborne illness cases every year?
48 million
What are methods used to heat containers?
saturated steam, hot water, flames
What is "latent heat of vaporization"?
The amount of energy required to convert a unit mass of liquid to gas at its boiling point.
List 3 reasons for controlling Maillard browning in foods.
1. Undesirable browning in foods causing strong colors and odors; 2. Prevent anti-nutritional effects; 3. Some products of the Maillard reaction are mutagenic 4. Undesirable flavor; 5. Nonuniform color consistency
Name the years following IFT events took place: IFT started, IFTSA started, College bowl started?
IFT: 1939, IFTSA: 1982, College bowl: 1985
Name 3 specific enzymes that act on pectic substances.
Pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase, pectin lyase
What syndrome in swine brings an increased susceptibility to PSE (pale, soft, exudative) lean?
Porcine stress syndrome
The molecular structure which makes emulsifying agents effective is _____
Contain both a lipophilic part and a hydrophilic part
The D value of green peas is 0.2 minutes. What is the F value at 250 Fahrenheit?
12D so 2.4 minutes
The main component of an Infrared Heating Equipment is the radiator, name 3 types of radiators and length of wave.
gas heated (long waves), electrically heated radiators (tubular/flat metallic heaters (long waves), ceramic heaters (long waves), quartz tube heaters (medium/short waves), and halogen tube heater (ultra short waves))
Name the author of the book 'On Food and Cooking'.
Harold McGee
Food radiation can destroy all the following in food except:
Prions
Which Aflatoxin is the most carcinogenic? a. B1, b. G1, c. G2, d. M1
a. B1
What is the purpose of Refrigeration storage?
To extend shelf-life by slowing down derogatory reactions and limiting microbial growth.
True/False: cyanocobalamin is the largest vitamin molecule and contains cobalt in its structure, giving rise to an essential requirement for the mineral cobalt in nutrient.
True
In Italy, what is the belly of the pork referred as?
Pancetta
What does ppb stand for?
Parts Per Billion
What is the color of oxymyoglobin?
Red
What does PVdC stand for?
Polyvinylidene Chloride
When and where was the first annual feeding tomorrow for early IFT foundation fund run held?
New Orleans in 2001
What is the titrant used in the Mohr titration for salt determination and what is the end product of the chemical reaction?
Titrant: Silver nitrate (AgNO‚ÇÉ) End product: Silver chloride (AgCl) precipitate; endpoint is detected by the formation of red-brown silver chromate (Ag‚ÇÇCrO‚ÇÑ) with potassium chromate as the indicator.
What person is responsible for developing quick frozen foods?
Clarence Birdseye
In high pressure processing, the pressure is of the order of which of the four?
1000 atm
What is the name for the compound that has a cyclic structure of glucose units?
Cyclodextrin
PET is an acronym for a common packaging material for food. It stands for polyethylene terephthalate. Spell terephthalate.
T-E-R-E-P-H-T-H-A-L-A-T-E
Enzymes are used extensively by the food industry as processing aids for ingredient production. The enzymes alpha amylase, glucoamylase, and glucose isomerase are used in sequence to produce what food ingredient?
High fructose corn syrup
What are different methods of congregation?
extrusion, encapsulation, mixing/emulsify
To be called Cheddar Cheese, the product must contain at least what % of milk fat?
50% by weight of the solids
How many times may a U.S. trademark registration be renewed?
Any number of times
What food writer and humor columnist, who has a fondness for Little Debbie Nutty Bars, retired from the Star Tribune after 39 years?
Al Sicherman
What are brix?
Brix = g solids / total solution g (Solids + solvent)
What is Commercial Sterilization?
To achieve long-term shelf stability for canned foods and other products: majority after being placed in container but some are aseptically processed.
What sushi roll has avocado, cucumber, and poached shrimp?
Boston Roll
How many potatoes are grown in Idaho annually?
13.8 billion
In regard to sensory evaluation, differentiate between "triangle test" and "duo-trio test".
Both are classified as difference tests. A triangle test consists of three samples, two are the same and one is different. The participant is asked to identify the different sample. A duo-trio test consists of three samples in which two are the same and one is different. One of the samples is presented as the reference sample and the participant is asked to identify the matching sample.
Q: What is the difference between professional members and members?
A: Only professional members may,vote and hold elected office.
What term describes the concentration of an aroma in a food divided by its threshold?
Aroma value or odor activity value
Twisted doughnuts are originated in which country?
South Korea
What is the name of the bacterium used for surface ripening in Limburger Cheese?
Brevibacterium linens
Which of these food additives could be used to prevent cocoa particles from settling in chocolate milk? A) BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) B) Carrageenan C) Thiamine Hydrochloride D) Citric Acid
B) Carrageenan
What four ingredients are necessary for making soy sauce?
Soybeans, wheat, salt, water.
What genus of bacteria is the primary cause of meat spoilage?
Pseudomonas
The maximum freezer storage time for pork is: A.24 months, B.3 months, C.6-9 months, or D.none of the above?
D. none of the above (fresh pork can be stored frozen for 4-6 months/can be stored refrigerated for 3-5 days)
What are the effects of drying on stress development and cracking?
loss of valuable product, loss of consumer satisfaction, seed reduced germination(a biopolymer during drying shrinks at the surface causing tensile stress at the surface and compressive stress on the material surface exceeds the material breaking strength,, the material cracks
What are the ingredients needed to make sweet pickles?
cucumbers, salt, vinegar, and sugar
What is a polymorphism?
Solid phases of the same chemical composition that differ by crystalline structure, but yield identical liquid phases upon melting.
Name the 4 steps of refrigeration.
Compression, condensation, expansion, evaporation
What is the purpose of pasteurization?
To inactivate all pathogens.
Explain Traditional Nonthermal Processing methods.
Chemicals added to food for preservation to control aW and extend shelf-life through packaing
What is an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water?
Catalase
Grocery bags are primarily made of what material?
LDPE
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid is the precursor of what plant hormone?
Ethylene
Water soluble pigments occurring in fruits and vegetables whose hue depends on pH are called?
Anthocyanins
What is counter-current operation?
counterbalances resistance to drying, highest temp at lowest moisture content, increase danger of scorching, complete volume shrinkage can take place
List the common flour products in order from least to greatest amount of protein: pastry flour, all-purpose flour, cake flour, and bread flour.
Cake Flour (6–8%) Pastry Flour (8–9%) All-Purpose Flour (10–12%) Bread Flour (12–14%)
What are some of the advantages of a tubular heat exchanger?
few gaskets, low maintenance costs, compact units, no moving parts
Alcohol insoluble solids content in vegetables is indicator of what?
Maturity, fiber content, and textural quality
Skirt steak is fabricated from which beef primal?
Short plate
In the middle ages, what did woman eat in order to dilate their pupils (a sign of beauty)? a) Salt b) Leaves of nightshade plants c) Bark of the Hemlock tree d) Tea
Leaves of nightshade plants
What is the name given to zinc deficiency?
There is no named deficiency for zinc
The owner of a registered U.S. trademark has certain rights to that property. What must the owner do to have these rights?
Use the trademark. Ownership is acquired only by use
What is the name of the temperature at which dissolved fats are no longer completely soluble, precipitating out as a second phase?
Cloud point
The quantity of heat required to effect a change of state in a substance is known as ______ _____?
Latent heat
What is the name of the 1958 amendment to the "Pure Food and Drug Act" states that any substance causing cancer in human beings or animals at any level of use cannot be added to food?
Delaney Amendment
How does a cooker cooler continuous retort work?
cans carried over conveyer through 3 sections of tunnel each at different presser
What is the full form of TA wrt food analysis?
Titratable Acidity
What compund in chocolate stimulates the central nervous system and also makes dogs sick?
Theobromine
In what year was the Saccharin Act introduced which warned that the use of saccharin may be hazardous to your health?
1977
In quality control of frozen foods, why is it more desirable to freeze a product quickly rather than slowly?
Ice crystals formed will be the smaller if the product is frozen quickly to prevent texture defects.
Name the smallest & largest amino acid by molecular weight.
Glycine and tryptophan
What is the disease caused by a deficiency of thiamin, and is common where polished rice is a major dietary item?
Beriberi
What is lutefisk and how is it made?
Essentially fish Jell-O. It's made from the concentrated sodium hydroxide treatment of fish.
What is the difference between a food law and a food regulation?
Law: Enacted by an elected governing body (Congress). Regulation: Written and enforced by an agency with appointed members. FDA regulations are also federal laws. Also regulation can be found in title 21 COF and the public typically can input before FDA issues a final regulation
What is the difference between sherbet and sorbet?
Sherbet is made with milk or another fat. Sorbet can be made with almost anything, but they are usually fruit-based.
What ice cream company registered the slogan "Dedicated to Perfection"?
Häagen-Dazs
Rank these according to the Scoville scale from least to most hot: Habañero, Bird's eye chili, Jalapeño, Poblano, Pimiento, Serrano, Cayenne Pepper, Dorset Naga, Ghost Chili
A. Pimento (100-500) B. Poblano (500-2,500) C. Jalapeño (2,500-8,000) D. Serrano Pepper (10,000-23,000) E. Cayenne Pepper (30,000-50,000) F. Bird's eye chilli (50,000-100,000) G. Habañero (100,000-350,000) H. Ghost Chili Pepper or Ghost Pepper (Bhut Jolokia, Naga Jolokia, Naga Morich, Bih Jolokia, Red Naga Chili, 850,000-1,000,000) I. Dorset Naga (923,000 - 1,600,00 SHU). [SPICIEST]
What is the primary goal of pasteurization?
to kill pathogens
In 2013, Wisconsin declared a new state pastry. This pastry is hand-rolled from Danish pastry dough (wienerbr√∏d dough) that has been rested overnight before shaping, filling, and baking. Many sheets of the flaky dough are layered, then shaped into an oval. After filling with fruit, nut, or other flavor combinations, the pastry is baked and iced. What is the name of this pastry?
Kringle
Gear, rotary, and reciprocating piston pumps represent a specific class of pumps. What is this class?
Positive displacement
In which country was margarine invented?
France
Name the 6 gradations of Gouda.
Young (4 weeks), Young Matured (8–10 weeks), Matured (16–18 weeks), Extra Matured (7–8 months), Old (10–12 months), Very Old (over 12 months)
Which of the following bacteria has been used to transfer DNA to food crops? A. rhizobalin boloni B. Pseudomonas cotita, C. lactobacillus planatarum, D. agrobacterium tumefaciens
D. agrobacterium tumefaciens
What are some of the applications of freeze concentration?
coffee, citrus, juices, beer, wine, vinegar, dairy products, meat/fish extracts
What is the relationship between temperature and penetration depth?
as temperature increases, penetration depth decreases
What words does the acronym VPP represent in meat processing?
Verified Premium Plus
Which is the most likely pH for dark cutting beef: 5.4, 5.9, or 6.2
pH 6.2
The grape contains what percentage of sugar made up of which two sugars?
15-25% sugar, composed of glucose and fructose.
What is the name for thin pastry cream?
Creme patissiere (Pastry Cream)
What are primary and secondary metabolites?
A primary metabolite is directly involved in the normal growth, development, and reproduction. A secondary metabolite is not directly involved in those processes, but usually has important ecological function (ex. antibiotics and pigments).
How does frequency affect dielectric properties of foods?
it changes the dielectric constant, higher frequency lower dielectric constant
The third most abundant element in the earth's crust is used to make this packaging material.
Aluminum
What are the two main overall hop categories used in brewing?
Aromatic hops and bittering hops
What is the name of the french bread that has a high egg and butter content?
Brioche
Saanen, Alpine, Nigerian Dwarf and Fainting are all breeds of what?
Goat
Name a purification step used to produce high fructose corn syrup after starch liquefaction.
Carbon treatment of liquor
Lecithins are structurally like fats but contain what?
Phosphoric acid
what 2 microorganisms are the principal acid producers in the manufacture of sour cream?
Lactococcus lactis spp cremoris and Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis
What is the term given to the process of kneading and aerating melting masses of chocolate to develop smoothness, viscosity, and flavor?
Conching
What cut of beef is the short rib from?
Plate
What is the basic assumption of the null hypothesis?
There is no difference between samples.
What is another word for lipids?
Fats
What are the dispersed and continuous phases of each of the following: Foam, aerosol, emulsion?
Foam: gas in liquid/solid aerosol: liquid/solid in gas emulsion: liquid in liquid
Name the body of FAO-WHO that deals with food standards including pesticides.
Codex Alimentarius commission
This food of animal origin is considered the gold standard for protein digestibility other than mother's milk?
Egg
The components of cow's milk that do not vary much with the age of the cow, diet, breed, and stage of lactation are which of the following? A) water and protein B) minerals and carbohydrate C) lipids and carotenoids
A) water and protein
What are the 3 primary colors?
Red, Blue, and Green
Molecules that are important to the flavor of foods are usually what?
Fat soluble
What is the Weston A. Price Foundation?
An organization that, among other things, promotes the consumption of animal fat, consumption of raw milk
What are isotonic solutions?
solutions that have the same osmotic pressure at the same temperature
What general class of packaging materials is used in aseptic brick packs and pringle cans?
Laminates (plastic/seal, aluminum foil/barrier, plastic, paper/structure, plastic/protect)
What is latent heat of vaporization?
Temperature remains constant as liquid turns to gas
Why won't irradiated foods develop higher than normal levels of radioactivity?
99% of food tissue is hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen, none of which are convertible into unstable radioactive isotopes by the radiation energy levels used in food irradiation.
In the wet milling of corn what is the purpose of pumping the ground kernels into water filled troughs?
To encourage the germ to float to the top so that it can be skimmed off.
Animals are often rested prior to slaughter so that they do not use up all of their glycogen; how does this rest lead to a preservative effect?
Glycogen is anaerobically converted to lactic acids, lowering the pH
What amino acid is the source of most flavor compounds in soy sauce?
Glutamic acid.
Name five probiotic microorganisms.
Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium animalis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Enterococcus faecium, Kefir (mixture of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium), Saccharomyces boulardii (a yeast), and Limosilactobacillus reuteri.
In the US, a food additive derived by biotechnology: A. must be declared and identified as such in the ingredient statement B. are subject to the same regulatory approval process as other food additives C. must be declared and identified as such in the principal display panel D. all of the above
D. All of the above
What term is used for beef that has a warm red center and sligtly firm?
Medium Rare
what year was the 1st Pillsbury bake-off and in what city was it held?
1949, New York
With regards to packaging, what does MAP stand for?
Modified Atmosphere Packaging
Milk is unusual because about 12% of the fatty acids are which of the following? a) Unsaturated b) Short-chain c) Long-chain
Short-chain
List three (3) impacts of the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act (aka Bioterrorism Act) on FDA regulation of the food industry.
FDA now has administrative detention authority for foods suspected of being adulterated; All food processing and handling facilities under FDA jurisdiction must register with the agency; Importers of food must give prior notice to the FDA; Establishment and maintenance of records; Eliminated “port shopping” by importers;
What is the active enzyme in rennet? And what does it do to milk?
Chymosin - breaks down the milk protein casein to paracasein which combines with ca to form calcium paracaseinate which separates out
What product did William Horlick discover and produce?
Malted milk powder
Extremophilic microbes are found in various environments. Name the extreme conditions associate with each types of microbes: Barophile; Halophile; Thermophile
Barophile: High pressure; Halophile - High Salt content; Thermophile: High heat/temperatures
What is the name of cream that has been fermented with lactic acid bacteria?
Sour cream or crème fraîche (depending on fat content and culture)
What are the principles of osmotic dehydration?
three types of counter-current mass transfer (water outflow: product to solution, solute transfer: solution to product, leaching out of products own solutes: sugars, organic acids, minerals, vitamins)
The percentage of fiber is how many times higher in whole grain bread than in white bread?
3-4 times
How does the CDC define "outbreak"?
The number of persons (2 or greater) that got ill and the illness is linked to the same cause or causative agent.
What did the Meat Inspection Act achieve and when was it enacted?
The Meat Inspection Act of 1906, signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt, established federal regulations for the meatpacking industry to ensure sanitary conditions and prevent the sale of adulterated or misbranded meat products.
What does a gauge tell you?
A gauge can only tell you the difference between the pressure it is measuring and the atmospheric pressure.
What are the holes in Swiss cheese called?
Eyes
What is the branch of chemistry concerned with fermentation or activation of enzymes?
Zymology or enzymology
EDTA and citric acid are examples of what group of additives used in foods?
Metal chelators - prevent oxidation
What two components make up the bran?
The pericarp and seed coat. The seed coat and pericarp are both protective layers, but the seed coat surrounds the individual seed, while the pericarp surrounds the entire fruit, including all the seeds within.
A good emulsifier for an oil in water emulsion will have what HLB value (High or Low)?
High value (8 to 16)
High density polyethylene are made up of carbon chains that are highly branched.
FALSE (HDPE - linear LDPE - highly branched)
Ravioli is an example of what type of pasta?
Filled
What is the branch of chemistry concerned with fermentation or activation of enzymes?
Zymology or enzymology
This recently approved (1996) non-caloric fat substitute is a mixture of hexa, hepta, and octa esters formed from the reaction of sucrose with long chain fatty acids.
Olestra
How would you convert kinematic viscosity to absolute viscosity?
kinematic x density= absolute viscosity
Why was Schwan’s ice cream recalled from the marketplace in October of 1994?
presence of Salmonella Enteritidis
What is the most commonly used component of gas barrier packages?
EVOH (Ethylene vinyl alcohol)
In a 100g serving : 5g fat, 4g protein, 3g carbs. What is the caloric value?
73
What is the daily value of potassium for adults based on a 2000 cal diet according to FDA?
4700 mg
Give the genus/species of the organism used in processing Brie and Camambert cheeses what forms a white crust.
Penecillium Camambertii
What flavorful condiment comes from a root commonly grown in southwestern Illinois?
Horseradish
Vacuum packaging and sealing is used to: A. increase the amount if air in the package, B. decreases the length of time meat can be kept, C. eliminates most of the air from a package in order to make it airtight, or D. none of the above?
C. eliminates most of the air from a package in order to make it airtight
Describe expectation error.
Subjects anticipate the sensation and report their response before it is applicable.
High/excellent source of:
20%+ of the DRI/RDA
Which form of tocopherol is approved for use in bacon? What is its purpose in bacon?
Alpha tocopherol, both d- and l-forms. It inhibits nitrosamine formation.
Name the strongest biochemical bond and the weakest biochemical bond.
Covalent (strongest) and Hydrophobic (Weakest)
What is the vitamin most associated with antioxidant activity in PUFAs?
vitamin E
The preserving activity of vinegar has been known from ancient time. The active component is
Acetic Acid
What is required for a product to bear the label "organic"?
Products labeled “organic” must contain at least 95 percent organically produced ingredients (excluding water and salt). Any remaining ingredients must consist of non-agricultural substances that appear on the NOP National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances.
Name, a non digestible food ingredient that may affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and or activity of one or limited number of beneficial bacteria in the colon.
Prebiotics
Goat stench or goaty flavor is due to which fatty acids (give name and number of carbons)?
Caproic (hexanoic 6:0); Caprylic (octanoic 8:0); capric (Decanoic 10:0)
What is the term for noises made by fluid and gas movement in the intestines?
Borborygmus
In the Middle Ages this spice was used to pay rent and taxes.
Black pepper
Mageirocophobia is a fear of what?
Cooking
What are the two most common methods of introducing foreign DNA into a cell?
Transformation, transfection
What compound is formed when glycerol is heated?
Acrolein
Shoyu, Miso, and tempeh are all examples of foods made from what raw material?
Soybean
Q: What Organiization financially supports IFT?
A: The IFT Foundation
Name three functions of enzymes used as food additives.
