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Large cuts of meat are often covered by plastic sacks, cheeses dipped in wax, and eggs dipped in a thin, harmless oil to help protect these foods against the loss of what common component?

Moisture or water. NOTE: These measures may also serve other purposes, i.e. loss of carbon dioxide from eggs, but we want the component COMMON to each of the examples.

In regards to food packaging, what is a passive MAP?

Modified Atmosphere Packaging that relies on the natural respiration of product and permeablity of packaging product. E.g. A piece of lettuce is placed in a package with a breathable film. As the lettuce respire, the oxygen inside the package decreases, and the carbon dioxide levels increase.

Why would an aluminum can be preferred over a tinplate can for the packaging of a seafood such as crab meat?

Aluminum prevents the black iron sulfide that may form in tinplate cans

What is the water activity for minimal problems in a package?

0.85

What chemical is used to sterilize tetrapak packaging?

H2O2

Glass is composed of what 3 materials?

Sand (SiO2), soda ash ( Na2CO3), and Limestone (CaCO3)

What is the term for movement of a flavor compound out of the food product and into the package?

Sorption (or scalping or leaching)

What makes for stronger paper, long fibers or short fibers?

Long fibers

In 1990, which state became the first state to ban tetra-pak type juice boxes in the state's landfills?

Maine

Give an example of a flexible package.

Bags, pouches, wrappers, ziplock, and shrink films

When the Ponkin Iron Works made the original cans for "Appertizing", approximately how many cans could one man make in a day?

60 cans/ day

Name 3 types of aseptic packages.

preformed (cans, cups, glass, bottles), laminates and plastic containers, carton FFS (form-fill-seal) like tetrapak, thermoform-fill-seal systems, bags and pouches, and blow molded containers

As the PE content increases, what happens to brittleness?

Decreases

Give the name of the package most commonly used for UHT milk.

Brik pak or tetra pak

Packaging materials are classified as what?

Food Additives (indirect)

Name three potential hazards of Modified Atmosphere/Controlled Atmosphere (MA/CA) packaging.

1. Aggravation of certain physiological disorders, 2. Irregular ripening 3. Off flavor development. e.g anaerobic respiration leading to undesired products like ethanol and acetaldehyde 4. The growth of anaerobic pathogens

What is defined as an amorphous inorganic product of fusion that has been cooled into a rigid condition without crystallizing?

Glass

Which country has the most widely accepted use of retortable pouches?

Japan

What term describes one type of controlled atmospheric storage in which a refrigerated storage area is maintained under reduced pressure and high humidity to prevent product dehydration?

Low Pressure (hypobaric) Storage (LPS)

Describe the general properties of the film used for packaging fresh red meat.

It needs to be transparent to show the meat's color, have good oxygen transmission to promote the bright red color of oxymyoglobin, and be a good barrier to water vapor to prevent moisture loss and darkening

What is the proper term for 'cardboard', such as is used in packing boxes?

Corrugated fibeboard carton

Kraft paper is commonly used as butcher wrap. What does the German word Kraft mean?

Strong

What are the 5 things that are required on a label?

Name, net quantity, ingredient list, allergen information, nutrition facts panel, manufacturer information

When the Ponkin Iron Works made the original cans for "Appertizing" of food, what was the shape of the can?

Cylindrical

Epoxidized oils serve as stabilizers in packaging materials when: A. exposed to air, B. they contain liquid foods, C. heated or exposed to UV light, or D. under mechanical stress

C. heated or exposed to UV light

Polyethylene is available in low density, medium density, and high density forms. As density increases, what happens to the moisture and gas barrier properties?

The barrier to moisture and gas improves

What are springers, flippers, and hard swells?

Categories of swollen cans

Would hydrodynamic failure in glass bottles occur more likely with ketchup or lemon juice?

Ketchup

Of the following films, nylon, polyester, polyethylene, and saran, which has the highest oxygen permeability?

Polyethylene

In regards to packaging, what do CA and MA stand for?

Controlled atmosphere and modified atmosphere

Name two reasons why air removal is important in retort pouch products.

Air in pouch after storage enhances spoilage (lower quality, oxidation occurs); More efficient heat transfer-air is a good insulator; If air is not removed before heating the pouch may explode

How many layers of tin actually compose the double seam on a can?

