What are the 3 major physiological stages of fruits and vegetables?
Growth, maturation, senescence
What is the stage of fruit ripening associated with increased ethylene production and a rise in cellular respiration?
climacteric
What part of the plant is the potato tuber derived?
stem
Which fruit has its seeds on the outside?
The strawberry
What compound(s) most aptly describes the aroma of durian fruit?
ethyl-2-methylbutanoate and 1-(ethylsulfanyl)ethane-1-thiol), (ester and volatile thiol is also acceptable)
Place the following in order form least to greatest based on antioxidant capacity per serving. Strawberry, granny smith apple, wild blueberry, Pinto bean, black plum
Black plum, granny smith apple, strawberry, Pinto bean, wild blueberry
What characteristic of fruit is described by the Brix to acid ratio?
Tartness or sweetness
Name one edible fruit-bearing tree that is an evergreen.
Citrus (lemon, orange, grapefruit, lime, tangerines, clementines, and more), olive, avocado, lychee, and mango trees
Name the three major classifications of vegetables.
1. Seeds and pods, 2. Bulbs, roots and tubers, 3. Flowers, buds, stems and leaves
The US Supreme Court unanimously agreed that this item was a vegetable, despite its genus and species.
Tomatoes
In 2008, what state ranked first in value of production of sweet corn, fresh market snap beans, fresh market tomatoes, and fresh market cucumbers?
Florida
What color of light is absorbed for maximum photosynthesis?
Blue
What is another name for Carambola?
Starfruit
What metal can cause an abnormal green color in vegetables?
Copper
What is the main aroma compound found in banana oil?
Isopentyl acetate
What is the name of the fruit that is described as a seeded apple?
pomegranate
What pigment imparts green color to lettuce and peas?
Chlorophyll
Name three tropical fruits grown commercially in the continental US.
What is the name of the plant that capers come from?
Caper plants (Capparis spinosa)
Recommended storage temperature for potatoes is more than 25 degrees C, why?
lower temperatures result in more reducing sugar formation creating the potential for browning when fried, also if stored at a temperature too hot they can form spores
Name five varieties of grapefruits.
Ruby Red, Pomelo, white, pink, star ruby, sweeties, oro blanco, melogold, lavender
What is the only essential vitamin not found in the white potato?
Vitamin E
Name 4 fruits that are members of the rose family.
pears, apples, cherries, and strawberries
What are 2 species of Vanilla beans used in the US food industry?
Vanilla Planifolia and Vanilla Tahitensis
When drying/storing sesame seeds what is the maximum percent moisture allowed?
What compound initiates the ripening process for fruits and vegetables?
Ethylene
List 4 varieties of sour cherries.
Montmorercy, Morello, amarelle, early Richmond, meteor, north star
Name genus and species of most common mango fruit.
Mangifera indica
What is the botanical term for certain plants belonging to the mustard family, such as broccoli and cauliflower, so-called because of the cross-like leaf markings?
Cruciferous
Which are the 'three sister plants' of Indigenous American agriculture?
Corn, bean, squash
What is the genus of jalapeno and other peppers?
capsicum
Durio zibethinus is a distinct smelling tree fruit that is native to South Asia. What is the common name for this fruit?
Durian
What fruit is a berry that ranges in size between a lemon and grapefruit whose Latin name Punica Maranta, roughly translates to apple with many seeds?
Pomegranate
What 2 chemicals are generally used to prevent browning in fruit?
sulfur dioxide and ascorbic acid
What tree do prunes come from?
The plum tree.
Which fruits and veggies contain lycopene?
Watermelon, tomatoes, mangoes, red cabbage, pink grapefruit, Papaya, Guava
Name the musical fruit.
beans
Which fruit bearing trees are evergreen?
Citrus (or any one of orange, lemon, grapefruit, lime, etc.)
What is the other name for yellow dragon disease in fruit?
Citrus greening
Why are ethylene absorbers used in apple storage?
Ethylene initiates fruit ripening
What is the major alkaloid saponin in the Irish potato?
Solanine
The following are all types of which fruit? Comiuce, Forelle, seckel, Concorde and red Bartlett?
