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What main agency is charged with enforcing standards that limit exposure to ionizing radiation?
US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
What color of ink is used to apply the red meat carcass inspection stamp?
Purple
What action did the FDA take regarding raw milk's interstate shipment?
They banned interstate shipment of final package form for human consumption.
What is the standard temperature and pressure (STP)?
0 degrees C at 1 atmosphere of pressure
What cut of beef comes from the rear leg of the cow?
Round
what pigments cause yellow, red, and green colors in plants and vegetables?
yellow is due to carotene, green is from chlorophyll, and red is due to lycopene
What is the name of the pasta that translates to "pens" or "feathers"?
Penne
What is the correct placement of the main or timing pump for the pasteurization of milk with respect to the regeneration and heating sections?
The main pump must be placed after the generation section, but before the heating section
What are the major pigments in yellow peppers?
Carotenoids
What does LCL stand for wrt statistical analysis?
Lower Control Limit
What term refers to water-insoluble pigments that color by dispersion throughout a food material?
FD&C lakes
Shear forces in solids are analogous to what forces in liquids?
Viscous forces
there are an increasing number of people who believe that it is more beneficial and nutritious to feast on insects; what are these people called?
entomophagists
What is the Codex Alimentarious Commission?
a group of 144 countries that develop standards for food commodities internationally
What is the FSPCA and what do they do?
FSPCA-food safety preventive controls alliance; responsible for certifying all fsma training
What year was folic acid added to the standard of identity for fortified wheat flour?
1996
Which food preservation process uses low level of radiation to kill pathogens in food products?
Irradiation
Over time, how does the pH inside of an egg change?
Increases
What two metal wires compose a T-type thermocouple?
copper and constantan
What plant is actually the world’s largest herb?
the banana plant (it doesn’t actually have boughs or a woody trunk!)
You wanted Penicillium camemberti to grow on the surface of your Brie cheese, but Penicillium nalgiovense grew instead. What color is the surface of your cheese?
A. Pinkish-white
what is the purpose of using a rotary retort for canned soup?
the rotation causes currents in the liquid, which causes more efficient heating during retort.
Describe a UHT/HTST process
High temperatures, short process times, aseptic packaging
What is a set of directions that should (must) be followed to ensure food safety when completing certain tasks such as cooking chicken, cooling a food, or sanitizing a work surface?
Standard operating procedures
Name one bacterium that is in the nodules of roots of leguminous plants.
rhizobium
What is poising capacity?
apparent resistance to change in redox potential
In what year was there a patent registered for use of a commercial refrigeration process for fish?
1842
Soy protein isolates have at least what percent protein?
90
The grape contains what percentage of sugar made up of which two sugars?
15-25% sugar, composed of glucose and fructose.
What is the major ingredient in your dog/ cat's food? a. Grains b. Meat. C. Starch (potato) d. Corn.
Meat (because they are naturally meat eaters)
True/False: a low range or small standard deviation indicates a greater uniformity or less variability in the process.
True
What is the average composition of unprocessed milk? Within 0.2%, give the average composition of the major of fat, ash, and carbohydrate of mixed herd milk
4.8-5.0% lactose 3.5-3.7% fat 3.3% protein 0.7% minerals or 0.6% ash 87.5% water
Name four statistical tools often used for solving food quality problems.
Control charts; Scatter diagrams; Stem-and-leaf plots; Cause-and-effect (fishbone) diagrams; Histograms; Flow Charts; Pareto diagrams; Brainstorming; Check Sheets; Stratification
What gives skim milk a slight bluish tint?
Riboflavin
Name the three main components of cereal grains.
endosperm, germ, bran
The seeds of the Arachis hypogea, a legume, are roasted and ground into a protein-rich, viscous, spreadable paste; what is this paste commonly called?
Peanut Butter
Give the names of the 5 non-nutritive sweeteners the FDA has designated as GRAS.
Aspartame (NutraSweet® and Equal®) Acesulfame-K (Sweet One®) Neotame Saccharin (Sweet’N Low®) Sucralose (Splenda®)
Name the first genetically modified produce allowed by the FDA to hit the market?
Flavr-Savr tomatoes
What sterol synthesized by plant upon exposure to UV convert to Vit D
Ergosterol
To calculate the lethal effect of a thermal process, two items of information are needed. Name the two items.
1) Thermal resistance characteristics of the microorganisms (reaction rate constants, Z and F values) 2) Dependence of the rate constants on temperature (temperature history)
What icing is traditionally made from the whipping of egg whites?
Meringue
Name three papaya cultivars.
Hawaiian Solo, Blue Solo
What is the 12D process?
the time/temperature process that will reduce the microbe spore population (typically C. bot) by 12 log cycles
What pastry type comes from the greek word phyllo, or "leaf"?
Filo
What types of containers are used in retorts?
metal cans, glass jars or bottles, flexible pouches, ridged trays
In food safety, which temperature range is known as the "danger zone"?
40-140F
Five different modes of chromatography.
Adsorption; partition; size exclusion/gel permeation/gel filtration; ion exchange; affinity. PAISA.
Which term refers to the practice of raising and taking care of animals? A. Animal husbandry B. Animal Welfare C. Animal Family D. Animal Upbringing
Animal Husbandry
Which microorganisms produce endospores?
Bacillus and Salmonella.
In relaxed muscle, what form is ATP in?
ATP/mg complex, indicating it is bound to magnesium ions in the muscle.
Give the 7 steps of HACCP
1. perform hazard analysis, 2. decide on the critical control points, 3. set critical limits, 4. establish monitoring procedures, 5. establish corrective actions, 6. establish verification procedures, 7. establish a record keeping system
What is the purpose of adding alkaline phosphates in processed meat products?
Increase water binding and act as antioxidants
What is a bacteriophage composed of?
A nucleic acid molecule surrounded by a protein structure.
What are the three ingredients mainly found in mirepoix?
Onions, carrots, and celery
What is thermal vapor recompression?
As a way to reduce energy consumption a thermocompressor which uses high pressure steam as a motive fluid is added to a typical steam heated evaporator. The motive steam at approximately 150 psig enters the thermocompressor and expands as it passes through a diffuser=
In the UV determination of protein concentration, what wavelength of light is used?
280 nm, primarily absorbed by tyrosine and tryptophan (and also phenylalanine).
What sugar is not detected using Nelson’s reagent assay?
Sucrose
Recommended RDA for iron for a woman age 19-50?
18 mg
What is the trisaccharide found in beets?
raffinose
What is the most common psychrotropic bacteria?
Pseudomonas
What variety of grape is used for fume blanc wine?
Sauvignon Blanc
Which countries are the leading producers and exporters of tea?
India, China
What vitamin can be synthesized from tryptophan, and what disease does its deficiency cause?
niacin, pellagra
What is flavor scalping?
The flavor compounds migrate into packages.
The original gummi bear was created in which country in 1922?
Germany
What changes occur in quality during food processing?
Degradation of pigments Loss of vitamins Enzyme activity Oxidation of lipids.
What are the three important reasons for curing?
1) Color 2) Antibacterial 3) Water holding
What are some factors that may affect aseptic processing?
if the product has particulates, size of particles, viscosity, product thermal sensitivity
Which company makes Twinkies?
J. M. Smucker company (owned by Hostess Brands, also acceptable)
What is the most commonly used chemical for bleaching flour?
Benzyl peroxide
What are lactic acid bacteria?
A group of Gram+, non-spore forming, catalase negative, aerotolerant anaerobes, which carry out the fermentation of sugars
What is heating containers by flame used for?
mainly for small cans, rapid heat transfer - short processing time, increased internal pressure, used mainly for mushrooms, sweet corn, green beans, pears and beef cubes
What are BCUs?
Baking Contrast Units
in relation to colloid theory, give the full form of the acronym DVLO.
Derjaguin, Verway, Landau, and Overbeek
upon the metabolic breakdown of aspartame, what are the 3 main products?
phenylalanine, aspartic acid, and methanol
What is the PER value for milk casein?
2.5
What toxin is related to " Turkey X Disease " ?
Aflatoxin
What is supercooling?
The difference in temperature between the melting point and the temperature below the melting point in which the material remains liquid.
Where does isoamylase attack on amylopectin?
breaks the alpha 1, 6 bond between two glucose molecules
The first rDNA food additive sold in the USA was?
recombinant chymosin
In the US the legal processing for low-acid foods requires what?
exposure to temps for a period equal to 12 D values fo C. botulism
What is a technique used to inject pickle simultaneously and automatically through a series of hollow needles, the shafts of which have numerous, evenly spaced holes along their lengths?
multiple injection pumping (stitch)
What is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi and can cause unnatural or "deleterious biological changes in plants, animals, humans, or microorganisms?
mycotoxin
Ketosis, the buildup of ketones in the blood, can be caused by dietary insufficiency of _________________.
carbohydrates
According to the 21 CFR, what is the maximum amount of fat allowed in pork sausage?
50%
What chemical is used in conjunction with the heat treatment of flexible packages during aseptic packaging of foods?
H2O2
To which of the following four basic tastes are humans most sensitive? A) Bitter B) Sweet C) Sour D) Salty
A) Bitter
What is the color of deoxymyoglobin?
Purple
27. The softening of fruits during ripening is most often attributed to changes in what group of compounds?
pectins or pectic substances (decrease insoluble pectins and increase soluble pectic substances)
What % fat in bovine milk exists as TAGs? a. 83% b. 88% c. 93% d. 98%
d. 98%
Name three metabolic products of heterofermentative microorganisms.
acetic acid, ethanol, formic acid, and CO2
US department of commerce
Regulate seafood
Define an "emerging pathogen".
Just recently recognized as a human pathogen
What is Ohm's Law?
V=IR
what 5 statements regarding sodium content in a food are allowed by the FDA on a food label?
Sodium Free, very low sodium, low sodium, reduced sodium, and unsalted
With respect to glass bottles, what is a 'spike'?
Spikes are glass projections inside the bottles
What does BOD stand for regarding water quality?
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
What are the different types of equipment used for retorting?
Batch type (horizontal or vertical) continuous retort (hydrostatic coolers, cooker-coolers, rotary sterilizers
In what movie is the White Russian the cocktail of choice for the main character, the Dude?
The Big Lebowski
What are emulsifiers?
Polar chemicals that help bind two unmixable liquids together.
37. What gas mixtures are typically used in controlled atmosphere storage of fruits and vegetables?
Low oxygen and high carbon dioxide or nitrogen
Describe error of habituation.
Tendency to continue to give the same response when a series of slowly increasing or decreasing stimuli are presented
Improvement in baking quality occurs during storage of flour. What is this called?
Maturation or aging
True/False: riboflavin functions in the oxidative processes of living cells and is essential for cellular growth and tissue maintenance.
True
What type of whey is produced during the manufacture of Swiss cheese?
Swiss= sweet whey
What portuguese sweetbread is prepared using potato flour?
Pao Douce
What was the first food eaten on the moon by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin Jr?
Bacon
Name the enzyme used to remove O2 from the headspace of canned products.
Glucose oxidase.
In anaerobic metabolism, pyruvate can be converted into what two intermediates?
Acetyl-coA and lactate (lactic acid in muscle)
What is the process of placing meat products into casings?
Stuffing
What is the function of Lohmann reaction which uses ATP creatine phosphotransferase?
To replenish ATP
Who developed the first standardized test for quantifying milkfat?
Stephen M. Babcock at the University of Wisconsin
Give two ways starch is modified for use in foods.
Cross linking, derivatives e.g. phosphate esters, acid/enzyme thinning, precooking
In 1991, who succeeded Frank Young as the Commissioner of Food and Drugs in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services?
(David A.) Kessler
Eversweet was developed by which company?
Cargill
Why are juices deaerated?
to minimize further destruction of Vitamin C and other oxidative change due to oxygen
what uniform multi-state mandate requires the testing of milk for the presence of antibiotics?