Five

In packaging terminology, when does EVOH stands for?

Ethylene vinyl alcohol

In plastic polymer packaging, what does the term "thermoplastic" refer to?

The ability of the plastic polymer to be melted repeatedly without any physical or chemical change.

Give the main reason why polyethylene films are used for packaging fresh fruit.

Modified atmosphere packaging. Oxygen permeability rate can be varied with the respiration rate of the food.

What are the 4 P's of the marketing mix?

Product, Price, Promotion, Place

Improperly packaged frozen foods often display surface discoloration. What is this defect commonly called and what process causes the defect?

Freezer burn caused by sublimation leading to dehydration

What is the trade name of polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) or copolymers of PVDC and polyvinyl chloride?

Saran

Used in food packaging, what do the initials LLDPE stand for?

Linear low density polyethylene

Why is stannous chloride added to canned tomatoes?

Because people are used to the "tin taste" from the good ole days when cans were made of tin

If a can has a size designation of 211 x 212, what are its dimensions?

211 = can diameter of 2 and 11/16 inches; 212 = can height of 2 and 12/16 inches

PET is an acronym for a common packaging material for food. It stands for polyethylene terephthalate. Spell terephthalate.

T-E-R-E-P-H-T-H-A-L-A-T-E

Name the two pieces in a two piece can.

Body and lid

What are the dimensions of 211 can?

2-A "211" can typically has a diameter of 2-11/16 inches (2.6875 inches) and a height that varies depending on the specific can size, ranging from 1-6/16 inches (1.375 inches) to 4-13/16 inches (4.812 inches). 1/16 inches diameter and height varies

What is the trade name for polytetrafluoroethylene?

Teflon

What are disposable critical temperature indicators (CTI's)?

Low-cost (usually less than one cent) devices which are attached to cases and even individual packages to indicate when an unacceptable temperature has been reached.

Is cellophane a petroleum or natural fiber product?

Natural Fiber

What size is the standard GMA (Good Manufacturing Association) pallet?

48 in. x 40 in.

What is the major constituent of cellophane?

Cellulose

In a canning operation, what is the juncture of the double seam and the side seam of the can called?

Crossover or lap

What are two methods for producing a vacuum in a canned food?

Hot filling, thermal exhausting (steam in headspace)

What stimulant solution is used in place of fat to establish extraction limits for food films?

Stimulant D2 (vegetable oil with a specified fatty acid distribution)

HDPE and LDPE are plastics used in food packaging. What happens to the impact strength as the density increases?

Decreases

What are the four most commonly used flexible packaging materials?

Plastic (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, PET), paper, cellophane, aluminum foil

What is the packaging material that is impermeable to gas?

Glass

A barrier film is composed of three polymers. From the outside to the inside of the package give the correct order of the following polymers of this film.

Heat barrier layer (outer), gas barrier layer (middle), and Heat seal layer (inner)

As molecular weight increases, both tensile strength and viscosity of a packaging polymer increase.

TRUE.

What is the requirement for the inner layer of a retortable pouch?

Heat sealable, inert

Name 4 types of modified packaging.

Modified atmosphere packaging, controlled atmosphere packaging, nitrogen flush packaging, vacuum packaging, active packaging, intelligent packaging, aseptic packaging, edible packaging, Biodegradable Packaging, Nanotechnology-Enhanced Packaging, Skin Packaging

Explain/ define laminate packaging.

Combination of two or more layers of packaging materials that produce a film with a combined characteristics of each component made by: extrusion (molten material) and adhesion (layers glued together)

What are the layers of the bag-in-box bag?

Laminated film (outer)/aluminum foil/polyethylene (iner)

What are the three basic types of food packaging containers?

Primary, secondary, and tertiary

How are corrugated boards classified?

Board grade (strength and suitability in different applications) , Linerboard (Kraft, Recycled, and White) and type of fluting (A, B, C, E, etc)

What name is given to several different types of packaging that provide absolute protection for the product against post processing contamination by microorganisms?

Sterile packaging/ aseptic packaging. Do not accept hermetic packaging, because of the key words: post processing contamination by microorganisms

Give an example of a rigid package.

Can

What is teflon made of?

PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene)

What are the three levels of food packaging?

Primary, secondary, tertiary

What are the 2 terms used to describe paper orientation?