Pears
Which legume accounts for one sixth of the world's vegetable oil production?
The peanut.
What are the 4 basic types of peanuts currently used in the food market?
Runner, Virginia, Spanish, and Valencia
What is the original name for the kiwi fruit?
Chinese gooseberry
What fruit ripens from the inside out?
Pear
What compounds found in many brassicas can be both cancer-protective and goitrogenic?
glucosinolates
Name the 2 major producers of orange juice concentrate.
florida and brazil
Name 3 of the top 5 raspberry producing countries.
Russia, Poland, United States, Serbia, Mexico
Name three climacteric and non climacteric fruits.
Name a tree fruit that is referred to as a vegetable.
Cucumber, pepper, corn, tomato
Flavor impact component of grapefruit.
nootkatone
What are two types of fruit and vegetable peelers?
caustic or lye; steam; hot water; abrasive
Linamarin is found in lima beans. When exposed to gastric hydrochloric acid what compound is produced?
hydrogen cyanide
Citrus HLB is a bacterial disease. What does it stand for?
Huanglongbing or citrus greening
In plants, what amino acid is used to synthesize ethylene?
methionine
Name 8 types of lettuce used commonly in salads.
Romaine, arugula, Batavia (French crisp or summer crisp), endive, butter lettuce, little gem lettuce, Mache (lambs lettuce), mescalin, mizuna, oak leaf lettuce, purslane, iceberg, radicchio, watercress
Which gas can be used to ripen many fruits?
ethylene
Dancy, fair, nigerian are types of what?
Tangerines
Choke berries are high in polyphenols, procyanidins, anthocyanins, and other antioxidants. What are choke berries also known as?
Aronia berries
Cherokee Purple, Brandywine, Ferris Wheel, Lucky Cross and Rosella purple are all types of which fruit or vegetable?
tomatoes (they are all heirloom varieties)
Five fruits/vegetables from the family solanaceae
Potatoes, tomato, pepper, eggplant, different types of peppers
What type of flowers produce vanilla pods?
Orchids
Why do you have to blanch fruits and vegetables before canning?
soften texture, remove oxygen, inactivate enzymes, cleans surface (removes dirt and organisms), brightens color, helps reduce loss of vitamins
For each fruit provide the season (autumn, winter, spring, and summer) for when they are harvested. Pears, blueberries, dates, oranges, pomegranates, cherries, limes
pear – autumn (late summer is acceptable)
Blueberries – summer (spring is also acceptable)
Dates – Summer
Oranges – winter
Pomegranates – fall and/or winter
Cherries – summer
Limes - summer
What type of enzymes are commonly added to fruit prior to juice production?
pectic enzymes (specifically polygalacturonase, pectinesterase, and cellulases, and other enzymes)
Two reasons why pectic enzyme preparations from Aspergillus Niger are often used during fruit juice production.
Answer: it is to increase yield and increase clarity
Onion is the Latin term for what?
Large pearl
What fruit has a fat content of 20% which is about 20 x the average of other fruits?
avocado
Prior to dehydration, many fruits are exposed to sulfur gas in order to prevent microbial growth and browning.
True
Put the following 5 crops in order of least to greatest based on total extractable oil percentage by weight. sesame, sunflower, soybean, copra, rapeseed
On what continent were potatoes first cultivated in ca. 200 AD?
South America
How is citron different from most other citrus fruit?
It is primarily pith with only a small amount of juice/pulp
Green Vegetables turn dull "olive green" or brown in thermal processing due to what chemical reaction?
conversion of chlorophyll to the pheophytin due to loss of the magnesium in the structure. (Heat causes a magnesium atom at the center of each chlorophyll molecule to detach and be replaced by hydrogen atoms. This chemical change in chlorophyll molecules changes their bright green color to a dull gray-green.)
Name an enzyme involved in fruit softening.
pectin esterase, polygalacturonase, pectin lyase
What are some positive effects of precooling of fruit and vegetables?
slow degradation, reduce wilting, slow rotting
Black-eyed peas and not peas. What are they?
Beans
A chlorophyll molecule reacting with hydrogen exhibits what shade of green?
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