Pasteurized Milk Ordinance
What does a BCU of 0.00 indicate?
The BCU (baking contrast units) range from 0.00 (darkest) – 5.25 (lightest) BCU.
Retrogradation of pudding is caused by:
change of amylose order during storage
What is the most important characteristic used to determine the maturity of a veal carcass?
lean color
What name is given to the small circular DNA molecules that carry genetic information independently of the main bacterial chromosome?
Plasmids
What is Carboxy-methyl cellulose often used for?
Thickener in foods
What is the strongest biochemical bond?
Covalent
What is raffinose?
Raffinose is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose
Why is beer frequently used for deep fried foods?
the protein in beer helps with browning
What was the first genetically modified animal approved for human consumption, and in what year did the FDA approve it?
Salmon (AquAdvantage), 2015
Describe the process of forming an hermetic seal.
the can end and body are interlocked during two rolling actions, first action curls the edge of the can end up and under the flange of the can body, and the second action roll flattens and tightens the seam
If an enzyme reaction attains maximum velocity at a substrate concentration of 10 mM, what is the value of the Michaelis-Menten constant?
5 mM
Dark cutting beef is characterized by dark color, firm and dry texture. This problem is associated with meat having: A) low ultimate pH B) high ultimate pH C) rapid pH decline
B) high ultimate pH
Which vitamins can also be used as antioxidants?
vitamins C and E
Of the four options, which would be the most versatile piece of equipment which can be used for both dry and moist heat cooking in foodservice operation? a) convection steamer (pressureless steamer); b) tilting skillet (tilting brazier); c) Steam Jacketed Kettle; d) Conveyor oven with infra-red impingers
b) tilting skillet (tilting brazier)
What is wet bulb temperature?
temperature of air measured by a thermometer whose bulb is covered by a wet cloth
What are the different categories of food processing technologies?
Food preservation, separation, congregation
What is "double acting" baking powder?
The first acid reacts by creating gases when mixed with the liquid in the recipe. The second type reacts by creating gases when the batter is exposed to oven heat.
What type of gene identifies which cells have been transformed in gene transfer work?
Reporter gene
What is the name of a single slice of bacon in the UK?
Rasher
Name 3 way to analyze secondary lipid oxidation compounds.
TBARS, VOC, HPLC, gas chromatography, sensory panel
Name three methods of microencapsulation technology.
Spray drying, spray cooling, emulsification, extrusion, simple coacervation, complex coacervation, internal/ external gelation, fluidized bed coating, etc.
Edible sausage casings used for many sausages are made from which layer of the beef hide?
corium
why would a manufacturer add egg white or glycerol monostearate to a pasta formulation?
increases firmness, decreases loss during cooking, reduces stickiness
The temperature at which water condenses is called what?
Dew point
Which part of the seed of a grain contains oil?
Germ
State the full name that corresponds w/the recycling #5 for recyclable polymers.
PP=polypropylene
What is the name of the spice mix used in Ethiopian and interesting culture that contains ingredients like chili peppers, garlic, ginger, and fennel?
Berbere Seasoning
What is zoonosis?
transmittance of disease from vertebrates to humans
What color of grapes are dark and golden raisins made from, and how do the processes differ?
Both are from green grapes: Dark raisins are sun-dried and golden raisins are hot-air dried
List 5 of the original ingredients found in Pepsi.
Lemon oil, kola nuts, sugar, water, caramel, nutmeg
How long is the average lactation cycle of a cow?
The cycle is split into four phases, the early, mid and late lactation (each of about 120 days, or d) and the dry period (which should last as long as 65 d). In an ideal world, cows calve every 12 months
In genetic engineering, what is the name of the cell that receives the DNA?
Recipient cell
What are springers, flippers, and hard swells?
Categories of swollen cans
What kitchen appliance inspired Nike's first shoe?
Waffle iron
Eureka & Lisbon are most common varieties of _____
Lemon
What was the flavor of the 1st Betty Crocker cake mix: A.chocolate, B.vanilla, C.butter, or D.ginger?
D. Ginger
What is the temperature danger zone of food?
40-140 degrees F
in a recent outbreak of foodborne illness in RTE meats by Bil Mar Foods resulted in a recall of 76 million pounds of product. Name the causitive agent and rare strain that was found in these products.
Listeria monocytogenes type E
What was the first year for IFTSA?
1982
What bacon refers to the cured and smoked cheeks of pork?
Jowl
What color are anthocyanins at acidic pH?
Acidic = red
What does the acronym IFIS stand for?
International food information service
From a chemical reaction standpoint why are eggs used to glaze cakes?
They provide the protein needed for Maillard reactions.
The four major minerals present in the body are_.
Calcium, phosphorous, potassium, and magnesium
On January 24, 1996, the FDA approved the use of Olestra in place of fats and oils in prepackaged ready-to-eat savory snacks. Foods containing Olestra must bear a warning statement. Name the two key points that must be in the warning statement.
1. Olestra may cause abdominal cramping and loose stools; 2. Olestra inhibits the adsorption of some vitamins and other nutrients.
Give the genus/species of the organism used in processing Brie and Camambert cheeses what forms a white crust.
Penecillium Camambertii
What is the brand of seasonings/spices most often used in the US?
McCormick
Stuffing frankfurters too tightly could cause what defect?
ruptured casings
What yeast is used in soy sauce production?
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and/or Torulopsis spp.
What is the function of erythromycin?
Antibiotic
What is the minimum fat percent in ice cream?
A. 10%
what do Z-values represent for a microbial population?
The temp required to change a D-value by one log (D is a decimal reduction time at a specific temperature)
What is the full form of NSF?
National Sanitation Foundation
What are some of the ways parameters can be changed to alter the drying?
If the air temp is increased you increate the Rc (constant rate). Increase the air relative humidity, increase density of moist air and decrease change in temp and decrease Rc. Increase the air velocity the increase heat transfer coefficient and increase Rc. If increase thickness, decrease constant rate.
Another name for thermal death time is
F value or sterilization value
Which is the Sweetner developed by Cargill?
Eversweet
Function of benzoate.
Benzoate acts as a preservative by inhibiting the growth of mold, yeast, and some bacteria.
Why is fish meat softer than other meats?
Fish meat contain less connective tissue and the connective tissue melts easily
What are the components of a super critical fluid extraction system?
Solvent compressor or pump, an extractor, temp/pressure control system, a separator/absorber
Caramel coloring is mostly used in what food?
Beer
What is an edible wolf peach?
A tomato
The FDA has approved 36 food dyes, of which nine are artificial color additives used in foods and beverages, including
Blue No. 1, Blue No.2, Green No. 3, Orange B, Red No. 2, Red No. 3, Red No. 40, Yellow No. 5, and Yellow No. 6 (1,2). While the FDA has approved nine artificial food dyes for use, three food dyes are most commonly used, Red No. 40, Yellow No. 5, and Yellow No. 6
When is the chalazea of an egg thick and dominant?
When it is fresh.
what is the wavelength range of UV-Vis spectroscopy?
200-700nm (UV=200-350nm, Vis=350-700)
Name the six general categories of fruits. (If want to make more difficult, ask examples.)
Berries: Blueberries, Grapes, Strawberries Citrus: Oranges, Lemons, Limes Tropical fruits: Mangoes, Pineapples, Bananas Melons: Watermelon, Cantaloupe, Honeydew Drupes/stone fruits: Peaches, Cherries, Plums Pomes/cores: Apples, Pears
John Kendrew deduced the complete arrangement of what protein's 2600 atoms, which was the 1st protein to be identified in this manner?
myoglobin
Define commercial sterilization
All pathogenic and toxin-forming organisms have been destroyed but it still may contain viable spores that cannot grow under normal conditions
What are prolamines in corn called?
Zein
What are the six stages of tomato ripening?
Green, Breakers, Turning, pink, light red, red
What is the full form of QA?
Quality Assurance
Give 3 examples of cookie types.
Drop, Filled, Molded, No-bake, Pressed, Refridgerator, Rolled, Sandwich
The conoffast aseptic packaging system is unique in that it consists of a laminate made of polyethylene/polypropylene/polyethylene/Saran/polyethylene, and needs no chemical sterilant. Optimally, how is a sterile surface on the material obtained?
The two outer polyethylene layers are peeled away, leaving sterile surfaces
What does FNS stand for?
Food and Nutrition Service
What is non-Newtonian fluids?
Fluids that are time-independent and respond immediately with flow when shear stress is applied. a. Shear-thinning or pseudoplastic: condensed milk, fruit purees, mayonnaise; b. Shear-thickening.
Is Bovine Growth Hormone a food additive and does it need to be labeled?
Yes to the first part, because it comes into contact with food, and no to the second part, because it has lost its functionality
What is the name of the meat made from young calves?
Veal
What was the live weight of a lamb with a "hide off, head on" carcass weight of 60 lb and a dressing percentage of 50.0?
120
Explain food Spoilage.
Perishability of raw foods through microbial growth, enzymatic reactions, and chemical changes (mainly through factors of water, temp, and pH)
Explain the differences between the reactions which turn the purple muscle pigment myoglobin brown and red.
red -- oxymyoglobin (oxygenation rx., oxygen adds to open ligand site on Fe brown -- metmyoglobin (oxidation rx, Fe++ converted to Fe+++, and H2O ----> -OH)
What is acid proteolysis?
Degradation of protein and production of acid from sugar at the same time.
What compound is responsible for the color of white, red and blue barley?
White-None, Red-Procyanidin, Blue-Anthocyanin
What is the simplest and cheapest method for food drying?
Sun drying
Dimitri Mendeleev is credited with the creation of what?
Periodic table
What are five important physical properties of fresh meat?
Color, water holding capacity, texture, structure, firmness.
What temps are needed for proper freezing and storage of meat: A.32 degrees F, B. 0 degrees C or lower, C.0 degrees F or lower, or D.5-20 degrees F?
C. 0 degrees F or lower.
Name 3 sanitizers commonly used in food processing.
Quartz, chlorine, iodophores (?)
What is roe in Japanese cuisine?
Fish eggs
A plate freezer is a direct or indirect freezing method?
Indirect (NOTE: the other team does not get a chance to answer)
What are muffins classified in England?
Leavened Bread
When making extra virgin olive oil what is the maximum number of hours required from harvest to processing?
24
What is a mycotoxin?
Secondary metabolites produced by microfungi that can cause disease and death in humans and animals.
What is the purpose of blanching?
To destroy degradative enzyme
What is the purpose of an atomizer in spray drying?
step very important : the formation if sprays having the required droplet size distribution is vital to any successful spray dryer operation so that powder specifications can be met. The key is to produce tiny uniform particles
What is another name for carob gum?
Locust Bean Gum
Give 3 examples of sourdough bread.
Traditional sourdough bread, San Francisco sourdough, sourdough boule, sourdough batard, sourdough rye bread, whole wheat sourdough, multigrain sourdough, sourdough ciabatta, sourdough focaccia, and sourdough breadsticks
Place the following in order form least to greatest based on antioxidant capacity per serving. Strawberry, granny smith apple, wild blueberry, Pinto bean, black plum
Black plum, granny smith apple, strawberry, Pinto bean, wild blueberry
What is F0 value?
Converted to a reference temperature and z-value which is Z-value of 10°C and temp of 121°C.
a pH value is a measure of acidity. what is a pKa value the measure of?
acid strength, which are measured by titration
How much water is typically in butter?
20%
Based on the National institute of alcohol abuse and alcoholism, what is the volume in fluid ounces of a standard drink for the following, beer (5%), malt liquor, wine and distilled spirit?