Machine direction, cross direction

Name the process whereby a thin, continuous layer of aluminum is deposited onto a sheet of polymeric film, laminated to a paper or paperboard sheet, and then the aluminum and paper are separated from the polymeric sheet.

Transfer metallization

Why are high-basis-weight steel cans preferred over aluminum cans for packaging of heat sterilized foods?

This is particularly important during the heat processing and distribution stages, where steel cans can better withstand the pressures and impacts without deforming or leaking

Why colorant like Carmine falls under "Exceptions to Collective Declaration" category?

Potential allergic reactions

A typical plastic milk bottle is made by a process known as:

Extrusion blow molding

How thick is 16-point paperboard?

0.016 inches

State the full name that corresponds w/the recycling #4 for recyclable polymers.

LDPE= low density polyethylene

In regards to food packaging, what is an active MAP?

Modified atmosphere packaging that actively controls the gas composition inside a package. e.g. adding carbon dioxide and nitrogen into packagi

what is the machine used in paper making called?

Fourdrinier machine

What is the can defect that would result from too large a headspace?

Case separation/ Case rupture

Food packaging contains a barcode UPC, which stands for?

Universal Product Code

What are the characteristics of hermetic packaging?

Impermeable to gases and vapors throughout its entirety

What chemical is used in conjunction with the heat treatment of flexible packages during aseptic packaging of foods?

H2O2

How is tin applied to tin cans?

Electroplating.

Low density polyethylene is a good oxygen barrier compared to nylon.

False

Why is AL layer used in retort pouches?

Keep out light and for gas impermeability

What is the measurement in inches of a 603 x 612 can?

6 3/16" x 6 12/16"

What are the two common polymerization methods?

Addition polymerization and condensation polymerization.

What metal was historically used to solder the side seams of tin cans?

Tin-laed solder

State the full name that corresponds w/the recycling #6 for recyclable polymers.

PS=polystyrene

What does UPC stand for, and how many digits does it have?

Universal Product Code, 12 digits

Of the following films, which has the highest oxygen permeability? (a) nylon; (b) polyester; (c) polyethylene; (d) saran

The wall of a plastic container is 1/50 inch thick. How many mils thick is this?

20 mils

Two part question: Early in 1991, Heinz implemented a new innovation in the packaging of one of their major products. What is the product and what is the change?

Heinz revolutionized the packaging of its Heinz Tomato Ketchup by indtroducing the upside-down bottle. The change was designed to address common frustrations of having ketchup stuck at the bottom of the glass bottle.

What is the difference between active and passive MAP?

Passive= relies on the natural interaction between food and packaing material, Active= gas composition will be changed such as the addition of N2, CO2, etc.

If one has a liquid product which is very acidic and reactive, the choice of packaging may be?

Glass

What food color requires mandatory labeling?

All of them

What does PP stand for related to packaging?

PP= polypropylene

Name four commonly used coatings for steel cans.

Epoxy, phenolic, acrylic, vinyl and oleoresins (REF: Food and beverage can coatings: A review on chemical analysis, migration, and risk assessment).

What material are most plastic bakery bags made of (the typical grocery store bread bags, for example)?

Low density polyethylene

In food packaging, highly sized SBS paperboards are often called 'food board'; what does SBS stand for?

Solid Bleached Sulfate

In packaging materials, covalent bonds are more commonly found than ionic bonds.

TRUE.

What are 3 modes of food packaging failure?

Pinholes, cracks, vacuum failure

In regards to packaging what does a body hook refer to?

The hook on the body of a can that engages the lid to make a hermetic seal

Why are corrugated boxes produced with flutes in the vertical direction?

Flutes provide structural reinforcement- improve strength in terms of crushing and stacking

What type of packaging controls involves actively or passively controlling the masses surrounding a product?

MAP

Give 4 advantages of retortable pouches over tin cans and jars.

Reduced heat exposure, improvements in taste, colour, and flavour; fewer nutrient losses, rapid heating in pouch, requires less disposal space, pouches and containers do not corrode externally and there is a minimum of product–container interaction, easy to open, no risk of cuts to consumer opening container, reduction in storage space requirements and lighter weight, savings in shelf space, easy to handle and display, opportunity to market multipacks, energy requirements for container construction are less than that for cans.

