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What is the most widely eaten fruit in America?

The banana

Which vegetable has the highest concentration of vitamins and minerals? a) Broccoli b) Cauliflower c) Potatoes d) Lettuce

Broccoli

What are the 3 common forms that orange juice is found in?

Frozen concentrate, reconstituted liquid, single straight, unconcentrated *not from concentrate

What vegetable yields the most pounds of produce per acre?

Cabbage

Name the energy source used by the following groups of organisms: autotrophs, heterotrophs, phototrophs, and lithotrophs

Autotrophs: inorganic carbon Phototrophs: light Heterotrophs: organic carbon Lithotrophs: inorganic molecules

What fermented dish is made with a blend of peppers, onions, cabbage, other various vegetables, and spices and is common in Korean cuisine?

Kimchi

What is another term for a twining wine, a wine without tendrils or suckers, most commonly associated with hot pox?

Bine

Durian botanical name?

Durio species [Malvaceae (Mallow)]

Which of the following is NOT considered a "super-fruit"? a) Tamarind b) Acai c) Noni d) Mango

Mango

What two spices are derived from the fruit of the nutmeg tree?

Nutmeg and Mace

What is the compound associated with green color in pistachios?

Chlorophyll

What fruit is Spain most famous for?

Tomatoes

What are the three major physiological stages of fruits and vegetables?

Growth, maturation, and senescence

What is pineapple's botanical name?

Ananas comosus [Bromeliaceae (Bromeliad)]

Peach/Nectarine botanical name?

Prunus persica

What is the white of an orange peel a good source of?

Pectin

Name three of the many vegetables that are different cultivars of the species Brassica oleracea.

Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, Chinese kale, brussels sprouts, broccolini, collard greens, savoy, kohlrabi, Jersey cabbage, romanesco, broccoflower, and gai lan.

What compound and color are formed when the Mg ion is removed from chlorophyll?

Pheophytin (dull olive green).

What type of orange is commonly used for juice manufacture?

Valencia

Which are the 'three sister plants' of Indigenous American agriculture?

Corn, bean, squash

Why are fruit or vegetables often heated prior to maceration for juice production?

To inactivate enzymes which may cause undesirable quality changes

Name the chemical used to delay the ripening of apples that caused concern among consumers in 1989.

Daminozide or Alar

List the five most expensive spices in order from most to least expensive.

Saffron,Vanilla, Cardamom, Cloves, Cinnamon

What is the name of one of the toxic compounds in cassava?

Cyanogenic glucosides: linamarin and lotaustralin

Name the lactic acid bacteria involved in Sauerkraut fermentation. What kind of microorganism utilizes mannitol and dextran in the production of sauerkraut?

A. Leuconostoc mesenteroides (heterofermentative starter) B. Lactobacillus plantarum (heterofermentative) C. Lactobacillus brevis (homofermentative)

Vanilla beans are extracted from which of the following types of trees? A. Orchids B. Palm trees C. Shrub D. Wines

Orchids

What gas is primarily responsible for ripening in climacteric fruits like bananas?

Ethylene.

Name an enzyme involved in fruit softening.

pectin esterase, polygalacturonase, pectin lyase

What common component of oranges is missing from navel oranges?

Seeds

Bell Pepper, Jalapenos, Cayenne, Serrano botanical name?

Capsicum annuum [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]

What herb may taste like a soap to some people?

Cilantro

What vegetable did the ancient Egyptians worship?

Onion

Name the class of organic compounds present in green leafy vegetables that may chelate Ca and Zn.

Phytates (phytic acid, phytin phosphate) or oxalates (calcium oxalate, phytin oxalate)

What tree do prunes come from?

The plum tree.

What enzyme causes browning in freshly cut apples?

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO).

What nation produces 80% of the world's vanilla?

Madagascar

Açaí botanical name?

Euterpe oleracea

Tapioca starch comes from?

cassava

Pomegranate botanical name?

Punica granatum

Turnip, Napa cabbage, bok choy botanical name?

Brassica rapa [Brassicaceae (Mustard)]

Which group of sulfhydryl-containing compounds is responsible for the flavor of garlic and also known for their homeopathic properties?

Allicins

What are the essential ingredients for a fruit preserve?

sugar, fruit, pectin, and acid

Name three collards cultivars.

Blue Max, Georgia Southern, Vates

Pomology is a science of?

Fruits

What portion of citrus fruit provides cold-pressed essential oils?

Peel

Which fruit is botanically classified as a berry: strawberry, banana, or raspberry?

Banana

What is primary acid in peaches and apricots?

Malic acid

What is the name of the compound responsible for the grapefruit flavor of grapefruit?

grapefruit mercaptan (1-p-menthene-8-thiol)

Which fruit is known as the king of fruits?

Mangoes

What flavorful condiment comes from a root commonly grown in southwestern Illinois?

Horseradish

Name 5 vegetables that contain phytoestrogens.

beans, soy products, peas, lentils, whole grains, flaxseed, rye, millet.

The natural ripening hormone that is a gas and is used commercially to control the ripening of bananas and tomatoes is what?

Ethylene

What fruit has been genetically modified to be resistant to the ringspot virus?

Papaya

What country is the world's largest producer of Vanilla?

Madagascar

What is the function of calcium chloride in canned vegetables?

It acts as a firming agent.

Which vegetable is the immature flower bud thistle found in sunflower family?

Artichoke

Three species of curcubita produce edible fruit. What are the general names for these edible fruits?

Squash, pumpkin, gourd

What is a truffle?

An edible fungus

Which enzyme is responsible for enzymatic browning in apples?

Polyphenol oxidase.

T/F: Both carrots and potatoes are tubers.

False, carrots are roots.

What characteristic of fruit is described by the "Brix to acid ratio"?

Tartness or sweetness

Name one edible fruit-bearing tree that is an evergreen.

Citrus (lemon, orange, grapefruit, lime, tangerines, clementines, and more), olive, avocado, lychee, and mango trees

What pigment is responsible for the yellow-orange color in carrots?

β-carotene.

Tea botanical name?

Camellia sinensis

What pigment imparts green color to lettuce and peas?

Chlorophyll

What does the term florentine refer to when used to describe a menu item?

With spinach

What nut, in its natural state, contains poisonous oils that are eliminated when roasted?

Cashew

Carotenoids include what two groups of pigments?

Carotenes and xanthophylls.

What compound(s) most aptly describes the aroma of durian fruit?

ethyl-2-methylbutanoate and 1-(ethylsulfanyl)ethane-1-thiol), (ester and volatile thiol is also acceptable)

Name three spinach cultivars.

Bloomsdale, Melody, Space, Tyee

Which gas is used to artificially ripen climacteric fruits?

Ethylene.

In what portions of the cells are the excess organic acids stored in fruits and vegetables? Where in a plant cell are anthocyanins contained?

Vacuoles

What are the four female parts of a flower?

Stigma, style, ovary, ovule

Tangerine botanical name?

Citrus tangerina [Rutaceae (Citrus)]

Botanically, how is a tomato classified?

As a fruit.

Grenadine is produced from syrup of which fruit?

pomegranate

Ripening in a fruit can be measured by what ratio?

The sugar to acid ratio

How is orange juice defined by the US code of federal regulations?

unfermented juice obtained from mature oranges of the species Citrus sinensis or of the citrus hybrid commonly called Ambersweet

What comes in crimmini, morel, oyster, and wood ear varieties?

Mushrooms

What is the primary role of leaves on a plant?

Food production

What is the optimal pH for kimchi?

4.2 ± 0.1

Name a tree fruit that is referred to as a vegetable.

Cucumber, pepper, corn, tomato

Which vegetables belong to the allium family and which to the cruciferae? Onions, garlic, broccoli, spinach, leeks and cabbage

Allium – onions, garlic, leeks Cruciferae – broccoli, spinach and cabbage

Pumpkin, Zucchini, Summer or Yellow Squash botanical name?

Cucurbita pepo [Cucurbitaceae (Gourd)]

Avocado botanical name?

Persea americana [Lauraceae (Laurel)]

Linamarin is a compound found in lima beans. When exposed to gastric hydrochloric acid, what is released?

Hydrogen Cyanide

Which family of pigments is responsible for the red, purple, and blue colors in berries and is highly pH-sensitive?

Anthocyanins

What is the main pigment responsible for the orange color of carrots?

Beta-carotene.

Flavor impact component of grapefruit.

Nootkatone

What is the light-absorbing pigment in plants?

Chlorophyll.

Name the musical fruit.

beans

How many coffee beans does each coffee cherry normally contain?

Garlic botanical name?

Allium sativum

What are the two species of Vanila beans used in US food industry?

Vanilla Planifolia and Vanilla Tahitensis

What is the structural difference between chlorophyll and chlocophyllide?

Chlocophyllide does not have a phytol tail

What enzyme causes problems in jam or jelly production?

Pectinase

What plant is actually the world’s largest herb?

the banana plant (it doesn’t actually have boughs or a woody trunk!)

Potato botanical name?

Solanum tuberosum [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]

Name 2 sun-dried fruits.

Raisins, tomatoes, apricots, figs

Orange juice can be fortified with what mineral?

Calcium

What do we call dried grapes?

Raisins

What gaseous hormone, naturally produced by ripening fruits, is used commercially in controlled atmosphere storage to initiate or accelerate ripening?