Speed up reaction; lower viscosity; improve extractions; enhance separations; improve their flavor, texture, digestibility, and nutritional value, enhancing product yield, improve preservation
Tofu is made of ______.
Soybean curd
What are the two roles of salt in bread making?
changes taste, effects rheological properties by making dough stronger
What are crisp cookies known as in countries outside North America?
Biscuits
What health benefit is attributable to oat bran?
Lowers the level of serum cholesterol
Oxygen storage in slow twitch fibers is achieved by what molecule?
Myoglobin
What is the name of butter made from fresh cream?
Sweet cream butter
Name three beet cultivars.
Cylindra, Detroit Dark Red, Pacemaker II
The Cory cycle is the metabolic pathway that transports what compound from muscles to blood to liver?
Lactate
What nut, in its natural state, contains poisonous oils that are eliminated when roasted?
Cashew
Why are phytates considered to be anti-nutritional?
phytates bind/complex with metal ions and make the metals less bioavailable, most commonly with divalent ions (Ca, Fe, etc)
What does PVC stand for?
PVC= polyvinyl chloride
What is a conjugated protein?
A protein with chemical components, in addition to amino acids (examples: lipoproteins and metalloproteins)
The farmer’s share of the retail food dollar varies greatly among foods. Can you guess the share for eggs? A. 15 %, B. 29%, c 50% and d 65%
B. 29%
According to the World Health Organization, the genus of bacteria is the most common cause of human gastroenteritis in the world.
Campylobacter.
Chitin is a long chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine. Name the sources that it can be derived from, its function as a food additive, and its function in the intestine?
Derived from fungi, crustaceans, and insects. As a food additive, it is used as a thickener and stabilizer. In the intestines, it functions as a prebiotic promoting a healthy gut.
Used frequently in mixology, what is oleo saccharum and its main ingredients?
Oleo-saccharum is Latin for 'oil-sugar' and is the name given to the syrup made by using sugar's hygroscopic property to extract the fragrant natural oils in citrus fruit peels – most commonly lemons.
What synthetic derivative of cellulose is used as a bulking agent?
Carboxymethylcellulose
What is the 2025 Firmenich flavor of the year?
Milky Maple
Soy flour is produced by solvent extraction of dehulled soybean meat. What is the protein content of this product?
0.5
What is the word that means “to the tooth” when referring to cooking pasta?
Al dente
Sucralose is how many times sweeter than sugar?
600 times sweeter.
What are hemolytic bacteria?
bacteria that can lyse blood cells
What vitamin is required to activate pyruvate carboxylase?
Biotin (B7)
What does ANSI stand for?
American National Standards Institute
What toxic pigment is found in the glands of cottonseed?
Gossypol
what agency of the USDA is responsible for inspection of eggs and egg products?
Agricultural Marketing Service
What is the name of the traditional Dutch cheese?
Gouda or Edam
Generally, to lose 1 pound a week, you must either decrease your calorie intake by __ calories a day or burn up that number of calories by increasing physical activity.
500 calories.
Give an example of a savory custard.
Quiche, chawanmushi
What are the end products of hydrolysis of phosphotidyl acid?
Glycerol, phosphoric acid, fatty acid
Purified and frozen minced fish containing a preservative and is often used as an intermediate seafood product used in making structured products is referred to as what?
Surimi
What is the term for when electrons occupy free orbitals of cations in a salt/water solution?
Aqua complex
This packaging material can be made by heating soda ash and sand.
Glass
What is tempeh?
A fermented Indonesian soybean product made with Rhizopus oligosporus.
What gives skim milk a slight bluish tint?
Scattering of light by casein micelles and the absence of fat, which normally masks this effect
FDA is under which government agency?
Department of Health and Human Services
Name two fruits that are commonly considered to be vegetables.
Tomatoes, cucumbers, avocados, olives, squash, pumpkin
Why is freeze drying different from other forms of drying?
Water sublimes from ice to the vapor phase
How do you calculate the coefficient of variation?
Divide the standard deviation by the mean and multiply by 100.
What candy bar allegedly was named in honor of the daughter of President Grover Cleveland?
Baby Ruth
Butter is what type of emulsion?
Water in oil
What milk protein is responsible for iron binding and enhanced iron adsorption into the body?
Lactoferrin
What structure in skeletal muscle marks the beginning and end of a sarcomere?
Z-line/ Z-disc/Z-band
Name the country where the following companies are headquartered. Nestle, Pepsico, Suntory, Grupo Bimbo
Nestle: Switzerland, PepsiCo: US, Suntory: Japanese multinational brewing and distilling company group, Grupo Bimbo: Mexico
Who is the current treasurer of IFT?
Noel Anderson
Rank sweetness from least to most of the following compounds: sucralose, Acesulfame K, neotame, saccahrine
AceK, saccharin, sucralose, neotame
What does COD stand for regarding measuring organic compounds in water?
Chemical Oxygen Demand
The deadly "red tide" in the ocean is caused by what organism and produces what effect?
Dino-flagellates, which cause paralytic shellfish poisoning
what do these abbreviations related to shellfish toxins stand for? PSP, DSP, NSP, ASP
PSP=Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning,DSP= Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning,NSP= Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning,ASP= Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning
What is Ultra High temperature/aseptic processing?
Process at very high temperature for very short time. Sterilize liquid before filling, sterilize containers, Fill food in containers in sterile environment
What is B√¢tonnage wrt wine making?
B√¢tonnage is a winemaking technique, meaning "stirring" in French, where winemakers gently stir settled lees (dead yeast cells and other solids) back into the wine to enhance flavor, aroma, and texture, and prevent undesirable flavors.
What year was a recipe for the modern, chocolate brownie first published?
1904
Is apple juice sweeter when it is colder?
No
How many cups of butter are there in one pound?
Two
Is crystallization endothermic or exothermic?
Crystallization is exothermic
What are the four variables used when calculating the Reynolds number of a fluid?
D = pipe diameter, V = mean fluid velocity, ρ = mass density, μ = fluid viscosity.
What are the five major classes of micro organisms based on temperature?
Mesophile thermophile, psychrotroph psycrophile extremophiles
Which organ is responsible for the secretion of insulin?
Pancreas
What type of wheat is used to make cookies?
Soft wheat (particularly soft white wheat)
What are the main simple sugars present in fruits?
Sucrose, glucose, and fructose
Name types of drying.
1) Air convection 2) Drum or roller driers 3) Vacuum driers.
Name three garlic cultivars.
California Early, Elephant, French Mild Silverskin, Mexican Purple
Steer and barrow carcasses unlike heifer and gilt carcasses, have what adjacent to the posterior end of the aitch bone?
Pizzle eye
What is a psychrometric chart?
A psychrometric chart is a graphical representation of the psychrometric processes of air. Psychrometric processes include physical and thermodynamic properties such as dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, humidity, enthalpy, and air density.
Why is real time PCR also known as qPCR?
qPCR stands for quantitative PCR. It quantifies the amount of DNA (or cDNA) in real-time during the amplification process using fluorescent dyes or probes that emit signals as the DNA amplifies.
What mineral is a major challenge in the fortification of many foods and beverages because of its poor taste and large daily value of 3.5 grams per day?
potassium.
Food-borne parasites in pork ,fish and fecal contamination
Trichinella spirosis (pork) Parasitic worm (fish) Entamoeba histolytica (fecal contamination)
What color do the cells of gram positive and gram negative bacteria appear after staining?
Gram-positive bacteria appear purple or blue, while Gram-negative bacteria appear pink or red.
What needs to be taken into account for production and equipment selection?
production method (ie/instant coffee) equip selection and sizing
Which component of wine is glycosylated/polymerized during aging?
Tannins
What is the IFT Council?
An IFT governance body composed of representatives from Sections and Divisions which serves as the grass roots forum and approves constitution and bylaw revisions
What type of wheat is used to make pasta?
Durum
What three qualities of meat are used to determine grading?
Color, age, marbling.
What four ingredients are needed to make jelly?
Pectin, water, sugar, acid
What is the main type of flour used in pasta?
Semolina
Define a fortified wine and give an example.
When distilled alcohol is added to wine to increase the alcohol content; port, sherry, madeira, marsala, Commandaria wine and vermouth.
In 1946, BBC aired the first-ever cooking show, called "Cookery". Who was the first chef to have his own cooking show?
Philip Harben
Botrytis cinerea is a mold found on grapes. What 2 wines styles require botrytis during growing or processing?
Sauternes and Tokaji
Why would it be beneficial to modify the atmosphere of a package that contains a food with polyunsaturated fatty acids with nitrogen?
Reduce oxidative rancidity/ Reduce lipid oxidation
What are the additive primaries?
Red, green, and blue light
What kind of fish is scrod?
Usually a young cod, but depending on the restaurant, it could be anything
Proteins which are soluble in 50-80% ethanol are known as _________
Prolamines
What variety of grape is used for fume blanc wine?
Sauvignon Blanc
Typically, what causes the formation of characteristic flavor compounds in vegetables?
tissue damage, either from heating, chewing,stressing, etc.
What was the first college bowl competition and when?
Atlanta 1985
Give the egg shell composition.
CaCO3 - 94%, MgCO3 - 1%, Ca3(PO4)2 - 1%, Organic matter - 4%
What is involved in Transport storage?
Based on mechanical refrigeration units, Eutectic plates, spray or direct expansion of liquid nitrogen.
What are the 2 classes of food colorants?
Certified and noncertified
Two lamb loins and the hip is known as what?
Saddled
Amaranth botanical name?
Amaranthus (caudatus, cruentus, hypochondriacus) [Amaranthaceae (Amaranth)]
What is another name for gas chromatography?
Gas-liquid partition chromatography (GLPC), vapor-phase chromatography (VPC)
Dr. James Caleb Jackson created the 1st packaged breakfast cereal; what was its name?
Granula
What metabolic disorder prevents conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine by normal metabolic pathways?
Phenylketonuria
the PMO was developed by the FDA to provide a model of uniformity and adequacy for a certain product; what does PMO stand for?
Pasteurized Milk Ordinance
Name three practiced chemical modifications of maize starch in the U.S.
Derivitized (monostarch substitution and cross linking), acid thinning, dextrinization, oxidation, hydrolysis.
What is the ONLY artificial sweetener made from sugar (sucrose)?
Sucralose (Splenda)
For two carcasses of equal weight, which is worth more, Yield Grade 1 or Yield Grade 5?
Answer :Yield Grade 1 Yield Grade 1 (Represents a carcass that is lean, muscular, and has a high percentage of saleable beef) Yield Grade 5 (Indicates a carcass that is fatter and has a lower percentage of lean muscle, resulting in less usable beef)
What is the name for the Maillard reaction intermediate containing an C=N bond between a sugar and an amine?
Schiff Base or glycosylamine
Apricot (Armenian) botanical name?
Prunus armeniaca
Describe three roles of lipids in food.
They carry flavor, fat-soluble vitamins, and help with heat transfer.
What is the full form of CIP?
Clean in place
What does XLD stand for?
Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate
With which food product are apiaries associated?
Honey
Which of the following has the highest mercury level? Shark, tilapia, salmon
Shark
What three food commodity groups have the federal government proposed mandatory HACCP plan implementation?
Seafoods, meats, poultry
How many USDA consumer grades for eggs are there?
Three
Where did Jerusalem artichokes originated from?
North America
What is the active ingredient in sichuan pepper that induces a tingling sensation?
Hydroxyl-alpha-sanshool
What is the name of the amendment to the Pure Food and Drug act that was passed in 1912?
Sherley Amendment
List the 'Big 8' allergens in the US.
Shellfish, Fish, Milk, Eggs, Soy, Wheat, Peanuts, and Tree Nuts
Why is stannous chloride added to canned tomatoes?
Because people are used to the "tin taste" from the good ole days when cans were made of tin
What template is used in conducting real-time PCR?
DNA
What are the various complex proteins produced by living cells that act independently of these cells. They are capable of producing certain chemical changes in other substances w/o themselves being changed in the process?
Enzymes
T/F Chocolate prevents dental caries.
True
What polymer is more transparent in appearance, LDPE or HDPE?
LDPE.
What is the main class of color compounds found in raspberries?
Anthocyanins
Sodium free/no sodium
<5mg/serving
Primary yeast used in baking is what?
Saccharomyces cerevisae
A GRAS listed ingredient in widespread use was banned by HEW Secretary Finch causing an abrupt end to the use of this compound in foods. Name the compound and the year.
Cyclamate, 1969
The protein that is about 58% of all egg white protein is called _____
ovalbumin
What is the common name for the pelt removal process during sheep slaughter?
flaying or pelting or fisting
Name three tangelo cultivars.
Orlando, Minneola, Nova
What does the acronym HACCP stand for?
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
In what year did President Franklin D. Roosevelt sign the present Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act?
June 25,1938
The structure of a lipoprotein allows it to do what?
Form a fluid membrane structure
Which regulation regulates the frequency in microwave?
FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
Give an example of a rigid package.
Can
Which of the following food categories is NOT approved for treatment with irradiation: A. fruits, B. milk and dairy, C. animal and pet foods, or D. none of the above?
B. Milk and dairy
What are spots in eggs caused by a rupture of a blood vessel in the yolk?
Blood Spots
What do we call the process of converting vegetable oil to solid shortening?
hydrogenation
What are the 2 types of food poisioning possibly recieved from consuming fish?
ciguatera and scombroid
what metric prefix is used to denote a value of one billion?
giga-
What is the general bacterial limit for Grade A pasteurized milk?
20,000 CFU/ml
What is the most common cause of slow or dead vat that prevents normal ripening in cheese production?
Bacteriophage infection of lactic acid bacteria
Define "microencapsulation".
Microencapsulation is the science of trapping components (core or active) into a secondary material (encapsulant, wall material, carrier, or cover), producing small solid particles (1–500 μm in size). These particles are able to release their contents at a specified rate or under specific conditions.
What is the country of origin of Feta cheese?
Greece
What is the italian term for the top of the pork shoulder?
Capocollo or Coppa
What are four indicators of a fresh egg?
pH 7.6, thick and high yolk, small air cell, higher egg white height after breakage, chalaza
State the full name that corresponds with recycling #1 for recyclable polymers.
PET =polyethylene teraphtalate
Why do you not want the pH of frankfurters to be at an isoelectric point of myosin?
the product will not be able to bind water and you cannot form a gel
What are the two primary fatty acids in palm oil?
Oleic and palmitic
What is the official name of the act that made sale, manufacturing, and transport of alcoholic beverages illegal in the US?
Volstead Act, 1919
In regards to packaging what does a body hook refer to?
The hook on the body of a can that engages the lid to make a hermetic seal
Which carbohydrate is NOT a good source of energy?
Cellulose
Initial Neapolian ice cream constitued what 3 flavors, constituting the Italian flag?
Pistachio, Vanilla, Cherry
Provide 3 reasons why the Dumas method, for protein content, is being used more and more versus the Kjeldahl method.
Speed: Dumas is faster (few minutes per sample). No hazardous chemicals: Kjeldahl uses concentrated sulfuric acid, while Dumas avoids corrosive reagents. Automation and throughput: Dumas is easily automated, making it suitable for high-throughput labs.
BlueNalu, a cell-based/cultured seafood developer, is known for it's unique offering of Bluefin Tuna Toro. What part of tuna does the animal-based tuna toro come from?
Fatty belly cut of tuna.
Give 3 methods for the production of corn syrup from starch.
acid hydrolysis, acid-enzyme hydrolysis, enzyme-enzyme hydrolysis
Glycemic index refers to what?
How fast a food raises blood glucose
Question
Answer
what is the common metric unit for power?
power= watt
Which compounds found in grapefruit act to inhibit Cytochrome P450 Enzyme and cause potentially dangerous drug interactions?
Furanocoumarins interfere with blood settings so they can be dangerous.
Under what major enzyme classification does the enzyme chymosin (used in the manufacture of rennet coagulated cheeses) fall?
Hydrolase/protease; chymosin is an acid protease like pepsin, it breaks peptide bonds through hydrolysis reaction
The two most popular means of measuring temperature in heat penetration tests involve what two devices?
1) Thermocouple (requires electrical hookup) 2) Thermistors (uses radiotelemetry)
What is the name of the pasta that translates to "little tongues"?
Linguines
What color is myoglobin when iron is in the ferrous state and water is bound to the pigment?
Purple
What protein exhibits little or no emulsifying properties due to its unique triple helical structure, which is extremely stable and not readily solubilized?
Collagen
Lignans which are found in flax seed, wheat bran, oats and barley can demonstrate which health benefit?
Anticancer and phytoestrogen properties
What does ETEC stand for?
Enterotoxigenic
Name one of the two truly cryogenic freezing media used in freezing fruits and vegetables.
Liquid nitrogen or dry ice
What two compounds form a complex to cause a yolk of egg greyish green when boiled and cooled too slowly?
Iron and sulfur
One method of destroying insect eggs in flour is to throw the flour with high impact against a hard surface as in a centrifuge type machine. What is the name of this machine?
Entoleter
What is cheddaring?
The process where matted cheese curd is cut into blocks, stacked, and drained of whey.
Who was the first individual to win Samuel C Prescott award from IFT?
Edgar Allen Day
Which vegetable is the immature flower bud thistle found in sunflower family?
Artichoke
What is another term for the name of a food?
Statement of Identity
What is the type of heat energy described when ice changes temperature from 0?F to -10?F.
Sensible heat
Which meat has the shortest time before the beginning of rigor mortis: A.Pork, B.Lamb, or C.Beef?
A. Pork
What chocolate company is credited w/having the 1st diagram showing the location of each piece of candy in an assorted box?
Whitman's Candies
The products of superoxide ion O2-dismutation are ___________
O2 and H2O2
K-value is a measure of fish freshness. What is the equation for K-value?
(inosine) + (hypoxanthan)/total nucleotide products (or IMP)
Excessive amounts of nitrite in meat cures may result in a green pigment. What is this often referred to as?
nitrite burn
Describe the 3 steps used in the malting process.
Steeping: Barley grains are soaked in water to promote germination. This step is essential for starting the biochemical processes that break down starches into fermentable sugars. Germination: The soaked barley is allowed to germinate under controlled conditions. During this stage, enzymes are activated, which break down the stored starches into simpler sugars that are later used in the fermentation process. Kilning: After germination, the grains are dried in a kiln to stop the germination process. This step not only halts further enzyme activity but also imparts specific flavors and colors to the malted barley.
What are exopeptidases and endopeptidases?
Exopeptidases are enzymes that cleave amino acids or dipeptides in a stepwise manner from terminal end of protein. Endopeptidases are proteinases that hydrolyze linkages within the peptide chain, and don't touch the terminal peptide bonds.
What are BOD, COD and what are their units of measurement?
biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, mg/L
Explain pasteur effect.
the rate of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions is higher than the rate under aerobic conditions. Aerobic: citric acid cycle follows glycolysis; anaerobic: fermentation occurs
What two publications are sponsored by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT)?
Journal of Food Science and Food Technology.
What does PS stand for related to packaging?
PS= polystyrene
The magnification of a microscope with an eye piece of 10X and an objective of 97 X is what?
970X
Which of the following statements about water is not correct: A. Water is an important nutrient for human body B. Water is used as a quality indicator for jams and jellies C. Water activity indicates the amount of bound water in a food system D. There is no D.
C
What are the different categories of food processing technologies?
Food preservation, separation, congregation
Who was the first administrator over the Food and Drug Act?
Harvey Wiley.
The combination of wintergreen, vanilla, and cassis (cinnamon) make up this commonly recognized flavor
Bubblegum
Name two concerns regulatory agencies have when considering approval of transgenic food.