Out of these four materials, which is the best oxygen barrier? a) LDPE; b) HDPE; c) PET; d) PVC

c) PET

What are the three layers of retortable pouches?

Outer layer of polyester film (strength, temp, printability), middle layer of aluminum foil (barrier properties), inner layer of polypropylene (heat seal).

Give three advantages of coextrusion films over laminates.

Lower cost, thinner, one step process, layers do not separate.

The familiar frozen orange juice packages, the Pringles potato chip container, and the brik-pak packages are all what type of container?

Composite containers or laminates

Which is the most oxygen permeable food packaging material? Polyethylene, Nylon, or saran wrap

Polyethylene

Name the plastic used in McDonalds’ clamshells before the company stopped using them.

Polystyrene

Why did the 2-L bottle come out before the 355-mL?

Cheaper

What transparent plastic film is commonly used for retail packaging of fresh meat?

polyvinyl chloride (also acceptable: "PVC").

Name three possible causes of a false seam on a can.

Incorrect seamer setup, damaged flange or cover curl, and excessive seaming compound

Name the plastic that was used in McDonald's clamshells before the company stopped using them.

(Expanded) polystyrene

Which is the most used plastic in food packaging? a) LDPE; b) HDPE; c) PET; d) PS

C) PET

The best corrugated flute style for stacking performance is: a. A-Flute b. B-Flute c. C-Flute d. D-Flute e. E-Flute

A-Flute (it is the thickest and therefore has the largest area to load)

Out of these four materials, which is the best water barrier? a) LDPE; b) HDPE; c) PET; d) PVC

b) HDPE

What is the thickness of a 20 points paperboard carton?

0.02 inches (1 point= 1/1000 inch)

Polyethylene is most often used in laminated packaging materials for __________

Heat sealability

Apart from carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen, which other gas is allowed in some countries for MAP?

Carbon Monoxide

What is the most commonly used component of gas barrier packages?

EVOH (Ethylene vinyl alcohol)

Metal cans are coated with either tin or enamel. What coating should be used for high surface bearing products such as meats, fish, and beans?

Polymeric/ Enamel coatings; epoxy-phenolic, or other synthetic resins

The common brown grocery bag is made of what type of paper?

Kraft Paper

What does PVC stand for?

PVC= polyvinyl chloride

What does HDPE stand for?

High density polyethylene

Why is quality of food better in flexible retort pouches than in conventional cans?

Thinner profile means the less time to reach sterilizing treatment at center of pouch.

Molecular weight of food packaging material is typically between 5,000 and 50,000.

FALSE.

In packaging ready-to-cook meats, what type of film should be used if the product is to be heat-shrink?

Polyolefin

Which of the following is NOT part of a can's double seam? a. cover hook; b. body hook; c. overlap; d. cover slip

d. cover slip

What is the depression below the rim of a metal can called?

Countersink

Which was the 1st clear plastic packaging material used in food?

Cellophane

PVDC is considered more environmentally friendly than EVOH.

FALSE.

Give 2 methods by which aseptic packages are commercially sterilized.

H2O2 rinse, steam, dry heat

State the full name that corresponds w/the recycling #7 for recyclable polymers.

Other (lexan polycarbonate returnable milk bottles)

Name the two broad types of film packages.

1. Nonforming film; 2. Forming film (or thermo-set and thermo-plastic)

What is the new packaging laminate forming technique combining two or more different plastics?

Coextrusion

Polyethylene is available in low density, medium density, and high density forms. As density increases, what happens to the impact strength properties?

The film impact strength decreases.

Name 3 reasons for using a retortable pouch.

Less weight of package, less storage space occupied on shelf, better heat transfer, less energy required to heat, less cost for package and transport, easier to empty, shorter processing time, higher quality (due to shorter processing time)

Which polymer has the best heat sealability?

EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate)

Name 2 types of tinning process.

Hot dipping and electroplating

What does A.S.T.M. stand for wrt packaging?

American Society for Testing and Materials

What is the difference between homopolymers and copolymers?

A homopolymer is synthesized using a single type of monomer; a copolymer uses more than one species of monomer.

What is the term for the threaded part of a glass jar?

Neck Finish or Thread Finish

What does RFID stand for?