Ethylene

What fruit is a Starkspur® Golden Delicious?

Apple

List 4 varieties of sour cherries.

Montmorercy, Morello, amarelle, early Richmond, meteor, north star

What term is commonly used to describe the taste or tartness of fruits and fruit juices?

sugar to acid ratio or Brix to acid ratio (higher ratio -> sweeter flavor)

What gas mixtures are typically used in controlled atmosphere storage of fruits and vegetables?

Low oxygen and high carbon dioxide or nitrogen

For each fruit provide the season (autumn, winter, spring, and summer) for when they are harvested. Pears, blueberries, dates, oranges, pomegranates, cherries, limes

pear – autumn (late summer is acceptable) Blueberries – summer (spring is also acceptable) Dates – Summer Oranges – winter Pomegranates – fall and/or winter Cherries – summer Limes - summer

What is the Scoville rating or value of pure capsaicin?

15,000,000-16,000,000 Scoville value

Which part of a tree protects the seeds?

Fruit

Name five examples of fruits that are drupes.

A fleshy fruit with thin skin and a central stone containing the seed: Cherries, Peaches, Plums, Apricot, Olives, Apricots, Mangoes, Coconuts, Damson, Jujube, Avocados, almonds, Amla (Indian gooseberry)

27. The softening of fruits during ripening is most often attributed to changes in what group of compounds?

pectins or pectic substances (decrease insoluble pectins and increase soluble pectic substances)

The internal pressure in plant cells is called what?

Turgor pressure

The structural unit of edible portions of fruits and vegetables is called ___.

A parenchyma cell

What vegetables can be irradiated?

Iceberg lettuce and Spinach

Myristicin is a hallucinogen found in relatively high concentrations in what spice?

Nutmeg

Name three lime cultivars.

Mexican/Key, Tahiti/Bearss/Persian, Kaffir/Thai, Palenstine, Mary Ellen, Rangpur

A Coconut is a member of what family

Drupe

Which state leads the US in mushroom production, producing 45% of the fresh crop in 1999?

Pennsylvania

Which fruits contains more than 10% fat?

Olive, avocado, coconut

The following are a varieties of what fruit: Flame Tokay, Emperor, Muscat, Malaga, and Catawba?

Grape varieties

What percentage of apples is air?

0.25

What gas is most responsible for fruit ripening?

Ethylene

Apricot (Armenian) botanical name?

Prunus armeniaca

What plant is used to produce grass jelly?

Chinese mesona (Mesona chinensis)

Hops botanical name?

Humulus lupulus

Cranberry botanical name?

Vaccinium sg. oxycoccus [Ericaceae (Heather)]

Which nut is the main ingredient in Nutella?

Hazelnut

What do you call a fruit preserve made from the juice and peel of citrus fruits boiled with sugar and water?

Marmalade

Why should ethylene be removed during the shipping of bananas?

It is a plant hormone that induces ripening in climacteric fruits like bananas

The modern name walnut comes from the German word Walnuss, which means what?

Foreign nut

What vegetable is traditionally used to make sauerkraut?

Cabbage.

Which pigment is responsible for the red color in tomatoes?

Lycopene.

What are the three vegetables in mirepoix?

Onions carrots and celery

Lime botanical name?

Citrus latifolia [Rutaceae (Citrus)]

What color of grapes are dark and golden raisins made from, and how do the processes differ?

Both are from green grapes: Dark raisins are sun-dried and golden raisins are hot-air dried

Tumeric botanical name?

Curcuma longa [Zingiberaceae (Ginger)]

Controlled atmosphere is used for the long term storage of apples. What are the main components of controlled atmosphere?

low temperature, low oxygen, high carbon dioxide

Which enzyme is deactivated in the hot break process in juice production?

Pectin Methylesterase (PME)

In the middle ages, what did woman eat in order to dilate their pupils (a sign of beauty)? a) Salt b) Leaves of nightshade plants c) Bark of the Hemlock tree d) Tea

Leaves of nightshade plants

Name 3 fruits or veggies that contains lycopene.

tomatoes, watermelon, guava, red/pink grapefruit, papaya, red cabbage, mango

Eureka and Lisbon are the two most common varieties of what fruit?

Lemon

Which enzyme catalyzes chlorophyll degradation leading to pheophytin formation?

Chlorophyllase (acid conditions accelerate pheophytin formation).

Which fruit has its seeds on the outside?

The strawberry

Which vegetable is known as a ripening anomaly, ripen after it has been picked from the tree?

Avocado

What are the eight vegetables in original V8 juice?

Celery, parsley, watercress, carrots, beets, tomatoes, spinach, and lettuce

To what genus does the kumquat belong? a) Citrus b) Fortunella c) Allium d) Lactuca

Fortunella

Give the names of two major pigment groups.

Chlorophylls, Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, Betalains, Myoglobin

Name of the continent of origin for the following fruit: Watermelon, raspberry, blueberry, kiwi, guava

Watermelon: Africa, kiwi: Asia, raspberry: Europe/North America, guava: South America, blueberry: Europe/North America. Raspberry and blueberry both originate from Europe and North America, with different species naturally occurring in both continents.

Clarified orange juice is referred to as: A.clear orange juice, B.see-through orange juice, C.orange serum, or D.no-pulp orange juice?

C. orange serum

Plum (European) botanical name?

Prunus domestica

Name 4 fruits that are members of the rose family.

pears, apples, cherries, and strawberries

What is the hottest pepper currently known to man? It comes in at more than 1 million scoville units.

The hottest pepper currently known is Pepper X, with a rating of 2,693,000 Scoville Heat Units (SHU), according to Guinness World Records

Name three of the twelve or so ingredients used to make curry powder.

Cumin, turmeric, coriander, ginger, pepper, fennel, chili, mace, cloves, mustard, and others

What is the botanical name of Kiwi fruit?

Actinidia deliciosa

What is the genus and species of the pumpkin commonly used in pumpkin pie filling?

Cucurbita moschata

What characteristic typifies a pome fruit, and name 2 examples?

has a compartmented core; apples, pears

What country did Kiwi originate from?

China (Kiwi is also known as the Chinese gooseberry)

Which citrus fruit is known for its high content of the antioxidant Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and is often used to prevent browning?

Lemon (or Orange/Lime)

What vitamin are citrus fruits especially rich in?

Vitamin C.

Green Vegetables turn dull "olive green" or brown in thermal processing due to what chemical reaction?

conversion of chlorophyll to the pheophytin due to loss of the magnesium in the structure. (Heat causes a magnesium atom at the center of each chlorophyll molecule to detach and be replaced by hydrogen atoms. This chemical change in chlorophyll molecules changes their bright green color to a dull gray-green.)

What enzyme causes softening of fruits by degrading pectin during ripening?

Polygalacturonase

Vegetables that have thiols are considered to be the most protective against cancer. Thiols are found in:

the cabbage family

What is the white part inside an orange peel called, and what is it a good source of?

Albedo; it is a good source of pectin

Name three Cantaloupe cultivars.

Ambrosia, Caravelle, Israeli, Magnum 45, French Orange, Minnesota Midget, Mission, Perlita, Rocky Sweet

What is the color of anthocyanins at a ph of 8?

Yellow

What type of lettuce was called crisphead until the 1920's?

Iceberg lettuce

What are the top three states in the value production of cucumbers for pickles?

Michigan, Florida and North Carolina

Phenolic compound commonly found in the skin of grapes?

Resveratrol.

Fruits can be classified according to their respiratory patterns. List 5 non-climacteric fruits.

blueberry, cacao, cherry, cucumber, fig, grapefruit, lemon, grapes, melon, orange, pineapple, strawberry, tamarillo, sweet orange

What is the only fruit or vegetable that is never sold processed, only fresh?

Lettuce

The color of an anthocyanin pigment is pH dependent. What is the color of cyanidin at pH 2 and pH 5?

At pH 2: red pH 5: blue

What are the six stages of tomato ripening?

Green, Breakers, Turning, pink, light red, red

What two organizations developed the marion blackberry (or marionberry)?

USDA-ARS and Oregon State University

Name five steps for sauerkraut production.

-Shredding the cabbage -transfer to container -add salt brine to the shreds and let it stand -wilt the shreds with compaction -weigh down on the top of container -store and ferment

What carbonyl compound is a major component of flavor in tomatoes?

cis-3-hexenal

Marsh Ruby, Ruby Red, Melogold, Oro Blanco (White Golden) and Star Ruby are varieties of what?

Grapefruit(citrus fruit)

What part of the plant does ginger come from?

Rhizome, an underground stem

What is the main pigment in carrots?

Carotene

Apple juice is considered adulterated if what acid is present?

D-malic acid (must specify D form)

Alcohol-insoluble solids content in vegetables is an indicator of what?

maturity or ripeness

What are the three sister plants cited in indigenous American agriculture?

Bean, squash, corn

What are cytokinins?

Plant hormones that promote cell division in plants (They have potential uses in prolonging the freshness of vegetables and cut flowers).

How spices are pasteurized? What method or substance is used to sterilize spices?

Ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, irradiation, or food appertization

Lemon botanical name?

Citrus limon [Rutaceae (Citrus)]

Stuart, Mahan, Desirable and Hastings are all varieties of what nut?