1. Is the nutrient content of the food adversely affected? 2. Is the content of natural toxins increased? 3. Is there any risk from new metabolites from the rDNA? 4. Is there any risk from the DNA inserted?
How many coffee beans are present in a cherry?
2
What is the definition of essential amino acids?
Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be present in the diet
Muscle proteins are degraded during aging by what enzymes?
Calpains
What is direct acid set cottage cheese?
Cottage cheese made with food grade organic acids rather than bacterial starter cultures
What is the minimum temp for carmelization to occur?
160 degree C/ 320 F
Name 2 non-thermal food processing technologies?
UV light, ultrasound, high pressure, pulsed light, pulsed electric field, irradiation
What index is used to specify directions and planes that are determined by three integers (h,k and L) in lattices and crystals?
Miller Index
The temperature at which water condenses is called what?
Dew point
Name the two groups of marine pelagic fish.
Coastal and oceanic fish
Which company who was granted a US patent in 1989 created a device known as a 'widget' to aid in the formation of a nitrogen foam head in canned beverages?
Guinness brewery
Please list two method for making cheese.
1. rennin (renet) enzyme 2. addidng acid or lactate, lowering the pH to achieve pI of casein
Why colorant like Carmine falls under "Exceptions to Collective Declaration" category?
Potential allergic reactions
What part of the food industry is regulated by the U.S. Department of Treasury?
Purity and safety of alcoholic beverages, and other distilled beverages
Washing the curd removes what compound?
Lactose (along with some whey proteins and minerals)
What does MAC stand for?
MacConkey
Name the different components of the food pyramid and the recommended number of servings for each.
Grains (6-11 servings); vegetables (3-5), fruits (2-4), dairy (2-3), proteins (2-3), fats, oils and sweets (sparingly)
microwave heating is accomplished by _______.
molecular friction
BHA and BHT are used for what purpose?
To control fat autoxidation.
What is the Codex Alimentarius Commission?
A group of 144 countries that develop standards for food commodities internationally
2 piece cans for low acid foods are made in what? a. impact exit b. draw + iron c. draw redraw(?) d. welding
c. draw-redraw
What is a single sugar unit called?
Monosaccharide
Extremophilic microbes are found in various environments. Name the extreme conditions associate with each types of microbes: Barophile; Halophile; Thermophile
Barophile: High pressure; Halophile - High Salt content; Thermophile: High heat/temperatures
Name two unripened cheeses.
Cottage, cream, ricotta, farmers, Neufchatel, mozzarella, queso blanco, queso fresco, quark
The direct ancestor of the 1906 Food and Drug Act was first introduced in 1892 by Senator Algernon S. Paddock, a close associate of Dr. Harvey Wiley. Which state did Senator Paddock represent?
Nebraska
According to federal standards, 1 pound of evaporated milk is equivalent to how many pounds of fluid milk?
12
What limits making rye bread from 100% rye flour?
The protein is too weak to support bread structure.
Pasteurization standards for milk were originally designed to destroy what and are currently designed to destroy what?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Coxiella burnetii
What is cooking loss percentage of a roast that had a raw weight of 20 lbs and a cooked weight of 15 lbs?
cooking loss % = (cooked weight/raw weight) = 25 %
What nation produces 2/3rds of the world's Vanilla?
Madagascar
What is the difference in metabolism between β- and α-carotene?
Beta yields two molecules of vitamin A, whereas alpha only yields one molecule
What are the two main cattle breeds for milk?
Holstein, Jersey
What is not an example of a newtonian fluid? Ketchup, oil, mayonnaise, honey
Oil
Which vegetable has the highest concentration of vitamins and minerals? a) Broccoli b) Cauliflower c) Potatoes d) Lettuce
Broccoli
Who is the Editor in Chief of Food Technology magazine?
Bill McDowell
What does IMPS stand for?
Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications
The bitter glucoside in olives is called ______________
Oleuropein
What external factors influence microbial growth during refrigeration?
#NAME?
Name three methods to determine the lengths of polysaccharides.
Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Viscometry (intrinsic viscosity measurements), Light scattering (static or dynamic), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
In food chemistry what does the TBA stands for and what is it used to measure?
Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) used to measure lipid oxidation by detecting malondialdehyde (a secondary oxidation product)
What amino acid requires cats to be obligate carnivores? Cysteine, tryptophan, taurine, alanine
Taurine
What is the full name of the founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken?
Colonel Harland Sanders
What's the equation for Planck-Einstein relation with respect to radiation?
E = h * (nu)
PCB is a pollutant that can be in fish. What does PCB stand for?
polychlorinated biphenyl
Someone has suggested that you use sucrose in your confectionary product where Maillard browning is desireable, will this cause a problem?
Yes, because sucrose is a non-reducing sugar
Name 2 straight chain polyhydric alcohols used as food additives.
Sorbitol - modifying agent, humectant, flavor, and crystal modifier; Mannitol - flavor modifier, inert base
Name 3 fruits or veggies that contains lycopene.
tomatoes, watermelon, guava, red/pink grapefruit, papaya, red cabbage, mango
This condiment was originally sold as a medicine in the 1830’s.
Ketchup
What did Gail Borden give to the world in 1853?
Condensed milk
What polysacc from crustacean shells help lower cholesterol level?
chitosan which is produced by deacetylating chitin
Whenever ATP generation is coupled directly with a specific reaction in a metabolic pathway, it is referred to as what type of phosphorylation?
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Scotch whisky’s distinctive flavor comes from what?
Smoke from the use of peat
What does "nut" in doughnut stand for?
Small rounded cake (cookie)
What are fresh hams commonly called by the packing industry?
Green hams
What agency regulates the production, labeling, and sale of the following products: wine coolers, Emu, Turkey, Lite Beer
wine coolers= FDA; Emu= FDA; Turkey= USDA, Lite Beer= Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB)
In what test is Kovac's reagent used?
Indole test of IMViC (to detect indole production from tryptophan metabolism by bacteria)
Which of the following foods should a sulfite-sensitive individual avoid? wine, frozen hash brown potatoes, fruit cocktail with maraschino cherries, sauerkraut
All
Jersey king and purple passion are varieties of what?
Asparagus
What beef dish contains raw beef?
Carpaccio
What does MPN stand for?
Most Probable Number
How does toothpaste affect the taste of orange juice?
Sodium lauryl sulfate, blocks sweet receptors in mouth and makes juice taste bitter.
What is the fish most commonly used for making Surimi?
Alaskan Pollock
What is the flavor/antimicrobial compound associated with Cinnamon?
Cinnamaldehyde
Beta-glucans have been identified w/beneficial and detrimental traits. Name a nutritional benefit and a processing detriment.
Reduces colon cancer, and causes viscosity and filtering problems in brewing
What is the term the FDA uses to describe the maximum amount or natural or unavoidable decfects in a products?
defect action levels
What are the disadvantages of using Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Ultrafiltration (UF)?
Disadvantages of using membranes: - Membranes can get clogged. - Concentration gets to only between 40 to 50% compared to 80% in evaporation.
What is atmospheric freeze drying?
to maintain partial pressure of water vapor adjacent to the product at a level below triple point of water, approach 1 - inert gas and water vapor pressure = 1atm, approach 2 - capture of the water vapor with adsorbent
Describe the winterization process for oils.
the oil is cooled and then solids are filtered so that the long-chained saturated fats do not crystalize at low temperatures
What are the five classes of unit operations?
Fluid flow (fluids transportation, filtration, solids fluidization) heat transfer (canning, freezing, blanching) Mass Transfer (extraction, dehydration, frying) thermodynamic processes (gas liquification, refrigeration) Mechanical processes (solids transportation, crushing and pulverization, screening and sieving)
The fatback of the pork is used to create what type of fat?
Lard
Who is the current president of IFT?
Chris Daubert
How many layers of tin actually compose the double seam on a can?
Five
One ton of grapes create how many cases of wine?
60
Explain 12D Concept.
The D-value to destroy 90% of C. Botulinum at a 12 log reduction: ensures safety of low acid foods
What is the name of flatbread from the mediterranean?
Pita
Who was the person who started the quick freezing method?
Clarence Birdseye
C22:6n3 represents which fatty acid?
(Unsaturated fatty acid) DHA or Docosahexaenoic Acid (from elongating a-linolenic)
What are the three products of lactic acid bacteria fermentation?
Lactate, CO2, Acetate (Ethanol)
What is the name of the protein responsible for oxygen transport in the body?
Hemoglobin
Beef was traditionally suspended using which tendon, which was also a cause of muscle shortening?
Achilles
What two common compounds are used together as an antioxidative system in food?
Ascorbic Acid and Citric Acid
Name three types of GC detectors using their full name.
FID (Flame Ionization Detector); NPD (Nitrogen phosphorus detector); FPD (Flame Photometric detector); ECD (electron capture detector); MS (Mass Spectrometer); AED (atomic Emission Detector); PID (Photoionization detector); TCD (Thermal Conductivity Detector); ELCD (electrolytic conductivity detector)
At what pressure do popcorn kernels pop?
135 psi
What is the approximate number of flavorists in the world?
500
Name 3 types of driers
freeze dryer, tray drier, drum dryer
Name the 5 structures that D-Glucose may be present as in water.
Alpha and beta glucofuranose, alpha and beta glucopyranose, and open-chain aldehyde
Which classical count method in microbiology counts both dead and viable bacterial cells?
Direct Microscopic Count
Wheat flour is characterized by a relatively high concentration of what two protein classes?
Prolamines and glutelins.
What are the three heat transfer modes?
Convection - flow of air or water over a physical body, maintains large gradient. Conduction - direct transfer between two physical bodies (surface area, gradient, heat, conduction) . Radiation - transfer of heat between two physical bodies that are not in direct contact with each other. (Evaporation) - liquid becomes gas (heat loss), release of energy in the form of heat
The lamb wholesale shoulder is comparable to what wholesale cut of beef?
Chuck.
In different situations, the term 'ounces' can refer to different types of measurements; what are the 2 general categories ounces may measure.
Weight and Volume
What is incipient contaminant?
Contaminant found before thermal processing
What is the name of the law that states if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other?
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
In enzymology, what is turnover number?
moles of substate converted to product by an enzyme molecule (activation site) in a given time period
When is the chalazea of an egg thick and dominant?
When it is fresh.
In statistics, the basic regression model is Yi = bo + b1Xi + ei. What do the parameters bo and b1 represent?
bo = y-intercept; b1 = slope
What pigment is formed when chlorophyll loses its magnesium, phytol group, or both?
a. Pheophytin (loss of magnesium) b. Chlorophyllide (loss of phytol) c. Pheophorbide (loss of both magnesium and phytol).
What are four parameters that affect the efficiency of a lye peeling operation?
Concentration of lye, time used, temperature of the solution, lye and peel removal systems
A product may be considered _________ if marketed under the name of a product covered by a standard of identity, if the requirements of the standard are not met.
misbranded
Why does water heat rapidly in a microwave oven?
Water is a dipole molecule. As the microwave field oscillates, the dipole of water will try to oscillate to follow the field
what is the official name of the act that made sale, manufacture, and transport of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States?
Volsted Act
The regulations implementing the NLEA labeling provisions took 961 pages in federal register of what date?
06/01/1993 00:00:00
What term is a measure of ability to store electrical energy?
dielectric constant
Beef and pork is classified as what type of meat?
Red Meat
What is the full form of CIP?
Clean in place
What are the minimum reactant requirements for Maillard browning?
Amino-bearing compound (usually a protein) and a reducing sugar
Name the sweetener the following products contain: Ace-K, Sunett, Sweet One, Sweet n Low, Equal Saccharin, Sugar Twin, Necta Sweet, NutraSweet, Equal, Splenda, Equal Sucralose, Equal Naturals, Splenda Stevia, Pure Via, Truvia, Enliten, Splenda Monkfruit, Nectresse, Monkfruit In The Raw, Swanson PureLo, Newtame, Talin
Ace-K, Sunett, Sweet One: Acesulfame potassium Sweet n Low, Equal Saccharin, Sugar Twin, Necta Sweet: Saccharin NutraSweet: Aspartame, Stevia Equal: Aspartame, Ace-K Splenda, Equal Sucralose: Sucralose Equal Naturals, Splenda Stevia, Pure Via, Truvia, Enliten: Stevia Splenda Monkfruit, Nectresse, Monkfruit In The Raw, Swanson PureLo: Monkfruit Newtame: Neotame Talin: Thaumatin
What group of compounds makes carrots bitter?
Terpenoids
What is patent flour?
The highest quality wheat flour made solely from the endosperm.
What beef dish contains raw beef?
Carpaccio
In plants, what amino acid is used to synthesize ethylene?
Methionine.
Where was the IFT annual meeting held in 2006?
Orlando
Gluten is a very unusual protein, partly because over 50% of the protein is composed of just 3 amino acid residues; name 2 of these 3 amino acids.
Glutamate, glutamine, proline
What is the formula weight of sodium chloride within 1/2 a gram?
58.5g
If you take 20 ml of .1 M NaOH to titrate 40 mL of an HCl solution to the phenolphthalein end point what is the molarity of the HCl solution?
0.05 M HCl
True or false: BeriBeri is caused by Vitamin K deficiency.
False
By whom and with what products was the 1st commercial canning operation begun in the US?
William Underwood 1st canned fish
Riboflavin makes whey appear what color?
Greenish-yellow or Green
What type of yeasted bread dough is low in fats and sugar?
Lean dough
What botanical family does tomato plant belong to?
Nightshade or Solanaceae
what metric prefix is used to denote a value of one billion?
giga-
What is the temperature and time range for commercial sterilization?
116-121 C (240-250 F) for 50-90 min
Psychrotrophs have the optimal growth temperature at 10C which is why they spoil refrigerated foods (True/False)
False
What is the fruit of the plant Ananas comosus?
Pineapple
What is a batch pasteurizer and how does it work?
It helps to reduce the formation of cold spots
Pomegranate botanical name?
Punica granatum
How many olfactory cells are located in the olfactory region? A. 10-20 M B. 1-20 M C. 10-30 M D. 1-2 M
A. 10-20 million
Too much iron can cause:
Hemochromatosis
What are cytokinins?
Plant hormones that promote cell division in plants (They have potential uses in prolonging the freshness of vegetables and cut flowers).
What is turgor pressure?
Turgor pressure or turgidity is the main pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells and bacteria cells; It is determined by the water content of the vacuole
What is the most expensive spice in the world?
Saffron
Parathyroid hormone regulates the absorption of what mineral?
Calcium
Which lipoprotein is most associated with a high risk of heart disease?
LDL
Which of the following is NOT considered a "super-fruit"? a) Tamarind b) Acai c) Noni d) Mango
Mango
Name the artificial sweetener derived from orange peels.
Naringin dihydrochalcone (a flavone glycoside)
What term is defined as the number of degrees required for a specific thermal death time curve to pass through one log cycle?
Z-value
Which of these are not part of the enzymes used for cloning? A. Restriction endonucleases B. DNA ligase C. Alkaline phosphatases D. Acetylases
D. Acetylases
What can be a replacement for sourdough?
1 cup of milk with 1 tablespoon of lemon juice or vinegar
What is the major toxin-producing microorganism associated with herb infused oils held at or above room temp for extended periods of time?
Clostridium botulinum
Name the type of rancidity, which occurs by the hydrolysis of an ester bond and produces free fatty acids.
Hydrolytic rancidity
Avocado botanical name?
Persea americana [Lauraceae (Laurel)]
At room temperature, which phase are oils generally in?
Liquid
What is the difference between hard and soft wheat?
Hard has a higher protein content (12-15%) and soft has a lower protein content (7-10%).
Give 5 examples of pasta types.
Long, Short, Filled, Minute, Pasta all'uovo, Pasta al forno, Fresh Pasta
Marsh Ruby, Ruby Red, Melogold, Oro Blanco (White Golden) and Star Ruby are varieties of what?
Grapefruit(citrus fruit)
An ideal gas at 25C and a pressure of 2 MPascals is passed, without a change in volume, through a valve decreasing the pressure to 0.2 MPascals. What happens to the temperature of the gas?
The temperature decreases - the gas is ideal and therefore obeys the gas law PV=NRT
What chemical compound is responsible for the fishy smell?
Trimethylamine
According to CODEX Al, extra virgin olive oil difference?
Oleic acid content
What are the limitations of freeze concentration?
High cost, Difficulty in separation of ice from solid, Low upper limit on concentration, Has no effect on enzymes and microbes
What is the latin name for sheep?
Ovis aries
What is the name of the nonthermal processing method for food preservation which uses short and intense duration pulses of braod sprectum white light?
Pulsed light processing
Beta carotene is a precursor to what?
Vitamin A
what gas contributes to rising in yeast-raised baked goods?
Carbon Dioxide
Name three materials used for edible films.
Proteins, cellulose, starches, dextrins, plant hydrocolloids, waxes, other fatty materials
What's the meaning of salting in and salting out?
Salting out decreases solubility (precipitating proteins), salting in increases solubility.
Why is iron from meat so important? A.provides necessary nutrients, B.recommended by National Academy of Sciences, C.enhances taste of meat, or D.best source of iron in the form of heme iron
D. iron from meat is the best source of iron in the form of heme iron
A dehydrated apple is accidentally left out overnight. Also by mistake a fresh apple slice is left out in the open overnight as well. The next morning you find the fresh apple slice brown and the dehydrated apple still looking like it did the night before. Why didn't the dehydrated apple turn brown?
The water activity was too low for Maillard browning to occur
Name three fruit derived enzymes and their sources, commonly used as meat tenderizer.
papain: papaya, bromiline: pineapple, Actidin: kiwi, ficin: figs
What percentage of total milk solids is required in milk chocolate?
0.12
What region of the protein molecule is attracted by fat in a sausage batter?
hydrophobic
The time in minutes required to destroy 90% of a population at a given temperature.
D value – decimal reduction time
What temperature does the FDA recommend for the final internal temperature of chicken?
165°F.
List the 7 types of plastics used in food packaging according to their recycling number (in order).
1 = PolyEthylene Terephthalate (PET); 2 = High-Density PolyEthylene (HDPE); 3 = Polyvinyl chloride (PVC); 4 = Low-Density PolyEthylene (LDPE); 5 = PolyPropylene (PP); 6 = PolyStyrene (PS); 7 = Other
What compound in cultured butter increases it flavor?
Diacetyl
When was E. coli O157:H7 first linked with serious food born illness and what was the food product?
1982, hamburger.
The statistical test for comparison of means from small sample size (n less than 30) based upon their distribution when the standard deviation is known as
The t-distribution or Student's t-distribution
Cow botanical name?
Bos primigenius (they usually get bos tourus too)
Which candy bar's name is derived from Tween biscuit sticks?
Twix
What is the latin name of chickens?
Gallus domesticus
What milk product did the USDA propose as a substitute for meat in school lunches in 1996?
Yogurt
What are kiln dryers?
Tall, deep bed of product 20cm, large capacity, used for apple slices, hops, grains, batch drier, simple to operate, cheap to build, high labor cost, slow, poor control drying
Why do foods freeze faster than they thaw?
Water layer insulates, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of ice>water
A technique that separates readable pattern of DNA fragment is A. Genetic engineering B. Recombinant DNA C. Gel electrophoresis
C. Gel electrophoresis
What is the name given to the volume of gas between the surface of the food product and the package?
Headspace
If you have a method that you want to use to measure the % fat in a product and it is not AOAC approved, how would you determine if it is accurate?
Take known fat percentages and run them with the method to perform a standard curve so that you can determine the linear range of your method and assure its accuracy.
Name the fruit used to flavor gin.
Juniper berries
If the temperature of a solution is -40 F, what will it temperature be in degrees Celsius?
-40 deg C (-40 is the equivalence point for the 2 temp scales)
Give the order of sweetness for sucrose, maltose, trehalose, and fructose.