Radio Frequency Identification

Polyvinylidene chloride was the original name for this product that was created in 1942.

Saran wrap

In food packaging, polyester is usually known as?

PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate)

In glass containers, which type is more likely to break, one with a large radius of curvature or one with a small radius of curvature?

Small radius of curvature

What plastic category, name and number, does the styrofoam belong in?

What does RFID stand for and what is its purpose?

Radiofrequency Identification, used to track and provide information about the product using electromagnetic fields

How are potato chips protected from physical damage?

Bags are nitrogen-flushed

High density polyethylene are made up of carbon chains that are highly branched.

FALSE (HDPE - linear LDPE - highly branched)

Name two plastic forming techniques.

Injection molding, extrusion blow molding, compression forming, vacuum forming

Substantial increases in the shelf-life of meat products can be obtained by using modified atmosphere packaging to control spoilage caused by aerobic psychrophiles. What consumer problem, resulting the absence of what chemical compound, limits the use of this technique?

Cherry-red oxymyoglobin is not allowed to form, and the meat is not the color normally seen by consumers.

Why are polyester films often coated with PVDC or polyolefin before use as a food packaging material?

Polyester alone is not heat sealable

What equipment is preferable to sterilize canned soups?

Rotary retort

What is the term for the parts of a label that is most likely to be displayed presented shown under customary conditions of display for retail sale?

Principle display panel

This packaging material can be made by heating soda ash and sand.

Glass

What is cellophane?

A colorless, transparent flexible packaging material made of cellulose.

Which has better barrier properties, amorphous or crystalline polymers?

Crystalline polymers

Aseptic milk is often packaged in Tetrapak containers (often known as "juice boxes"). What is the primary barrier material in these packages?

Aluminum foil.

In intelligent packaging, what is TTI?

Time temperature indicator

What is the small electronic device on packaging to track package data?

RFID

What type of glass container can withstand a higher temperature drop, a large container or a small container?

Small container

In what type of processing is H2O2 used as a residual sterilant?

Aseptic Packaging

Why do we use steel instead of aluminum can in high temperature processing?

Steel can is more consistent

Among the following plastic films, which one is the most oxygen permeable? Plain celophane wrap, low density polyethylene, mylar (polyester)

Low density polyethylene

What does PVdC stand for?

Polyvinylidene Chloride

What does the GMO label on food packaging indicate?

Genetically modified organisms, one of the ingredients have been genetically modified

Name three materials used for edible films.

Proteins, cellulose, starches, dextrins, plant hydrocolloids, waxes, other fatty materials

Name the packaging material made out of cellulose.

Cellophane (paper is acceptable too)

Give four advantages of steel cans.

Protection from contamination, barrier from O2 and other volatiles, barrier from light, suitable for high-speed handling, suitable for displays in stores, suitable for high speed handling

What does PLA stand for?

Polylactic Acid

What are substances that are incorporated into food products in low quantities from processing or packaging perspective?

Indirect additives

What general class of packaging materials is used in aseptic brick packs and pringle cans?

Laminates (plastic/seal, aluminum foil/barrier, plastic, paper/structure, plastic/protect)

What does PS stand for related to packaging?

PS= polystyrene

What are the 2 metals used in drink or beverage cans?

aluminum and steel (tin-plated steel is also acceptable)

What are 5 items that must be found on the nutritional facts label found on a food?

Serving size, calories, total fat (saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol), sodium, total carbohydrate (dietary fiber, total sugars, and added sugar), and protein. Micronutrients: calcium, potassium, iron, and vitamin D

How may the seam tightness of a can be judged visually?

By the degree of wrinkling of the cover hook.

What is the major component of the tin can?

Steel

Give several examples of active packaging.

Oxygen scavenger, anti-microbial packaging, ethylene scavenger, Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) or other vapor removal packaging, temperature sensitive labels, moisture absorbers, antimicrobial packaging, CO2 emitters, UV light blocking films, flavor and odor absorbers, antioxidant releasing films, biodegradable active packaging

What does RTE stand for?

Ready-to-Eat

What oxidizing agent is used to sterilize aseptic packaging material?

Hydrogen peroxide (also, but not oxidizing agents, include steam, iodophors, heat, irradiation)

When specifying the oxygen permeability of a packaging film what are three of the five parameters that are given?