Pecans

Name three honeydew cultivars.

Honey Girl, Honey Star, Sweet Delight, TAM Dew

Name four factors that contribute to texture of fruits and vegetables.

plant cell walls and intercellular cementing substances, cellulose, pectic substances, proteins, lignin, hemicellulose, water

From what part of the plant is the potato tuber derived?

Stem

What is the purpose of an energy crop?

low-cost, low-maintenance crop used/processed/combusted for its energy content to generate electricity or heat, etc.

How much fruit juice is found in fruit nectar?

25-50% fruit juice

Which of the following foods contain the lowest content of water: A.fresh carrots, B.fresh tomatoes, C.whole milk, or D.fresh celery?

Carrots contain 88.2% water, fresh tomatoes contain 93.5% water, and fresh celery contains 94.1% water, whole milk (87.2% water)

Grapes are to raisins as plums are to what?

Prunes

What enzyme is responsible for enzymatic browning in apples?

Polyphenol oxidase

The modern name “Walnut” comes from the German word Walnuss, What does Walnuss mean?

Foreign nut

What part of the Crocus sativus flower is used for the saffron colorant?

The stigma.

what is BT corn?

genetically modified corn that contains a gene taken from Bacillus thuringiensis (a bacterium); the gene allows the plant to manufacture a protein crystal that is toxic to certain insects

Rank the following foods by vitamin C content from highest content to lowest: Red bell pepper, broccoli, orange, potato, banana

-Red bell pepper (152 mg) -Broccoli (132 mg) -Orange (51 mg) -Potato (42 mg) -Banana (10 mg)

Durio zibethinus is a distinct smelling tree fruit that is native to South Asia. What is the common name for this fruit?

Durian

Which fruit/ vegetable is known as gator legs?

avocado

Spinach botanical name?

Spinacia oleracea [Amaranthaceae (Amaranth)]

What are the four major groups of natural pigments or pigment molecules found in fruits and vegetables (or plants)?

-Chlorophylls - primary pigment in plants, lipid-soluble -Carotenoids - are red, orange, or yellow terpenoids, lipid-soluble -Anthocyanins - literally "flower blue," water-soluble flavonoid pigments that appear red to blue according to pH -Betalains - red or yellow pigments, water-soluble

What percent of juice is needed to label as 100% juice?

Name three asparagus cultivars.

Jersey Giant, Apollo, Atlas, Jersey Gem, Purple Passion, Jersey Knight

What are the four methods used for peeling potatoes?

Mechanical (abrasion), heating, lye peeling, dry caustic peeling

Which food group has the most nitrates?

Vegetables

What is the name of the plant that capers come from?

Caper plants (Capparis spinosa)

What is the major alkaloid saponin in the Irish potato?

Solanine

Rank these according to the Scoville scale from least to most hot: Habañero, Bird's eye chili, Jalapeño, Poblano, Pimiento, Serrano, Cayenne Pepper, Dorset Naga, Ghost Chili

A. Pimento (100-500) B. Poblano (500-2,500) C. Jalapeño (2,500-8,000) D. Serrano Pepper (10,000-23,000) E. Cayenne Pepper (30,000-50,000) F. Bird's eye chilli (50,000-100,000) G. Habañero (100,000-350,000) H. Ghost Chili Pepper or Ghost Pepper (Bhut Jolokia, Naga Jolokia, Naga Morich, Bih Jolokia, Red Naga Chili, 850,000-1,000,000) I. Dorset Naga (923,000 - 1,600,00 SHU). [SPICIEST]

What fruit has a fat content of about 20%, about 20 times the average of other fruits?

Avocado

Quinoa botanical name?

Chenopodium quinoa [Amaranthaceae (Amaranth)]

from what plant is linseed oil derived?

flax

Name a fruit or vegetable susceptible to chilling injury.

Banana, egg plants, tomatoes, lettuce.

Name three tomato cultivars.

Carnival, Better Boy, Bush Beefsteak, Carmello, Big Beef, Celebrity, First Lady, Porter Improved, Small Fry, Cherry Grande, Champion

What is described by two all-beef patties, special sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles, onions on a sesame seed bun?

McDonald's Big Mac

Name the major masking bioactive compounds in artichokes that may contribute to lower plasma cholesterol when consumed.

Cynarin and silymarin

What does FODMAP stand for?

Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Mono-saccharides, and Polyols

S – (1- propenyl) – L – cysteine sulfoxide and thiopropanol – S oxide – are associated with the flavor of

Onions

What levels of ethylene are generally needed to initiate ripening in fruits?

0.1 to 1.0 ppm (some fruits need as little as 0.01 ppm).

The problem of cloud loss in orange juice is due to: A.high temp, B.low acidity, C.activity of pectin methyl esterase, or D.activity of polyphenol oxidase?

C. activity of pectin methyl esterase

After harvest, climacteric fruits go through a period in which the respiratory level is at a minimum, followed by a sudden increase in respiration, and a final decline in respiratory rate. What respiratory pattern or behavior do non-climacteric fruits exhibit?

A steady fall in respiratory activity with time.

Cinnamon is a bushy evergreen tree of the Laurel family. The spice comes from what part of the tree?

Bark

What is the benchmark citrus fruit for marmalade production in Britain?

Spanish Seville orange, Citrus aurantium var. aurantium

What problem may arise when potato tubers are taken from cold storage and immediately processed?

Cold sweetening caused by Maillard browning

What term describes plants that can grow in high-salt environments?

Halophytes

What is the state fruit of West Virginia?

Golden Delicious Apple

What is the difference between Vietnamese cinnamon (cassia) compared to Ceylon cinnamon?

Vietnamese is oilier and more flavorful but has less health benefits and is cheaper with higher levels of coumarin. Vietnamese (Cinnamomum Loureiroi) and Ceylon (Cinnamomum Zeylanicum or Cinnamomum Verum).

What is the minimum soluble solids % (Brix) allowed in jellies?

65% or 65°Brix

What are the three original citrus species?

Citron, Pomelo, Mandarin

What are the two main varieties of oranges grown in Florida for orange juice production?

Valencia and Hamlin

31. Carbonyl compounds responsible for the aroma of tomatoes and bananas and the characteristic flavor of cucumbers arise from what general reaction?

Oxidation of linoleic acid by lipoxygenase

Sweet Cherry botanical name?

Prunus avium

Strawberry botanical name?

Fragaria × ananassa [Rosaceae (Rose)]

What general area of the world do Pomelo fruit originate from?

Southeast Asia

With respect to food flavor, what are potentiators?

Compounds that enhance or accentuate existing flavor

The grape contains what percentage of sugar made up of which two sugars?

15-25% sugar, composed of glucose and fructose.

Rank the following fruits from highest water percentage to the lowest water percentage: orange, apple, grape, strawberry.

Strawberry 91%> Orange 86% > Apple 85% > Grape 81%

What is the group of red and yellow pigments found in beets, cactus fruits, and pokeberries?

Betalains

Name three postharvest methods used to preserve perishable produce.

Cold storage (lowers enzyme activities) Controlled atmosphere storage (high CO2 or nitrogen to slow down catabolic processes, ripening, and aging) microatmosphere individual packaging or coating (reduces transpiration and ripening)

Honeydew (Muskmelon) includes Cantaloupe botanical name?

Cucumis melo [Cucurbitaceae (Gourd)]

What type of flowers produce vanilla pods?

Orchids

Oat botanical name?

Avena sativa

The following are all types of which fruit? Comice, Forelle, seckel, Concorde and red Bartlett?

Pears

What is the most widely grown red wine grape variety in the world?

Cabernet Sauvignon

Black pepper botanical name?

Piper nigrum

Name three tropical fruits grown commercially in the continental US.

Avocado, banana/plantain, carambola/star fruit, dragon fruit/pitaya, guava, jackfruit, longan, lychee, mamey sapote, mango, papaya, sapodilla

Potato flesh (the white part) is high in which vitamin?

Vitamin C

Name genus and species of most common mango fruit.

Mangifera indica

Cassia cinnamon botanical name?

Cinnamomum cassia [Lauraceae (Laurel)]

Normally the lipid levels in fruits and vegetables are less than 1%. What are the two exceptions?

Avocado, coconut, olive is also aceptable

Why are citrus fruits harvested late after ripening?

Because they are non-climacteric fruits

What is the major color compound in tomatoes?

Lycopenes

What gas is produced by ripening fruit that also causes bitterness in carrots?

Ethylene

Which compound present in grapefruit is known for triggering the "grapefruit juice effect," it inhibits the CYP3A4 enzyme, affecting drug metabolism?

Bergamottin

What are the two parts of a citrus rind?

Albedo and flavedo

An ear of corn has on average 16 rows of corn kernels. How many kernels are in each row?

50 ± 1

What fruit, often used to make jams and jellies due to its high pectin content, is a member of the rose family Rosaceae?

Apple (or Pear, Plum, Apricot, etc. - all are in Rosaceae)

Miracle berry botanical name?

Synsepalum dulcificum

Arabica coffee botanical name?

Coffea arabica

Name the 5 steps of mushroom farming.

Composting, spawning, casing, pinning, cropping

Which pigment group is responsible for yellow colors in corn and peppers?

Carotenoids.

What nuts are used in marzipan?