Trehalose
Define fecal coliforms and indicate the reason that they are often evaluated in foods.
facultative anaerobes (organisms which can survive in the absence of oxygen), gram-negative, non-spore forming, rod-shaped bacteria that ferment lactose (a type of sugar), producing gas and acid within 48 hours when cultured at 35oC. Their lack of ability to form spores makes them more susceptible to destruction by environmental conditions.they are used as indicators of fecal contamination
Name three practiced chemical modifications of maize starch in the U.S.
Derivitized (monostarch substitution and cross linking), acid thinning, dextrinization, oxidation, hydrolysis.
What are the 5 main types of botulism?
foodborne, infant, wound, Adult intestinal toxemia, Iatrogenic botulism
Almost all flavor compounds that have a branched chain structure are derived from what group of precursors?
Amino acids
What is the primary function of milk pasteurization?
Kill pathogens
The most commonly used commercial method for freezing meat products is what?
Blast Freezing-the air blast freezer is one the oldest and commonly used freezing equipment due to its temperature stability and versatility for several product types.
What is Heat Capacity?
Heat Capacity (cp): is the amount of heat necessary for a unit mass of substance to change its temperature by one degree. Heat capacity is really a measure of how fast we can heat or cool a material.
What are foam mat dryers?
Food products (juices) formed into a stable foam by addition of a stabilizer and aerating with inert gas, foam is spread on belt drier 2-3mm, through flow co or counter current flow, rapid drying, lower process temps, superior flavor and quality, low bulk density of product, may need more than one stage to obtain required moisture, more expensive than most dryers
What barrels are used to age bourbon?
Aged in new, charred oak barrels
What is the measurement of oxygen utilized in the stabilization of organic matter by microorganisms over a 5 day period at 20 C called?
biological oxygen demand
What are the three types of clotting in cheese production?
Acid, heat coagulations of whey proteins, and enzymatic.
What type of tea is brewed from daisies?
Chamomile
What is the nutritional claim on a bottle of regular Coca-Cola?
very low sodium 35 mg or less per 240mL
Give the name of the inner, spongy layer of citrus rinds.
Albedo
Which of the following is the SI unit for viscosity? (a) N-m (b) Pa-s (c) N/m (d) J/ K
(b) Pa-s
Define Ale.
Ale is a type of beer that is brewed using top-fermenting yeast at warmer temperatures (typically between 60-72°F or 15-22°C), resulting in a fruity, robust flavor.
What is the major rheological property that distinguishes a Newtonian fluid from a Bingham plastic fluid?
A yield stress. (A Bingham plastic fluid has a yield stress and a Newtonian fluid does not. If the contestant has described the difference to the judges' satisfaction without actually saying "yield stress", the answer may be accepted)
What gaseous atmosphere is used to inhibit ethylene production and ripening of fruits?
Nitrogen.
What are the coenzyme forms of niacin?
NAD, NADP
Name 4 basic requirements that are necessary during aseptic packaging.
Sterile environment (or aseptic zones), sterilize product contact surface of the package by using heat/chemicals/high energy radiation, hermetically sealed containers, monitoring of critical factors such as air quality, sealing, temperature
What vitamin is responsible for the prevention of certain kinds of anemias, is involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids, and is synthesized by microorganisms?
Folacin (or folate/folic acid)
Wintergreen, Cinnamon, and Vanilla make up what common flavor?
Bubble Gum
How much (%) water is there in muscle?
66-71%
Marasmus is a type of PEM disease. What does PEM stand for?
Protein Energy Malnutrition
Trans fatty acids occur in what animal?
Ruminant animals like cow
What is the protein coat of a virus call?
Capsids
Two reasons why pectic enzyme preparations from Aspergillus Niger are often used during fruit juice production.
It is to increase yield and increase clarity
A Mojonnier flask is generally used for what?
Extraction of fat (normally from milk)
What is converted rice?
Rice steeped in water, steamed, and dried again before milling, transferring B vitamins to the endosperm.
From what plant is the flavor anise derived?
fennel
The IFT annual award that recognizes research accomplishments of an individual 36 years or younger is called___________________.
Samuel Cate Prescott Award
What is the food-borne illness associated with “red tide”?
paralytic shellfish poisoning
What process is used to set color and inactivate enzymes?
Blanching
what enzyme is found in gastric juice promotes digestion of protein?
Pepsin
What type of plant breeding breeds successive generations of plants among themselves?
Line Breeding
What is the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes?
Type I: The person produces no insulin at all. Type II: Fat cells resist insulin or the body cannot use insulin.
Name five spices which contain essential oil eugenol.
1) Cloves, 2) cinnamon, 3) Jamaica allspice, 4) sage, 5) sweet basil, 6) bay leaves, 7) sweet marjoram
Which artificial sweetener is banned from use in the US but is legal in Europe?
Cyclamate
What makes for stronger paper, long fibers or short fibers?
Long fibers
How many carbons are contained in erucic acid?
22
What is the package material that prevents entry of microbes and gas?
Hermetic
Full form of PEF in food processing.
Pulsed Electric Field
List four method used to find the total number of microorganisms in foods.
pour plate, surface spread plate, surface drop, agar droplet, and microdilution
What is Cream of Wheat made of?
Farina
Name the methods for direct heating and indirect heating.
1) Direct heating methods: toasting, frying, steam injection, steam infusion, spray drying, baking 2) Indirect heat exchangers: plate, tubular, shell and tube, scraped surface heat exchanger.
Compounds that consist of one molecule of fatty acid esterified to a glycerol are called?
Monoglycerides
The presence of mold Botrytis cinerea in wine can create a problem in: A.fermentation, B.crushing, C.filtration, or D.aging
C. filtration: it produces B-glucans, which are large polymers that clog filters
How does the crop triticale get its name?
Triticale is the combination of the scientific names of the two genera involved: Triticum (wheat) and Secale (rye)
Which of the following four choices is considered the least severe thermal processing method for foods? a. sterilization; b. pasteurization; c. commercial sterilization; d. blanching
d. blanching
What are the class of food pigments which have similar structure and properties to anthocyanins, but are yellow in color called?
Flavonoids (from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow)
What is the gel most common used for protein analysis?
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
When the Ponkin Iron Works made the original cans for "Appertizing", approximately how many cans could one man make in a day?
60 cans/ day
Which of the following vegetables contain the most kcals per 100g raw serving:A.cabbage, B.Onions, C.Tomatoes, or D.Beets?
C. Tomatoes
Q: Identify the federal government publication you would use to find the most recent changes in fda regulations.
A: Federal Register
What is CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
Passing an oil through Fuller's earth is a process called _____.
Bleaching.
The gradual browning of a loaf of bread during baking is due to:
Maillard reaction
Name three garlic cultivars.
California Early, Elephant, French Mild Silverskin, Mexican Purple
What are the major pigments in yellow peppers?
Carotenoids
What are the two methods of canning?
Boiling water (water bath) and pressure canning
What does GMP stand for with respect to nucleotides?
Guanosine Monophosphate
Which agency establishes pesticide tolerances in raw foods?
EPA
What is wet bulb temperature?
temperature of air measured by a thermometer whose bulb is covered by a wet cloth
What is Secondary/malolactic fermentation in wine production?
Malolactic fermentation is a process where lactic acid bacteria (Oenococcus Oeni) convert malic acid (which is tart and acidic) into lactic acid (which is softer and smoother), reducing the wine's overall acidity and giving it a rounder, more mellow taste.
What is the difference between a brine and a marinade?
A brine is salt-based, while a marinade is acid-based.
How can infrared energy be detected?
Thermal detectors (e.g., thermocouples, bolometers, pyroelectric detectors) or quantum detectors (e.g., photoconductive cells like lead sulfide or mercury cadmium telluride detectors)
What is the name when its negative 273 degrees C?
Absolute zero
What is the only disaccharide that mammals are able to synthesize?
Lactose
A higher attenuation factor does what to the distribution?
makes the distribution less uniform
Which colloidal system has liquid as the dispersed phase and gas as the dispersing medium?
Aerosol
The Christie—Atkins—Munch-Peterson (CAMP) test is used to identify what foodborne pathogen?
Listeria monocytogenes
what is the maximum amount of sulfites legally permitted by FDA in wines?
350 ppm (usually 50-150 ppm in wines)
Name the fatty acid that contains 18 carbons and three double bonds.
Linolenic acid
What are protoplasts?
-Plant cells whose outer wall has been removed exposing the thin cellular cytoplasmic membrane -Protoplast from ancient Greek means "first-formed," initially referred to the first human, or more generally, to the first organized body of a species
What type of tea is wilted, bruised and partially oxidized?
Oolong Tea
Which type of chromotography is described by : a substrate is covalently bound to the column matrix; as the effluent passes through, a specific targeted compound attaches to the bound substrate and becomes trapped on the stationary phase.
Affinity Chromotography
How is the pasteurization time and temperature selected?
It is based upon the principle of D value, higher temperature, shorter time
Symptoms from this organism (genus and ssp) are often mis-diagnosed as appendicitis, and have resulted in many unnecessary appendectomies.
Yersinnia enterocolitica
What icing usually contains gelatin and glycerine?
Fondant
In relation to colloid theory, give the full form of the acronym DVLO.
Derjaguin, Verway, Landau, and Overbeek
Who is always the chairman of IFT's executive committee?
The current IFT President.
Mofongo', a common dish in Dominican restaurants and kitchens, actually originated in which country?
Puerto Rico
What does IHOP stand for?
International House of Pancakes
Which vit increases Ca absorption?
Vit D
What is the process in which beer is matured at colder temperatures for many weeks, even up to a year?
Lagering
The position in a can of food which is last to reach the final heating temperature is called what?
Cold point
Name the principal organic acid in apples.
Malic acid
What is the full name of EGCG?
Epigallocatechin gallate.
What is the dressing percent formulation of meat carcass?
(Carcass weight / live weight) * 100
What fruit is the international symbol for hospitality?
Pineapples
What company introduced the first microwave oven?
Raytheon Company
Is Brie cheese classified as soft unripened, soft ripened, or semi soft ripened?
Soft ripened
Give the colors of anthocyanins when the pH is acidic and basic.
Acidic: red/ pink Basic: blue/violet
Fat deposited in the epimysial connective tissue of meat is called ___.
Seam or intermuscular fat (or subcutaneous fat)
What is a biofilm?
A layer of microorganisms formed on the surface of foods that is not removed by sanitation.
What does ANOVA stand for?
Analysis of Variance
What does SCOBY stand for and what is it used in the production of?
Symbiotic Culture Of Bacteria & Yeast (used for kombucha production)
How many miligrams of sodium does 1 level teaspoon of salt contain?
2300 mg
What is the stress needed before a substance flow?
Yield stress
At what temperature is all detectable water frozen?
-72F, -60C
What is the country of origin of Primost cheese?
Norway
What does FAD stand for in biochemistry?
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
Name the three components that make up the granules portion of the egg yolk after centrifugation.
Lipovitellin (or HDL's) - 70%, phosvitin - 16%, and LDLg (granular low-density lipoproteins) - 12%
Why are caseinates good functional ingredients in a number of processed food products that have both water and fat?
Caseinates have amphiphilic structure; this means that these protein derivatives both have regions that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Brachyura is the latin name for what animal?
Crabs
What are the 4 steps to cultured meat manufacture?
1. Cells from a farm animal are proliferated in nutrient-rich media; 2. Cells are attached to a sponge-like scaffold and soaked with nutrients; 3. Cells may be mechanically stretched or added with protein growth factors to increase their size and protein content; 4. Cells are harvested, seasoned, and cooked
What is required for Maillard reaction?
Reducing sugar, amino group, and high heat
Where did Meyer lemons originate?
China
How are food freezing systems categorized?
2 categories: Indirect contact and Direct contact systems. How to select: Depends on type of food and type of package.
what are the approximate annual estimates for numbers of foodborne illnesses and deaths in the US?
47.8 million illnesses, and 3000 deaths
What is performed prior to grinding in the production of coffee?
Roasting
What is the most abundant egg white protein and about what percent of the total egg white protein does it comprise?
Ovalbumin, 54%
From what source was Clostridium botulinum first isolated?
Answer: Smoked ham
Name three examples of noncrystalline candy.
Rock candy, lollipops and glass candy (Non-crystalline candy is usually hard and brittle and has a higher sugar concentration than crystalline candy.)
What is the name of milk containing between 10.5%-18% milk fat?
Half and Half
What substance is used in microbiology for microscopes in order to reduce the influence of refractive index of air?
immersion oil
How much fruit juice is found in fruit punch?
1% fruit juice, can be as low as 0%. If it contains any, it needs to be labeled. Fruit punch is not regulated as a standardized product by the FDA.
What is the coating left behind on the back of the spoon after being dipped into a sauce?
Nappe
In the SI system what are the units that are applied to the following five dimensions or measurements; length, mass, time, electric current, thermodyanamic temperature?
Length = meter Mass = kilogram Time = second Electric current = Ampere Thermodynamic temp = Kelvin
What is the standard agricultural unit of dry volume measure in the U.S. and England?
Bushel
What is drum drying?
Horizontally mounted hollow cylinders made of high grade cast iron or stainless steel, a supporting frame, a feeding system, a scraper and auxiliaries
How do we prevent egg yolk gelation during freezing?
by addition of 10% sugar or salt, or 5% glycerin
What is the measurement in inches of a 603 x 612 can?
6 3/16" x 6 12/16"
What is the definition of packaging films?
A thickness of .010 inches or less
In sensory analysis, the assignment of symbols, usually with 3-digit numbers, to test samples so they can be presented to a subject without identification is called ______.
Coding
Traditionally, Halumi cheese is made with what kind of milk?
Mixture of sheep’s and goat’s milk
What are the two top selling spices in the world?
Pepper and vanilla
What is centrifugal force?
the outward force nature exerts on objects moving in a circular fashion
What is the standard temperature and pressure (STP)?
0 degrees C at 1 atmosphere of pressure
What does 'c' stand for in E=mc^2?
Speed of light
What is the SI unit of force?
Newton
In regards to food packaging, what is an active MAP?
Modified atmosphere packaging that actively controls the gas composition inside a package. e.g. adding carbon dioxide and nitrogen into packagi
What are the 3 processes by which genetic material may be exchanged between bacteria?
Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction
Name four molecular characteristics of proteins desirable for film and foam formation.
Soluble; large; amphipathic; flexible domains; interactive regions; disposition of charged groups; retention of structure; and polar residues
What are the fructose contents in commercial HFCS products?
42% and 55% (HFCS-42 & HFCS-55)
Bundle of herbs is called?
Boque garni
Name the methods for direct heating and indirect heating.
1) Direct heating methods: toasting, frying, steam injection, steam infusion, spray drying, baking 2) Indirect heat exchangers: plate, tubular, shell and tube, scraped surface heat exchanger.
Food and Drug Act of 1906
defined and set regulations of adulterated and misbranded foods.
What is the benefit of HTST pasteurization?
less change in nutrient composition and sensory attributes, less change in overall food quality, continuous throughput, lower utility costs, longer shelf life
True/False: a fresh egg has a high percentage of thick egg white next to the yolk and a small amount of thin egg white beyond the thick white.
True
The type of chromatography used to separate color pigments is A) GC, B) Thin layer, C) HPLC and D) Paper
Paper
What is the culinary term used to describe splitting open a bird carcass and flattening it?
Butterflying or spatchcooking
What sort of high gluten flour is used for making pasta?
Durum flour
What was the name of the nutritional guideline system established in 1940 and phased out in 1968?
Minimum Daily Requirement (MDR).
The expenditure of energy required to maintain basic life processes is called BMR. What does BMR stand for?
Basal Metabolic Rate
Native to China, what is wolf berry also known as?
Goji berry
What is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C?
1 Calorie
Which is not Protected cheeses by EU?: cheddar, feta, roquefortii, camamberti
Cheddar
What water activity value is where max rate of quality loss occur?
0.8
What organism is included in the fermented sausage starter culture?
Pediococcus cerivicea
What corn derivative is one of the most commonly used sweeteners in the food industry?
High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)
Describe the flow behavior of a Thixotropic material.
Thixotropic= thickens w/time
What is the predominant organic acid found in grapes?
Tartaric acid
Whey protein concentrate (WPC) is produced with three different protein percentages. What are they?
34%, 50%, 80%.
What type of wheat is used to make pasta?
Durum
What was the real name of Chef Boiardi (Boy-ar-dee)?
Ettore “Hector” Boiardi
What does BT stand for in BT corn?
Bacillus Thuringiensis
On St Patricks day, which food is used to color beer green?
Blue/green food coloring
Give the industries where HACCP is required.
Seafood, Poultry and Meat, Fruits and Vegetables
What kinds of acids are the most effective acid-based antimicrobial preservatives in foods?
Weak organic acids, because only undissociated acids can cross the cell membrane
How many grays in a rad?
0.01 grays per rad
What is the act of debasing food using food additives?
Adulteration
What positions are on the board of directors of IFTSA?
President Past-president President elect VP chapter engangement VP competitions VP digital and social media VP membership engangement VP Events and experiences Member-at-large
When whey proteins are heated, what three changes can be observed? What are three effects of high temperatures on whey proteins?
Coagulation, denaturation, maillard browning, and sulfide groups are released (cooked flavor development)
What is the main type of bond found in starch molecules?
Covalent bond
In extrusion, which surface is rough and which one is smooth? Inside surface of barrel or outside surface of screw?
The inside surface of barrel is rough and outside surface of screw is smooth.
What US federal agency is responsible for the safety of drinking water?
EPA
What is pyrolysis?
Thermal decomposition of organic material at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen. Ex. Caramelization
What is the chemical nature of oleuropein?
Phenolic glycoside
What does the acronym PDCAAS stand for?
Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (compares the amino acid content of a protein with human amino acid requirement and corrects for digestibility)
What is the normal freezing point of milk?
-0.530°C (range from -0.512 to -0.550°C is acceptable)
What are the advantages and disadvantages of continuous retorts?
Advantages - gradual temperature and pressure change, less strain on cans. Disadvantage - high capital investment, breakdown will stop process line
To what minimum temperature should potentially hazardous foods be reheated?
165°F
One of the main characters from the popular sitcom 'Sex and the City', Carrie Bradshaw, always orders this drink on her frequent nightclub visits with girlfriends. Name the drink and its four components.
Cosmopolitan cocktail; made with vodka, triple sec, lime juice/lime, cranberry juice
Generally, what is the net rate of heat transfer of food?
rate of absorption- rate of emission
Name the properties and applications of three types of Carrageenan.
Kappa Carrageenan: Forms gels with potassium ions, known for their strong, brittle nature. It's widely used in dairy products like puddings and milkshakes, and in meat products as a water binder. Iota Carrageenan: Creates elastic gels that are thixotropic (break down with agitation and reform when at rest). This makes it suitable for applications like cold-filled dairy desserts and pet food gravy. Lambda Carrageenan: Primarily acts as a thickening agent, as it doesn't form a gel network. It's cold water soluble and used in applications like thickening solutions in personal care products.
What part of which plant is Locust Bean gum extracted from?
Locust bean gum comes from the seeds of the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua)
In the 2022 Food Code by FDA what is the term used for the process of moderating the temperature of a food such as allowing a food to gradually increase from a temperature of -23C (-10F) to -4C (25F) in preparation for deep-fat frying or to facilitate even heat penetration during the cooking of previously block-frozen food such as shrimp.
Slacking.
Give the genus and species of the organism that produces xanthan gum
Xanthamonas campestris
What are 3 mesomorphic structures associated with lipids in the liquid state?