Material type, Temperature, Time, Film Thickness, Relative Humidity, and Oxygen transmissionr ate

What is MAP and CAP wrt packaging?

Modified atmosphere packaging and controlled atmosphere packaging

What does differential tin coating mean?

The thickness of tin coating is different on the inside and outside of the can

Food packaging may include a claim supported with some scientific study but does not meet a standard scientific study. What is it called?

Qualified health claim

State the full names that correspond w/the recycling #2 for recyclable polymers.

HDPE= high density polyethylene

What does the acronym PCB stand for?

Polychlorinated biphenyls

What is Passive MAP?

Passive MAP= relies on natural interaction between the food and packaging material without actively manipulating the gas composition inside the package

State the full name that corresponds with recycling #1 for recyclable polymers.

PET =polyethylene teraphtalate

Which two resins are the most commonly used for plastic packaging bottles?

High density polyethylene (HDPE) and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

In the usage of numbered recycling symbols, what number is used to represent PET?

What is condensing plastic?

a plastic that can be reduced to its monomeric form, cleaned, and polymerized to be used again

Are more metal cans or glass bottles used in the food packaging industry annually?

Cans (Appx. twice as many cans are used as bottle, 1974-1980 data)

What is the name given to the volume of gas between the surface of the food product and the package?

Headspace

How are two piece jar lids made?

Draw and redraw

What is the name given to the propylene polymer produced by being stretched both in and across machine direction?

Bi-axially oriented polypropylene

Name three advantages of can enamels.

Resistance to scratches, ability to withstand high temperatures, enhance appearance of objects, easy to clean, versatility (can be applied to wood, metals, ceramic).

To give maximum stacking strength in a corrugated box, should the fluting be verticle or parallel to the depth dimension?

Vertical

What are plastic milk jugs mostly made out of?

HDPE

What polymer is more transparent in appearance, LDPE or HDPE?

LDPE.

In what direction is paper the strongest for pulling, the machine direction or the cross-machine direction?

Machine direction

What is the type of packaging called where the headspace is flushed with a mixture of gases at the time of packaging so that the fresh product finds it difficult to respire?

Modified Atmosphere Packaging or Controlled Atmosphere Packaging

What is a hard swell?

Bulged ends of the can cannot be compressed by the fingers.

What toxic chemical may be found in packages made from recycled paper?

BPA (Bisphenol A)

What do the acronyms HDPE, PE, PP, LDPE, PS, PVC and PET stand for?

HDPE=High-density polyethylene, PE= Polyethylene, PP= polypropionate, LDPE= low-density polyethylene, PS= PolyStyrene, PVC= PolyVinyl Chloride, PET= polyethylene terapthalate

Name 3 functions of packaging in protecting food from deterioration.

Recontamination with microorganisms, attack by insects and rodents, moisture gain or drying out, air and light, mechanical abuse.

What is flavor scalping?

The flavor compounds migrate into packages.

Panera and Starbucks use two different polyolefin plastics for their cold drinks. Name each.

(1) Panera cold drink cup is #5 PP (Polypropylene) (2) Starbuck cold drink cup is #1 PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate)

What is the name of a flexible container made from polyolefin laminated to aluminum foil of 0.00035 to 0.00050 inch thickness?

Retort pouch or retortable pouch

What is the name given to the process of treating stainless steel with an oxidizing pickling treatment to create a corrosion resistant protective oxide layer?

Passivation

When using terms such as "end hook," and "tightness," while discussing packaging, what sort of packaging are you referring to?

A (hermetically sealed) can.

A Brik-pak is an example of what general class of packaging material?

A laminate

A can seam defect called "cut over" is also known as what?

Sharp seam (a sharp fin of the cover formed over the top of the seaming chuck flange during the seaming operation), "Vee", "Spur", or a "Pin Lip"

Which is the most used flexible packaging or wraps in food packaging? a) LDPE; b) HDPE; c) PET; d) PS

A) LDPE

What plastic is used for packaging bread?

LDPE (Low-density polyethylene)

What does BPA stand for?

Bisphenol A

This important packaging material was patented in 1810 by Peter Durand of England.

Tin can

What is the package material that prevents entry of microbes and gas?