Almonds

Define climacteric fruits and name 5 of these fruits.

Fruit ripening associated with ethylene production and cell respiration rise: Apples, Bananas, Melons, Apricots, Tomatoes, Blackberries, Kiwi, Peaches, Pears, Breadfruit, Jackfruit, Pawpaw, Papayas, Figs, Plantains, Passion fruit, Guavas, plum, avocado

Name the high molecular weight polyester deposited in the waxy cuticle of some plant epidermal cells.

Cutin

What are the two top selling spices in the world?

Pepper and vanilla

What do we call dried plums?

Prunes

Name three Orange cultivars.

Navel, Marrs, Pineapple, Hamlin, Valencia

What is a transgenic plant?

a plant whose DNA has been modified by introducing one or more genes from a different species through genetic engineering

What metal can cause an abnormal green color in vegetables?

Copper

Which contains more vitamin C; strawberries, tangerines, parsley, sage, rosemary or thyme?

Parsley

What are the three spices or herbs that contain the essential oil eugenol?

Cloves, cinnamon, and sage

which of these contain the LEAST amount of fruit juice: A.fruit punch, B.fruit nectar, C.juice beverage, or D.juice blend?

A. Fruit punch (only 1% fruit juice)

Why is 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, also called ethephon, sprayed on tomato fields?

It forms ethylene which causes uniform ripening prior to harvest

Give the colors of anthocyanins when the pH is acidic and basic.

Acidic: red/ pink Basic: blue/violet

Where did the kiwi fruit originate?

China

Name three tangelo cultivars.

Orlando, Minneola, Nova

Typically, what causes the formation of characteristic flavor compounds in vegetables?

tissue damage, either from heating, chewing,stressing, etc.

Choke berries are high in polyphenols, procyanidins, anthocyanins, and other antioxidants. What are choke berries also known as?

Aronia berries

Rape seed botanical name?

Brassica napus [Brassicaceae (Mustard)]

For the sugar-free jellies, pectin used needs to have a degree of esterification of: A.99, B.67, C.55, or D.35?

D. 35

Name two sun-dried fruits.

Raisins, tomatoes, apricots, figs

Prior to dehydration, many fruits are exposed to sulfur gas in order to prevent microbial growth and browning.

True

What enzyme activity is most commonly used to determine the adequacy of blanching vegetables for freezing to ensure stability during storage?

peroxidase

What GMO fruit has been researched or created to not brown after cutting by Okanagan Specialty Fruits by genetically engineering the polyphenol oxidase enzyme?

Granny Smith Apple; called arctic apples since it does not brown

Watermelon botanical name?

Citrullus lanatus [Cucurbitaceae (Gourd)]

How much fruit juice is found in a juice beverage?

10% fruit juice, source: 21 CFR § 102.33

What 2 chemicals are generally used to prevent browning in fruit?

sulfur dioxide and ascorbic acid

Approximately how many varieties of tomatoes are grown?

10,000

What is the name of the substance, which can form colloid suspension as a defect in apple juice?

Pectin

What is the second generation source of Beta-Carotene in golden rice after?

Corn

What enzyme is primarily responsible for tomato softening?

Polygalacturonase.

What is the citrus fruit "Pomme" also known as?

Grapefruit

When tomatoes and avocados are eaten together, they have a synergistic effect. Explain their synergism.

Tomatoes are rich in lycopene, a pigment-rich antioxidant known as carotenoid, which reduces cancer risk and cardiovascular disease. Fats, from the avocado, make carotenoids more bioavailable

The firmness of fruits and vegetables is largely due to which structural polysaccharide found in the primary cell wall?

Pectin (or Cellulose)

Cooking green vegetables in an acidic medium results in the formation of which pigment?

Pheophytin, a brown pigment resulting from chlorophyll degradation.

What does WONF stand for?

With Other Natural flavors

What is the name of the toxic alkaloid usually found in tomato leaves?

Tomatin

What do you call something made from fruit that is a semisolid food prepared from a mixture containing not less than five parts of weight of fruit ingredient to each two parts of sugar? What is the name of a sweet spread made of fruit cooked to a paste, then lightly sweetened?

Fruit butter - ex. Apple butter and plum butter

What are the ingredients needed to make sweet pickles?

Cucumbers, salt, vinegar, and sugar

What pigments are responsible for colors ranging from yellow to orange and red in fruits and vegetables?

Carotenoids.

In 2008, what state ranked first in value of production of sweet corn, fresh market snap beans, fresh market tomatoes, and fresh market cucumbers?

Florida

Which country produces the most potatoes?

China

Alar is the trade name for what chemical compound?

Daminozide

Tomato botanical name?

Solanum lycopersicum [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]

What is the toxic compound found in high levels in rhubarb leaves?

Oxalic acid

What is another name for Carambola?

Starfruit

Which organic acid is predominant in citrus fruits?

Citric acid

Name four citrus-producing states.

Florida, Texas, California, Arizona.

Name a notable plant phytosterol

Campesterol, sitosterol, or stigmasterol

What color is the inside of a pistachio nut?

Green

What is the general equation for produce respiration?

C6(H2O)6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

Name the genera of Downy mildew disease and fruits and vegetables.

Sclerospora and Bremia

What is the similarity between tomatoes, cucumbers, avocado, olives and eggplant?

All are fruits.

Coconut, Almond, Walnut, Hazelnut, Pecan, and Peanut. Please list the top state producer of each nut

Coconut: Florida, Almond and walnut: California, Hazelnut: Oregon, Pecan and Peanut: Georgia

What is the most widely used seasoning in the world?

Salt

What are the cropping technique involves the systematic sequencing of various crops in a field to help in insect control and soil fertility?

Crop Rotation

Name three lemon cultivars.

Meyer, Ponderosa, Eureka, Lisbon, Monachello, Santa Teresa, Karna, Vangasay, Adam's Apple

In terms of plant respiration, what does the acronym RQ stand for and how is it defined?

Respiration Quotient. It is defined as the ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the plant to oxygen consumed by the plant

What is the processing difference between fresh pack and salt stock (genuine) pickles?

Fresh pack pickles are only marinated (with vinegar and salt and sometimes sugar) , whereas salt stock pickles are fermented.

Why do apples float when immersed in water?

they are 25% air.

Common Blackberry botanical name?

Rubus fruticosus

What type of plant cell is most common in the edible part of plants?

Parenchyma cells

Persian walnut botanical name?

Juglans regia [Juglandaceae (Walnut)]

Name the six general categories of fruits. (If want to make more difficult, ask examples.)

Berries: Blueberries, Grapes, Strawberries Citrus: Oranges, Lemons, Limes Tropical fruits: Mangoes, Pineapples, Bananas Melons: Watermelon, Cantaloupe, Honeydew Drupes/stone fruits: Peaches, Cherries, Plums Pomes/cores: Apples, Pears

Which enzyme is associated with the quality of fruits and vegetables?

Pectin Methyl Esterase

What kind of fruit were the golden apples of Greek mythology? What fruit pit does Laetrile, a proposed cancer-fighting agent, come from?

Apricots

What gas, often referred to as the "ripening hormone," is naturally produced by climacteric fruits to trigger senescence and ripening?

Ethylene

Lists three types of Vanilla as to their source and give their properties.

Madagascar – highly flavorful, spicy. expensive, Mexican Vanilla – woody flavor,Tahitian Vanilla – floral flavor

Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACC synthase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) which is the precursor of what plant hormone from S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM)?

Ethylene

Which carbohydrate polymer is the primary component of plant cell walls?

Cellulose

Name three types of cooling procedures for fruits and vegetables.

Convection (blast cooling), Hydrocooling (ice bath), Low Pressure (evaporative or vacuum cooling)

What is the largest fruit known to grow on trees?

The jackfruit

Which storage disorder causes brown spots in apples due to low oxygen?

Internal browning.

What compound is the biological precursor of ethylene in plants?

Methionine, known as Yang cycle

Name the major group of natural pigment molecules found in animals?

-Myoglobin (water-soluble)

In order to slow the deterioration process of fruits and vegetables in storage, this gas is added to the environment of the storage facility:

Carbon dioxide

Cucumber botanical name?

Cucumis sativus [Cucurbitaceae (Gourd)]

What is the fruit of the plant Ananas comosus?

Pineapple

Name seven examples of tree nuts.

Brazil nuts, cashews, chestnuts, hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios, walnuts

What causes you to tear up when chopping onions?

Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide

Name 8 types of lettuce used commonly in salads.

Romaine, arugula, Batavia (French crisp or summer crisp), endive, butter lettuce, little gem lettuce, Mache (lambs lettuce), mescalin, mizuna, oak leaf lettuce, purslane, iceberg, radicchio, watercress

What is the toxin found in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum)?

Tomatine, Solanine

What are the 4 basic types of peanuts currently used in the food market?

Runner, Virginia, Spanish, and Valencia

What vegetable burns more calories to eat it than the vegetable actually contains?

celery

What two orange varieties is commonly used for eating?

Naval & Valencia

Name the genus and species for cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, savoy, and Chinese kale.

Brassica oleracea, these are all different cultivars of the same organism.

What are the top 2 selling spices in the world?

Black pepper and cinnamon

Sweet Potato botanical name?