12 fl oz of beer, 8-9 fl oz of malt liquor, 5 fl oz of wine, 1.5 fl oz of distilled spirits
Why do you have to blanch fruits and vegetables before canning?
soften texture, remove oxygen, inactivate enzymes, cleans surface (removes dirt and organisms), brightens color, helps reduce loss of vitamins
What is the name of the process used by winemakers to create young highly colored and fruity wines?
carbonic maceration
Ratio of viscous/elastic portion in rheology:
tan delta or damping factor
what is the US standard for particle size of farina?
100% must pass through a #20 sieve, and no more than 10% can pass through a #45 sieve
The process by which a chemical compound is split into other simpler compounds by the elements of water, as in manufacture of infant formulas, to produce easier-to-digest derivatives of the main protein (casein) on the cow's milk base?
Hydrolysis
Freezing temperatures stop bacterial growth, but may allow bacteria to survive.
True
What are 2 sources of cholesterol in human blood?
your diet and your liver (endogenous synthesis)
What is the enzyme from pineapple that has medicinal uses?
Bromelain
What is mRNA?
Messenger RNA
What year were red m&ms discontinued due to concern over red dye no.2?
1976, they were brought back in 1987
Name three of the four cinnamic acid derivatives that are widely distributed in plants.
p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, and sinapic
How does the toxin of Clostridium botulinum work?
It interferes with the release or action of acetylcholine, leading to paralysis.
What pastry do panakes in Europe closely resemble?
Crepe
Name the amino acids with the one-letter codes: I, F, T, S, A.
Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, threonine, serine, alanine
Who is always the chairman of IFT's executive committee?
The current IFT President.
What are the factors that affect in-container sterilization time?
type of product, size of containers, agitation of container, retort temp, type of container, heat resistance of microbes and enzymes, pH of foods
What makes "slow" catsup different from "fast" catsup?
"Slow" catsup = higher processing temps inactivate polygalacturonase "Fast" catsup = lower processing temps, therefore polygalacturonase is able to break more pectin down, causing a runnier product
What is the difference between accuracy and precision?
Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true or accepted value. Precision refers to how close measurements of the same item are to each other.
Why is the measurement of phosphatase enzyme used to assess the adequacy of milk pasteurization?
Phosphatase naturally occurs in milk and it exhibits thermal inactivation characteristics similar to Coxiella burnetii
What are the two types of affective testing in sensory analysis?
preference tests (which sample is preferred) and acceptability tests (how much sample is preferred)
Sauerkraut fermentation can be broken down into 3 different phases, early, middle and late. What bacteria is responsible for fermentation in each stage and what is their major fermentation products?
Early – Leu. Mesteroides, acetic acid Middle – L. plantarum, lactic acid Late – L. brevis, lactic and acetic acid
How many meters are in one angstrom?
1 x 10^(-10)
What are primary and secondary metabolites?
A primary metabolite is directly involved in the normal growth, development, and reproduction. A secondary metabolite is not directly involved in those processes, but usually has important ecological function (ex. antibiotics and pigments).
The more branches a polysaccharide has, the more non-reducing ends it has.
FALSE.
What is the most commonly used supercritical fluid?
carbon dioxide
Which heavy metal is generally the most toxic to humans?
Lead
What are the 5 classes of unit operations?
fluid flow (fluid transportation, filtration, solids fluidization) Heat transfer (canning, freezing, blanching) Mass transfer (extraction, dehydration, frying) Thermodynamic processes (gas liquefaction, refrigeration) Mechanical processes (solids transportation, crushing, pulverization, screening, and sieving)
What are adjuncts used in breweries?
Additional source of sugar used to supplement the malt, usually corn, wheat, or rice.
What animal is associated with the TSE disease Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease= Human
Which food company will sponsor FIFA soccer in 2025?
Coca Cola, Frito Lay, AB Inbev
What happens in the secondary drying phase?
removal of non-freezable water(sorbed or bound water) via evap, temp limit ↑0C, process done to lower water activity
What is the Codex Alimentarius Commission?
A group of 144 countries that develop standards for food commodities internationally
Give the thermal process temperature for pumpkin packed in 50 gallon drums.
280-300F
What pigments are responsible for colors ranging from yellow to orange and red in fruits and vegetables?
Carotenoids.
Meringue is not supposed to be mixed in a bowl made of what type of metal and why?
Copper, because it combines with proteins and is difficult to work with.
What do the Grashof number, Nusselt number, Prandtl number, Biot number, and Fourier number all have in common?
they are all dimensionless
What are Xerophilic molds?
Dry Loving.
Which of the following food categories is NOT approved for treatment with irradiation: A. fruits, B. milk and dairy, C. animal and pet foods, or D. none of the above?
B. Milk and dairy
Tangerine botanical name?
Citrus tangerina [Rutaceae (Citrus)]
What is the name of italian jowled bacon that is dry cured but not smoked?
Guanciale
Which of the following four choices do you need to include in developing a Standardized Recipe for a HACCP system? a) Critical Control Points; b) Cost Per Portion; c) Cooking Methods; d) Ingredients
b) Cost Per Portion
what is the general bacterial limit for Grade A pasteurized milk?
20,000 CFU/ml
buffalo milk is what % of fat: A.20%, B.5%, C.8%, or D.who drinks buffalo milk?
C. 8% fat
What is the full form of R&D?
Research and Development
What federal agency controls meat processing quality?
USDA
What type of packaging controls involves actively or passively controlling the masses surrounding a product?
MAP
Why do bubbles form in boiling and not evaporation?
because the vapor pressure can overcome the atmospheric pressure
Give 3 examples of lactic acid bacteria.
Lactobacillus (e.g., Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus) Streptococcus (e.g., Streptococcus thermophilus) Leuconostoc (e.g., Leuconostoc mesenteroides) Pediococcus (e.g., Pediococcus pentosaceus) Bifidobacterium (e.g., Bifidobacterium bifidum) Enterococcus (e.g., Enterococcus faecalis) Lactococcus (e.g., Lactococcus lactis)
What do HTST, PSIG, and CSTR stand for in food processing?
1) High Temperature Short Time 2) Pounds per Square Inch Gauge 3) Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor.
What is added to Skim milk & whey to give it a yellow pigment?
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
What does IMF stand for and what is the range of water activity?
intermediate moisture foods, 0.6-0.9 water activity
Meat should be included in the diet because: A.it provides high quality protein and iron, B.is high in cholesterol, C.rates low as a nutrient-dense food, or D.all of the above?
A.meat provides high quality protein and iron
Severe copper Deficiency can be caused by which genetic disorder?
Menkes Disease
What are the requirements for using the word reduced?
contains 25% less of a given nutrient or a 25% reduction in calories.
Microorganisms that can survive low water activity conditions are called
xerophilic
Reserva Cava is a sparkling wine. What is the age difference between Reserve Cava compared to NV Champagne?
915 months on lees, the same as NV champagne
What is conventional filtration?
perpendicular flow causes a quick buildup of solids on membrane surface and reduces flux
True/False: vitamin B12 is not synthesized by bacteria and molds and is a commercial by-product of antibiotic production.
False
Tapioca starch comes from?
cassava
Difference between gelato and ice cream.
Gelato is the Italian word for ice cream. It starts out with a similar custard base as ice cream, but has a higher proportion of milk and a lower proportion of cream and eggs (or no eggs at all). It is churned at a much slower rate, incorporating less air and leaving the gelato denser than ice cream.
What artificial sweeteners are used in Coke Zero and Diet Coke?
(1) Coke Zero - Aspartame and Acesulfame potassium (Ace-K) (2) Diet Coke - Aspartame and SPLENDA
What term is used for beef that with a small pink center?
Medium Well
What is the main assumption made when dealing with CFUs in microbiology?
every colony is separate and founded by a single viable microbial cell.
What pigment imparts green color to lettuce and peas?
Chlorophyll
Name 3 methods for determination of protein content in a purified protein solution.
Lowry BCA UV at 280 or 220 Bradford Dumas Kjeldahl Biuret
With regard to chemical structure, what do seed gums (locust bean, guar, arabic, mesquite) all have in common?
They are galactomannans
In separations such as distillation what is the name of the plot used by engineers to describe the physical state at each step?
McCabe-Thiele plot
Name four examples of Traditional Nonthermal Processing.
1) modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) 2) controlled atmosphere storage (CAS) 3) nitrogen flush packaging 4) vacuum packaging
Food safety plans must be reviewed often to ensure that they are up to date. Under old HACCP guidelines, how often was review required and how often will review be legally required under FSMA?
HACCP required review at least once a year; FSMA requires food safety plans to be reviewed one every three years
Some food products such as salt, dehydrated vegetable and fruit powders, soup and sauce powders and baking powder tend to cake or harden. This can be avoided by anticaking agents. Name two.
Na-, K-, Ca-hexacyanoferrate, Ca-silicate, tricalcium phosphate, Mg-silicate, Mg-carbonate
What is the typical time and temperature for UHT processing?
375-300°F or 190.6-148.9°C, 2-8 seconds
Name three types of gels that set with addition of cations.
Alginate, Carrageenan, Low Methoxyl Pectin
Acesulfame K can be derived from which sulfur-containing compound?
Sulfamic acid.
What is the sensory effect that results from the interaction of calcium and pectin
Texture (firming)
Which meat on a turkey has more calories: white, dark, or do they have the same number of calories?
Dark meat
Name the end products of following starch degrading enzymes: glucoamylase, beta amylase, alpha amylase
Glucoamylase produces glucose; β-amylase produces exclusively maltose; α-amylase produces dextrins.
The ingredients of a fruit pie include starch and sugar. Name the ingredients which could substitute for these in an alternative low-calorie product.
Pectin or carrageenan in place of starch, aspartame in place of sugar.
What type of label claim is the following statement and example of ‘pop tarts are a good source of calcium’?
nutrient content claim
What is equilibrium moisture?
Xe, moisture of a food when it reaches equilibrium with the air. When it reaches this it cannot be dried anymore, free moisture= moisture - equilibrium moisture
According to FDA, what is the only fish that produces real caviar?
Sturgeon
What is the name of microorganisms growing in an environment lacking oxygen?
Anaerobic
What is the principle flavor compound in hazelnuts?
Filbertone
How many D values are required for an acid canning process?
5
Beta carotene is a precursor to what?
Vitamin A
What is the characteristic fruit flavor compound of cherry?
benzaldehyde
Who was the first commission of the US Food and Drug Administration?
Harvey Washington Wiley
Sucralose is how many times sweeter than sugar?
600 times sweeter.
What is the color of freshly slaughtered beef?
Deep purple
What chemical is added to milk during cheese making for curdling?
Rennet
What meat processing procedure is used to obtain pork with high pH and high water holding capacity?
Hot-boning
What is the compound responsible for the strong aroma of blue cheeses?
2-heptanone
Plant substances that are resistant to hydrolysis by the endogenous enzymes of the human digestive tract are more commonly known as what?
Dietary fiber
The IFT individual award with the highest monetary value is the ____.
Nicholas Appert Award ($5,000)
Give an example of a nutraceutical substance used as an artificial sweetener.
Sugar alcohol
What bacteria can cause flat sour in foods?
Bacillus stearothermophilus.
What is the lactoferrin inhibitor in milk?
Citrate
How many millions of bubbles are in a champagne bottle?
49 million bubbles (if they are remotely close give it to them!)
According to U.S. federal regulations, the weight of one gallon of ice cream must be a minimum of:
4.5 pounds
You are determining how much a consumer uses a specific product. This is generally considered what type of sensory test?
acceptance test (acceptance is used of usage and preference for liking)
What time and temperature combo for food service operators to safely cool cooked foods?
7°C in 2 hours, 41°C in 4 hours
What does the term "Pff" in pork meat mean?
Protein, fat-free
True or False: Flour with a yellow color is more nutritious than white flour because it contains more provitamin A.
False - only one xanthophyll (not in flour) is known to possess pro-vitamin A activity for mammals
What is heat recovery and how is it calculated?