Lamellar, Hexagonal I and II, Cubic
What pigment is formed when chlorophyll loses its magnesium, phytol group, or both?
a. Pheophytin (loss of magnesium) b. Chlorophyllide (loss of phytol) c. Pheophorbide (loss of both magnesium and phytol).
What is the unit for dose rate in ionizing radiation preservation?
Gray
What are sequestrants?
Sequestrants are metal chelators that bind metal ions to prevent oxidation and degradation.
Food safety plans must be reviewed often to ensure that they are up to date. Under old HACCP guidelines, how often was review required and how often will review be legally required under FSMA?
HACCP required review at least once a year; FSMA requires food safety plans to be reviewed one every three years
What does PKU stand for?
Phenylketonuria
What two minerals are most essential in the human diet?
Calcium and phosphorus
What is extracted from coffee beans using supercritical fluid extraction?
caffeine
The Standard of Identity for margarine specifies that it contains at least what percent animal or vegetable fat?
0.8
Explain TDT (Thermal Death Time) Studies.
Done to determine an organism's heat resistance (D-value) in a specific product to develop a process for that product
What are the minimum times and temperatures for LTLT and HTST pasteurization of milk?
LTLT – 145 degF (62.8 degC), 30 minutes HTST – 161 deg F (71.7 deg C) 15 seconds
What is spice is very dangerous if it is injected intravenously?
nutmeg
What is roe in Japanese cuisine?
Fish eggs
Name three tropical fruits grown commercially in the continental US.
Avocado, banana/plantain, carambola/star fruit, dragon fruit/pitaya, guava, jackfruit, longan, lychee, mamey sapote, mango, papaya, sapodilla
The Mexican liquor Kahlua is primarily flavored with what?
Coffee
Name the two main plasma proteins of egg yolk.
Lipovitellin (or LDL, 85%) and livetin (15%)
What insoluble constituent makes up approximately 12% of an egg’s total weight?
the shell
Name the two types of water crystal nucleation and name the type that occurs in food systems.
1) Homogeneous and heterogeneous 2) Heterogeneous occurs in foods
What device is used to determine the specific gravity of milk?
Lactometer
A product with a drying ratio of 5 yields 1 kg of dry product for every how many kg of water removed?
4 kg of water removed.
Name 3 charged amino acids.
Arginine, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid
What state is the pretzel making capital of the U.S.?
Hanover, Pennsylvania
What is the purpose of Acidity Control in processing?
The more acid present in a food, the lower the pH becomes, lowering the potential of microbial spoilage, and requires less heat treatment
In a Bingham plastic fluid, what is the initial resistance that must be overcome before the flow starts and the system behaves as true Newtonian?
yield stress
What is the best way for diabetics to prepare sweet potatoes?
Boiling or steaming
Milk is sometimes concentrated using RO and UF equipment; what do these abbreviations stand for?
RO = reverse osmosis ; UF = ultra filtration
The best Vitamin A precursor that occurs in food is called?
B-carotene
Lye is used to hasten the peeling process in some vegetables. What concentration of lye is commonly employed?
Usually 1.0%, generally in the range of 0.5% to 3.0%
Raw, unroasted cashews, are considered inedible sue to their containment of what toxin?
Urushiol
Which 2 enzymes are required for the determination of the degree of gelatinization?
Pullulanase and Beta-amylase
What does PTO stand for?
Patent & Trademark Office
What is the significance of the temperature/time relationship in the processing time?
Product temperature curve shows that the product temperature at the slowest (coldest) heating location within the container increases more slowly than the heating medium temperature and the product temperature may not reach the retort temperature before the end of the process.
A congressional moratorium was in place from 1977-91 for which alternative sweetener?
Saccharine
What may happen in the lower aesophagal sphincter if not closed tight enough after eating?
Acid reflux
CIE L*a*b* (CIELAB) is a color space specified by the French Commission internationale de l'éclairage. What is the translation of the name of this commision in English?
International Commission on Illumination
Name genus and species of most common mango fruit.
Mangifera indica
Which of the following is the most thermally labile vitamin: A.vitamin K, B.Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), C.Vitamin C, or D.Vitamin A?
C.Vitamin C
What elements does glutathione transferase require?
selenium
Which of these is a fermented product? Surimi, tofu, miso
miso
How many times per year is the newsletter of the Institute of Food Technologists Student Association published?
3
Of the following 4 choices, what is the correct set-up of a three compartment sink in a foodservice operations? a) wash, sanitize, rinse; b) rinse, wash, sanitize; c) sanitize, wash, rinse; d) wash, rinse, sanitize
d) Wash, rinse, sanitize
In which year was FDCA enacted? What does it stand for? What did it achieve?
The United States Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act is a set of laws passed by the United States Congress in 1938 giving authority to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to oversee the safety of food, drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics.
What is the term 'lees' wrt wine production?
The material that settles at the bottom of the fermentation tank/barrel
Three types of shellfish poisoning:
paralytic, neurotoxic, amnesiac, diarrhetic
What cheese is associated with Propionibacterium shermanii?
Swiss Cheese
How many calories do you consume every time you lick a stamp?
1/10th of a calorie
What does the M in M & Ms stand for?
Mars & Murrie, to co-creators of the candy
Name 3 sanitizers commonly used in food processing.
Quartz, chlorine, iodophores (?)
To calculate using the perfect gas law, what type of pressure must be used?
absolute pressure
What is the USDA inspection stamp color and shape for horse meat to prevent adulteration?
Green hexagon
Scotch bonnet, habanero botanical name?
Capsicum chinense [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]
What fungus is used in the production of sake, soy sauce and rice vinegar?
Koji mold/ Aspergillus Oryzae
What is the D value of a microorganism that is decreased in population by a factor of ten in two minutes at a constant temperature?
Two
Kopi Luwa is the world’s most expensive coffee. What is the cost of 1 lb of this coffee?
$500-$1000 per pound (USD)
What are three genera of fungi commonly used in food production?
Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Saccharomyces
The common brown grocery bag is made of what type of paper?
Kraft Paper
what agency regulates the production, labeling, and sale of Emu?
Emu= FDA
What is an advantage of UHT?
Process conditions independent of container size
Give two examples of fillings used in calzones.
Salami, Ham/Vegetables, Cheese, Egg
What is the depression below the rim of a metal can called?
Countersink
Who was the first commission of the US Food and Drug Administration?
Harvey Washington Wiley
What happens to lipids in deep frying?
Hydrolytic oxidation and color change
In order to slow the deterioration process of fruits and vegetables in storage, this gas is added to the environment of the storage facility:
Carbon dioxide
How is microbial growth controlled during refrigerated storage?
Low temp - Slows the rate of micro growth at each step - Reduce lag phase - Slow growth in exponential phase - Reduce generation time.
In Spanish areas, edam is sold under what name?
Queso de bola
The increase in kinetic energy of a flowing fluid is at the expense of what? a) pressure drop b) Reynolds number c) viscosity
a) pressure drop
What is the dimer that forms the basis of cellulose?
Cellobiose
What hormone regulates the absorption of dietary calcium?
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
Name 3 of the 16 gram negative, facultative anaerobic rods.
Enterobacteriaceae, Arsenophonus nasoniae, Buttiauxella agrestis, Cedecea, Citrobacter, Edwardsiella, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Escherichia, Ewingella americana, Hafnia alvei, Klebsiella, Kluyvera, Leclercia adecarboxylata, Leminorella, Moellerella wisconsensis, Morganella morganii, Obesumbacterium proteus, Pantoea, Pragia fontium Proteus, Providencia, Rahnella aquatilis, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella, Tatumella plyseos, Xenorhabdus, Yersina, Yohenella regensburgei, Aeromonas, Enhydrobacter aerosaccus, Photobacterium, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Vibrio, Actinobacillus, Hemophilus, Pasteurella, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Cardiobacterium hominis, Chromobacterium, Eikenella corrodens, Gardnerella vaginalis, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Zymomonas
What does NIRS stand for?
Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Which federal agency regulated the production. manufacturing and distribution of food?
Food and Drug Administration
What is the cheapest thickener in the U.S. and what is the most expensive?
Cheapest - unmodified corn starch ($0.18/gk) expensive - agar ($26-31/kg)
Which is the most used plastic in food packaging? a) LDPE; b) HDPE; c) PET; d) PS
C) PET
What is thermal vapor recompression?
As a way to reduce energy consumption a thermocompressor which uses high pressure steam as a motive fluid is added to a typical steam heated evaporator. The motive steam at approximately 150 psig enters the thermocompressor and expands as it passes through a diffuser=
What are three positive results of aerobic exercise?
1. Improved muscle tone 2. Burns calories 3. Enjoy more restful sleep 4. Reduce stress 5. Feel more energetic 6. Increases self-esteem 7. Increases self-control 8. Improves the cardiovascular system
Which artificial sweeteners do the following numbers refer to? E950, E951, E952, E953, E954, E955, E957, E960, E961
E950: Ace-K, E951: Aspartame, E952: Cyclamate, E953: Isomalt, E954: Saccharin, E955: Sucralose, E957: Thaumatin, E960: Steviol glycosides, E961: Neotame
What newly-imported substance caused the first major outbreak of tooth decay in Europe in the 1500's?
sugar
Which mold found on wine grapes is known as noble rot?
Botrytis cinerea
What organism is thought to contribute to Crohn's Disease?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What is the number of combinations that can be used in a triangle test?
6
The 8 Regions of IFT:
(1) southeast (2) central atlantic (3) north atlantic (4) midwest (5) north central (6) south central (7) pacific NW (8) pacific SW
Name 4 components of refrigeration.
Compressor, condensor, evaporator, expansion valve
what Japanese dish composed of raw tuna is often implicated in foodborne illness outbreaks?
sashimi
What fraction of egg yolk are the lipovitellin, phosvitin, and LDLg found?
Granule fraction of egg yolk
The irreversible interaction of actin and myosin that is caused by the depletion of ATP in postmortem muscle is:
Rigor mortis
Give five types of RNA.
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, small nuclear RNA, regulatory RNA, ribozymes, double stranded RNA, signal recognition particle RNA, transfer messenger RNA
What is the difference between a weiner and a frank?
a weiner can be a mixture of meats, but a frank must only be what is on the label (example: beef franks)
Trichinosis is caused by Trichinella spiralis; what class of microorganism is this?
Nematode
List 3 food brand of Unilever.
Hellmann's, Knorr, Horlicks, Best Foods, Calve, Magnum, Cornetto, Ben & Jerry's, Wall's
Which generally displaces milk proteins from the fat surface during the ice cream aging period? A. air cells B. ice crystals C. stabilizers D. emulsifiers
D. emulsifiers
Name two types of controlled atmosphere packaging.
Shrink wrapping Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) Vacuum Packaging Gas Flushing Packaging Active Packaging (e.g., oxygen scavengers, moisture control) Controlled Humidity Packaging Barrier Packaging (films that control gas exchange) Freshness Packaging (using antimicrobial or ethylene absorbers)
(True/False) Freeze drying will kill all pathogens
False
What is the purpose of co-current air flow in spray drying?
drying air and particles move through the chamber in sampe direction, product temperatures of discharge from dryer are lower than the exhaust air temp, hence this is an ideal mode for drying heat sensitive products, when operating rotary atomizer air disperser creates a high degree of air rotation giving uniform temps throughout drying chamber
Name the class of organic compounds present in green leafy vegetables that may chelate Ca and Zn.
Phytates (phytic acid, phytin phosphate) or oxalates (calcium oxalate, phytin oxalate)
What British dessert shares name with atomic model?
Plum pudding
What 3 microorganisms are involved in the production of soy sauce?
Aspergillus seed starter, soy yeast, lactic acid bacteria
What fruit, known as a seeded apple, has the Latin name Punica granatum?
Pomegranate
Which were the first two soft drinks enjoyed in space?
Coca-Cola and Pepsi
HTST
High temperature Short time, used in food processing to sanitize food
What is the compound Caffeine Citrate used for in Sensory?
used as a standard for bitterness
In separations such as distillation what is the name of the plot used by engineers to describe the physical state at each step?
McCabe-Thiele plot
Which food has more zinc per gram? a. beef, b. chickpeas, c. pork chops, d. oysters
d. oyster
How does heating of a dielectric material via dipole rotation occur?
frictional heat between dipoles (e.g., dipoles in water) while rotating to orient themselves to the rapidly oscullating electric field
Name five yeast fermented food products.
beer, wine, bread, distilled spirits, kefir, kombucha, root beer
What is the can defect 'paneling' caused by?
Excessive external pressure during cooling compared to internal can pressure, resulting in deformation of the can body.
What are some ways to reduce non-uniform heating during microwave heating?
rotating food with motorized platter, pre-heating and holding time after the microwave heating, adjusting power settings in microwave ovens
The lactic acid in cheese is made from what compound?
Lactose, through bacterial fermentation
What is the botanical name of chicken?
Gallus gallus domesticus
What artificial sweetener is banned in the U.S. but is approved for use in Canada?
Cyclamates- banned in US in 1969
Recommended RDA for iron for a woman age 19-50?
18 mg
Vitamin B6 Deficiency can cause?
Anemia, peripheral neuropathy
What substance is formed when collagen is heated in the presence in water?
Gelatin
microwave heating is accomplished by _______.
molecular friction
what is the difference between Degrees C and Kelvins?
Degrees C is 273 degrees greater than Kelvin (the Kelvin scale starts 273 degrees below C)
What was the reimagined virtual annual event that IFT offered in 2020?
SHIFT 20
What term describes removal of muscles from carcass before chilling?
Hot boning
Name the main microorganism used in malolactic fermentation.
Oenococcus oeni
Eureka & Lisbon are most common varieties of _____
Lemon
What is the full form of UCL with respect to statistics?
Upper Control Limit
What is the purpose of mixed air flow in spray drying?
particle movement through the drying chamber experiences both co- and counter current phases. This mode suitable for heat stable products where coarse powder requirements cessitate the use of nozzle atomizers, spraying upward into incoming air flow, or for heat sensitive products where the atomizer sprays droplets down wards towards an integrated fluid bed and the air inlet and outlet are located at the top of the drying chamber
In statistics, what is the Median?
The middle of a distribution; half of the values are above, and half of the values will be below.
What does LCL stand for wrt statistical analysis?
Lower Control Limit
Where are lipovitellin and livetins found?
Egg yolks
What lipid material accounts for 2/3 of all fats and oils in the U.S?
Soybean oil
Who is the southeast area meeting chair this year and what school are they from?
Peter Chiarelli, UGA
Name four factors that affect the volume and stability of egg white foams?
Temperature, pH, salt, sugar, fat, liquid, starch, amount of whipped air, time of whipping, etc.
In canned vegetable processing, peroxides are used to control what phenomena in processing?
Blanching
what act, which was passed in 1990, made nutritional labeling mandatory on most food products under FDA jurisdiction?
Nutritional Labeling and Education Act (NLEA)
What is the name of the pasta that translates to "little ribbons"?
Fettuccine
Name one acceptable sanitizer for use on food equipment.
sodium hypochlorite, iodophors, quaternary ammonium compounds
Why is sucrose added to dough when making bread?
It increases viscosity & increases foam stability
The steam-baking oven gives the baguette its unique crumb structure. This technology was developed in what country?
Austria
Why do we need vacuum in canned foods?
Loss of gases from tissues, container stability, exclusion of oxygen from headspace, and prevention of buckling during the retort process
In Italy, what is the belly of the pork referred as?
Pancetta
When using terms such as "end hook," and "tightness," while discussing packaging, what sort of packaging are you referring to?
A (hermetically sealed) can.
What is produced from yeasts in the mixing of dough?
CO2 and Ethanol
What happens to the air cell as an egg ages?
Increases in size
What are the different types of membrane materials available?
polymers most common, inorganic more stable. Synthetic membranes : PVC. Polymeric membranes: widely used for UF, wide tolerance to pH temp and chlorine. Ceramic membranes: made from mineral materials such as glass aluminum oxide, and zirconium oxide, expensive and can be brittle, mainly for MF. Glass membranes. Metallic membranes: ability to withstand extreme chemical and thermal stress. Zeolite membranes: a solid with lots of tiny holes. Can have different selectivity, long term stability at high temp resistance to harsh environments and high pressure drops. Inertness to microbial degradation and easy cleanability and catalytic activation
According to the Codex Alimentarius, what is the minimum percentage fat that required for cream and prepare creams
0.1
List the three radiate particles, alpha, beta and gamma, in the order of their increasing penetration power.
Alpha < beta < gamma rays
What is the difference between gelato and ice cream in terms of sugar and fat content, and overrun?
Gelato is higher in sugar, lower in overrun and fat
Name all the vice president roles on the IFTSA governing body.
5 VPs: Chapter Engagement, Competitions, Digital and Social Media, Membership Engagement, Events and Experiences
What is the minimum temperature for holding food on a steam table.
140 F or 60 C
What is the strongest biochemical bond?
Covalent
The process of irradiating foods is sometimes referred to as ___.
Cold sterilization
What process is used to separate the lipid and solid content to achieve a uniform fat concentration in milk?
Homogenization
Describe error of habituation.
Tendency to continue to give the same response when a series of slowly increasing or decreasing stimuli are presented
What were british sailors named after?
British sailors were often referred to as "limeys" due to their association with limes.
In food engineering, with respect to refrigeration, what is a COP?
Coefficient of Performance
Name genus and species of Celery.
Apium graveolens
What does URP stand for?
unique radiolytic product
Give 2 ways to measure ethylene.
There are several ways to measure ethylene: 1) gas chromatography (best but expensive); 2) kitagawa tubes, or equivalent; 3) other types of chemical sensors; or 4) another plant that is sensitive to ethylene.
Name the microbial gum used in salad dressings.
Xanthan gum
Define specific gravity.
Specific gravity is the weight of a volume of the substance divided by the weight of an equal volume of water
In 1971, this systematic preventive approach to food safety that addresses physical, chemical and biological hazards as a means of prevention rather than a finished product inspection was introduced to the American National Conference for Food Protection?
HACCP, Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points
What cooking method cooks meat at a low temperature at a long time with smoke?
Smoking
What is the molar concentration of disassociated H+ in pure water at 25°C?
1 x 10^-7 M
How many glucose units are there in beta cyclodextrin?
7
In 1953, General Mills released its 1st pre-sweetened cereal; what was its name?
Sugar Smacks
The finest light microscope equipped with an Abbe refractometer can be used to observe viruses (True/False)
False
What three taste qualities share a common signaling pathway?
Bitter, sweet, umami. All use G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
The FDA has recall power over what materials or conditions?
None; compliance is voluntary
What is the most commonly used polymer in the food industry?
Polyethylene
What are the name of bacterial viruses?
bacteriophage
What is the name of a recent book that is being compared with Upton Sinclair's The Jungle of the early 1900s because of its critical evaluation of the meat industry as well as fast food chains?
Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser
What stromal protein comprises the Ligamentum nuchae?
Elastin
Type A gelatins are produced by what process?
Type A gelatin is derived from acid-cured tissue. Gelatin derived from an acid-treated precursor is known as Type A and gelatin derived from an alkali-treated process is known as Type B.
What company produces and markets sterling silver beef and pork and cattleman's selection beef?
Excel (Cargill)
Which descriptive sensory analysis technique uses consumers instead of trained judges?
Free choice profiling
what is the curing agent in meat and what 3 effects does this curing agent have?
Sodium Nitrite; it is responsible for color formation, flavor (prevention of warmed-over flavor) and inhibition of C. botulinum (spoilage was acceptable)
What is the term 'must' wrt wine production?
The mash of freshly pressed grapes and their juice
What is the common name of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, a neurological disease found in sheep?
Scrapie
What is the relationship between soft-shell and hard-shell crabs?
A soft-shell crab is a hard-shell crab in its molting stage when its new shell is still soft enough to eat
What two dessert derivatives can be made from egg whites?