Ipomoea batatas [Convolvulaceae (Morning Glory)]

What pigment is responsible for the red color of tomatoes?

Lycopene

Give the name of the inner, spongy layer of citrus rinds.

Albedo

What is the difference between Vietnamese cinnamon and Indonesian cinnamon?

Indonesian cinnamon (Cinnamomum Burmanni) has a more spicy taste, it's cheaper, but with high levels of coumarin. It also comes from younger trees than Vietnamese cinnamon.

Name a cinnamic acid derivative that is widely distributed in plants.

Caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic

What is the complex polymer of aromatic alcohols known as monolignols, comprised of phenylpropanoid units, and associated with the cell walls of plants?

Lignin

What is the genus of jalapeno and other peppers?

capsicum

Carot botanical name?

Daucus carota subsp. sativus

Amaranth botanical name?

Amaranthus (caudatus, cruentus, hypochondriacus) [Amaranthaceae (Amaranth)]

What are the only two perennial vegetables?

Rhubarb and asparagus

What is a plant, bacterial, or fungal cell that had its cell wall completely or partially removed using either mechanical or enzymatic means? What is a bacteria called without a cell wall with its cell membrane is exposed?

Protoplast

Which storage gas inhibits ethylene action in fruits?

1-MCP.

Five other vegetables have the same species name as head cabbage (brassica oleracea). Name two.

Broccoli, Cauliflower, Kale, Kohlrabi, Brussels sprouts, Collards

Native to China, what is wolf berry also known as?

Goji berry

What country recently became the top producer of vanilla in the world?

Indonesia

Breakdown product of Daminozide.

UDMH - unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine

Soybean botanical name?

Glycine max [Fabaceae (Bean/Legume)]

Five fruits/vegetables from the family solanaceae.

Potatoes, tomato, pepper, eggplant, different types of peppers

Name three tangerine cultivars.

Clementine, Dancy, Changsha, Satsuma, Sunburst, Robinson, Ponkan, King Mandarin, Murcott

Orange botanical name?

Citrus × sinensis [Rutaceae (Citrus)]

What is Beet and Chard botanical name?

Beta vulgaris [Amaranthaceae (Amaranth)]

What fruit ripens from the inside out?

Pear

Which legume accounts for one sixth of the world's vegetable oil production?

The peanut.

What common component of oranges is missing in navel oranges?

the seeds

Pistachio botanical name?

Pistacia Vera

Which two states produce almost all of the domestic lemon crop?

California and Arizona

Chocolate botanical name?

Theobroma cacao [Malvaceae (Mallow)]

From what plant is the flavor anise derived?

fennel

What is the common name of the fruit Citrus grande?

Grapefruit

In 2015, Campbell's launched a line of six organic soups. This line now contains nine premium soups. Name five of the nine flavors.

Organic Chicken Noodle, Organic Chicken Tortilla, Organic Creamy Butternut Squash, Organic Lentil, Organic Garden Vegetable With Herbs, Organic Sun-Ripened Tomato Basil Bisque, Organic Mega Noodle Soup, Organic Chicken and Stars, Organic Disney FrozenⓇ Cool Shapes

What are the leading three states in the value production of cucumbers for pickles?

Michigan, Florida, and North Carolina

What is the function of 1-MCP used in post-harvest fruit?

bind the ethylene receptor to block the effect of ethylene so that to delay the ripening and extend shelf life.

Name three carrot cultivars.

Big Top, Bolero, Nantes Half Long, Purple Dragon, Red Core Chantenay, Scarlet Nantes, Touchon, Sweet Treat, Short'n Sweet

What receptor is used by hot peppers and what does it stimulate?

-Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1). Also known as vanilloid receptor 1 or the capsaicin receptor -Causes heat sensation in neurons.

Do vegetables go through a post-harvest climacteric rise in respiration comparable to that in fruits?

No, there is no clear-cut division between maturation and breakdown in vegetables.

What kind of flavor do papaya seeds have?

Spicy and peppery

What is the common name of the fruit known as Actinidia deliciosa?

Kiwi

Which compound contributes to pungency in chili peppers?

Capsaicin.

What is the fruit with highest protein and oil content?

Avocado

Almond botanical name?

Prunus dulcis

What are the female parts of the flower?

Stigma, style, ovary, ovule

Name a chemical that is commonly used to inhibit potato sprouting during storage?

Chlorpropham (CIPC, isopropyl (3-chlorophenyl) Carbamate(commercial name: Bud Nip, Taterpex) Maleic hydrazide

Which pigment in tomatoes is responsible for their red color?

Lycopene

Lutein and lycopene are members of what general class of colored compounds?

Carotenoids

What color is a Granny Smith Apple?

Green

Name a vegetable that is also a pulse.

Peas, beans, and lentils

Eggplant botanical name?

Solanum melongena [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]

What is the difference between protoplasts and spheroplasts?

-Protoplasts have their cell wall entirely removed and are derived from gram positive cells. -Spheroplasts have their cell wall only partially removed and are gram negative.

Name three banana cultivars.

Orinoco, Horse, Dwarf Cavendish, Lady Finger, Apple, Manzana, Cavendish, Ice Cream

Name three Okra cultivars.

Annie Oakley, Blondy, Emerald, Lee, Clemson Spineless

Name and describe the component of pineapple that will make your mouth sore and give you a stomach ache if you eat too much of it.

Bromellin - a proteolytic enzyme

What is the name of the scale that was developed in 1912 to measure the "hotness" of peppers? What is the unit used to measure the hotness in peppers?

Scoville scale

Name a fruit in which fat contributes to most of the calories?

Avocado, olive, and raw coconut meat

Citrus HLB is a bacterial disease. What does it stand for?

Huanglongbing or citrus greening

Pineapple, Homosassa, Parson Brown, Hamlin, Washington Navel, and Valencia are varieties of oranges specifically for the production of what product?

Orange juice

What are some positive effects of precooling of fruit and vegetables?

slow degradation, reduce wilting, slow rotting

Organize the following nuts from highest to lowest protein content: chestnut, hazelnut, peanut, pecan, pistachio, walnut.

Peanut (38 g/cup) Pistachio (25) Hazelnut (20) Walnut (12) Pecan (9) Chestnut (4.5)

The addition of sulfite to an anthocyanin-pigmented fruit will result in the loss of red color. Why?

Sulfite forms an adduct with the anthocyanin at position 2 or 4 forming a stable, but colorless adduct.

What four ingredients are needed to make jelly?

Pectin, water, sugar, acid

What is the structural 5-carbon unit of carotenoids? a) Lutein b) Isoprene c) Xanthane d) Pentane

Isoprene

What's the difference between the intracellular and interstitial spaces?

-Intracellular spaces are within cells. -Interstitial spacers are between cells

Coconut palm botanical name?

Cocos nucifera

What 4 ingredients are needed to make jelly?

Pectin, water, sugar, acid

What is the water activity of dried fruits?

0.6-0.70

What is the oldest known vegetable?

The pea

Name two fruits that are commonly considered to be vegetables.

Tomatoes, cucumbers, avocados, olives, squash, pumpkin

A plant hormone that is sometimes called the "ripening hormone" is ...

Ethylene

Which of the following are not nuts? Cashews, almonds, brazil nuts, peanuts

peanuts (legumes), cashews (drupes)

Which pigment group is responsible for blue and purple colors in berries?

Anthocyanins.

What are the eight vegetables in Campbell’s “V-8” Juice?

tomato, carrot, lettuce, celery, parsley, watercress, spinach, beets (bcclpstw)

West indian, mexican, madagascar are all types of what?

Vanilla

What type of enzymes are commonly added to fruit prior to juice production?

pectic enzymes (specifically polygalacturonase, pectinesterase, and cellulases, and other enzymes)

Where did Meyer lemons originate?

China

What is limonene?

An aroma component or compound. It is a colorless liquid hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic terpene. The common D-isomer possesses a strong smell of oranges.

What is the citrus fruit that used to describe British sailors? What fruit did British sailors got their nickname from?

Lime

Blueberry botanical name?

Vaccinium sg. cyanococcus [Ericaceae (Heather)]

Peanut botanical name?

Arachis hypogaea [Fabaceae (Bean/Legume)]

What are two types of fruit and vegetable peelers?

Caustic or lye; steam; hot water; abrasive

Raspberry botanical name?

Rubus spp.

What are protoplasts?

-Plant cells whose outer wall has been removed exposing the thin cellular cytoplasmic membrane -Protoplast from ancient Greek means "first-formed," initially referred to the first human, or more generally, to the first organized body of a species

What are four parameters that affect the efficiency of a lye peeling operation?

Concentration of lye, time used, temperature of the solution, lye and peel removal systems

Wheat botanical name?

Triticum spp.

When you eat tapioca pudding you are partaking of which one of the world's major crops? a) Wheat b) Rice c) Barley d) Cassava e) Soybeans

Cassava

Raw cassava naturally contains what toxin?

Cyanide

What is the % by weight of water in a watermelon?

92%

What is the purpose of dipping an apple into citric acid?

To prevent browning by chelation of metal ions

Name three pumpkin cultivars.

Connecticut Field, Howden, Jack O' Lantern, Baby Boo, Jack Be Little, Small Sugar, Triple Treat

What vitamin are citrus fruits best known for?