It is the amount of heat that can be reused in the heating process, it denotes the effiecncy of the regeneration section . heat recovery %= (T2-T1)/(T3-T1) x100 where T1 is the inlet temperature, T2 is temp at the end of regeneration section, T3 at the end of the hold up tube
What is distilled wine known as?
Brandy
In IR heating, what happens to the wavelength as temperature increases?
wavelength gets shorter
What is the term for electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of charged particles in matter?
thermal radiation
What is centrifugal separation?
utilizes fundamental physical laws and centrifugal force. Centrifugal force is produced through rotation around an axis. The force generated through the rotation acts in an outward direction. Depending on the speed of the rotating body, it increases or drops on the circular path. Mechanical separation technology makes use of this property when light, heavy or substances of different density have to be separated from each other.
What is the cause of the stale flavor in milk?
Oxidation
What is another name for industrial evaporation?
boiling
Grape botanical name?
Vitis vinifera
Rice and Almond milk are good sources of protein, similar to the amount of protein in dairy milk.
False
What compound causes salmon to turn pink?
Astaxanthin
what is pectin utilized for in food chemistry/food processing?
stability of jams, jellies, fruit juices, tomato sauces, etc.
The Hunter color scale, what does it measure?
Chroma, hue, and value.
What bacteria are required for sauerkraut production?
Leuconostoc Mesenteroides, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis
T-bone and porterhouse comes from what cut of beef?
Short Loin
What was the original inspiration for the Margherita pizza using basil, tomatoes, and mozzarella?
the Italian flag (green, white, and red)
How does the Long-Tube Vertical-Rising-Film Evaporator operate?
Product exists from top. Much used in Dairy and Fruit industry.
What is the base of profiteroles?
Choux pastry
What are yield grades used to estimate?
Cutability
HDPE and LDPE are plastics used in food packaging. What happens to the impact strength as the density increases?
Decreases
What are two common reducing agents that break disulfide bonds in proteins?
2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), dithiothreitol (DTT)
From what source was Clostridium botulinum first isolated?
Answer: Smoked ham
A physical change in an amorphous material promoted by the addition of heat and the uptake of low molecular weight substances called plasticizers is called what?
glass transition
What was the first synthetic dye, when and by whom?
Mauve, by Sir Wm. Henry Perkins in 1856.
which primary microorganisms are responsible for contagious mastitis in cows?
Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus agalactiae
What enzyme hydrolyzes raffinose and what are the hydrolysis products?
α-galactosidase, galactose and sucrose
Name names three intrinsic factors and three extrinsic factors that affect microbial growth in food products.
Answer: Intrinsic: water activity, pH, nutrient content; Extrinsic: temperature, storage environment, humidity.
The C-PER or Calculated Protein Efficiency Ratio is determined using a computer program and two pieces of information about the protein of interest. What are these two things?
The protein's essential amino acid profile and in-vitro digestibility
what compounds that are produced in the manufacture of hydrogenated oils have been implicated in causing increased serum cholesterol levels, and thus heart disease?
trans-fatty acids
What is the principal constituent of eggshells?
Calcium carbonate
What is the theoretical retinol value for b-carotene and a-carotene?
b-carotene: 2, a-carotene: 1
What grain food is usually made from a wheat-flour dough that is cultured with yeast, allowed to rise, then baked in an oven, commonly eaten across the world?
Bread
Food Technology was established in what year?
1947
which of the following is NOT a low-acid (pH 7-5.5) food: A.cheddar cheese, B.poultry, C.mayonnaise, or D.rice?
C.Mayonnaise
When the Ponkin Iron Works made the original cans for "Appertizing", approximately how many cans could one man make in a day?
10-20 cans/day
What is the Ohm Law?
V = iR
What hormone stimulates the sensation of hunger?
Ghrelin
Degradation of what vitamin is responsible for oxidized defect in milk?
Riboflavin
From what part of the corn kernel does corn oil come from?
Germ
What two types of equipment achieve powders as end products?
Spray and freeze dryers both achieve powders
Shortening is defined as any ______ used in baked products.
fat or oil
What is the typical shelf life of pasteurized milk held under refrigeration?
12-16 days
Why is scale important? What is scale up?
This is very important for having to feed over a million people. A scale up is increasing the production from a benchtop to a pilot plant scale to an industrial scale. This has a big effect on mass production including the overall cost (reduction) and quality control
List the following events in order from least current to most current: The Jungle, Clarence Birdeye, Basic 4 Food Pyramid, Louis Pasteur publication, Implementation of the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act.
Pasteur: 1857 The Jungle: 1906 Clarence Birdeye: 1920s FDCA: 1938 Basic 4 Food Pyramid: 1950s
Name two types of insoluble fiber and a dietary source for each.
Lignin- flax, rye and some vegetables; Cellulose- whole wheat, bran, seeds
What does DHHS stand for?
Department of Health and Human Services
Name two examples of birds found in the ratite family.
Emus, rheas, and ostriches
What are 4 applications that use spray drying?
powdered cheese, cream powders, egg powers, milk products
What technology is commonly used to decrease heat ring and cold shortening of beef?
Electrical Stimulation
Insulin is found in a complex with what mineral?
Zinc
What British dessert shares name with atomic model?
Plum pudding
The Embden-Myerhof pathway is also referred to as what?
the glycolytic pathway or glycolysis
In which year was the first lab cultured meat consumed?
2013
Describe electrical stimulation and the purpose it serves in meat tenderness/toughness.
Electrical stimulation prevents severe cold shortening by accelerating the rate of the processing leading up to rigor mortis by depleting ATP. The goal is to prevent the carcass from being chilled while pre rigor or while undergoing rigor mortis. This action reduces toughness and muscle shortening.
Why are phytates considered to be anti-nutritional?
phytates bind/complex with metal ions and make the metals less bioavailable, most commonly with divalent ions (Ca, Fe, etc)
In 1963 the FDA approval for a new processing method was given, only to be revoked in 1968. What were the product and the process?
The product: irradiation-sterilized bacon (bacon is acceptable); the process: irradiation
Which government agency is responsible for ensuring that the nation's commercial supply of meat, poultry, and egg products is safe, wholesome, and correctly labeled and packaged?
FSIS
What percentage of apples is air?
0.25
What is not the storage temperature of food?
40 to 140°F.
Casein micelles have what type of core and outer surface: hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
The core is hydrophobic and outer surface is hydrophilic
What is "converted rice" and how is it manufactured?
Whole grain rice is parboiled or steeped in hot water prior to removal of the hulls, bran, and germ in milling. The rice loses fewer nutrients as the B vitamins and minerals from the hulls, bran, and germ are leached into the endosperm. The converted rice is then dried, milled, and polished
Which of the following examples of browning is enzymatic in nature? 1. Browning of sugars as a result of heating 2. Browning of freshly cut surfaces of fruits and vegetables 3. Browning of bread during toasting 4. Browning of potato chips
Browning of freshly cut surfaces of fruits and vegetables.
Which heating technology strongly depends on presence of polar molecules?
microwave cooking
Q: Who were the first Vice President and Secretary-Treasurer of the IFT?
A: Roy Newton (V.P.) and George Hucker (Sec.-Treasurer)
What temperature is milk heated to in HTST?
72 C
What year did the American Dairy Association Launch the 'Real' Seal, which is used for US dairy products that meet federal SOI, or products containing these US dairy products?
1976
Describe two kinds of fluids that require the application of yield stress before any flow occurs.
1) Bingham liquids 2) Plastics
What is the name of Fromage Blanc in which there are live cultures?
Fromage Frais
Bitter compounds in coffee after roasting?
Chlorogenic acid, phenyl indane
Food and Drug Act of 1906
defined and set regulations of adulterated and misbranded foods.
What happens if whipped cream is whipped too far?
The fat begins to turn into butter
Name the lean and primal cuts of pork.
Lean cuts: ham, loin, boston butt, and picnic Primal cuts: the above along w/belly
How many milliliters are in each of the following? 1 teaspoon, 1 tablespoon and 1 cup
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL and 1 cup = 236 mL
How long does a patent last?
20 years from the date filed. Note: the patent holder is required to pay maintenance fees to keep his patent valid
Which fruit is known as the king of fruits?
Mangoes
Name the enzyme found in onions responsible for irritating the eyes once an onion is cut; also, name the compound formed by this enzyme and describe the mechanism in the eye this compound stimulates.
Chrymatory-factor synthase. Chrymatory-factor synthase forms sulfenic acid which rearranges into syn-propanethial-S-oxide. This stimulates the lachrymal glands within the eyes which causes the irritation.
The "cold break" tomato process which is used to produce some soups and ketchups, involves activation of which enzyme?
Pectin esterase
What is the protein content of acid whey?
0.6% by weight
In which country's restaurants, 86 is used for item unavailable and 68 for items that are available?
Germany
This red meat has the lowest cholesterol content of all red meats.
Lamb
what agency regulates the production, labeling, and sale of Emu?
Emu= FDA
How many flowers are stamped on the oreo?
12
Name uses for the 3 types of caramel colors that are produced.
color for cola drinks, brewers color for beer, and bakers color to give brown, baked color
Roquefort cheese is made from the milk of what animal?
Sheep
Which has better barrier properties, amorphous or crystalline polymers?
crystalline polymers
What are the advantages and disadvantages of continuous retorts?
Advantages - gradual temperature and pressure change, less strain on cans. Disadvantage - high capital investment, breakdown will stop process line
Who is the USDA chief chemist who crusaded for federal efforts to regulate the food industry in the early 1900's
Dr. Harvey Wiley
A certified food color is one: (a) That the US Government passed for safety (b) That the US Government passed for use in 1958 (c) That the US Government passed for purity (d) That has zero viscosity (e) None of the above
(c) That the US Government passed for purity
How can infrared energy be detected?
Can be felt as heat.
How much volume of 37% HCl is required to make a litre of 1 M HCl with DI water?
82 ml (80-85 ml acceptable)
Name 4 colligative properties of water.
Freezing point, boiling point, vapor pressure, osmotic pressure; properties that depend on the number of solute molecules in water.
What are the three types of clotting in cheese production?
Acid, heat coagulations of whey proteins, and enzymatic.
Name the country/region of origin for the following foods: Japchae, Lutefisk, Poutine, Mofongo, Injera
Japchae: Korea, Lutefisk: Sweden/Finland/Norway, Poutine: Canada, Mofongo: Puerto Rico, Injera: Ethiopia
Shortcrust pastry uses a 2:1 of what two ingredients, respectively?
Flour, Fat
Which is the name of the process where a foods temperature goes from 32deg F to 25degF in 30 minutes?
Quick freezing
What are the Standards of Identity for high, medium, and low fat contents in chocolate/cocoa?
High fat (breakfast cocoa) – not less than 22% cocoa fat, Medium fat - less than 22% cocoa fat and not less than 10%, Low fat - less than 10% cocoa fat
What is the critical Reynolds Number for tube flow?
2100
Ingestion of crickets may cause which type of allergen reaction?
shell fish crustaceans
Furfural mercaptan is a volatile largely found in what food?
Fresh roasted coffee
Addition of sugar after gums are dissolved in water can enhance the dispersion of gum particles. (T/F)
TRUE.
If the barometric pressure is at 100% and the relative humidity is 20%, what is the humidity at 4?
20%
The inventor of which snack is now buried in that product's packaging?
Pringles (Fredric J. Baur, the inventor of the Pringles can, is buried with some of his ashes in a Pringles can)
What are the 2 metals used in drink or beverage cans?
aluminum and steel (tin-plated steel is also acceptable)
What are the different types of evaporators?
Batch pan, tubular evaporators (natural circulation, rising film, falling film, rising falling film, forced circulation evaporator, agitated thin film [wiped film]) plate evaporators ( rising falling, falling, parvap, paraflash
name 4 bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria and state the most thoroughly studied.