Merengue, Mousse
What are the limiting amino acids in corn, potato, and green peas?
Corn - Lysine, Potato - Methionine, Green Peas - Methionine
Barley botanical name?
Hordeum vulgare
What is a sporf?
A utensil that combines characteristics of a spoon, fork and knife.
What are the main natural antioxidants found in foods?
Vitamins: A, C, E; Polyphenols: Flavonoids, Phenolic Acids, Tannins, Lignans; Carotenoids: Beta-Carotene, Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Lycopene; Organosulfur Compounds: Allyl Sulfides, Glucosinolates; Other Antioxidant Compounds: Coenzyme Q10, Selenium, Melatonin
What food-borne parasite can be found in hogs eating uncooked food waste?
Trichinella Spiralis.
What bacon refers to the cured and smoked cheeks of pork?
Jowl
Which act, amended in 1972, requires anyone to obtain a permit before discharging pollutants from point sources into waters in the U.S.?
The Clean Water Act
Of the three types of muscle protein: sarcoplasmic, myofibrillar, and stroma, which accounts for the greatest percentage of the total muscle protein?
Myofibrillar (55%)
What is the official name of the act that made sale, manufacturing, and transport of alcoholic beverages illegal in the US?
Volstead Act, 1919
Pecan botanical name?
Carya illinoinensis [Juglandaceae (Walnut)]
What is the function of MSG in food products?
Flavor potentiator or enhancer
What 4 micronutrients are necessary on nutrition labels according to the 2016 FDA format?
Vitamin D, Calcium, Iron, Potassium
Where are the taste pores found on the tongue?
In the taste buds.
What is the genus and species of the bacteria that causes Tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
The abbreviation CAST stands for ______. What is this organization composed of?
Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. It is a consortium of 29 professional societies in food and agricultural science (including IFT, AACC, ADSA)
Why do bacteriologists incubate pathogens at 37C?
It is the human body temperature
What is the second generation source of Beta-Carotene in golden rice after?
Corn
What 4 seeds are considered to be the richest iron source with 1.3-4.3 mg per 2 tablespoons?
Pumpkin seeds, sesame, flax and hemp
What three amino acids correspond to I, F, T?
Isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine
In the International Union of Biochemistry system of enzyme nomenclature, the first number identifies what?
General reaction type/class of the enzyme
How many square centimeters in a standard Petri dish?
35mm--area of 8.55 square cm. 50 mm or 5 cm--area of 19.60 square cm. 100 mm or 9 cm-- area of 56.75 square cm. 135 mm-- area of 143 square cm.
What is the difference between Vietnamese cinnamon and Indonesian cinnamon?
Indonesian cinnamon (Cinnamomum Burmanni) has a more spicy taste, it's cheaper, but with high levels of coumarin. It also comes from younger trees than Vietnamese cinnamon.
In addition to calcium and phosphorus, what mineral is associated with bones and teeth?
Magnesium
Who is considered the father of mechanical refrigeration in the U.S.?
Dr John Gorrie
The diet and health recommendations advise limiting salt to less than 6 grams per day: it emphasizes moderation, not adequacy. What are the symptoms of sodium toxicity and chlorine toxicity?
Na: edema, acute hypertension. Cl: vomiting
What component of carbonated beverages is responsible for the "sparkle" and "zest" (or the bubbles)?
Carbon dioxide gas
The elastic characteristic of the gluten is mostly attributed to which protein compound?
Glutenin
What is the more common name for (alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-6)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-beta-D-fructofuranoside?
Raffinose
What component of carbonated beverages is responsible for the "sparkle" and "zest" (or the bubbles)?
Carbon dioxide gas
What icing contains cocoa butter?
Couveture
What fermented beverage is made from mare's milk?
koumis
Name a commonly available food source of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein.
Soybeans
What is the percentage acid, by weight, in a typical cola?
0.05-0.1%
What are the flavor/antimicrobial compounds associated w/the following spices: Cloves, Cinnamon, Oregano, Thyme, Vanilla Beans, Garlic, and Onion?
Cloves: Eugenol; cinnamon: cinnamic aldehyde; Oregano: carvacrol; Thyme: thymol; Vanilla Beans: Vanillin ; Garlic: allicin; onion: allicin
Which is the most oxygen permeable food packaging material? Polyethylene, Nylon, or saran wrap
Polyethylene
What term refers to water-soluble colorants that color by dissolution?
FD&C dyes
What does it mean for data to be precise?
Data points are close together
What is the process of cell–cell communication that allows bacteria to share information about cell density and adjust gene expression accordingly?
Quorum sensing
At what pH can a food be called a low acid food?
A pH greater than 4.6
Give the michaelis-menten equation and give two assumptions underlying its derivation.
V0 = Vmax ([S]/([S] + KM)); This equation includes the assumption that during the early stages of the reaction so little product is formed that the reverse reaction (product combining with enzyme and re-forming substrate) can be ignored (hence the unidirectional arrow under k3). Another assumption is that the concentration of substrate is much greater than that of total enzyme ([S] >> [Et]), so it can essentially be treated as a constant.
What was the original intent of salting butter?
Preservation
What tuna variety is used for sushi?
Pacific Bluefin
In the SI system what are the units applied to the following 5 dimensions or measurements? length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temp
meter, kilogram, second, ampere, Kelvin
Lists the four steps, in proper sequence, for cleaning and sanitizing food equipment.
Rinse, clean, rinse, sanitize
What type of edam matches well with peaches, melons, and apricots?
Mild, young Edam
What added ingredient keeps confectioners sugar from clumping?
corn starch
Mad cow disease is caused by?
Prions
Name the three parts of small intestine.
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
What is the name of butter that has dimensions of 3.25, 1.5, 1.5 inches?
Western-style butter stick/ stick butter
Gear, rotary, and reciprocating piston pumps represent a specific class of pumps. What is this class?
Positive displacement
Which are the conditionally essential amino acids?
Arginine, cysteine, glutamine, tyrosine, glycine, proline, and serine. SCAG GPT
What does "HACCP" stand for?
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
In genetic engineering, what is the name of the cell that receives the DNA?
Recipient cell
In the 1920s, which company developed the method for the use of refrigeration to reduce the temperature of the food below the point of ice crystallization?
Birdseye
What enzyme causes problems in jam or jelly production?
Pectinase
Name 4 colorants that are exempt from FDA certification.
Annato extract, caramel, paprika, riboflavin, turmeric, carmine
The detection of coliforms in a sample of pasteurized milk purchased from the grocery store would indicate what about the milk?
Probably post-pasteurization contamination (inadequate pasteurization is also acceptable).
According to the NLEA, what health claim can be made regarding folate?
folate and neural tube defects
What sirloin is known as the most prized part of the beef?
Top sirloin
Acid that is present in milk due to proteins, phosphates, carbonates, and citrates rather than from bacterial fermentation is known as what?
Apparent acidity
Name 6 food products that use freeze concentration.
coffee, citrus, juices, beer, wine, vinegar, dairy products, meat/fish extracts
Name the fruit associated with each of the following varieties: Gros Michel, Thompson seedless, Deglet Noor, Winesap, and Bosc
#NAME?
What type of oil is consumed the most around the world?
Palm oil/Soybean oil
What is another name for carob gum?
Locust Bean Gum
Cinnamon is a bushy evergreen tree of the Laurel family. The spice comes from what part of the tree?
Bark
What are the two equations for water activity?
P/Po ( partial vapor pressure of food moisture at T divided by saturation vapor pressure of water at T) and ERH/100 (equilibrium relative humidity at T divided by 100)
What is the 4D concept in meat inspection (what does it remove from the meat industry)?
Dead, Dying, Diseased, and Disabled/ down animals are not allowed to enter commerce for human consumption
What causes the pH drop in postmortem meat?
the conversion of stored glycogen in the muscle to lactic acid with accumulation of lactic acid in the muslce during glycolysis.
Which of these crops is not listed for product development competition in the NASA space program: A) peanuts B) spinach C) watermelon D) tomato?
Watermelon
The z-value you have calculated for your process is 18 F. What is the z-value in degrees Celsius?
10 degrees Celsius
The alpha casein fraction of milk is now recognized to be a degradation product of what?
Beta casein
This condiment was originally sold as a medicine in the 1830’s.
Ketchup
How much fat does skim milk have?
0.5% or less
Give 3 visible signs of chilling injury.
poor ripening, pitting, collapse of structural integrity, development of off-flavors and rotting
Oily fish that underwent temperature abuse are at risk of what poisoning?
Scrombroid
What is the temperature scale that follows Fahrenheit, but gives you absolute temperature?
Rankine
What are 3 common can seam defects?
Droop, false seam, and cut over
What is B√¢tonnage wrt wine making?
B√¢tonnage is a winemaking technique, meaning "stirring" in French, where winemakers gently stir settled lees (dead yeast cells and other solids) back into the wine to enhance flavor, aroma, and texture, and prevent undesirable flavors.
a technology that will enable the use of aspartame in baked goods is:
encapsulation
Why was the Animal Crackers box designed with a string handle?
The animal shaped cookie treats were introduced in 1902 as a Christmas novelty, and packaged so they would be hung from the Christmas trees.
What purpose Na pyrophosphate serve in foods?
Sequestrant, emulsifier, leavening agent, and to retain moisture, especially in processed meats and seafood
What is the term 'must' wrt wine production?
The mash of freshly pressed grapes and their juice
Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACC synthase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) which is the precursor of what plant hormone from S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM)?
Ethylene
what does the media DRBC stand for and what is it used to enummerate?
Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol: yeasts and molds
What type of edam is eaten with cheese fruits?
Aged Edam
name 4 bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria and state the most thoroughly studied.
Nicin, pediocin, diplocoxin, helveticin, and lactacin (nicin most thoroughly studied)
Why is quality of food better in flexible retort pouches than in conventional cans?
Thinner profile means the less time to reach sterilizing treatment at center of pouch.
What is the most commonly occurring food allergy in infants and young children?
Cow's milk
What is the primary function for thermal processing of low acid canned foods?
to inactivate Clostridium botulinum
What happens to a bottle of wine if before you bottle it you forget to put the stuff in it that prevents it from fermenting?
It explodes
What happens if whipped cream is whipped too far?
The fat begins to turn into butter/ cream separates into butter and buttercream
what color are maraschino cherries after picking?
Whitish-green
What compounds must be added to bacon for it to be considered "cured"?
Synthetic Nitrate/Nitrite
an electromagnetic wave w/ 10^10 cycle/sec is what type of wave?
microwave
Name 3 methods for determination of protein content in a purified protein solution.
Lowry, BCA, UV at 280 or 220, Bradford, Dumas, Kjeldahl, Biuret
Watermelon botanical name?
Citrullus lanatus [Cucurbitaceae (Gourd)]
What is the common name of the n-acetylmuramidase enzyme found in egg whites that hydrolyzes the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria?
Lysozyme
What is graham flour?
Whole wheat flour, which contains the bran, germ, and endosperm of the wheat kernel.
What is the purpose of an ascorbic acid dip for fruits prior to freezing?
Prevention of browning (vitamin C is oxidized by polyphenol oxidase rather than the plant catechol-tannin complexes)
Which amino acid can be used to determine the concentration of collagen in meat?
Hydroxyproline
What are ascospores?
Sexual spores of molds, formed by the union of 2 cells within the mycelia; spores are held within an ascus (sac-like structure)
Ratio of viscous/elastic portion in rheology:
tan delta or damping factor
Which of the following is a non-nutritive sweetener: A. Sugar Alcohol, B. Sucralose, C. Saccharine, or D. Aspartame?
A. Sugar Alcohol
Near and Mid-IR can both be used to analyze foods. Which is most commonly used for quantitative analysis?
Quantitative - Near-IR; Qualitative - Mid-IR.
tests for which two bacteria must be conducted under the final rule on pathogen reduction and HACCP?
generic E. coli and salmonella
What is the primary preservative in sweetened condensed milk?
Sugar
Concerning cognac, what does VSOP stand for?
Very superior old pale
How many times higher is the fiber percentage in whole grain bread compared to white bread?
4 times
What two agencies publish updated dietary guidelines in US every five years?
USDA and HHS
Another term for Black Spots in Shrimps
Melanosis
31. Carbonyl compounds responsible for the aroma of tomatoes and bananas and the characteristic flavor of cucumbers arise from what general reaction?
Oxidation of linoleic acid by lipoxygenase
Food additives (define)
Chemical substances added to foods directly or indirectly, in known/regulated quantities for the purpose of assisting the processing/preservation/flavor/texture/appearance
What gas has been successfully collected and converted to electricity from decomposing animal wastes?
Methane
What is the name of the point at which condensation begins?
The dew point
What carbohydrate is naturally found only in dairy milk?
Lactose
Michaelis-Menten equation?
Relates the velocity of a reaction to the concentration of substrate; used for enzyme kinetics.
Knowing the water and sugar content of foods and beverages is important. Name 3 methods to measure the sugar content in food and 2 to determine the water content.
Sugar - refractometry, density, titrations (Rebelein, Lany-Eynon), UV/VIS spectroscopy (anthrone method, phenol-sulfuric acid method), chromatography, enzymatic Water – Karl Fischer titration, thermogravimetric analysis, spectroscopic analysis, GC, density, refractometry
What is the main reason that stitch pumping is the most used curing method in the meat industry?
It is conducive to mechanization (conveyors and automation)
Glucono lactone is used as a food additive when slow what is needed?
Acidification.
What product consists of pasteurized milk or low-fat milk inoculated with Lactobacillus acidophilus believed to provide health benefits?
Acidophilus milk or sweet acidophilus milk (when not incubated)
What term describes the increase in the number of fat cells to accommodate storage of fat?
Hyperplasia
BlueNalu, a cell-based/cultured seafood developer, is known for it's unique offering of Bluefin Tuna Toro. What part of tuna does the animal-based tuna toro come from?
Fatty belly cut of tuna.
Western honey bee botanical name?
Apis mellifera
What are the noncoding sequences of DNA which are removed during RNA splicing?
Intron
What is the pH of chyme in human stomach?
1.5-2.5
Name the compound responsible for the characteristic buttery flavor of fermented dairy foods.
Diacetyl
What are the different types of atomizers available?
Rotary (wheel) atomizer: spinning discs or vaned wheels or cups. Nozzle atomizer: pressure nozzles and two-fluid nozzles
Polyethylene is most often used in laminated packaging materials for __________
Heat sealability
What meant standing in old french but now means tough bread?
stale
What is a set of directions that should (must) be followed to ensure food safety when completing certain tasks such as cooking chicken, cooling a food, or sanitizing a work surface?
Standard operating procedures
Microparticulated egg white and milk protein blended and heated until it forms a fluid is commercially available under what trade name?
Simplese
What year was folic acid added to the standard of identity for fortified wheat flour?
1996
The following cheeses are all made with a lactic starter culture plus one additional, non-lactic microorganism. Name the additional organism for each cheese: Gorgonzola, Swiss, and Limburger.
Gorgonzola - Penicillium roqueforti, Swiss - Propionibacterium freudenreichii shermanii, Limburger - Brevibacterium linens
What bacon refers to the lean meat of the boneless pork shoulder?
Cottage or buckboard bacon
Name the six items that must be present on the label of meat products?
Name, Net Weight, Ingredient Statement, Company, Storage Instructions, & Inspection Legend.
What are the three main types of meringues and how are they made?
Italian, Swiss and French French is egg whites beaten with sugar. Italian is a egg white beaten with hot sugar syrup. Swiss is egg whites beaten with sugar over heat.
Which food processes is acetaldehyde found in?
Foods that involve yeast fermentation, it is a metabolic byproduct from the yeast.
What kind of chart is used to find wet bulb temperature, dry bulb temperature, and percent relative humidity?
Psychrometric Chart
What are you doing if you are candling an egg?
Holding it up to a bright, intense light to see inside. Candling could be used to see how developed an embryo is or to assess the quality of the egg. Originally, the practice involved using actual candles as a light source.
What are the two chemicals used in spherification?
Sodium alginate, calcium chloride
Name three cucumber cultivars.
Saladin, Calypso, Carolina, Burpless, Slice Master, Diva, Suyo, Sweet Slice/Success
Name the two major meat proteins that are salt soluble.
myosin and actin
Which flavor is caused by the iron-catalyzed oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and becomes more noticeable when refrigerated, pre cooked, uncured meats are reheated?
warmed over flavor
Clarified butter fat after water is removed is called?
Butter oil
What is the role of salt in surimi production?
salt solubilizes myofibrillar proteins
Of a whole egg, 58% of its weight comes from what portion: shell, egg white, or egg yolk?
Egg white or albumen
Named after the Italian physician & physicist Luigi Galvani, name the instrument used to measure electric current.
Galvanometer (Ammeter also acceptable)
What are the four main ingredients in making beer?
Water, yeast, malted barley, and hops
Arthur D Little attributed with
Development of flavor profile
What compound is extracted from artichokes?
Cyanin
In glycolysis ___ moles of NADH are produced per mole of glucose consumed.
2
Major tests for allergies.
RAST, Basophil Histamine Release, Skin test, Oral challenge, Immunoblotting
What element inside each corn kernel is responsible for making it pop?
Water
Give 3 examples of warm season cereals.
Millet, Maize, Sorghum, Rice, Teff, Fonio
What is the full form of QE wrt food analysis?
Quality Evaluation
What is the name of the meat made from young calves?
Veal
When air is passed over a thin layer of water (such as water in a wick surrounding a thermometer) it assumes a characteristic temperature governed by the moisture content and temperature of the air. What is this temperature?
The wet bulb temperature
The internal pressure in plant cells is ___.
Turgor pressure
When you order squab at a restaurant, what have you ordered?
Pigeon, or fowl
Name 6 foods that are considered umami foods.
Seaweed, parmigiana-reggiano, soy sauce, marmite, fish sauce, green tea, cured ham, tomatoes, sardines, shrimp, beef and mushrooms
Cherries, pears, and apples belong to what botanical family?
Rose
What is the alkaloid in irish potatoes?
Solanine
Who was the 1st athelte to appear on a box of Wheaties?
Lou Gehrig
What is absolute pressure?
It is the atmospheric pressure + Gauge pressure or - vacuum pressure.
What syndrome in swine brings an increased susceptibility to PSE (pale, soft, exudative) lean?
Porcine stress syndrome
What is the daily value of iron for adults based on a 2000 cal diet according to FDA?
18 mg
What is the compound associated with green color in pistachios?
Chlorophyll
What are the Delvo and Charm tests used for?
Testing for the presence of antibiotics in milk
What factors do you need to take into consideration when doing evaporator calculation?
Mass balance equations (total balance, solute/solid, water, evaporation rate, feed rate) energy balance (energy input from steam, energy consumed by evaporator)
Which of the following is NOT an analytical sensory test? a. Acceptability, b. Triangle, c. Descriptive, d. Difference from the Control
Acceptability
Place these foods in order of water usage level needed for production of 4 oz serving from most to least: Beef, lamb, pork, chicken, goat
Beef, lamb, pork, goat, chicken
What portuguese sweetbread is prepared using potato flour?
Pao Douce
In packaging terms, a "mil" is used as the unit of thickness for packaging material. One mil is equal to what fraction of an inch?
0.001 inch = 1 mil
What is the name of thick cream made by boiling milk than slowly cooling it in shallow pans?
Clotted Cream
What are two methods for determining or measuring the freshness of eggs?
Haugh units (thick albumen height), pH of the egg white, and size of the air cell
According to the guidelines for the 1990 Nutrition Labelling and Education Act product label, which vitamins and minerals must be listed?
Calcium, Iron, Vitamin A and Vitamin C
Describe a UHT/HTST process
High temperatures, short process times, aseptic packaging
What year was the journal Food Technology established?