Vitamin C

Where is amygdalin found?

Pits/seeds of apricots, bitter almonds and black cherries

What is the state fruit of Texas?

Texas red grapefruit

Name the enzyme that causes browning of many fruits and vegetables.

polyphenol oxidase

What color is apple flesh in basic and acidic conditions?

-Basic - yellow and brown -Acidic - white and cream

Why are ethylene absorbers used in apple storage?

Ethylene initiates fruit ripening

Rio, Marsh White, and Ruby Red are all varieties of which fruit?

Grapefruit

What three spice flavors are experienced when tasting allspice?

Cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg

Name the predominant organic acids in the following products. Grape Fruit, grapes, oranges, apples, vinegar, tomatoes, spinach, cranberries, blackberries, cherries,

Grapefruit: citric acid, Grape: tartaric acid, Orange: citric acid, Vinegar: acetic acid, Apple: malic acid, tomatoes: citric acid, spinach: oxalic acid, Cranberries: quinic acid, Blackberries: citric/malic acid, Cherries: malic acid

What are the two enzymes in vegetables commonly used to evaluate effectiveness?

Catalase and hydrogen peroxidase

What vitamin is citrus fruit best known for?

Vitamin C

What is the name of the process to normally make ketchup?

Hot break; the fresh tomato is chopped when heated, which creates a more viscous and dense product

When drying/storing sesame seeds what is the maximum percent moisture allowed?

Name three cucumber cultivars.

Saladin, Calypso, Carolina, Burpless, Slice Master, Diva, Suyo, Sweet Slice/Success

Give the scientific name of mango, list five (5) mango cultivars and indicate the country of origin for each.

Magnifera indica Mexico: Haden, Irwin, Kent, Manila, Palmer, Sensation, Tommy Atkins, Van Dyke USA: Keitt, Kent, Tommy Atkins Indonesia: Arumanis, Dodol, Gedong, Golek, Madu, Manalagi, Cengkir, Wangi India: Alphonso, Banganapalli, Bombay, Bombay Green, Chausa, Dashehari, Fazli, Fernandian, Himsagar, Kesar, Kishen Bhog, Langra, Mallika, Mankurad, Mulgoa, Neelum, Pairi, Samar Behisht Chausa, Suvarnarekha, Totapuri, Vanraj, Zardalu, Amrapali, Bangalora, Gulabkhas.

Vanilla botanical name?

Vanilla planifolia

Name three Cauliflower cultivars.

Alverda, Brocoverde, Majestic, Snow Crown, Violet Queen

Is a high post-harvest respiration rate in vegetables an indication of a long storage life or a short storage life?

Short.

Does a cup of spinach have more, the same, or less calcium than a cup of ice cream?

More (spinach = 244 mg; ice cream = 176 mg calcium)

Eureka & Lisbon are most common varieties of _____

Lemon

Place the following in order form least to greatest based on antioxidant capacity per serving. Strawberry, granny smith apple, wild blueberry, Pinto bean, black plum

Black plum, granny smith apple, strawberry, Pinto bean, wild blueberry

Which alkaloid is derived from cinchona bark and has a bitter taste?

Quinine

A Meyer lemon is a cross between what two sister fruits?

Citron and Mandarin Pomelo hybrid

Grape botanical name?

Vitis vinifera

What is another name for a single banana?

Finger

Name three beet cultivars.

Cylindra, Detroit Dark Red, Pacemaker II

Explain enzymatic browning in fruits and two common prevention strategies.

Enzymatic browning is caused by polyphenol oxidase oxidizing phenolics to quinones. Prevention strategies include acidification (lowering pH), blanching, oxygen exclusion, and antioxidant use.

What is the irritating compound found in black pepper?

Piperine

Name three onion cultivars.

Yellow sweet spanish, Red Baron, and White Lisbon

What are pectinases used for in fruit juices?

To break down the pectin for easier juice extraction, higher yield, and de-clouding purposes

What is the botanical name of okra?

Abelmoschus esculentus [Malvaceae (Mallow)]

There are many styles of canned mushrooms, name four of them.

whole, buttons, sliced whole, random sliced whole, stems & pieces, stems & buttons

Quince botanical name?

Cydonia oblonga

In plants, what amino acid is used to synthesize ethylene?

Methionine.

What does the term lyonnaise refer to when used to describe a menu item?

With onions

Name the three major classifications of vegetables.

Root Vegetables: These are the edible roots of plants. Examples include carrots, beets, and radishes. Leafy Greens: These consist of the edible leaves of plants, such as spinach, lettuce, and kale. Fruit Vegetables: These are botanically fruits but are used as vegetables in culinary contexts. Examples are tomatoes, cucumbers, and bell peppers.

What would be a safe processing time for heat processing green beans in a boiling water bath? A. 30 minutes B. 300 minutes C. Depends on the size of the food container D. None of the above

D: None of the above

From what plant were broccoli and cauliflower bred?

Cabbage

Jackfruit botanical name?

Artocarpus heterophyllus [Moraceae (Mulberry)]

What compound is responsible for the pungent aroma of onions and garlic when cut?

Allicin (formed from alliin by alliinase)

What color is the inside of a cranberry?

White

Olive botanical name?

Olea europaea

What are the spices in Chinese five-spice?

Star anise, Chinese cinnamon, Sichuan pepper, Cloves, Fennel seeds

The US Supreme Court unanimously agreed that this item was a vegetable, despite its genus and species.

Tomatoes

What is the principle-flavoring compound in oranges and onions?

Oranges: limonene; onions: propenyl cysteine sulfoxide

What organic acid occurs naturally in cranberries, prunes, cinnamon, and cloves?

Benzoic acid

How many potatoes are grown in Idaho annually?

13.8 billion

This condiment was originally sold as a medicine in the 1830’s.

Ketchup

Name three garlic cultivars.

California Early, Elephant, French Mild Silverskin, Mexican Purple

Which plant hormone is responsible for climacteric fruit ripening?

Ethylene.

What pigment is responsible for the red color in tomatoes?

Lycopene.

Western honey bee botanical name?

Apis mellifera

What is the original name for the kiwi fruit?

Chinese gooseberry

Cherries, pears, and apples belong to what botanical family?

Rose

Rice (Asian) botanical name?

Oryza sativa

what nuts are also called Filberts?

Hazelnuts

Name the orange coloring agent or dye allowed in the production of oranges? What is the food dye allowed to dye the skin of oranges?

Citrus Red 2

Common fig botanical name?

Ficus carica [Moraceae (Mulberry)]

Name three pomelo cultivars.

Chandler, Oro Blanco, Cocktail, Cuban Shaddock, Hirado Buntan, Honey, Jaffa Red, Mato Buntan, Pomelit, Reinking, Siamese, Thong Dee, Valentine, Tahitian

How do the red betalain pigments in beets differ from the red anthocyanin pigments in fruits and berries?

Betalains have two carboxyl groups attached to a ring instead of phenolic groups, ring and side chain contains nitrogen. Anthocyanins are flavylium compounds -- polyphenols with usually two joined aromatic rings linked through a carbon bridge to a third aromatic ring.

Why is stannous chloride added to asparagus canned in glass jar and how much SnCl2 is allowed?

It controls the discoloration (black spots) of the product due to oxidation of the pigment rutin; not more than 15 ppm in glass containers with unlined metal lids and not more than 20 ppm with inert, lined lids

Federal SOIs for jellies, preserves, and jams require: A. not <43% soluble solids in finished product, B.not <45% sugar to 55% fruit in the formula, C.not > 65% soluble solids in the finished product, D. not<45% fruit to 55% sugar in formula

D. not < 45% fruit to 55% sugar in the formula

what variety of grape is the unfermented grape products industry in the US based on?

Concord

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for enzymatic browning in apples?

Polyphenol oxidase.

Clingstone and Freestone are varieties of what type of fruit?

Peaches

what is stem and blackening in raw potatoes caused by?

phenolic compounds

What is the common acid in spinach?

Oxalic acid

What is a pluot, also known as a dinosaur egg?

It a complex cross hybrid of plum and an apricot

What toxic element is present in low levels in apple juice?

Arsenic

Put the following 5 crops in order of least to greatest based on total extractable oil percentage by weight. sesame, sunflower, soybean, copra, rapeseed

Soybean (14) Sunflower (32) Rapeseed (37) Sesame (50) Copra (62)

Ginger root botanical name?

Zingiber officinale [Zingiberaceae (Ginger)]

Apples and milk are approximately 85% of what component?

Water

What is the genus and species of the chocolate tree?

Theobroma cacao

Name three climacteric and non-climacteric fruits.

Climacteric: banana, mango, peaches Non-climacteric: orange, grapefruit, lemon

Which grape variety is used for jam, jelly, and juice?

Vitis Labrusca

What gas is absorbed and what gas is produced during the climacteric rise or ripening of fruit?

Oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is produced.

Papaya botanical name?

Carica papaya

Up to the discovery of the Americas by the Europeans, one genus and species of grape supplied all grape-based products to humans; name it.

Vitus Vinifera

The marionberry is a cross between which two blackberry varieties?

Chehalem and Olallie

What is the stage of fruit ripening associated with increased ethylene production and a rise in cellular respiration?

climacteric

What are the 5 primary anthocyanidins found in Vitis vinifera grapes?