Nicin, pediocin, diplocoxin, helveticin, and lactacin (nicin most thoroughly studied)
What is a blind experiment?
The subjects do not know if they are in the experimental group or control group.
Where is commercial lecithin (food additive) obtained?
soybean
List two (2) hormones/neurotransmitters that can be produced from tyrosine metabolism?
Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Epinephrine
What happens to the melting point of a lipid/oil when its overall level of saturation is increased?
melting point increases
Which test would you use to determine whether Coke is sweeter than Pepsi?
Paired comparison for sweetness
Name three lime cultivars.
Mexican/Key, Tahiti/Bearss/Persian, Kaffir/Thai, Palenstine, Mary Ellen, Rangpur
what is the genus and species of the Thompson seedless grape?
Vitus vinifera
What is the flavor/antimicrobial compound associated with Onion?
onion= allicin
which of the following acids is NOT an organic acid: A.phosphoric acid, B.citric acid, C.nitric acid, or D.benzoic acid?
C. nitric acid
Arrange these foodborne pathogens in the increasing order of their approximate onset time of symptoms due to infection or intoxication: Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, and Vibrio cholerae
Staphylococcus aureus (2-4hr), Clostridium perfringens (6-12hrs), Vibrio cholerae (18-36hrs), Listeria monocytogenes (1-30 days or more)
Why can microwaves go through glass but not metal?
glass is dielectric
Give two examples of fillings used in calzones.
Salami, Ham/Vegetables, Cheese, Egg
Name 3 of the 4 most common trigeminal sensations.
oral heat, metallic, astringency and pungency
What does fresh lime juice do to protein solubility?
increase or decrease solubility
What is levulose?
Fructose
What are the large fat particles that coalesce at the ends of sausages during heating?
Fat caps
In a single serving of 100g of food containing 23 grams of fat and 400 total calories, what percent of the calories come from fat?
51.75
Name 3 disaccharides found in foods and the monosaccharides that comprise them?
Lactose (glucose and galactose), Sucrose (glucose and fructose); maltose (glucose and glucose)
List the five most expensive spices in order from most to least expensive.
Saffron,Vanilla, Cardamom, Cloves, Cinnamon
What is the genus and species of the organism responsible for potato famine?
Phytophthora infestans
The internal pressure in plant cells is called what? In cells that make up fruits and vegetables, the osmotic pressure balance with inward pressure of extended cell walls is called?
Turgor pressure
What senses are used in sensory evaluation?
Sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing.
What role does leptin play in the body?
Leptin helps regulate appetite/hunger and metabolism
What is sodium silicoaluminate used for?
An anticaking agent
The dimensionless ratio of the heat transfer coefficient at the surface of a solid to the heat conductance to the center of the solid is known as what?
The Biot number
Flowing liquid increases in kinetic energy because of what?
The pressure drop
How are processed cheeses made?
processed cheese are made either with the trimmings that are left over from the manufacture of other cheeses, or from dried milk powder
Intermediate moisture foods chiefly rely on WHAT food ingredients for the desired texture and lowering of water activity?
sugar (humectants)
In food packaging, highly sized SBS paperboards are often called 'food board'; what does SBS stand for?
Solid Bleached Sulfate
What is the name of the viscous liquid in which legumes have been cooked?
It's called aquafaba
What is the most effective way of inactivating botulism toxin?
Heat
Q: Where was the first IFT National Meeting held?
A:Chicago
What fruit has a fat content of about 20%, about 20 times the average of other fruits?
Avocado
What nut, in its natural state, contains poisonous oils that are eliminated when roasted?
Cashew
Name four organs in which Hexokinase D is found.
Liver, pancreas, intestine, brain.
Two bacteriocides allowed in foods.
xanthan gum, gellan gum
Why do you not want the pH of frankfurters to be at an isoelectric point of myosin?
the product will not be able to bind water and you cannot form a gel
À la mode designates what complementary food when applied to desserts?
Ice cream
Under wbat section is food regulated in the code of federal regulations?
Section 21
What is the % of Hard Wheat in white bread?
12-14%
In what year was the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act enacted?
1966
What is the scale to measure percent sugar?
Brix
Under what conditions can a product be claimed as a good source of a nutrient?
Provide 10-19% of the Daily Value for a given nutrient per serving.
Which Opera singer is immortalized in the name of a fruit and ice cream dessert?
Nelli Melba
How does altitude affect boiling point?
the air pressure decreases so the boiling point lowers.
What is Z-value?
The number of degrees required to change a D value by a factor of ten.
When did Upton Sinclair write The Jungle which described the adulteration of the meat industry in Chicago?
1906
Monounsaturated fats will decrease the blood cholesterol level. In which oils can monounsaturated fats be found in large concentrations?
Olive oil, canola oil and peanut oil
By weight, what are the three most common GRAS substances in foods, besides water?
Salt, sugar, corn syrup
What is the D value?
Time in minutes, at specified temperature to destroy 90% or 1 log reduction of the microorganisms in a population.
What are two major reasons for pasteurizing milk?
Destroy pathogenic organisms and increase shelf life by destroying spoilage organisms
If you had 10 mL of sweetened iced tea that was 10% sucrose, how much water would you add to dilute the tea to 0.1% sucrose?
990mL water
Holes in egg shells result from loss of ____.
Cuticle.
What does HLB stand for?
Hydrophilic lipophilic balance
what is the function of cream of tartar in angel food cake?
stabilize the egg foam and whiten the color
Name 3 pieces of equipment that thermocouples are frequently used in
ovens, furnaces, flue gas, and other areas that have temperatures above 250 C
What is the SI unit for density?
Kg/m3
What process is used to separate the lipid and solid content to achieve a uniform fat concentration in milk?
Homogenization
For what purpose is sodium hypochlorite used in the food industry?
It is a sanitizer
What food-related act was signed into law on November 9, 1990?
The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990
What type of general whey is Ricotta cheese made from?
A. Sweet whey
what are the 4 P's of the marketing mix?
Product, Price, Promotion, Place
List three phytonutrients present in raisins that are associated with its health benefits?
Phenolic acids: caftaric and coutaric, flavonols: quercetin and kaemferol
How does DFD meat occur?
Animals with stress susceptibility survive stress and deplete their glycogen reserves, leading to poor quality meat.
Flavor is termed organoleptic because it is determined by:
A blending of odor and taste
Optimum temperature for thermophiles is...
131-152 degrees F
What 2 pieces of info must be shown on the principle display panel of a package containing > .5oz of a food product?
weight declaration and product name
What is "error central tendency" in sensory analysis?
occurs when panelists hesitate to use the extreme values on a scale and tend to center their responses on the scale.
What is the multiple effect design?
Where vapor from the previous evaporator is used to evaporated more water from the concentrate in the next evaporator. utilizes the latent heat of the vapor
Which carbohydrate is NOT a good source of energy?
Cellulose
What is the spot in the yolk portion of the egg containing the genetic material from the hen?
Germinal disk
Give me four reasons why compounds are micro encapsulated?
Increase bioavailability, delayed release, stability, to protect (to protect reactive substances from the environment To convert liquid active components into a dry solid system to separate incompatible components for functional reasons to mask undesired properties of the active components to protect the immediate environment of the Microcapsule in capsules from the active components, and then the controlled release or delayed release)
Name the 5 steps of mushroom farming.
Composting, spawning, casing, pinning, cropping
In chemistry, what is a mixture of of two liquids with the same constant boiling point and composition throughout distillation called?
azeotrope
what act, which was passed in 1990, made nutritional labeling mandatory on most food products under FDA jurisdiction?
Nutritional Labeling and Education Act (NLEA)
What are some disadvantages of using the formula (ball) method to calculate lethality?
only can use at a constant retort process temperature, the cooling portion modeling is empirical and may over/under estimate lethality
What is the primary ingredient in sand?
silica (silicon dioxide)
Ingestion of high levels of mercury (or mercury intoxication) interferes with the function of which essential mineral in the brain?
Selenium
Which descriptive sensory analysis technique uses consumers instead of trained judges?
free choice profiling
What are the two measures of dispersion?
Range and standard deviation
IAFIS stands for
International Association of Food Industry Suppliers.
Deoxynivalenol is a toxin produced in foods which causes foodborne illnesses associated w/cereals, wheat, and cornbread. Give the genus and species of the organism that produces this toxin.
Fusarium graminaerian
In the 2022 Food Code by FDA what term is used for the cleaning and sanitizing of utensils and food-contact surfaces of equipment.
Warewashing.
How many carbons are in lactose?
12
Name the 4 bands or zones of a sarcomere.
1) A band 2) I band 3) Z band 4) H zone.
Name 2 ways of transporting solutes across a membrane.
pressure and electrostatic forces (concentration or electrochemical gradient are both acceptable)
According to the U.S. government, food irradiation is regulated as which of the following? (a) a process; (b) an additive; (c) a unit operation
(b) an additive
Define Bran
The hull of the seed, the fiber/outside of grain
What specific vitamins and minerals are added to enrich macaroni and noodle products?
Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, iron
Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
1966
Describe the brewing process.
Hops and wort are combined and brought to a boil to extract flavor and inactivate enzymes. Other proteins are precipitated out to preserve the beer's longevity.
Cow's milk is considered to be an ideal food for human health being rich in vitamins and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus however milk lacks one very important mineral. Which one is that?
iron
What are the four federal food standards?
standard for grade, standard of quality, stand and definition of identity, standard of fill of containtainers
Name four molecular characteristics of proteins desirable for film and foam formation.
soluble; large; amphipathic; flexible domains; interactive regions; disposition of charged groups; retention of structure; and polar residues
Name the piece of milk processing equipment used to remove sediment originating from the cow's udder and some bacteria?
Clarifier
What is the amino acid that is most responsible for off-flavor development in milk?
Methionine.
What is the color associated with fast twitch muscles?
white
What is the genus and species of the fungus that caused the Irish famine?
Phytophora infestans
During freezing what are the two stages in the crystallization process?
Nucleation or crystal formation and crystal growth.
What is the protein source in TVP (textured vegetable protein)?
Soy
Chopped pork shoulder and ham is used to create what commerical product?
Spam
Aspartame and Thaumatin are both nonnutritive sweeteners, and both consist of amino acids. What is the difference between the two noncaloric sweeteners?
Aspartame is a dipeptide and Thaumatin is a protein or polypeptide
All non-dairy milk alternatives are fortified with vitamin D and calcium to mimic the nutrients found in dairy milk. T/F
ANS: FALSE
What is the term 'Lees' wrt wine production?
The material that settles at the bottom of the fermentation tank/barrel
What does BSI stand for?
British Standards Institute
What vitamin deficiencies result in beri beri and rickets?
B1 and D
Give 2 examples of pseudocereals.
Buckwheat, Quinoa, Amaranth, Chia, Kañiwa, Fonio
This sweetener has about 150-250 times the sweetness power of sucrose and is a dipeptide of aspartic acid and phenylalanine 1-methyl ester
Aspartame
What is the term for determining the magnitude of reflection, refraction, and transmission of microwave radiation?
Fresnel equations
To what % is water allowed to be added to ground beef?
0%
State the full name that corresponds w/the recycling #3 for recyclable polymers.
PVC=polyvinyl chloride
Active people need to take salt tablets to replaces the body's sodium that is lost in perspiration.
False
name 3 necessary elements of proper refrigeration.
constant temp, humidity control, and air circulation
What compund in chocolate stimulates the central nervous system and also makes dogs sick?
Theobromine
Is most corn consumed by humans in whole kernel form or milled form?
Milled
What city hosts a Solar egg frying contest every July 4?
Oatman, Arizona
In quality control of frozen foods, why is it more desirable to freeze a product quickly rather than slowly?
