What are 2 species of Vanilla beans used in the US food industry?
Vanilla Planifolia and Vanilla Tahitensis
Name 3 fruits or veggies that contains lycopene.
tomatoes, watermelon, guava, red grapefruit, papaya, red cabbage, mango
What tree do prunes come from?
The plum tree.
Vanilla beans are extracted from which of the following types of trees? A. Orchids B. Palm trees C. Shrub D. Wines
Orchids
Grapes are to raisins as plums are to what?
Prunes
Which gas can be used to ripen many fruits?
ethylene
Which citrus fruit has an edible sweet peel?
Kumquat
Which fruit bearing trees are evergreen?
Citrus (or any one of orange, lemon, grapefruit, lime, etc.)
T/F: Both carrots and potatoes are tubers.
False, carrots are roots.
What is the common name of Hylocereus undatus?
Dragon fruit
What part of the plant is the potato tuber derived?
stem
What compound(s) most aptly describes the aroma of durian fruit?
ethyl-2-methylbutanoate and 1-(ethylsulfanyl)ethane-1-thiol), (ester and volatile thiol is also acceptable)
What are the 3 major physiological stages of fruits and vegetables?
growth, maturation, and senescence
Name the genera of Downy mildew disease and fruits and vegetables.
Sclerospora and Bremia
Citrus HLB is a bacterial disease. What does it stand for?
Huanglongbing or citrus greening
Which two US states are the leading producers of cranberries, totalling roughly 75% of the US production and making it the top producer of cranberries globally?
Wisconsin and Massachusetts
What characteristic of fruit is described by the Brix to acid ratio?
What is the name of the compound responsible for the grapefruit flavor of grapefruit?
1-p-menthene-8-thiol (or thioterpineol)
What type of enzymes are commonly added to fruit prior to juice production?
pectic enzymes (specifically polygalacturonase, pectinesterase, and cellulases, and other enzymes)
What are the 4 basic types of peanuts currently used in the food market?
Runner, Virginia, Spanish, and Valencia
For each fruit provide the season (autumn, winter, spring, and summer) for when they are harvested. Pears, blueberries, dates, oranges, pomegranates, cherries, limes
pear – autumn (late summer is acceptable)
Blueberries – summer (spring is also acceptable)
Dates – Summer
Oranges – winter
Pomegranates – fall and/or winter
Cherries – summer
Limes - summer
What are the leading three states in the value production of cucumbers for pickles?
Michigan, Wisconsin,
South Carolina, and Florida
Enzymatic browning is a chemical process that occurs in fruits and vegetables and is due to what enzyme?
polyphenoloxidase
What is the genus of jalapeno and other peppers?
capsicum
Name a tree fruit that is referred to as a vegetable.
Cucumber, pepper, corn, tomato
What are the 3 major physiological stages of fruits and vegetables?
Growth, maturation, senescence
Why are ethylene absorbers used in apple storage?
Ethylene initiates fruit ripening
Where did the kiwi fruit originate?
China
What two organizations developed the marion blackberry (or marionberry)?
USDA-ARS and Oregon State University
Which fruit is known as the king of fruits?
Mangoes
T/F: Both carrots and potatoes are tubers.
False, carrots are roots.
What vegetable burns more calories to eat it than the vegetable actually contains?
celery
The following are all types of which fruit? Comiuce, Forelle, seckel, Concorde and red Bartlett?
Pears
Flavor impact component of grapefruit.
nootkatone
Which vegetable is known as a ripening anomaly, ripen after it has been picked from the tree?
Avocado
Five fruits/vegetables from the family solanaceae
Potatoes, tomato, pepper, eggplant, different types of peppers
What is the carcinogen found in mushrooms?
Hydrazine
What color of light is absorbed for maximum photosynthesis?
Blue
Anti nutritional factor in rhubarb and spinach that prohibits calcium absorption?
Oxalic acid
Name one edible fruit-bearing tree that is an evergreen.
Citrus (lemon, orange, grapefruit, lime, tangerines, clementines, and more), olive, avocado, lychee, and mango trees
Name 3 of the top 5 raspberry producing countries.
Russia, Poland, United States, Serbia, Mexico
S – (1- propenyl) – L – cysteine sulfoxide and thiopropanol – S oxide – are associated with the flavor of
Onions
What pigment imparts green color to lettuce and peas?
Chlorophyll
In 2008, what state ranked first in value of production of sweet corn, fresh market snap beans, fresh market tomatoes, and fresh market cucumbers?
Florida
Name the 2 major producers of orange juice concentrate.
florida and brazil
Five other vegetables have the same species name as head cabbage (brassica oleracea). Name two.
Linamarin is found in lima beans. When exposed to gastric hydrochloric acid what compound is produced?
hydrogen cyanide
What common component of oranges is missing in navel oranges?
the seeds
What is the purpose of an energy crop?
low-cost, low-maintenance crop used/processed/combusted for its energy content to generate electricity or heat, etc.