Cyaniding, malvidin, delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin

What is the only edible fruit to have its seeds located on the outside surface?

strawberries

Which U.S. state has the greatest number of farms?

Texas

Which of the following pigments is not an anthocyanin: a) Peonidin b) Betanin c) Malvidin

Betanin

What botanical family does tomato plant belong to?

Nightshade or Solanaceae

Tomato products, particularly cooked and canned tomatoes provide a red pigment called lycopene that acts as:

an antioxidant

What gaseous atmosphere is used to inhibit ethylene production and ripening of fruits?

Nitrogen.

Grapefruit botanical name?

Citrus × paradisi [Rutaceae (Citrus)]

What plant and common ingredient is split into two major types: Allium sativum, or softneck, and Allium ophioscorodon, or hardneck?

Garlic

Name three Leek cultivars.

American Flag, Electra, Titan

What is the process by which plants change light energy into chemical energy?

Photosynthesis

What are the 3 common names for Corylus Avellana?

Hazelnut, cobnut and filbert nut

Name five grapefruit cultivars.

Marsh, Ruby Red, Henderson/Ray, Rio Red, Star Ruby, Pomelo, white, pink, star ruby, sweeties, oro blanco, melogold, lavender

Examples of fruits that will not ripen after they are picked are:

oranges and grapes

The macadamia nut originated from what continent?

Australia

Give three example of a climacteric fruit and a non climacteric fruit.

Climacteric: Fruits that continue to ripen after harvest (e.g., apples, bananas, pears, apricots, peaches, blueberries and plums). Non-climacteric: Fruits that do not ripen significantly after harvest (e.g., citrus fruits like lemons and limes, raspberries, strawberries, grapes, watermelon, and pineapple).

Apple botanical name?

Malus domestica [Rosaceae (Rose)]

Which U.S. state is the leading producer of apples?

Washington

What is the botanical term for certain plants belonging to the mustard family, such as broccoli and cauliflower, so-called because of the cross-like leaf markings?

Cruciferous

Which has the least number of calories: raw potatoes or potatoes boiled in their skin and why?

Raw potatoes. They contain a type of resistant starch (type I - physical inaccessible to enzymes). Once a potato is cooked, the structure changes and it is more easily digestible leading to more calories

Name four enzymes which contribute to the softening of fruits and vegetables during ripening. Describe their action and whether they increase or decrease during ripening.

polygalacturonases -- Hydrolyze pectic materials; increase cellulases -- hydrolyze cellulose; increase β-galactosidase -- hydrolyze galactans and release galactose; increase pectin methyl esterase -- esterify pectin -COOH groups; decrease

Turgor pressure in vegetables is due to what pressure?

Osmotic pressure

What color of light is absorbed for maximum photosynthesis?

Blue

What is another name that a sweet potato is mistaken for?

Yam

Name three lettuce cultivars.

Esmeralda, Bibb, Buttercrunch, Black Seeded Simpson, Green Ice, Red Raisa, Red Sails,

List 6 vegetables that are part of the Brassica plants.

Brassica (and not Brassicaceae), rutabaga, turnip, kohlrabi, cabbage, collard greens, kale, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussel sprouts, cabbage, mustard seed, rapeseed

Name three Kumquat cultivars.

Nagami, Meiwa, Nordmann, Hong Kong, Malayan

What is clarified orange juice referred to as?

Orange serum

Mustard greens botanical name?

Brassica juncea [Brassicaceae (Mustard)]

What is the botanical classification of tomatoes?

Berry.

What are other names for the baobab tree?

Monkey Bread Tree, Tree of Life, Bottle Tree or Upside Down Tree

What is turgor pressure?

Turgor pressure or turgidity is the main pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells and bacteria cells; It is determined by the water content of the vacuole

Which of the following vegetables can tolerate the highest atmospheric CO2 levels during storage? a) Broccoli b) Cauliflower c) Potatoes d) Lettuce

Broccoli

Why shouldn't potatoes be stored at temperatures below 5°C?

Lower temps cause sugar accumulation, leading to browning when fried.

Formation of the characteristic dark green color of chlorophyll requires what chemical structure?

Mg complexed in protoporphyrin IX with a phytol chain.

How much fruit juice is found in a juice cocktail?

10-30%

Name 5 fruits that use a type of bud grafting in their production.

cherry, plum, apricot, peach, apple, pear

What is the genus of Jalapeño and other peppers?

Capsicum.

What is the major structural component of fleshy vegetables?

Pectin

How are square watermelons produced?

by growing a watermelon in a square glass mold.

How is citron different from most other citrus fruit?

It is primarily pith with only a small amount of juice/pulp

Name three papaya cultivars.

Hawaiian Solo, Blue Solo

To slow the deterioration process of fruits what gas is added to the storage environment?

CO2

Which enzyme causes browning in cut apples?

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO)

Which fruit is known in China as Dragon's eye?

Longan

What are the varieties of oranges used for orange juice production?

Pineapple, Homosassa, Parson Grown, Hamlin, Washington Navel, and Valencia.

Kumquat botanical name?

Citrus japonica [Rutaceae (Citrus)]

Which of the following vegetables contain the most kcals per 100g raw serving:A.cabbage, B.Onions, C.Tomatoes, or D.Beets?

C. Tomatoes

What is the fully fermented cabbage called?

Sauerkraut

Give one example of Brassica vegetable.

broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage

Pecan botanical name?

Carya illinoinensis [Juglandaceae (Walnut)]

What are the 2 species of vanilla beans used in the US food industry?

Vanilla planifolia and vanilla tahitensis

What is the protein content of most fruits and vegetables?

Fresh fruit ~1%, Fresh vegetables ~2%, Brassica vegetables 3-5%, and legumes 5%.

As of 2025, what is the state vegetable of Vermont?

Gilfeather turnip

How do you determine whether an orange is ripe?

Color, texture, weight, and aroma. A ripe orange should be a bright, vibrant color, firm but yielding to gentle pressure, heavy for its size, and have a sweet, citrusy aroma

What fungus has a crown, spores, gills, and a stalk?

Mushroom

Anti nutritional factor in rhubarb and spinach that prohibits calcium absorption?

Oxalic acid

Discuss climacteric vs non-climacteric fruits with examples and respiration patterns.

Climacteric fruits show a respiration and ethylene peak during ripening (e.g., banana, apple), while non-climacteric fruits do not (e.g., citrus, grapes).

Name five types of foodstocks found in the cucurbitaceae family?

Squash, pumpkin, cucumbers, gourds, zucchini

What is the main aroma compound found in banana oil?

Isopentyl acetate

Solanine, a naturally occurring toxic compound found in potatoes, increases in concentration faster during what type of storage condition temperature?

Warm storage

Green beans botanical name?

Phaseolus vulgaris

Which physiological disorder in apples is caused by calcium deficiency?

Bitter pit.

What two vegetables are combined in succotash?

Corn and beans

What are the 6 stages of tomato ripening?

green, breakers, turning, pink, light red, red

What is the major color pigment in green leaves?

Chlorophyll

Name three potato cultivars.

Russet Burbank, Yukon Gold, and Red Norland

Jersey king and purple passion are varieties of what?

Asparagus

What is the main class of color compounds found in raspberries?

Anthocyanins

what is the genus and species of the Thompson seedless grape?

Vitus vinifera

Name genus and species of Celery.

Apium graveolens

Name a milk protein that is expressed in plants.

-β-casein -lactoferrin -lysozyme -ɑ-lactalbumin

what is a toxic alkaloid found in the green part of potatoes?

solanine

What is gibberellic acid?

A plant growth regulator (hormone) occurring in the seeds of some plants; aids in seed germination.

Which pigment gives carrots their orange color?

Beta-carotene.

What compound is responsible for banana flavor?

Amyl acetate

How much fruit juice is in a juice blend?

100% fruit juice if it's made of juice concentrate, lower than 100% is also allowed as long as the % is mentioned

What qualifies a fruit to be an heirloom?

Heirloom fruits are open-pollinated varieties passed down through generations, typically grown for at least 50 years and valued for flavor, color, or historical significance.

Why is salt used in sauerkraut production?

To facilitate water removal and to act as a antimicrobial agent

What is an edible wolf peach?

A tomato

Banana (Cavendish) botanical name?

Musa acuminata

Name two fruits that naturally contain cyanide.

Pits of apricots, peaches, and apple seeds

Subpar nutmeg is listed as BWP, what does BWP stand for?

Broken, Wormy, Punky

Name two genera of microorganisms that are important in the process of nitrogen fixation in leguminous plants.

Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium

How much fruit juice is found in fruit punch?

1% fruit juice, can be as low as 0%. If it contains any, it needs to be labeled. Fruit punch is not regulated as a standardized product by the FDA.

What are cytokinins (CK)?

A class of plant growth hormones that promote cell division in plants. They have potential uses in prolonging the freshness of vegetables and cut flowers.

Onion botanical name?

Allium cepa

Name three radish cultivars.

Champion, Cherriette, Cherry Belle, White Icicle

Name the protein-rich paste that is made from the seeds of the Arachis hypogaea.

Peanut Butter

What's the Hungarian word for red peppers?

Paprika

What are the three different types of plant cells?

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma

What fruit naturally contains benzoic acid?