Ice crystals formed will be the smaller if the product is frozen quickly to prevent texture defects.
What does ANSI stand for?
American National Standards Institute
What is lutefisk and how is it made?
Essentially fish Jell-O. It's made from the concentrated sodium hydroxide treatment of fish.
Methyl cellulose dissolves faster at what temperature?
Decreased temperature, increase dissolution
Name the three pieces in a three piece can.
Body bottom and lid
Freeze drying
Lyophilization, freezes food then puts it through a vacuum, this evaporates solid frozen food, sublimation dries the food.
What are the Delvo and Charm tests used for?
Testing for the presence of antibiotics in milk.
What vitamin, when fed to cattle, has increased retail case-life of fresh beef?
Vitamin E
What egg white protein(s) has/have the ability to retard growth of microorganisms?
Conalbumin, lysozyme.
What are the four categories of food additives established by the FDA?
GRAS, prior sanctioned, regulated, banned
What are the 4 steps to cultured meat manufacture?
1. Cells from a farm animal are proliferated in nutrient-rich media; 2. Cells are attached to a sponge-like scaffold and soaked with nutrients; 3. cells may be mechanically stretched to increase their size and protein content; 4. Cells are harvested, seasoned, and cooked
The descriptor "free" has been defined by NLEA (listed above in order) with restrictions on specific nutrients. What are the restrictions of the following: calories, sodium, fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sugar?
< 5 cal, < 5 mg Na, <0.5 g fat, <0.5 g sat. fat, < 2 mg cholesterol, <0.5 g sugar
What is the maximum temperature required for tempering the following types of chocolate? Bittersweet chocolate, milk chocolate, and white chocolate
Bittersweet (Dark) Chocolate: 88–90°F (31–32°C) Milk Chocolate: 86–88°F (30–31°C) White Chocolate: 82–84°F (28–29°C)
K-value is a measure of fish freshness. What is the equation for K-value?
(inosine) + (hypoxanthan)/total nucleotide products (or IMP)
How do natural and forced circulation affect the boundary layer?
Natural circulation has laminar flow and an increased boundary layer, and forced circulation is turbulent flow and therefore decreases the boundary layer
What is the purpose of adding extenders, binders and fillers ot meat? Give three examples.
Extenders were originally used to reduce costs but they were later used to make meat products more healthy by adding dietary fiber, or to improve the texture
What is pH?
The negative log of the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution.
What are the coenzyme forms of niacin?
NAD, NADP
What are crisp cookies known as in countries outside North America?
Biscuits
What common food preservative chemical destroys the vitamin activity and should not be used to preserve foods that are major sources of thiamin?
Sulfur Dioxide
What function does SDS have in SDS-PAGE?
It denatures the protein by breaking disulfide bonds, making it linear.
What are the USDA meat grades for Pork? A.Prime,Choice,Good,Standard, B.commercial,canner,cutter cull, C.Yield Grade 1,2,3,4,5, or D.none of the above?
D.none of the above (USDA has no quality grades for pork)
Name 3 reasons it is advantageous to obtain enzymes from microorganisms.
Microorganisms are very versatile, MO's can be altered by mutations or genetic engineering to produce a greater quantity of enzyme or different enzymes, recovery of enzymes is often easy, readily available, high rate of growth and enzyme production.
HDPE is a good barrier to what?
moisture barrier
What is direct acid set cottage cheese?
A. Cottage cheese made with food grade organic acids rather than bacterial starter cultures
What is the dimensionless number that has a value describing whether there is laminar or turbulent flow in a pipe?
Reynold's number
what water activity value is where there is a loss of crispness and onset of caking occurs?
0.40
What polysacc from crustacean shells help lower cholesterol level?
Chitin, chitosan
What is the name of the frog mascot for honey smacks?
Dig 'em Frog
at which pH does the indicator phenolphthalein turn from colorless to red?
8.2-8.3
First Federal Food Standards Issues
1939
t/f an oil in water emulsion is best achieved with an emulsifier having a low HLB value.
False
What is the term for a place where fresh healthy food is unaffordable or inaccessible?
food desert
In sensory tests what scale is used to measure the appropriateness or optimum level of specific attributes?
Just about right
Name the process whereby a thin, continuous layer of aluminum is deposited onto a sheet of polymeric film, laminated to a paper or paperboard sheet, and then the aluminum and paper are separated from the polymeric sheet.
Transfer metallization
Name five grapefruit cultivars.
Marsh, Ruby Red, Henderson/Ray, Rio Red, Star Ruby, Pomelo, white, pink, star ruby, sweeties, oro blanco, melogold, lavender
Name the enzyme used to remove O2 from the headspace of canned or bottled products.
Glucose oxidase
What are the (3-4) benefits of using SO2 in dehydration processing?
SO2 pasteurization, prevention of enzymatic browning, prevention of non-enzymatic browning, retention of Vitamin C.
Typically, how old is a calf at time of slaughter?
less than 3 months
Two reasons why pectic enzyme preparations from Aspergillus Niger are often used during fruit juice production.
It is to increase yield and increase clarity
Pomegranate peel can be used as a natural dye. What color does it produce?
Yellow
In terms of plant respiration, what does the acronym RQ stand for and how is it defined?
Respiration Quotient. It is defined as the ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the plant to oxygen consumed by the plant
A two-stage homogenizer uses a pressure of what through the first stage valve and what through the second stage valve?
2000-2500 psi 500 psi
Differentiate between evaporated and sweetened condensed milk.
A. Evaporated milk is made by evaporating water from whole milk under a vacuum. It may be homogenized and/or fortified with vitamin D and then sterilized in cans. By contrast, sweetened condensed milk is canned without sterilization with 18% sucrose acting as a preservative.
What three food commodity groups have the federal government proposed mandatory HACCP plan implementation?
Seafoods, meats, poultry
What is the coating left behind on the back of the spoon after being dipped into a sauce?
Nappe
What fruit has extremely high levels of vitamin A?
Mango
Alar is the trade name for what chemical compound?
Daminozide
What disease is associated with immune response to gluten?
Celiac disease
Phytic acid has what detrimental effect?
Chelates minerals
Name 3 factors that contribute to the preservative actions of smoking foods.
Temperature (heat kills cells), drying and salt lower water activity, and smoke contains chemicals that are antimicrobial and antioxidants
Which enzymes are used in the AOAC method for fiber determination?
Alpha-amylase, protease, and glucoamylase
The most expensive cheese in the world is made from milk from what animal?
Moose
What is the type of heat energy described when ice changes temperature from 0?F to -10?F.
Sensible heat
Does a smaller or larger electrode gap result in faster heating of the product?
smaller electrode gap
What gaseous atmosphere is used to inhibit ethylene production and ripening of fruits?
Nitrogen.
Name 4 varieties of cheese that ripened principally by blue mold in the interior.
blue cheese, gorgonzola, stilton, wensleydale
What is a 15 degree Brix solution?
A solution containing 15% (by weight) sugar
A major factor in changing one's BMR would be to?
Eat more
What is patent flour?
The highest quality wheat flour made solely from the endosperm.
define kinetic viscosity.
ratio of absolute viscosity and density
What is the name of wheat that is planted/sown in late autumn?
winter wheat
Food packaging may include a claim supported with some scientific study but does not meet a standard scientific study. What is it called?
Qualified health claim
Name the three methods of producing a vacuum in cans.
Mechanical, thermal, or live steam injection
Name four of the granulation types of sucrose in industry.
Confectioners AA, Manufacturers, Bakers Special, Brown Sugar, Sanding, Bottler's, Powdered Sugar.
In packaging materials, covalent bonds are more commonly found than ionic bonds.
TRUE.
The 2 types of bloom in chocolate:
Fat (commonly cocoa butter) and Sugar
What template is used in conducting real-time PCR?
DNA
The principle lipid component in milk is the class called which of the following: A) steroids B) phospholipids C) triacylglycerides
C) triacylglycerides
What food product is glycinin and conglycinin the main proteins in?
Soy protein
Who was the first "celebrity chef", cooking on a show called "Chez Bon Viveur"?
Fanny Cradock
What is the exact address of IFT headquarters?
525 W. Van Buren, Ste 1000, Chicago, IL 60607.
What does high total counts in dehydrated foods indicate?
Poor raw materials, improper processing techniques, and poor sanitation.
What day is international tea day?
5/21/2024 12:00:00 AM
20g or amylose is added to 80 g of water in a beaker and heated to boiling. What would be the observed boiling point (at sea level)?
100 C - not a true solution, so no boiling point elevation
How does rennin act to destabilize the casein micelle?
it divides k-casein into para-k-casein and glycomacropeptide
In extrusion, what are the sources of heat?
Heat from the temperature-elevating system; heat from shear force
What is the white of an orange peel a good source of?
Pectin
According to the code of Federal Regulations, if unpasteurized milk is used to manufacture cheese, how long must the cheese be aged prior to sale?
at least 60 days
Which act, amended in 1972, requires anyone to obtain a permit before discharging pollutants from point sources into waters in the U.S.?
The Clean Water Act
With respect to food processing, what is SS 316?
SS 316 is a food grade austenitic stainless steels
The products of superoxide ion O2-dismutation are ___________
3 O2 and H2O2
During the Middle Ages, candy moved from what kind of base to a sugar base?
Honey
What is made from fermenting leftover liquid after churning butter?
Buttermilk
What is the cause of sunlight flavor?
Protein oxidation (oxidation of methionine to methional by photoactivated riboflavin); it gives an oxidized flavor and is often confused with lipid oxidation
What is the genus and species of the pumpkin commonly used in pumpkin pie filling?
Cucurbita moschata
What is the limiting amino acid of most cereal grains?
lysine
How long does a US patent last?
20 years
What is the definition of pH?
Potential hydrogen
Given type of heat exchange, say whether there is aroma retention or not: steam injection/infusion, plate heat exchanger, tubular heat exchanger, scraped surface heat exchanger
all yes (retain aroma) except steam injection/infusion
What defect is caused by lactose crystal formation in ice cream? What is the name of the defect caused by the presence of lactose crystals in ice cream?
A. Sandiness
In the brewing industry, what is 'pitching'?
addition of yeast to the cooled wort
Chicken breeds with what color of feathers and ear lobes lay white and brown eggs?
Breeds with white feathers and ear lobes lay white eggs and breeds with red feathers and ear lobes lay brown eggs
What is a psychrometric chart?
A psychrometric chart is a graphical representation of the psychrometric processes of air. Psychrometric processes include physical and thermodynamic properties such as dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, humidity, enthalpy, and air density.
The PBS/HBO children's television show Sesame Street features a blue muppet character named after a snack and is always hungry for it. Name the character.
Cookie Monster
What are the components of cereal grain:
(1) bran (2) germ (3) endosperm
Name the orange coloring agent or dye allowed in the production of oranges? What is the food dye allowed to dye the skin of oranges?
Citrus Red 2
what does the media DRBC stand for and what is it used to enummerate?
Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol: yeasts and molds
What year was the federal meat grading service established?
1927
What is the name of the tool used to shred cheese?
Grater
Is apple juice sweeter when it is colder?
yes
What are the units for the convective heat transfer coefficient?
W/m2C or W/m2K
What 3 microorganisms are involved in the production of soy sauce?
Aspergillus seed starter, soy yeast, lactic acid bacteria
Which of the following is not a mother sauce of France? A. Sauce Veloute B. Sauce Espagnole C. Sauce Bordelaise D. Sauce Bechamel
C. Sauce Bordelaise
in Scromboid poisoning, what serves as the precursor to histamine formation?
amino acid Histadine
What is the stress needed before a substance flow?
Yield stress
There are three main types of sourdough based on fermentation methods. Explain the differences.