Hermetic

Name of material from ground recycled glass use to make glass material

Cullet

What is misbranding?

a food has been improperly labeled or filled/packaged to be misleading

What are the four principal functions of a food package?

Communication, Protection, Convenience, Containment

Name two types of controlled atmosphere packaging.

Shrink wrapping Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) Vacuum Packaging Gas Flushing Packaging Active Packaging (e.g., oxygen scavengers, moisture control) Controlled Humidity Packaging Barrier Packaging (films that control gas exchange) Freshness Packaging (using antimicrobial or ethylene absorbers)

What are 3 common can seam defects?

Droop, false seam, and cut over

Name the first synthetic packaging material used as a food wrapper and how it is derived.

Cellophane. Chemically derived from cellulose fiber (wood).

How can paper be loaded in laminating/packaging machine?

along the grain or perpendicular to the grain

The third most abundant element in the earth's crust is used to make this packaging material.

Aluminum

In packaging, the joining of two or more films with adhesive is called what?

Lamination

The first FDA approved use of recycled plastic in food packaging was a program to use 25% recycled plastic in bottles containing what product?

Coca-Cola

What is the most commonly used polymer in the food industry?

Polyethylene

What type of packaging often has been filled with nitrogen or carbon dioxide gas?

Modified atmosphere packaging

Which of the following has the greatest market share of food packaging? A. flexible packaging, b. glass, c. other metals or d. paper & board

a) flexible packaging, as in 2023-2024, Flexible packaging: ~35–40% of the global food packaging market. Paper & board: ~25–30%, especially strong in dry food and fast food sectors. Glass: ~10–15%, mainly used for beverages and premium goods due to weight and fragility. Other metals (like tin): ~10% or less, mostly for canned good. Source: statista, smither, and mordon intelligence

The morphology of both carbohydrate and plastics polymers (such as used for food packaging) can be described by two terms - what are the two terms?

Amorphous or crystalline

What is the strength of a tin plate measured by?

Tinplate temper, the unit is in Base Box

Why cannot polybutadiene be used as an enamel on two-piece cans, but can be used as such on three-piece cans?

It cannot hold up under the stresses of the manufacturing process for two-piece cans

What is an EVOH film composed of?

It is a polymer of ethylene-vinyl-alcohol

The three external measurements of a can seam include?

Thickness, width (length or height), and countersink

Describe the shapes of the two pieces used to make the typical two piece metal can for food.

One piece is a cylinder with a closed end and the other is a flat circle

A common secondary package for food is a corrugated box in a style known as an RSC. What do these initials stand for?

Regular slotted container.

Classifying the following into either primary, secondary, or tertiary types of packaging. Cartons, boxes, trays, wrappers, pallets, bags

Primary: Cartons, Boxes, Trays, Wrappers, Bags Secondary: Cartons, Boxes, Trays Tertiary: Pallets

Why would it be beneficial to modify the atmosphere of a package that contains a food with polyunsaturated fatty acids with nitrogen?

Reduce oxidative rancidity/ Reduce lipid oxidation

Name the three pieces in a three piece can.

A cylindrical body, lid, and bottom end

In North America, what is the standard size of the pallets used in the Dairy industry?

40"x 40"

Within plus or minus ten percent, approximately how many cans are used in the food packaging industry annually in the world?

630 billion cans, within ±10% is good. (2024)

With regards to packaging, what does MAP stand for?

Modified Atmosphere Packaging

What is the chemical name for the original saran wrap product?

Polyvinylidene chloride

List the 7 types of plastics used in food packaging according to their recycling number (in order).

1 = PolyEthylene Terephthalate (PET); 2 = High-Density PolyEthylene (HDPE); 3 = Polyvinyl chloride (PVC); 4 = Low-Density PolyEthylene (LDPE); 5 = PolyPropylene (PP); 6 = PolyStyrene (PS); 7 = Other

Name the two methods of making two piece steel cans.

The two methods are draw redraw, and drawn and wall ironed.

What are three different methods for blow molding plastic containers?

Extrusion, injection, stretch

Is glass a crystalline or non-crystalline structure?

Non-crystalline (amorphous)

Grocery bags are primarily made of what material?

LDPE

What is a compound known as a "Forever Chemical" classified as?

PFAS (Polyfluoro Alkyl Subtances), e.g teflon

Name four functions of edible film.