What toxin is found in potatoes?
Solanin
Compound associated with green color in pistachios.
Chlorophyll
Name 5 fruits that use a type of bud grafting in their production.
cherry, plum, apricot, peach, apple, pear
What is the botanical term for certain plants belonging to the mustard family, such as broccoli and cauliflower, so-called because of the cross-like leaf markings?
Cruciferous
What type of flowers produce vanilla pods?
Orchids
What is the primary difference between fruit jelly and fruit jam?
Jelly is made using fruit juice, while jam is made using whole fruits that have been smashed or crushed.
Name an enzyme involved in fruit softening.
pectin esterase, polygalacturonase, pectin lyase
How is orange juice defined by the US code of federal regulations?
unfermented juice obtained from mature oranges of the species Citrus sinensis or of the citrus hybrid commonly called Ambersweet
Put the following 5 crops in order of least to greatest based on total extractable oil percentage by weight. sesame, sunflower, soybean, copra, rapeseed
What 2 chemicals are generally used to prevent browning in fruit?
sulfur dioxide and ascorbic acid
What are the 3 common names for Corylus Avellana?
hazelnut, cobnut and filbert nut
How are square watermelons produced?
by growing a watermelon in a square glass mold.
What is the stage of fruit ripening associated with increased ethylene production and a rise in cellular respiration?
climacteric
What is the only fruit or vegetable that is never sold processed, only fresh?
Lettuce
Green Vegetables turn dull "olive green" or brown in thermal processing due to what chemical reaction?
conversion of chlorophyll to the pheophytin due to loss of the magnesium in the structure. (Heat causes a magnesium atom at the center of each chlorophyll molecule to detach and be replaced by hydrogen atoms. This chemical change in chlorophyll molecules changes their bright green color to a dull gray-green.)
What is the only essential vitamin not found in the white potato?
Vitamin E
What 2 chemicals are generally used to prevent browning in fruit?
sulfur dioxide and ascorbic acid
Name 8 types of lettuce used commonly in salads.
Romaine, arugula, Batavia (French crisp or summer crisp), endive, butter lettuce, little gem lettuce, Mache (lambs lettuce), mescalin, mizuna, oak leaf lettuce, purslane, iceberg, radicchio, watercress
Dancy, fair, nigerian are types of what?
Tangerines
Why do apples float when immersed in water?
they are 25% air.
What is the fruit with highest protein and oil content?
Avocado
What is the name of the plant that capers come from?
Caper plants (Capparis spinosa)
The marionberry is a cross between which two blackberry varieties?
Chehalem and Olallie
What are the 5 primary anthocyanidins found in Vitis vinifera grapes?
Which two US states are the leading producers of cranberries, totalling roughly 75% of the US production and making it the top producer of cranberries globally?
Wisconsin and Massachusetts
Which legume accounts for one sixth of the world's vegetable oil production?
The peanut.
Why do you have to blanch fruits and vegetables before canning?
soften texture, remove oxygen, inactivate enzymes, cleans surface (removes dirt and organisms), brightens color, helps reduce loss of vitamins
Place the following in order form least to greatest based on antioxidant capacity per serving. Strawberry, granny smith apple, wild blueberry, Pinto bean, black plum
Black plum, granny smith apple, strawberry, Pinto bean, wild blueberry
What percentage of apples is air?
0.25
Which nut is the main ingredient in Nutella?
Hazelnut
What fruit is a berry that ranges in size between a lemon and grapefruit whose Latin name Punica Maranta, roughly translates to apple with many seeds?
Pomegranate
List 6 vegetables that are part of the Brassica plants.
What country recently became the top producer of vanilla in the world?
Indonesia
What fruit ripens from the inside out?
Pear
What are some positive effects of precooling of fruit and vegetables?
slow degradation, reduce wilting, slow rotting
Recommended storage temperature for potatoes is more than 25 degrees C, why?
lower temperatures result in more reducing sugar formation creating the potential for browning when fried, also if stored at a temperature too hot they can form spores
What is the major alkaloid saponin in the Irish potato?
Solanine
West indian, mexican, madagascar are all types of what?
Vanilla
How is citron different from most other citrus fruit?
It is primarily pith with only a small amount of juice/pulp
Vanilla beans are extracted from which of the following types of trees? A. Orchids B. Palm trees C. Shrub D. Wines
Orchids
What is the citrus fruit "Pomme" also known as?
Grapefruit
Oleuropein causes what fruit to be extremely bitter at harvest?
Olives
Choke berries are high in polyphenols, procyanidins, anthocyanins, and other antioxidants. What are choke berries also known as?
Aronia berries
What is the processing difference between fresh pack and salt stock (genuine) pickles?
Fresh pack pickles are only marinated (with vinegar and salt and sometimes sugar) , whereas salt stock pickles are fermented.
Why is 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, also called ethephon, sprayed on tomato fields?
it forms ethylene which causes uniform ripening prior to harvest
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