1947
What are the different types of atomizers available?
Rotary (wheel) atomizer: spinning discs or vaned wheels or cups. Nozzle atomizer: pressure nozzles and two-fluid nozzles
What is the name of the process to normally make ketchup?
Hot break; the fresh tomato is chopped when heated, which creates a more viscous and dense product
Name the three major classifications of vegetables.
Root Vegetables: These are the edible roots of plants. Examples include carrots, beets, and radishes. Leafy Greens: These consist of the edible leaves of plants, such as spinach, lettuce, and kale. Fruit Vegetables: These are botanically fruits but are used as vegetables in culinary contexts. Examples are tomatoes, cucumbers, and bell peppers.
Hyperkeratinization, xerosis, bitot's spots, keratomalacia, and hyperkeratosis are symptoms of a deficiency of ________?
vitamin A
How would you determine which brand of pudding is preferred by customers?
Sensory evaluation, preference tests
What tuna is used for canned tuna?
Albacore, skipjack
What food item ignited Julia Child's passion for French food?
Sole Meuniere
What common process is used to produce emulsifiers from whey proteins?
Heating
What is the time temperature combination required for foodservice operators to safely cool cooked foods?
Answer: food must be cool to 70 degrees Fahrenheit within two hours, and then 41 within four hours, and the total cooling time should not exceed six hours.
Oleuropein causes what fruit to be extremely bitter at harvest?
Olives
What is the definition of calorie?
The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.
What pathogen reduction step utilizes a steam chamber for carcasses?
Steam pasteurization
Sauerkraut results from what kind of fermentation process
Lactic acid
Under what title number in the Code of Federal Regulations are the FDA's regulations published?
21 CFR
What is the Aw limit or requirement for filing a process when heat-processing foods in hermetically sealed containers?
0.85
What effect does temperature difference between food and retort have on the time?
higher difference between retort and food, faster heat transfer
What grain food is usually made from a wheat-flour dough that is cultured with yeast, allowed to rise, then baked in an oven, commonly eaten across the world?
Bread
Which describes a class 2 recall? a. minor violations not subjecto FDA action b. exposure but no health consequences c. exposure may cause health consequences d. reasonable use or exposure will causes serious health consequences
c. exposure may cause medically reversible health consequences
How many molecules of ATP will each of the following yield when they are oxidized by the ETC: a) FADH2 b) NADH + H+?
FADH2 yields 2 ATP; NADH + H+ yields 3 ATP
Black and white cows are what breed of cow?
Holstein
Which of the following is a fermented cheese named after its city of origin: Cheddar , Applewood, Mozralla, Yarg
Cheddar
Which minerals interfere with each other's absorption in the gastrointestinal tract?
calcium and phosphorus
Put the following foods in order from least to greatest based on the grams of carbs per serving. 5-inch pancake, 8 oz flavored yogurt, 10 oz skim milk, 1 cup of bean chili, ¬Ω cup applesauce
¬Ω cup applesauce (5) 5-inch pancake (15) 10 oz skim milk (15) 1 cup chilli with beans (30) 8 oz flavored yogurt (45)
Kajmak, Cajeta, and Confiture de Lait are varieties of what milk product?
Dulce de Leche / Milk-based caramel or milk jam (concentrated, sweetened milk products cooked down to a thick, caramelized consistency)
Guernsey and Jersey cows, also known as the Channel Island breeds, produce rich, yellow milk due to a relatively high amount of what compound?
β-carotene
what bacterial genus is responsible for ropiness in bread?
Bacillus (stearothermophilus)
What is 'regression analysis'?
Statistical method to analyze relation between 2 or more variables such that one of them can be predicted by using information of the other
What is the compound in rhubarb, spinach and beets that result in kidney stone formation?
Calcium oxalate
How many carbon atoms and how many double bonds are there in arachidonic acid?
20 carbons and 4 double bonds
Which vegetable is the immature flower bud thistle found in sunflower family?
Artichoke
With which of the following cooking methods would you obtain the greatest non-enzymatic browning: braising, grilling, or stewing?
Braising
what genus of bacteria does the Hektoen Enteric Agar select for?
Hektoen Enteric selects for Salmonella and Shigella
How are the following enzymes or biochemical reactions used by the food industry? a. acetaldehyde reduction by yeast; b. invertase; c. production of carbon dioxide by Propionibacterium; d. pectinases in the beverage industry
a. acetaldehyde reduction makes ethanol; b. invertase makes liquid-filled candies and invert sugar; c. Probionibacterium is used in the production of Swiss cheese; d. pectinases are used in the clarification of juices
What is kefir?
Fermented milk (goat, buffalo, or cow) produced using lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus lactis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Leuconostoc cremoris, etc.) and yeasts (Saccharomyces kefir, Candida kefyr, Kluveromyces fragilis, etc.)
Pineapple contains digestive enzymes such as bromelain and papain. What benefits do they offer?
Easier protein digestion
During freeze drying, water is removed by a change in state. What is this process called?
Sublimation
What is the US standard for particle size of farina?
100% must pass through a #20 sieve, and no more than 3% can pass through a #100 sieve
What U.S. agribusiness is the largest producer of ready-to-cook chicken?
Tyson Foods
Starch gelatinization in cans causes the heat transfer to change from....
Convection to conduction
What was the Meullenet-Owens Razor Shear Blade designed for?
Assessment of poultry meat tenderness.
How is volatile acidity measured?
Steam distillation and titration
What is the aleurone layer?
A specialized, single-cell-thick layer of living cells that surrounds the starchy endosperm in cereal grains, acting as a nutrient-rich storage tissue and a source of enzymes during germination. It's a rich source of proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
Name the lean and primal cuts of pork.
Lean cuts: ham, loin, boston butt, and picnic Primal cuts: the above along with belly
What are the effects of drying on color?
Hunter lab and CIE Lab are most widely used color systems (lightness - L, red/green - a, yellow/blue - b) humans perceive color in terms of lightness, hue, and chroma by the integration of complex color systems. Mechanisms: drying changes the surface characteristics of a food and hence alters its reflectivity, enzymatic browning - dark pigment, photo-oxidation of pigment caused by light in combination with oxygen - meat, chemical changes to carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments caused by heat and oxidation
Tumeric botanical name?
Curcuma longa [Zingiberaceae (Ginger)]
Animals with a four-chambered stomach are known as what
Ruminant animals
What percent of the American food supply is wasted each year by being thrown away?
30-40%
Which is more saturated, pork or beef fat?
beef
List the 6 steps of natural meat fermentation process.
1. Preparation (grinding and mixing) 2. Curing (adding salt, seasonings) 3. Fermentation (culturing with bacteria for acid production) 4. Drying (removal of moisture) 5. Smoking (adds flavor and preserves) 6. Ripening (aging to develop flavor and texture)
What does the acronym IPM stand for?
Integrated Pest Management
Name 3 physical agents capable of denaturing proteins.
Heat, Cold Mechanical Treatments, Hydrostatic Pressure, Irradiation, and Interfaces
At least how many oz must a dozen large eggs weigh?
24 oz
Shoyu, Miso, and tempeh are all examples of foods made from what raw material?
Soybean
What are the 3 principle ingredients of home baking powder?
Sodium bicarbonate, cream of tartare, cornstarch
True or False: Yeast contains glutamic acid.
True, 8-10% of whole yeast
Virtually all of what egg component resides in the yolk?
The lipid or fat (phospholipid, cholesterol, or any other lipid component is acceptable)
What is the winterization process for an oil?
Cooling the oil and filtering of the solids formed so that long chained saturated fats do not crystallize at low temperatures.
What does the Karl Fischer test measure?
Moisture content (usually when present in trace amounts)
Muscle proteins are degraded during aging by what enzymes?
Calpains
a recent pet food recall took more than 60 million cans off the shelf and sickened pets across the country. What chemical was found in the contaminated pet foods?
Melamine
In 1884, Dr. Harvey W. Wiley helped organize the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. In 1966, this organization's name was changed to __________?
AOAC--Association of Official Analytical Chemists
What does HPLC stand for?
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
The temperature at which the water vapor in the air under a constant barometric pressure will condense into liquid water is called?
the dew point
What does the term "Pff" in pork meat mean?
Protein, fat-free
Which year was FSMA enacted and what does it stand for?
Food Safety Modernization Act, 2011
How many different amino acids are there?
20
What is the legal citation for the good manufacturing practices regulation applied to all foods?
21 CFR 110
What is the primary use of sodium hypochlorite in the food industry?
Sanitizer
What is the toxicity required to kill 50% of animals?
LD50
Which of the following set of four conditions would you select for an optimal drying process of any food? a) low temperature, high relative humidity air, and a large surface area; b) low air velocity, long time, and high temperature; c) large surface are, high air velocity, and vacuum pressure conditions; d) atmospheric pressure, low temperature, and low air velocity
c) large surface are, high air velocity, and vacuum pressure conditions
A chicken is labelled as fresh chicken if it has not been stored under what temperature?
27 F or 3.3 C
Inulin is a polysaccharide found in some plants. What is the monosaccharide that makes up this polymer?
Fructose
According to the Codex Alimentarius. What is the difference between extra virgin olive oil and virgin olive oil?
the main differences the oleic acid content so extra virgin must be less than point eight grams per 100 grams and Virgin must be less than two grams per 100 grams.
Give the definition of sensory evaluation.
A scientific displine that evokes, measures, analyzes and interprets responses to foods and other materials as perceived by the senses of sight, smell, touch, taste, hearing, and feeling factors(trigeminal sensations)
What does DV stand for?
Daily Value
What are the four methods used for peeling potatoes and apples?
Mechanical, Heating (blanching), Lye peeling, Dry caustic peeling
What does the legal term " defect action level "refer to?
Allowable limits for the presence of filth in foods
What specific part of the sirloin is referred in "sirloin"?
Bottom sirloin
What is the ONLY artificial sweetener made from sugar (sucrose)?
Sucralose (Splenda)
Why can't tap water be used to make jelly?
Calcium in tap water affects the gelling properties of low-methoxyl pectin.
Classifying the following into either primary, secondary, or tertiary types of packaging. Cartons, boxes, trays, wrappers, pallets, bags
Primary: Cartons, Boxes, Trays, Wrappers, Bags Secondary: Cartons, Boxes, Trays Tertiary: Pallets
Name the nutritional disorder and the nutritional deficiency characterized by four "D's": diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death
Pellagra, niacin deficiency
What is the complex polymer of aromatic alcohols known as monolignols, comprised of phenylpropanoid units, and associated with the cell walls of plants?
Lignin
How is the freshness of fresh fish done by first look?
Clear, bulging eyes, Bright red gills, Firm flesh, No off-odors
What is oil winterization and why do we do it?
Winterization is done to remove fats which would crystallize at refrigeration temperatures. It is done by holding the oil at low temperatures (5 C) until advanced crystallization takes place, after which the solids are filtered out
The most important sausage product in the US is the__________.
frankfurter
By volume which country is number one in butter and ghee?
India
approximately what fraction of foodborne illnesses occur from food prepared and consumed in the home: A.1/4, B.1/3, C.1/2, or D.3/4?
C. 1/2
Define "Apparent Acidity" in milk.
Acid in milk as from cow due to proteins, phosphates, carbonates, and citrates
Per Codex, what % cocoa dose semi-bitter chocolate need to be? a. 15 b. 30 c. 45 d. 70
b. 15%
What are springers, flippers, and hard swells?
Categories of swollen cans
Which protein is 80% of milk protein?
Casein
What is patent flour?
The highest quality wheat flour made solely from the endosperm.
Spinach botanical name?
Spinacia oleracea [Amaranthaceae (Amaranth)]
The original gummi bear was created in which country in 1922?
Germany
What is Oswald Ripening?
Ostwald Ripening is a process in which larger particles or droplets in a solution grow at the expense of smaller ones due to differences in solubility. Smaller particles dissolve more easily and then redeposit onto larger particles, leading to a gradual increase in particle size over time.
Where was the 1st Pizza Hut built?
Wichita, Kansas, 1958
What british desert shares a name with an early atomic model?
Plum pudding
According to the USDA, what are the three safe ways to thaw frozen foods?
Refrigerate, immersion in cold water, microwave thawing
What does Ras El Hanout, a popular Arabic spice mix, means in english?
Head of the shop, top shelf
What is the name of the time period needed for a retort to reach processing temperature?
Come-up time
What is caviar?
Salt-cured fish eggs, specifically from the roe (unfertilized eggs) of sturgeon fish
Low temperature storage of ice cream promotes the formation of lactose crystals. This will cause the ice cream to be:
Gritty or sandy
The 1999 treaty between the US and Japan was important for the importation of what food?
Meat
Food additives that have GRAS status: a. can be used in foods without special approval from the FDA, b. can substitute for Good Manufacturing Practices, c. can only be used in beverages, d. do not need to be declared on the ingrediants list
a. an be used in foods without special approval from the FDA
What is the most heat resistant protein in egg albumen?
Ovomucoid
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a group pf bacteria present in decomposing plants and milk products and produce lactic acid as the major product of carbohydrate fermentation. The genera that comprise the LAB are its core:
Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Lactococcus and Streptococcus
In packaging terms, a "mil" is used as the unit of thickness for packaging material. One mil is equal to what fraction of an inch?
0.001 inch = 1 mil
Name three methods for protein quality determination.
Protein efficiency ratio, biological value, net protein utilization, PDCAAS (protein digestibility corrected amino acid score), Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS)
What is the major color compound in tomatoes?
Lycopenes
In reference to Aflatoxin B1, what does the B designate?
blue fluorescence
What are the primary factors for determining the value and general acceptability of a beef carcass: A.cutability and quality, B.Tenderness and Juiciness, C.Dressing % and Yield, or D.Dressing % and Quality?
A. Cutability and Quality.
Maize (Corn) botanical name?
Zea mays
what type of foodborne disease is caused by Staphylococcus aureus?
intoxication
Give an example of a flexible package.
Bags, pouches, wrappers, ziplock, and shrink films
Solanine found in bittersweet nightshade is a toxin belonging to what chemical compound family?
Glycoalkaloids
What does RFID stand for and what is its purpose?
Radiofrequency Identification, used to track and provide information about the product using electromagnetic fields
Name the five ingredients used in Long island iced tea.
vodka, rum, gin, tequila, triple sec
10 Mandatory nutrients on nutritional label.
1. Total fats 2. Trans fats 3. Sat fats 4. Total calories 5. Cholesterol 6. Sodium 7. Total carbs 8. Dietary fibers 9. Total sugars 10. Added sugars 11. Total protein 12. Iron 13. Calcium 14. Potassium 15. Vit D
What is the name of the pasta that translates to "hollow"?
Cavatelli
What are the different types of centrifuges?
Disk bowl, decanter, tubular, basket
Which of the following foods are considered a source of complete protein? A. chicken B. soybean C. yogurt D. A & C E. all of the above
E
Two reasons why pectic enzyme preparations from Aspergillus Niger are often used during fruit juice production.
It is to increase yield and increase clarity
What does PKU stand for?
Phenylketonuria
The R-Index is a sensory difference test which is based upon what theory?
The Signal Detection Theory, which addresses the signal-to-noise ratio present in all human sensory systems
What is the concentration of casein and whey in the protein fraciton of cow's milk?
~82% of milk protein is casein & 18% is serum, or whey protein
What is the common name for 9,12-cis,cis-octadecadienoic acid?
Linoleic Acid
What is the term for a complete set of genetic material in an organism?
Genome
Name three methods for the calculation of lethality.
general, formula (ball) method, and numerical
What federal agency controls meat processing quality?
USDA
State the full names that correspond w/the recycling #2 for recyclable polymers.
HDPE= high density polyethylene
What pigment is responsible for the red color in tomatoes and watermelons?
Lycopene
Meaning of certified and exempt from certification?
Certified colorants require FDA certification per lot; exempt colorants (e.g., annatto, zinc oxide, caramel) do not.
Approx. how many BTU's are required to change 1lb of water to steam at one atm and 212F?
~1000 (970.6)
What is the name of the law that states that "the total pressure in a gas phase is equal to the sum of partial pressures of the components?"
Dalton's Law
What two food colorants may be added to butter?
Carotene, Annatto
What is spoilage caused by Erwinia carotovora and Pseudomonas marginalis that break down pectins, giving a soft mushy consistency, bad odor at times in foods like carrots, onions, garlic, etc?
Bacterial soft rot
How does the Wiped-Film or Agitated thin-Film Evaporator work?
Surface is continuously agitated or wiped to prevent build up: example: purees.
10 pound of cheese corresponds to how much whey?
90 pounds of whey
List the following flours from the least % of protein (gluten) to the greatest. All-purpose flour, amaranth flour, bread flour, corn flour, rye flour, whole wheat flour
Corn flour, amaranth flour, rye flour, all-purpose, whole wheat flour, bread flour
What is the term embryonic development of muscle tissues is reffered to?
myogenesis
What are the 2 principal methods employed in peeling potatoes?
Abrasion and lye.
What does the "c" stand for in the equation E=mc²?
Speed of Light
What are the four principal functions of a food package?
Communication, Protection, Convenience, Containment
What are the disadvantages of drum drying?
some products may not form good film on surface, products with high sugar content may not be easily scrapped off, relatively low throughput compared to spray drying, high cost of changing drum surface b/c of machining that required, possible scorching of the product to impart cooked flavor and off-color due to direct contact with high temp surface
Named after the Italian physician & physicist Luigi Galvani, name the instrument used to measure electric current.
Galvanometer (Ammeter also acceptable)
In the US the legal processing for low-acid foods requires what?
exposure to temps for a period equal to 12 D values fo C. botulism
What has more saturated fat: lard, coconut oil or corn oil?
Coconut oil then lard then corn oil (when compared to the same weight (not by serving size)
With regards to starch, what is the value determined by the difference in peak viscosity and final viscosity which corresponds to gel formation after cool down following gelatinization?
Set back viscosity/set back value
Name 7 of the 14 mandatory dietary components that must appear on the nutrition facts panel as stated in the Nutrition labeling and education act of 1990.
total calories, dietary fiber, trans fat, sugars, total fat, Vitamin A, Cholesterol, Vitamin C, saturated fat, sodium, iron, calcium, total carbohydrate, protein
Roux is used for?
Thickening of sauces
The heat transfer rate for radiative heating depends on temperature to the power of what?
Four
The fibrous protein in meats that causes older animals to be tougher and can be converted during cooking to gelatin is:
collagen
what agency regulates the production, labeling, and sale of wine coolers?
wine coolers= FDA
What are five functions of surfactants in foods?
Emulsification, aeration and foam stabilization, prevention of starch complexing, protein interaction, fat crystal modification, wetting agents, dispersion of flavors or colors
In cooking, what is the function of arrowroot powder?
It is a thickening agent
What mycotoxin is produced by a mold that can grow on moist peanuts, pecans, corn and other foodstuffs?
aflatoxin
To prevent the reoccurrence of staphylococcal food poisonings through spray-dried nonfat milk, the USDA incorporated DMCC levels as quality factor in the U.S. Standards for Grades of Nonfat Dry Milk. What does the acronym DMCC stand for?
Direct Microscopic Clump Count
The form of myoglobin with a purplish-red color is:
Deoxymyoglobin.
What is an anaerobic bacteria?
a bacteria that does not require oxygen for growth
What are two major buffering components of milk?
Casein protein and phosphates
What is IFT's address?
525 West Van Buren St, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL 60607.
Butter gets its name from what compound found in rancid butter?
Butyric Acid
Name two standard amino acids containing sulfur.
Methionine, cysteine (non-standard: homocysteine and taurine)
Mexican sauce with chillies, nuts and various ingredients
Mole
Term for temp at which Vapor Press = press of surrounding?