Inhibit mass transfer, carry ingredients, improve mechanical integrity, improve appearance, extend shelf-life

What is the definition of packaging films?

A thickness of .010 inches or less

What does the term 'hermetic' refer to?

a container that is absolutely impermeable to gasses and vapors throughout its entirety, including its seams

State the full name that corresponds w/the recycling #3 for recyclable polymers.

PVC=polyvinyl chloride

What does PDP stand for in food packaging?

Principle Display Panel

Which compound is the sealing layer in brik package?

Why is BPA being removed from plastic?

It's an estrogen mimic that negatively influence sex in fish and other organisms

What does G.T.R. stand for in food packaging?

Gas Transmission Rate

Name four advantages of using glass as a packaging material.

Chemically inert, odorless, high storage stability, may be transparent, easy to open and reseal, can be used with vacuum operations.

What are susceptors?

A material that absrorbs microwave energy, converting it into heat

Which can size is the largest: No. 3 vacuum, No. 10, or No. 303?

No. 10 (The three names are common names for cans 404x307, 603x700, and 303x406, respectively)

A double seam consists of how many thicknesses of metal plate?

5 (at the juncture of the end and side of a three piece can there are 7 thicknesses)

Worldwide, what is the most widely used container for processed foods?

Plastic; LDPE and HDPE

What packaging material is used to make plastic soft drink bottles?

PET (polyethylene terepthalate)

Describe the meaning of a 307x 409 can.

It is 3 7/16 inches in diameter and 4 9/16 inches in height.

Until a few years ago, nearly all steel used for cans was coated to inhibit corrosion. What was the material used to coat the can?

Tin coating

HDPE is a good barrier to what?

Moisture barrier

Name the three tests for packaging materials.

Tensile strength, moisture transmission, Oxygen transmission

What materials are used in a retortable pouch?

Polyester and/or oriented polypropylene (outer)/aluminum foil/Polypropylene

What is the can defect that results from too high internal can pressure?

Buckling

What is the recycling # for the packaging material polystyrene?

If temperature increases, a PP film will melt and vaporize into PP molecules.

FALSE.

Modified atmosphere packaging involves manipulating the concentrations of gases in the headspace surrounding the product. What three gases are most commonly used?

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen

In packaging terms, a "mil" is used as the unit of thickness for packaging material. One mil is equal to what fraction of an inch?

0.001 inch = 1 mil

Vacuum packaging and sealing is used to: A. increase the amount if air in the package, B. decreases the length of time meat can be kept, C. eliminates most of the air from a package in order to make it airtight, or D. none of the above?

C. eliminates most of the air from a package in order to make it airtight

What do the initials WVTR stand for and how is WVTR expressed?

WVTR - water vapor transmission rate; WVTR is expressed as grams of water vapor transfer per 100 sq in of film of 1 mil thickness per 24 hours under defined conditions of temperature, humidity and pressure

The heat-seal layer in retortable foil pouches, such as meals ready-to-eat (MRE's) is what plastic material?

Polypropylene.

From the inside to the outside, list the components of the four layers found in the "tin" can.

Enamel (inside), Tin, Tin-iron alloy, Steel (outside)

Paper, such as used in food packaging, can be aligned in two different ways when fed into forming machines. What are the two ways?

Machine direction and cross direction.

What is meant by the "signature line" on a package?

The name and address of manufacturer, distributor or importer

What is the common name for the US can size 603 x 700?

Number ten can

Products more than .5 oz, what should it contain on the label?

Name of the product and weight or amount

With respect to glass bottles, what is a 'spike'?

Spikes are glass projections inside the bottles

Name 4 basic requirements that are necessary during aseptic packaging.

Sterile environment (or aseptic zones), sterilize product contact surface of the package by using heat/chemicals/high energy radiation, hermetically sealed containers, monitoring of critical factors such as air quality, sealing, temperature

When a product contains dairy as an ingredient, what needs to be mentioned on the label?

Allergen warning

How many seams are in 2 piece and 3 piece cans, respectively?

1 and 2, respectively. The two-piece can has a single double seam at the top, while the three-piece can has a seam at the top (double seam) and a side seam

A container that is absolutely impermeable to gases and vapors throughout its entirety is called what?

Hermetic

Flashcard Info

CBpackaging