Dividends
Payments by companies to their shareholers
Advertising budget
The amount of money a company plans to spend in developing its advertising and buying media time or space
To denominate
To express an amount of money using a particular unni (e.g. in US dollars)
Break-even-point
Where total costs equal total income from sales and the company makes neither a profit nor a loss
To underwrite
To guarantee to buy the stocks of a stock issue if there are not enough other buyers
Intangibles
Assets whose value can only be turned into cash with difficulty
Equity
Part ownership of a company in the form of stocks or shares
Sustainable
Able to continue over a period of time
Insolvent
Unable to pay debts
Accrued expenses
Expenses such as wages, taxes and interest that have not yet been paid at the date of the balance sheet
Competitive advantage
What an organization can do better than its competitors
Product lines
Groups of closely related products, sold to the same customer groups and marketed through the same outlets
Treasury notes
US government bonds with a maturity of tweo to 10 years
Retailer
Businesses that sell goods or merchandise to individual consumers
Asset-stripping
Selling off the assets of poorly performing or undervalued companies
Investment fund/ fund
Either a company whose activity is putting money from investor into a particular type of investment/ range of investements, or an amount of money invested in this way
Book value
The recorded value of a company's tangible assets such as buidlings and machinery
Revenue
The total income received by a business before any expenses are paid
Customer-driven company
Organization that focuses its energies on changing its products to fit customer requests
Commercials
Advertisements on radio or TV
Market penetration
The strategy of setting a low price to try to sell a large volume and increase market share
Retained earnings
Profits that have not been distributed to shareholders
Price elasticity
The extent to which supply or demand of a product reacts to changes of price
Sales-driven company
Organization that focuses its energies on changing customers mind to fit the product
Product differentiation
Making a product different from similar products offered by other seller by product differences, advertising, packaging
Market-driven company
Organization adapting its products to fit its customers strategies- its marketing strategy is aimed at creating rather than controlling a market
Horizontal integration
A merger with or the acquisition of other firms producing the same type of goods or services
Brand-recognition
The extent to which consumers are aware of a brand and know its name
Treasury bonds
Us government bonds with a maturity of 10 to 30 years
Spam
E-mail message that a computer user has not asked for and does not want to read (e.g. messages from advertisers)
Forward integration
A merger with or the acquisition of ones suppliers
Offer
The price at which a seller is prepared to sell a security at a particular time
Raid
Buying another company's shares on the stock exchange, hoping to persuade enough other shareholders to sell to take control of the company
Shareholder's equity
All the money belonging to the company's owners
Reticence
Unwillingness to do something
Individual branding
Giving each product its own brand name- so the company's name is less well-known than its brands
Market segmentation
Dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who have different requirements or buying habits
Deductible
That can be taken away from an amount of money you earn, from tax etc...
Cash flow
The money a company receives minus the money it spends during a certain period
Currency rate swap
An agreement between two parties who exchange principal and fixed rate interest payments on a loan in one currency for principal and fixed rate interest payments on an equal loan in another currency
Synergy
Combined production that is greater than the sum of the seperate parts
Banner ad
An advertisement that appears across the top of a web page
Yield
The rate of income an investor receives from a security
Psychological pricing
Choosing a price for a product that is a little less than a round number
Wholesaler
An intermediary that stocks goods or merchandise and sells it to retailers or professional buyers
Market challenger
The company with the second largest market share
Bid
The price at which a buyer is prepared to buy a security at a particular time
Accounts payable
Money owed by suppliers for purchases made on credit
Inertia
The physical force that keeps something moving in the same direction
Secondary data research
Market research method which uses information collected in the past, such as government statistics or competitors annual reports
Mutual funds
Funds operated by investment companies that invest people's money in various assets
Distribution chanel
All the companies or individuals involved in moving goods or services from producers to consumers
Takeover bid
A public offer to a company's shareholders to buy their shares at a particular price during a particular period, so as to aquire a company
Principal
The amount of capital making up a bond or other loan
Default on something
To fail to pay money that you owe at the right time
Brand switcher
Consumers who buy various cometing products rather than being loyal to a particular brand
Logo
A graphic image or symbol especially created to identify a company or a product
Sales promotions
An activity such as offering free samples, price reductions and competitions, intended to sell a product or service
Outlet
Places of business for selling goods to customers
Market makers
Businesses that buy and sell securities
Total liabilities
The amount of money owed that the company will have to pay out
Creditors
People or institutions to whom money is owned
Pension funds
Funds that invest money that will be paid to people after the retire from work
Niche
A small, specialized but profitable segment of a market
Target customers
A defined set of customers whose needs a company plans to satisfy
Market opportunities
Possibillities of filling unsatisfied needs in sectors in which a company can profitably produce goods or services
Total receivables
Money owed by customers for goods and service purchases made on credit
Comparative parity method
Choosing to spend of a product given to customers to encourage them to try it
Venture capital
Money lent to someone so that the person can start a new business especially a risky one
Hoarding/ bilboard
A large board on the outside of a building or at the side of the road, used for putting advertisements on
Display
An arragement of things in a public place to inform or entertain people or advertise something for sale
Coupon
The amount of interest that a bond pays
Peer-to-peer
(of a computer system) in which each computer can act as a server for the others, allowing data to be shared without the need for a central server
Word-of-mouth advertising
Free advertising, when satisfied customers recommend products to their friends
Podcast
A radio programm that is stored in a digital form that you can download from the internet and play on a computer or an MP3 player
Interest rate swap
An agreement to exchange future interest payments with another company or financial institution
Exit strategy
An investor's plan for getting their investment back and potentially realizing a profit
Product-Mix
All the different products, brands and items that a company sells
Shelves
Surfaces in a store on which goods are displayed
Trial of a product/ trial
A process of testing a productto see whether it's safe, effective etc...