Boiling pt
A wine lacking in sweetness is referred to as what?
Dry
Addition of alpha-amylase on starch results in what disaccharide?
Maltose
What is the difference between Reverse Osmosis (R.O) and Ultrafiltration (U.F)?
In both processes, the driving force for transport across the membrane is the pressure applied to the liquid feed. However, R.O is utilized to separate water from low-molecular weight solutes (i.e., salts, monosaccharides, volatile compounds), while allowing water and some salts with the smallest size to pass through. High pressure is needed to achieve this (4000-8000 kPa). UF limits only the largest (i.e., proteins, colloids) and smaller solutes are transported through, therefore lower pressure is needed.
Name the sugar found only in milk.
Lactose
Who makes food safety recommendations for the foodservice industry?
FDA
What are two major buffering components of milk?
Casein protein and phosphates
One ton of grapes create how many cases of wine?
60
What causes a green ring to appear sometimes around the yolk of a hardcooked egg?
Cooking eggs longer than 15 min and not cooling them quickly enough.
If a wet pet food is named 'chicken dinner', how percentage of chicken must be present in final product?
0.25
What are the names of time-dependent liquids that obtain a constant apparent viscosity after shear?
Thixotropic; Rheopectic.
Botulinum toxin type H is the deadliest substance in the world, but type A is used for what commercial application?
Botox
EDTA and citric acid are examples of what group of additives used in foods?
Metal chelators - prevent oxidation
Name any 1 mold (either in spore form, germinated cells, mycelium) that can be found in blue cheese.
Penicillium roqueforti, P. glaucum
What is the name of thick cream made by heating a full cream of cow's milk, then cooled slowly in shallow pans?
Clotted cream
Which nut is the main ingredient in Nutella?
Hazelnut
What is the color of deoxymyoglobin?
Purple
What process commercially sterilizes a food product and its container separately and then combines and seals the two under a sterilized atmosphere?
Aseptic Packaging
Microparticulated egg white and milk protein blended and heated until it forms a fluid is commercially available under what trade name?
Simplese
What are the harmful compounds formed during hydrogenation of fatty acids?
Trans fatty acids
What are some characteristics of microwaves?
travels at speed of light, non-ionizing form of radiations, can be focused into beams, can transit through hollow tubes, may be absorbed or reflected by the material depending on its dielectric properties, may also transmit through materials without any absorption (includes glas, ceramics, some thermoplastic plastics)
What is "Radappertization"?
Reducing the number of microorganisms by exposing food to ionizing radiation.
Which preserving process loses the most vitamins and minerals?
Canning
Give 4 examples of cereal adjuncts used in beer making.
Rice, Corn, Unmalted Barley, Sorghum, Unmalted Wheat, Rye, Oats
What is the term for when a pump causes vaporization of a fluid?
cavitation
What are the four methods used for peeling potatoes?
Mechanical (abrasion), heating, lye peeling, dry caustic peeling
Adult onset diabetes usually occurs as a result of?
Obesity
Atomic Mass Spectroscopy separates molecules according to their m/z ratio. What is the m/z ratio?
Ratio of mass to charge
When was the College Bowl competition first held?
1985
Shortcrust pastry uses a 2:1 of what two ingredients, respectively?
Flour, Fat
Rank the following beers from lightest color to darkest color as described by the European Brewery Convention or EBC. Dunkel, Porter, Pilsener, India Pale Ale, Stout and Saison
Pilsener, Saison, India Pale Ale, Dunkel, Porter, Stout
Full description of why shrimp turn pink?
Shrimp turn pink, orange, or reddish when cooked due to the release of astaxanthin, a carotenoid pigment.
List 5 types of biases that may be caused by order of presentation in sensory evaluation
Contrast effect, group effect, error of central tendency, pattern effect, time error/positional bias
Which name for certain chemicals in biochemistry came from the Greek language, which means 'leaven'?
Enzyme
What is JIT's full form?
Just in time (supermarkets).
What qualities are enhanced during cooking due to muscle water retention?
Juiciness, tenderness, and Flavor
What is facultative anaerobe?
A microbe that can grow with or without oxygen.
Which of the following is NOT a true cereal grain: A. sorghum, B. buckwheat, C. millet, D. triticale?
B. buckwheat
A product that contains less than 140 mg sodium per serving may be labeled as what kind of product with regard to sodium content claim?
Low sodium
Name 5 primary functions of food thickeners.
Thickening, emulsion stabilization, suspending, gelation, crystallization, water binding, mouth feel, foam stabilization, flavor fixation, film formation
What functional property of egg white is most affected by heating and freezing?
Foaming
What gas is absorbed and what gas is produced during the climacteric rise or ripening of fruit?
Oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is produced.
The rate of heat penetration into canned foods is dependent on the mechanism of heat transfer. Fluid foods heat by ___ and solid foods heat by a ___ mechanism.
1) Convection 2) Conduction.
What are the 3 characteristics that make the 16S RNA genes ideal as a phylogenetic molecule?
1. Highly conserved across different species of bacteria and archaea. These conserved regions allow for the design of universal primers, making it easier to amplify the gene from a wide variety of organisms. 2. Universally present in all prokaryotes, making it a universal marker for studying the evolutionary relationships between these organisms. This ubiquity allows for broad comparisons across diverse taxa. 3. Easy to obtain 4. Has multiple copies
The ester of which 2 compounds compose chlorogenic acid?
Quinic acid and caffeic acid
True or false: As a result of exposure to heat, most carotenoids undergo isomerization from trans to cis isomers
True
Cryogenic freezing of fruits and vegetables generally refers to freezing at what temperature?
-70 F
According to research reported by the United Press International, what is the most recognized smell in the world: A.popcorn, B.peanut butter, C.coffee, or D.freshly baked bread?
C. coffee
What is the indicator organism to assess milk pasteurization?
Coxiella burnetii
Put the following 5 crops in order of least to greatest based on total extractable oil percentage by weight. sesame, sunflower, soybean, copra, rapeseed
Soybean (14) Sunflower (32) Rapeseed (37) Sesame (50) Copra (62)
Hungarian Wax, Bishop's Crown, Brazilian Starfish, Madame Jeanette, and Guajillo are all examples of what fruit?
Chili Peppers
What does DRV stand for?
Dietary Reference Value
What scientist discovered cyclamate while working on anti-fever medication?
Michael Sveda
Name five functions of eggs in food systems.
Binder, emulsifier, foaming/leavening agent, gel, thickening agent, Adhesion, Aeration, Browning/Color, Clarification, Coagulation, Coating, Emulsification, Flavor, Fortification, Humectancy, Leavening, Richness, Tenderization / Texture, Whipping
Name three types of gels that set with addition of cations.
Alginate, Carrageenan, Low Methoxyl Pectin
There are only two herbs with names that contain 3 letters. Name one.
Bay, rue
The Cory cycle transports what compound from muscles to liver?
Lactate (from muscles to liver, converted to glucose and returned to the cells)
Aseptic milk is often packaged in Tetrapak containers (often known as "juice boxes"). What is the primary barrier material in these packages?
Aluminum foil.
What is angular velocity?
change in angle divided by time taken. When angular velocity of a rotating object is in radians per second, the linear speed v of a point on the object given by v=ωr, often rotational speeds are given as N rev/min
What is the difference between thermoplastics materials and thermosets materials?
Thermoplastics are uncrosslinked polymers with amorphous or semi-crystalline structures; thermosets are crosslinked polymers.
What does TCA stand for?
Tricarboxylic Acid
What is the driving force of osmosis?
Chemical potential
Moist heat methods (braising and stewing) of cooking are recommended for which meat cut?
Chuck
What plant pigment is the precursor of Vitamin A?
β-carotene
What are some disadvantages of a plate heat exchanger?
limited to low viscosity products, re-gasketing costs can be high, fouling tendencies may exist for some products
Name 10 divisions of IFT.
1. Aquatic food products 2. Biotechnology 3. Carbohydrate 4. Dairy foods 5. Education 6. Extension & Outreach 7. Food Chemistry 8. Food engineering 9. Food law & regulations 10. Food microbiology 11. Food packaging 12. food service 13. Fruit & vegetable products 14. International 15. Marketing, sales & management, 16. Muscle foods 17. Nonthermal processing 18. Nutraceuticals & functional foods 19. Nutrition 20. Product development 21. Protein 22. Quality assurance 23. Refrigerated & frozen foods 24. sensory & consumer sciences 25. toxicology & safety evaluation
For a chemical equation such as H+ + OH- = H20 at equilibrium at 25?C, which of the following is always true? (a) S = 0 (b) H = 0 (c) G = 0 (d) all of above
(c) G = 0
in Scromboid poisoning, what serves as the precursor to histamine formation?
amino acid Histadine
Name two methods for irradiation of foods.
Cobalt 60, x-rays, or E-beam
In order to be lablled USDA organic, what is the minimum percentage of product weight should be from organic ingredients?
0.95
Epoxidized oils serve as stabilizers in packaging materials when: A. exposed to air, B. they contain liquid foods, C. heated or exposed to UV light, or D. under mechanical stress
C. heated or exposed to UV light
Imported to Europe for the first time by Dutch traders around 1610. It was sold for the first time in England around 1660. What is it?
Tea
Name the high molecular weight polyester deposited in the waxy cuticle of some plant epidermal cells.
Cutin
What type of pastry is typically used as the base for tarts, pies, or quiches?
Short crust
What is another name cranial nerve?
Trigeminal nerve
What is the shelf life of UHT processed milk?
Six to nine months
Sweet n Low now primarily contains saccharin as a sweetener. However, what sweetener it had when introduced originally in 1958?
Cyclamate (In Canada, Sweet n Low is still cyclamate)
Gouda cheese origin?
Netherlands
What is the traditional source of rennet?
the fourth stomach (abomasum) of calves
Name 6 of the 8 (or 7?) pathogenic types of botulinum toxin.
A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F, G
The "Standard of Identity" for mayonnaise specifies that this product contain at least WHAT percentage of vegetable oil?
0.65
Pulses are high in what nuritent?
Protein (fiber also acceptable)
List three (3) impacts of the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act (aka Bioterrorism Act) on FDA regulation of the food industry.
FDA now has administrative detention authority for foods suspected of being adulterated; All food processing and handling facilities under FDA jurisdiction must register with the agency; Importers of food must give prior notice to the FDA; Establishment and maintenance of records; Eliminated “port shopping” by importers;
How many kilocalories does 1g of carbohydrates provide?
4 kcal/g
What is a sorption isotherm?
relationship between equilibrium moisture and water activity
What is the time between ribbing and grading of beef carcasses called that allows oxygenation of the ribeye pigments?
Bloom Time
How does the high sugar content in food affect the drying process?
It takes longer, as sugar attracts water.
What is the name for the chord that anchor that enter egg yolk?
In a fresh egg, you can see two white cords attached to the yolk. These two cords, called chalazae, are made of twisted strands of mucin fibre, a special form of protein. The role of the chalazae are to anchor the yolk in the centre of the egg.
What is the food safety training and certificate program administered by the National Restaurant Association?
ServSafe
What are the three common cuts of ham?
Rump, Centre, Shank
What process is commonly used to produce condensed milk?
Vacuum evaporation
What is the name of deep-fried turkey meat?
Turkey twizzlers
What are natural casings made of?
Sheep intestine.
Gelato’s texture is due to its density as it is denser than ice cream. How much of gelato is air (%)?
30%, ice cream is 50%
More (for added nutrients)
10%+ of the RDI
Which company had a long running slogan of '57 varieties'?
Heinz
Name 3 practiced chemical modifications of maize starch in the US.
Derivitization (monostarch substitution and cross linking), acid thinning, dextrinization, oxidation, hydrolysis
What enzyme is used to tenderize meat?
Papain
What is the unit of energy commonly used for food?
Cal/ kcal
Name 5 food components as identified by “proximate” analysis.
Protein, carbohydrate (NFE), water, ash, lipid, fiber
What are the disadvantages of osmotic dehydration?
longer drying times, leaching of natural acids, floating of food pieces and necessity for agitation, disposal of used osmotic medium high of BOD, lack of knowledge of microbial development in medium and products, reduction in acidity levels of fruits, substantial modification of original product composition (flavor)
What is the major fatty acid found in milk?
Palmitic acid, Oleic acid
What are the advantages and disadvantages of spiral membrane modules?
Advantages: Compact, Minimum energy consumption, Low capital/opening cost Disadvantages: Not suitable for very viscous fluid, Dead space, Difficult to clean, Faulty membranes - change whole module
In food packaging, polyester is usually known as?
PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate)
Name 2 carotenoid pigments.
Beta-carotene, Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Lycopene, Alpha-carotene, Fucoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Violaxanthin, Neoxanthin, Capsanthin
What is the multiple effect design?
Where vapor from the previous evaporator is used to evaporated more water from the concentrate in the next evaporator. utilizes the latent heat of the vapor
In pasteurization of foods, what is an LTLT process and why is it used instead of other pasteurization methods?
Low Temperature Long Time; pasteurization to inactivate pathogens without denaturing the protein; used for shell eggs and raw oysters
What are the 4 major components of whey proteins?
Beta-lactoglobulin, Alpha-lactalbumen, glycomacropeptide, immunoglobulins (minor components: lactoferrin, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and various enzymes and peptides)
What end product(s) are produced in heterofermentation?
Heterofermentation is when bacteria produce lactic acid, butyric acid, acetic acid, Carbon Dioxide, and other end products.
What is the percent fat content in sour cream and half & half?
Sour cream: 18-30% Half & half: 10.5-18%
In the freezing of foods, what is the term used to describe the quality defect caused by dehydration of the product surface by sublimation?
Freezer burn
Under ideal conditions, how many hours are required to double the yeast population used in vinification?
2 hours.
What four genera of molds can cause rotting in fresh fruits?
Aspergillus, Penicillum, Alternaria, Botrytis, rhizopus, monilinia, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Cylindrocarpon, Mucor, Cladosporium
What is the common name of the n-acetylmuramidase enzyme found in egg whites that hydrolyzes the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria?
Lysozyme
Yam botanical name?
Dioscorea
What are some of the disadvantages of thermal processing?
nutrient loss, reduce desirable qualities such as texture, flavor, color, lower antioxidant and phenolic content
Rate the following materials from lowest to highest thermal conductivity: Water, Aluminum, Stainless Steel, Glass, Air, Copper
Air < Water < Glass < Stainless Steel < Aluminum < Copper
Who is always the chairman of IFT's executive committee?
The current IFT President.
10 pound of cheese corresponds to how much whey?
90 pounds of whey
Which enzyme is associated with the quality of fruits and vegetables?
Pectin Methyl Esterase
What insoluble constituent makes approximately 12% of an egg's total weight? What part of the egg contains the most calcium?
The shell
What are exopeptidases and endopeptidases?
Exopeptidases are enzymes that cleave amino acids or dipeptides in a stepwise manner from terminal end of protein. Endopeptidases are proteinases that hydrolyze linkages within the peptide chain, and don't touch the terminal peptide bonds.
Certified food colorants can be divided into 2 types. What are they?
Dyes (water soluble) and lakes (water and oil soluble)
A beef loin, porterhouse steak would be analogous to what cut in pork?
Pork loin, center loin chop.
What is the legal citation for the good manufacturing practices regulation applied to all foods?
21 CFR 110
Casein coagulates at pH 4.6; what is this point called?
Isoelectric point
What does BHI stand for?
Brain Heart Infusion
Name a commonly used household chemical leavening agent and the gas it generates.
Sodium bicarbonate generates CO‚ÇÇ
Name a common source of gamma irradition for commercial fruit or vegetable proccessing.
Cobalt 60, Strontium 90, Cesium 137.
What is the mathematical model used in sensory descriptive determination test?
Thurstonian model
What is resistant starch resistant to?
digestion by pancreatic enzymes
what are the units of the Reynolds number?
it is unitless
Top graded red and white wine
Judgement of Paris
What causes ergotism (st. anthony's fire)?
caused by eating toxic alkaloids produced by the fungus Claviceps purpurea. On wheat, barley, rye, oats, and wild grasses. Max. level of ergot allowed 0.1% dry weight in barley, oats, 0.3% dry weight in wheat and rye
Back bacon and Canadian bacon is made from what cut of the pork?
Loin
what genus of bacteria does the Hektoen Enteric Agar select for?
Hektoen Enteric selects for Salmonella and Shigella
Which muscle protein must bind calcium for muscle contraction?
Troponin
The beef rib and chuck are separated between which two ribs?
5th and 6th
What is the difference between a foam and an aerosol dispersion system?
Foam – inner phase is gaseous, outer phase is liquid Aerosol – inner phase is liquid or solid, outer phase is gaseous.
What is "straight flour"?
The total amount of flour milled from the wheat with all the flour streams combined. Straight flour corresponds to 100% of extraction or about 72% of the wheat
Ginger root botanical name?
Zingiber officinale [Zingiberaceae (Ginger)]
How is the aging or ripening of meat generally done?
Hanging the carcass in a cold room anywhere from 1-4 weeks at 2 degrees C, while controlling humidity and wrapping carcass to avoid moisture loss
Give 5 examples of short pasta.
Cavatappi, Cavatelli, Conchglie (shells), Farfalle, Macaroni, Penne, Rigatoni, Fusilli, Rotini, Orecchiette, Ziti
Name types of concentration methods/equipment.
1) Solar evaporation 2) Flash evaporators 3) Ultrafiltration 4) Open kettle 5) Thin-film evaporators 6) Reverse osmosis 7) Freeze concentration 8) Vacuum evaporators.
What are the advantages & disadvantages of flat sheet/plate and frame membrane modules?
Advantages: Low hold up volume, Permeate from individual membrane element, Membrane replacement easy Disadvantages: Difficult to clean, Susceptible to plugging
Lacto ovo vegetarians avoid which of the following groups of foods: a) Eggs, milk, and red meat b) Fish, poultry, meat, and eggs c) Fish, poultry, and red meat d) Eggs and milk
Fish, poultry, and red meat
What nation produces 2/3rds of the world's Vanilla?
Madagascar
Beef and pork is classified as what type of meat?
Red Meat
What are 3 reasons for piling blocks of curd during the cheddaring process?
Acid development, texture development, uniform heating
What is the name of the beef that is salted, seasoned, and smoked, from Romania?
Pastrami
A food sample was analyzed for aerobic plate count by diluting 100 and 1,000 times separately. the # of colonies on plate w/1:100 dilution was 240 with 1:1,000 was 35. What is the exact aerobic plate count of the food sample?
(240+35) X 100/(1X1 + 0.1X1)= 25,000 CFU/ml
What is the can defect that would result from too large a headspace?
Case separation/ Case rupture
Name 3 applications for radio frequency in food processing.
baking, drying, defrosting, pasteurization/sterilization, kill pests still in walnut shells
What are emulsifiers?
Polar chemicals that help bind two unmixable liquids together.
Which carbohydrate is NOT a good source of energy?
Cellulose
What is the temperature danger zone for holding cooked foods?
45-140 F (accept 40-150 F)
Water has high specific heat due to what?
H bonding
What company discovered the process of spherification of liquids?
Unilever
What is the protein source in TVP (textured vegetable protein)?
Soy
What is the official blog of the IFTSA?
Science Meets Food
What type of product flow should be used through the plate heat exchanger in HTST pasteurization?
Turbulent
Describe the flow direction of water across a cell membrane in an isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solution.
Isotonic: no net flow (equilibrium); Hypotonic: water flows into the cell; Hypertonic: water flows out of the cell
What is the F Value in microbial death kinetics?
Lethality - the time in minutes required to bring about a required log reduction in target microbial population at a defined temperature.
Protein coat of virus is called:
Pepsid