Cranberries

Where in the world does broccoli originate?

Italy (Europe acceptable)

Name the following peppers in order from mild to hot: jalapeno, habanero, serrano, poblano, chipotle

Poblano: 1000-2000 SHU Serrano: 2000-5000 SHU Jalapeno: 3500-8000 SHU Chipotle: 5000-10k SHU Habanero: 10k-350k SHU

Nutmeg is indigenous to which island country?

Indonesia (Banda Islands)

Which enzyme degrades pectin during fruit softening?

Polygalacturonase.

Why are juices deaerated?

to minimize further destruction of Vitamin C and other oxidative change due to oxygen

Dancy, fair, nigerian are types of what?

Tangerines

Which vitamin is most abundant in citrus fruits?

Vitamin C.

What fruit, known as a seeded apple, has the Latin name Punica granatum?

Pomegranate

Which two US states are the leading producers of cranberries, totalling roughly 75% of the US production and making it the top producer of cranberries globally?

Wisconsin and Massachusetts

What is the common name of Hylocereus undatus?

Dragon fruit

Onion is the Latin term for what?

Large pearl

Yam botanical name?

Dioscorea

What fruit has extremely high levels of vitamin A?

Mango

Name three watermelon cultivars.

Big Stripe, Bush Sugar Baby, Crimson Sweet, Jamboree, Mickylee, OrangeGlo, Pinata, Royal Jubilee, Stars and Stripes, Summer Gold, Verona, Gem Dandy, Matrix, Black Diamond

What compound is extracted from artichokes?

Cyanin

Name 3 of the top 5 raspberry producing countries.

Russia, Poland, United States, Serbia, Mexico

Hungarian Wax, Bishop's Crown, Brazilian Starfish, Madame Jeanette, and Guajillo are all examples of what fruit?

Chili Peppers

Cherokee Purple, Brandywine, Ferris Wheel, Lucky Cross and Rosella purple are all types of which fruit or vegetable?

tomatoes (they are all heirloom varieties)

What term is defined as, "those processes that follow physiological maturity and lead to death of tissue"?

Senescence

Loganberry is a cross of which two berries?

The loganberry (Rubus × loganobaccus) is a hybrid of the North American blackberry (Rubus ursinus) and the European raspberry (Rubus idaeus).

On what continent were potatoes first cultivated in ca. 200 AD?

South America

Pomelo botanical name?

Citrus maxima [Rutaceae (Citrus)]

Name the lactic acid bacteria involved in pickle fermentation.

A. Leuconostoc mesenteroides (heterofermentative starter) B. Lactobacillus plantarum (heterofermentative) C. Pediococcus cerevisiae

What is the structural difference between pheophytin a and chlorophyll a?

Pheophytin a is chlorophyll without a Magnesium ion

A dehydrated apple is accidentally left out overnight. Also by mistake a fresh apple slice is left out in the open overnight as well. The next morning you find the fresh apple slice brown and the dehydrated apple still looking like it did the night before. Why didn't the dehydrated apple turn brown?

The water activity was too low for Maillard browning to occur

Name three Zucchini cultivars.

President, Seneca, Gold Rush, Senator, Eight Ball Tigress, Elite

What is the common spice obtained from laurel tree often used to flavor soups, sauces?

Bay leaves

Name the fruit associated with each of the following varieties: Gros Michel, Thompson seedless, Deglet Noor, Winesap, and Bosc

-Gros Michel: banana -Thompson seedless: grape -Deglet Noor: date -Winesap: apple -Bosc: pear

These days you are likely to find some interesting produce at your local market. Which of the following is NOT a fruit or vegetable currently imported into the United States? A.Nilquat B.Burdock C.Ugli fruit D.Cardoon

A. Nilquat is just a nonsense word.

What group of compounds makes carrots bitter?

Terpenoids

Give the plant source for any one of the following enzymes: ficin, papain, and bromelin

Ficin: fig tree sap Papain: papaya Bromelin: pineapple

What fruit gets its name from the way it hangs in bunches like grapes?

Grapefruit

Tabasco, Thai peppers botanical name?

Capsicum frutescens [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]

What is the difference between the hot break and cold break process for tomato processing?

A. Hot Break - the fresh tomato is chopped when heated with an average Bostwick viscosity ranging between 3.5 and 6 centimeters to usually produce ketchup and different sauces with 28-30° Brix (more viscous, dense product) B. Cold Break - the fresh tomato is chopped at lower temperatures, ranging from 65 to 75°C with an average Bostwick viscosity ranging from 9 to 16 centimeters to usually produce triple concentrate paste at 30-38° Brix packaged in 500 or 1000 gram cans for domestic use (less viscous, less dense, enzymes not denatured with heat)

What is the difference between a climacteric fruit and a non-climacteric fruit?

Climacteric fruits continue to ripen after harvest, non-climacteric fruits do not

What is the carcinogen found in mushrooms?

Hydrazine

How are the flavor compounds in caraway and spearmint related structurally?

They are the enantiomers of the same compound, carvone

What is the state vegetable of oklahoma?

Watermelon

Marshmallow botanical name?

Althaea officinalis [Malvaceae (Mallow)]

Scotch bonnet, habanero botanical name?

Capsicum chinense [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]

What nation produces 2/3rds of the world's Vanilla?

Madagascar

The development of red or purple colors during ripening of many fruits and vegetables is due to formation of what pigments?

Anthocyanins.

What is the primary difference between fruit jelly and fruit jam?

Jelly is made using fruit juice, while jam is made using whole fruits that have been smashed or crushed.

Which plant hormone is primarily responsible for climacteric fruit ripening?

Ethylene.

Maize (Corn) botanical name?

Zea mays

Which spice is associated with eugenol, kaempferol, and rhamnetin as sources of flavor and is known to have anti-inflammatory activity? Eugenol is the active pungent component of what spice?

Cloves

Oleuropein causes what fruit to be extremely bitter at harvest?

Olives

Name two popcorn cultivars.

Japanese Hulless, Robust White/Yellow

Which citrus fruit has an edible sweet peel?

Kumquat

What is the difference between ready-to-eat lettuce and fresh lettuce?

Ready-to-eat lettuce was packaged in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)

Name two fruit and two vegetable plants with their coordinating scientific genus and species names.

Apples: Malus domestica Strawberries: Fragaria ananassa Banana: Musa acuminate, balbisiana and paradisiaca for the hybrid Tomatoes: Solanum lycopersicum Pineapple: Ananas comosus Watermelon: Citrullus lanatus Lemon: Citrus limon Orange: Citrus sinensis Pomelo: Citrus grandis Peach: Prunus persica Apricot: Prunus armeniaca Cherry: Prunus avium or Prunus cerasus Lettuce: Lactuca sativa Corn: Zea mays Green beans: Phaseolus vulgaris Peas: Pisum sativum Broccoli/cabbage/cauliflower/brussels sprouts: Brassica oleracea Cucumber: Cucumis sativus Carrot: Daucus carota Onion: Allium cepa Beets: Beta vulgaris Asparagus: Asparagus officinalis

Black eyed peas are not actually peas, but what type of vegetable?

Beans

what color are maraschino cherries after picking?

Whitish-green

What happens to chlorophyll in the presence of lipoxygenase and fatty acid hydroperoxides?

Bleached to yellow or white.

Cabbage, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kai-lan, savoy botanical name?

Brassica oleracea [Brassicaceae (Mustard)]

Anthocyanins and tannins belong to what class of pigments?

Flavonoids

What are the five most prominent chemical elements in living systems?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

What is the other name for yellow dragon disease in fruit?

Citrus greening

What enzyme is responsible for cold-induced sweetening of potatoes?

Phosphorylases (esp. phosphofructokinase)

What enzyme is not inactivated by blanching?

Peroxidases

What compound is the cause of the bitterness in orange juice?

Limonin

Bay laurel botanical name?

Laurus nobilis [Lauraceae (Laurel)]

What was the first fruit eaten on the moon?

Peach

Clementine botanical name?

Citrus reticulata [Rutaceae (Citrus)]

What does the acronym IPM stand for?

Integrated Pest Management

What is the process of conversion of complex starches into simple sugars, with production of ethylene?

Ripening

What fruit was named for Enoch Bartlett?

The Bartlett Pear

Name 5 foods that are actually roots.

Carrots, beets, potatoes, radishes, rutabagues, yams, kolrabi, onions, garlic, celery root, horseradish, daikon, artichoke, ginger, jicama

A chlorophyll molecule reacting with hydrogen exhibits what shade of green?

Olive

Why do you have to blanch fruits and vegetables before canning?

soften texture, remove oxygen, inactivate enzymes, cleans surface (removes dirt and organisms), brightens color, helps reduce loss of vitamins

What is the state mushroom of Oregon?

Pacific Golden Chanterelle

What are the two spices that come from nutmeg plant?

Nutmeg and mace

What is a winter banana?

A variety of apple

Barley botanical name?

Hordeum vulgare

The fruit known as monkey bread comes from which tree?

Baobab

What is a California Long White?

A potato

Two reasons why pectic enzyme preparations from Aspergillus Niger are often used during fruit juice production.

It is to increase yield and increase clarity

What is the function of MSG in food products?

Flavor potentiator or enhancer

Flashcard Info

Fruit and vegetable products