Gilts
UK government bonds
Media plan
The choice of where to advertise in order to reach the right people
The buzz/ buzz
News that people tell each other that may or may not be true
Future
A contract agreement to buy or sell a security, commodity or financial instrument at a predetermined price at a predetermined point in the future
IPO/ Intitial public offering/ Flotation
Selling stocks for the first time
Goodwill
The difference between the purchase price of aquired companies and their net tangible assets
Founders
The people who establish a company or other organization
Maturity
The length of time for which a bond issued
Campaign
The advertising of a particular product or service during a particular period of time
Commodities
Raw materials or primary products such as metals, cereals, coffe that are traded on special markets
Backward integration
A merger with or the acquisition of ones supplieres
Going public
Changing the business from a private to a public company by offering stocks for sale to financial institutions and the general public
Viral marketing
Trying to get consumers to forward an online marketing message to other people
Customer loyality
The existence of customers who will continue to buy the products
Slogan
A short phrase that is easy to remember and is used by an advertiser, organization or other group
Vertical integration
joining with firms in other stages of the production or sale of a product
Heding
making contracts to buy or sell commodities or financial assets at a prearranged price, as a protection against price changes
Coupon
A small piece of printed paper that you can exchange for something or that gives you the right to buy something at a cheaper price than normal
Sales forecasts
The sales businesses expect to be achieved in a particular period of time
Free sample/ sample
A small amount of a product given to customers to encourage them to try it
Product features
All the attributes or characteristics of a product such as size, price, quality
Product
Anything that can be offered to a market that might satisfy a want or need
Point of sale
The place where a product is sold
Flyer
A small sheet of paper that advertises a product or an event and is given to a large number of people
Speculation
Buying assets in the hope of capital gain by selling them later at a higher price
Focus group interviews
Getting several potential target customers to meet and discuss the product concept
Sales representative
Someone who contacts existing and potentioal customers and tries to persuade them to buy goods or services
Desertification
The process by which land becomes dry and vegetation is destroyed
Brief
The statement of objectives that a client works out with an advertising agency
Derivatives
Financial instrumenst whose prices are dependent upon or derieved from underlying assets such as stocks and bonds
Packaging
Wrappers and containers used to enclose and protect a product
Market followers
Competitors who present no threat to the market leader
Additional paid-in capital
Capital that shareholders have contributed to the company above the nominal or par value of the stock
Pop up
A new window that opens quickly on a computer screen in front of what you are working on
Blog
A personal record that somebody puts on their website giving an account of their activities and their opinions and discussing places on the internet they have visited
Ecology
The branch of biology dealing with the relations between organisms and their environment
Questionnaire research
Asking questions by telephone or personal interviewing
Personnel/ staff/ employees
The people who are eployed in an organization
Corporate branding
Including a company's name in all its products
Market skimmin
Setting a high price for a new product to make maximum revenue before competing products appear on the market
Advertising agencies
Companies that design advertising for clients
Market value
The combined price of all a company's shares
Property
Tangible assets such as offices, machines, etc.
Market leader
The firm with the largest market share
Prepaid expenses
Money paid in advance for goods and services
Option
Offer the buyer the right but not the obligation to buy or sell an asset at the strike price
Price-sensitive products
Products you would not buy if the price increased significantly
Market share
The sales of a company expressed as a percentage of total sales in a given market
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