Type I sourdough is the traditional form, maintained through continuous refreshment with flour and water. It relies on a stable culture of wild yeasts and lactic acid bacteria, fermented at room temperature. This type is used for artisan breads and requires frequent feeding to remain active. Type II sourdough is a semi-liquid or dough-like sourdough, fermented under controlled conditions for a longer time, typically at higher temperatures. It has stronger acidity and is often used in industrial bread production, as it can be stored for longer periods before use. Type III sourdough is a dehydrated or inactive form of sourdough, where fermentation is stopped, and the culture is dried for later use. It is commonly found in commercial baking, as it provides sourdough flavor without the need for continuous maintenance.
What is the surface temperature of a block of dry ice?
-109.3 degrees Fahrenheit (-78.5 degrees C)
In regards to cheese, what is an affineur?
Person who ages cheese
Describe the difference between hue, value, and chroma.
HUE: a color or shade . VALUE: value refers to the lightness or darkness of a color.When referring to pigments, dark values with black added are called “shades” of the given hue name. Light values with white pigment added are called “tints” of the hue name. CHROMA: purity or intensity of color E.G.In red hue, fire engine red, brick red & grey is pure red/high intensity, mid intense & low intensity, respectively
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
The total energy of a system and its surroundings must remain constant, although it may be changed from one form to another.
What is the name of round eclairs?
Religieuse
which non-nutritive sweetener is the derivative of sucrose produced by fungal enzyme: A.L-sugars, B.Aspartame, C.Neosugar, or D.Saccharin?
C. Neosugar
What organizations or agencies publish the following reference texts? A)bacteriological analytical manual; b) compendium of methods in the microbiological examination of foods; c) standard methods for the examination of dairy products
a) Food and Drug Administration (FDA), b&c) American Public Health Association (APHA)
What are the two components of muscle contribute most to the sensory perception of juiciness in meat?
water and intramuscular fat (marbling)
What health benefit is attributable to oat bran?
Lowers the level of serum cholesterol
Water has high specific heat due to
H bonding
Botswick measures what?
Popular for measuring consistency, flow rate and viscosity in a variety of viscous materials.
What are 5 characteristic toppings of a Cobb salad?
Tomato, bacon, hard-boiled eggs, avocado, chives, Roquefort / blue cheese, red wine vinaigrette
There are how many essential minerals in human nutrition: A.12, B.30, C.50, or D.16?
D. 16
What vitamin is permitted as a food color in milk?
Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
Name the two B vitamins involved with cell division.
folic acid and cobalamine
How do evaporated and condensed milks differ?
Condensed milk may be homogenized and/or vitamin D fortified and is not subjected to further heat treatment, unlike evaporated milk.
What is the recognized standard method for detecting antibiotics in milk?
The disc assay (with Bacillus)
In the 2022 Food Code by FDA what term is used as a category for flightless birds such as an emu, ostrich, or rhea?
Ratite.
Name two variety of waffles origininating from the US.
American, Belgian
What is the process of staling called?
Retrogradation
What device is used to separate condensate from steam?
a steam trap
What are 2 disadvantages of using rosemary as an antioxidant compared to synthetic antioxidants?
Higher cost, larger amount (higher level) needed to be effective
Products of corn wet milling:
protein, starch , oil and fiber
Tropical drinks, prepared with almond, ginger, and lime.
Sorna.
What are three major fuel molecules for ATP production?
A. Glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids
A strawberry processor makes a "4+1" product. What do that "4" and "1" stand for?
4 parts strawberries, 1 part refined sugar
What pastry tool is used to adjust the thickness of the pastry dough?
Pastry Brake
What is the most eaten fish in the world?
Herring
What are 5 methods of freezing?
plate/contact, still air/cold room/sharp, blast air, IQF/Fluidized bed, immersion/spray, cryogenic, sharp, rotary, spiral, band
What does SG stand for in food analysis?
Specific Gravity
Which protein is the most hydrophobic in casein?
Beta-Casein
A bacteria commonly used to transform plants is what?
Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
Shigellosis is caused by the bacteria Shigella. What common practice can greatly reduce your chances of contracting Shigellosis?
hand washing
Name 3 food poisoning microorganisms present in seafood.
vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, yersinia ruckeri, aeromonas hydrophila, etc
What does GC stand for?
Gas Chromatography
Where was the first College Bowl Competition and when?
Atlanta, 1985.
What is the difference between homopolymers and copolymers?
A homopolymer is synthesized using a single type of monomer; a copolymer uses more than one species of monomer.
How many kcal are in 1 pound of body fat?
3500 kcal
What is the fibrous Italian cheese, that's name means spun curd due to the due to the unique stretching process?
Pasta filata, also known as “stretched curd” or “spun paste”, refers to the process of heating and stretching curd directly before forming a final cheese
What is the geographic divide between Elgin and Western Butter?
Rocky Mountains
What gas is used to pasteurize spices?
Ethylene dioxide
Which cheese is made from the by-product of cheese production?
Ricotta Cheese
Protein absorbs light between 180-260 nm. Why?
Peptide bonds
Who chaired the bill proposing the Food Additives of 1958?
James J. Delaney
Clementine botanical name?
Citrus reticulata [Rutaceae (Citrus)]
Saanen, Alpine, Nigerian Dwarf and Fainting are all breeds of what?
Goat
What is the genus of jalapeno and other peppers?
capsicum
In anaerobic organisms, pyruvate is used to regenerate what?
NAD+
What is a reducing sugar?
Sugar with a free carbonyl group.
A “Hard Cheese” must contain no more than what percent moisture?
39%
What is the scientific name for the enzyme lacking in individuals with lactose intolerance?
β-galactosidase (Lactase not accepted)
Pork tenderloin should be free of what major food component?
Fat
Which 2 vitamins are required for cell division?
folacin (folic acid) and B12 (cobalamin)
Soy flour is produced by solvent extraction of dehulled soybean meat. What is the protein content of this product?
0.5
Most of us know Emmental cheese more commonly by what name?
A. Swiss cheese
What is the term that refers to a person’s inability to taste?
ageusia
in 2000, a proposal was submitted to the FDA for review to require the addition of 2 essental fatty acids to a particular product. Name the fatty acids and the product.
Baby formula: docosahexanois acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA)
In lye peeling of vegetables, give a typical concentration of lye used.
One percent (accept 0.5 - 3%)
Which of the following foods should a sulfite-sensitive individual avoid? wine, frozen hash brown potatoes, fruit cocktail with maraschino cherries, sauerkraut
All
Venison refers to the meat of what class of animal?
Game animals (Deer)
What is the titrant used in the Mohr titration for salt determination and what is the end product of the chemical reaction?
Silver nitrate is used as the titrant and the silver reacts with chloride to form a silver chloride precipitate, silver chromate is the end product.
What is the meaning of the term 'nutrient dense' food?
Nutrient density compares the amounts of essential nutrients to the amount of calories that a food contains; the greater the nutrient contribution of a food relative to the calorie content, the more nutrient dense it is.
Name 2 types of dielectric heating.
radio frequency and microwave heating
What are the three types of frying?
Shallow, Deep, Stir
How does ultraviolet light affect fat oxidation?
Accelerates
In the U.S. the legal processing for low-acid foods requires:
Exposure to temps for a period equal to 12 D values for C. botulinum
Why is having excess flour particulates in a milling plant hazardous?
Fire hazard
In what chemical form is glucose stored in the liver and muscles?
Glycogen
The most common contaminant which is used to hold vacuum in the isolation apparatus, and causes large, widespread peaks in the gas chromatogram which mask peaks of many important flavor compounds is _______.
silicon grease
What enzyme inhibits calpains during the cooler aging process?
Calpastatin
Isohumulone is the precursor compound that reacts with light to what vitamin to cause skunky flavor in beer?
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
what fortified wine originated in Jerez de las Frontera in Spain?
Sherry
Vitamin B5, pantothenic acid, deficiency can cause?
Paresthesia
Describe how a material is heated using radio frequency heating.
the radio frequency generator creates an alternating high frequency electric field between two electrodes (or capacitor), the material being heated is conveyed between the electrodes causing power water molecules in the material to continuously reorient to face opposite electrodes. the friction from the molecular movement causes the material to rapidly heat volumetrically
Classify the following pies as American or British: Key Lime, Apple, Pumpkin, Pork, Pecan, Steak
American Pies: Key Lime, Apple, Pumpkin, Pecan British Pies: Pork, Steak
The extraction technique used by the meat industry to remove fats from most by-products that have no better market potential is called what?
rendering
The lactic acid in cheese is made from what compound?
Lactose
What is the only Carbohydrate found in milk?
Lactose
Describe logical error.
When two or more characteristics of the samples are associated in the minds of the assessors. Knowledge that a darker beer tends to be more flavorful, or that darker mayonnaise tends to be stale, causes the observer to modify his verdict, thus disregarding his own perceptions
What is the pH of the acid made in the stomach most likely to be?
pH 1-2
Which of the following vegetables contain the most kcals per 100g raw serving:A.cabbage, B.Onions, C.Tomatoes, or D.Beets?
C. Tomatoes
What are 3 folic acid rich foods?
leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits and juices, beans lentils, fortified breakfast cereals, broccoli
Which food processing technique could be named as 'controlled spoilage'?
Fermentation
What does CLA stand for in fats?
Conjugated Linoleic Acid
What is the name for thin pastry cream?
Creme patissiere (Pastry Cream)
What is the purpose for electrically stimulating beef and lamb carcasses as part of the slaughter and dressing procedure?
Reduce muscle toughness caused by cold shortening.
Who is the current past-president of IFT?
Sean Leighton
What type of flour is also known as "high gluten flour"?
Bread Flour
(True/False) California produces more wine than Italy
False
Explain the triple point of water
At 4.5 mm Hg pressure and 0.01 °C water exists in liquid, solid, and vapor states
What are the three vegetables in mirepoix?
Onions carrots and celery
What is the fat content of standard, premium, and super premium ice creams?
Standard: 10-12%, premium: 12-15%, super premium: 15-18%
Which act requires inspection of all meat if it is moved within or between states?
wholesome meat act of 1967
How does ionic polarization contribute to heating?
ions in solution move in response to applied electric field component of the microwave, and the collisions with other molecules convert kinetic energy into heat
In measuring the flow rate or velocity, which of the following can be used? (a) pitot tube (b) orifice meter (c) venturi tube (d) A and B (e) A, B and C
(e) A, B and C
In what types of foods are thermophilic sporeformers of primary concern?
Aseptically processed low acid foods.
Although limiting fat intake may help prevent excess weight gain in children, fat should not be restricted for children younger than __ years old.
2
What is the USDA legal limit for moisture in dried apples?
22%
What factors influence dehydration
Temp, dryness, air vol, particle size, type of food, load
What microorganism does Bismuth-Sulfite agar select for?
Bismuth-Sulfite= Salmonella
What are the top 3 sea foods consumed in the U.S.?
Shrimp, Salmon, Tuna
The 1999 treaty between the US and Japan was important for the importation of what food?
Meat
The color pigment that produces white color in vegetables is:
Anthoxanthin
Phospholipases react with what?
Phospholipids
what is the name of the 4th stomach of cows?
Abomasum
What country did Kiwi originate from?
China (Kiwi is also known as the Chinese gooseberry)
what variety of grape is the unfermented grape products industry in the US based on?
Concord
Prostaglandins are chemical regulators derived from what?
Fatty acids.
What is the term defined as, "any substance that may be considered a food or part of a food and provides medical or health benefits including the prevention and treatment of disease?"
Nutraceutical
Cranberry botanical name?
Vaccinium sg. oxycoccus [Ericaceae (Heather)]
What type of HACCP hazard would jewelry be considered?
Physical
Phosphorylation is a post translational modification of protein essential for their function. Name three aas that can be phosphorylated.
Serine, threonine, tyrosine
What does OSPA stand for?
Office of Scientific Public Affairs
List the methods of artificial tenderizing.
mechanical means, applying low levels of salt (salt solubilizes meat protein), adding enzyme to meat, such as bromelin, ficin, trypsin, or papain, electrical stimulation (application of sufficient voltage to cause rapid muscle contractions)
In Spanish areas, edam is sold under what name?
Queso de bola
What proteolytic enzymes are located in lysosomes?
cathepsins
which package-making process begins w/plastic sheets rather than pellets?
thermoforming
The parasitic organism commonly associated with undercooked pork is killed at what temperature?
137 ℉.
Which of the following do not require pre-market approval?
structure function claims
Which was the first civilization to make marshmallows?
Ancient Egypt
Launched in Dec 2022, the Del Monte zero pineapple is now available in certain markets of US and Europe. What makes it unique?
Certified carbon neutral with zero emission
Why should olive oil be stored in a dark environment?
prevent photooxidation of PUFAs
How many FDA regions are there in the U.S.?
6
what year was the 1st Pillsbury bake-off and in what city was it held?
1949, New York
A dehydrated apple is accidentally left out overnight. Also by mistake a fresh apple slice is left out in the open overnight as well. The next morning you find the fresh apple slice brown and the dehydrated apple still looking like it did the night before. Why didn't the dehydrated apple turn brown?
The water activity was too low for Maillard browning to occur
What are some examples of unit operations?
Evaporator, storage tanks, filler, shipping, peeler/dicer, washing, mill, pasteurizer, grinding, extraction, drying
C18:3n3 represents which fatty acid?
(unsaturated FA that has 18C, 3 double bonds and is an omega 3) a-Linolenic Acid
Give the names of two major breeds of dairy cattle.
Holstein, Jersey, Brown Swiss, Shorthorn, Ayrshire, and Guernsey
What milk type is characterized as milk with 3.25% milk fat?
Whole Milk
What is the most popular tea variety in Japan?
Sencha
what is the largest dairy farmer cooperative and what does it stand for?
DFA= Dairy Farmer's of America
What is vapor recompression?
to increase the pressure and temperature of the vapor to be used again in evaporation
Color Additives Amendment (includes Delaney Clause)
1960
by definition, an alpha-helix peptide chain contains how many amino acid residues per turn?
3.6
What is the compound that causes the hot sensation in red pepper?
Capsaicin
Durio zibethinus is a distinct smelling tree fruit that is native to South Asia. What is the common name for this fruit?
Durian
What is required of the food industry under the public health security and bioterrorism preparedness and response act (aka the Bioterrorism act) of 2002?
1) Food facilities register with FDA, and 2) FDA be given advance notice on shipments of imported food.
What term describes one type of controlled atmospheric storage in which a refrigerated storage area is maintained under reduced pressure and high humidity to prevent product dehydration?
Hypobaric storage
Why can dehydration develop quickly in infants?
Much of their body water is extracellular.
Conversion of fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate has two purposes. One is the commitment of the molecule to glycolysis, the second is?
To prevent any later product from diffusing out of the cell because charged molecules cannot easily cross membranes.
What is the acid present in fish oil?
Arachidonic acid
Thermal treatment of Ginger will give
Shogaol and gingerone
What is the term for farming and grazing practices that, among other benefits, reverse climate change by rebuilding soil organic matter and restoring degraded soil biodiversity resulting in carbon drawdown and improving the water cycle?
Regenerative Agriculture
What is a component of cementing material between plant cell walls that is converted to pectin in fruit as the fruit matures?
protopectin
Which fruit/ vegetable is known as gator legs?
avocado
What is the term for when electrons occupy free orbitals of cations in a salt/water solution?
aqua complex
What beer style do you need sour cheeries to?
Lambic
What is the microstructure of meat from one z-line to the next called?
Sarcomere
In sensory analysis what is the term for when the brain allows very specific positive traits to influence overall evaluation?
Halo effect
What are the different types of quality changes that can occur from drying?
Kinetics, Effects of food texture (shrinkage, case hardening, crust formation, stress development and cracking, rehydration, flavor, color, nutrition, microflora)
What common component of oranges is missing in navel oranges?
the seeds
What is the most abundant component of skeletal muscle?
Water
Name 4 advantages of using enzymes in food processing.
They are natural, nontoxic substances, generally catalyze without unwanted side-effects, active under very mild conditions of temperature and pH, active at low concentrations, rate of reaction can be controlled, can be inactivated after reaction.
In cheese making, the "cheddar" process involves: A) adding lactic acid to milk B) adding rennet C) turning and piling the curds D) chopping the curds and adding salt
C) turning and piling the curds
Which amino acid has the greatest molecular weight: tryptophan or tyrosine?
Tryptophan
At what range of temperatures do most proteins denature?
Between 50-60°C.
What is the name of the pasta that translates to "cooking pot"?
Lasagna
What are two measures of dispersion?
Range and standard deviation.
What is the standard against which all sweeteners are measured in terms of their quality of taste and taste profile?
sucrose (taste sugar)
A high molecular weight polyester deposited in the waxy cuticle of some plant epidermal cells is called what?
cutin
Which of the following does not have an official regulatory definition under FDA regulations?Dietary supplement, food, functional food, all of the above
functional food
Cheddar is America's favorite cheese. What is second?
Parmesan.
With regard to can defects during thermal processing, what is buckling?
Permanent deformation of the can ends caused by excessive internal can pressure compared to external pressure during cooling; opposite of paneling.
In a closed vessel, what happens to the density of gas when the temperature changes?
The density of gas stays the same
name the 3 components of flavor.
taste, aroma, trigeminal (and mouthfeel)
What does 'c' stand for in E=mc^2?
speed of light
What are 2 problems that can occur in beef carcasses from a quality standpoint if you chill the carcass too quickly?
Cold toughening, cold shortening, "heat ring," reduced grade, and darker color.
In statistics, what is the Median?
The middle of a distribution; half of the values are above, and half of the values will be below.
Name the 2 principle whey proteins.
Beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactalbumin
In statistics, what is the Mode of a set of numbers?
The value which occurs most frequently in a set of numbers.
What single kind of restructured meats represents the most volume and value and involves finding meat pieces into a single piece?
Sectioned and Formed
Name four types of peeling methods.
Hand peeling, flame peeling, mechanical peeling, lye peeling, hot water peeling, steam peeling, abrasion peeling, cryogenic peeling.
In genetics what is conjugation?
Genetic material is transferred directly from one bacterium (the donor) to another (the recipient) through a physical connection (a pilus).
Express water activity in terms of equilibrium relative humidity
Aw = ERH/100
Define climacteric fruits and name 5 of these fruits.
Fruit ripening associated with ethylene production and cell respiration rise: Apples, Bananas, Melons, Apricots, Tomatoes, Blackberries, Kiwi, Peaches, Pears, Breadfruit, Jackfruit, Pawpaw, Papayas, Figs, Plantains, Passion fruit, Guavas, plum, avocado
Name three possible causes of a false seam on a can.
Mushroomed can flange, Bent can flange, Misassembly of can and cover
Differentiate between homofermentative and heterofermentative lactic acid fermentations. What is the difference between homofermentative and heterofermentative bacteria?
-Homo: glucose converted to lactic acid -Hetero: glucose (and possibly other substrates) converted to lactic acid and ethanol (and sometimes other compounds) / Heterofermentative bacteria produce copious amounts of gas.
What is the cutoff Reynold's number for laminar flow?
2100
What is the major toxin-producing microorganism associated with herb infused oils held at or above room temp for extended periods of time?
Clostridium botulinum
The band They Might Be Giants sang a song called 'John Lee Supertaster'; what compound could John Lee readily detect?
bitterness of either phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) or propylthiouracil (PROP)
In addition to calcium and phosphorus, what mineral is associated with bones and teeth?
Magnesium
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Seafood Inspection Program insures the safety and quality of seafood consumed in the US. This agency can be found in what government department?
Department of Commerce
What is the term used to describe the process of using biological processes to solve environmental problems?
Bioremediation
There are 2 main differences between scotch and whiskey. What are they?
geography, scotch is made in Scotland, and bourbon in the USA (Kentucky). Scotch is made from malted barley and bourbon from distilled corn.
What ingredient makes tonic water fluoresce?
quinine
What is the drying method by contact with a heated surface of a revolving drum called?
Drum or roller drying
In 1993, KSU food scientists were granted a patent for a rapid detection method applied to a foodborne pathogen. Name the enzyme which hastens detection and the organism.
(1) Oxyrase TM (2) E. coli O157:H7
What is the temperature and time range for commercial sterilization?
116-121 C (240-250 F) for 50-90 min
Does IR spectroscopy measure electronic, vibrational, or rotational energy level transitions?
Vibrational energy levels.
What is the name of the alternate liquid crystalline forms of the same fat?
Mesomorphs
What type of oil is consumed the most around the world?
Soyabean
Usually how old are broilers or chickens produced for meat?
5 to 7 weeks
The equation which relates electrochemical cell potentials to the concentrations of the oxidation/reduction reactants, is called what?
The Nernst Equation
What is the general term applied to any ingredient added to improve or modify flavor in processed meat products?
seasoning
Name 3 natural colorants and the food from which they come from.
Annato extract: Annato seeds, Beet powder: Dehydrated beets, Paprika: ground dried mild capsicum pod, Grape color extract: Concord grapes, Turmeric: ground rhizome of Curcuma longa L.
Concerning cognac, what does VSOP stand for?
very superior old pale
In cheese production, why is rennet added after pH has been slightly reduced by the starter culture?
the activity of rennets higher in an acid media
What is the white colony growth of molds called?
Mycelium.
which type of chromotography is described by : a substrate is covalently bound to the column matrix; as the effluent passes through, a specific targeted compound attaches to the bound substrate and becomes trapped on the stationary phase.
Affinity Chromotography
What does HETP stand for in column design?
Height equivalent to theoretical plate
BHA can be used as a preservative in meats. What does BHA stand for?
Butylated hydroxyanisole
Does 1 cup of spinach have more, the same or less calcium than 1 cup of ice cream?
more (spinach = 244 mg, ice cream = 176mg)
Name 4 classes of potential hazards of concern during food processing.
Microbial, Chemical, Physical, Radiological (under chemical)
What are the two proteins that function in wheat gluten formation?
Gliadin (prolamine) and glutenin (glutelin)
HACCP procedures are now required by law for what foods?
Meat, poultry, seafood
What is the country of origin of Gouda cheese?
Gouda= Netherlands (Holland)
What are the effects of drying on case hardening and crust formation?
(solutes move to surface, evaporation of water causes concentration of solutes at the surface level, high temp cause complex chemical and physical changes and the formation of a hard impermeable skin, aggregations of molecules are not easily disassociated on rehydration, minimized by flattening the concentration gradients, control rate of drying, crust is desirable breakfast cereals long bowl life, undesirable if rehydration necessary. IN sausages, they are drying from the inside out and the moisture removed from the surface is replaced by the moisture coming from inside the sausage. If the surface hardening occurs to fast, the inside moisture may be permanently trapped and bacteria will multiply spoiling the sausage
What form of mercury is associated with seafood toxicity?
org Hg or methyl Hg
Botrytis cinerea is a mold found on grapes. What 2 wine styles require botrytis during growing or processing?
Sauternes and Tokaji
What are the freezing and frozen temperature ranges?
Freezing below the temp. at which ice crystals begin to form within the food -10 to -20º C.
What effect does ascorbate have on curing with sodium nitrite?
Faster curing action by reducing nitrate to nitrite
What are the steps necessary in sauerkraut production?
Shred cabbage; salt cabbage at 2.25-3%; pack the cabbage to remove air pockets; create an anaerobic environment; hold at 21 degrees C for 3-4 weeks
What five vitamins, minerals, and or elements is flour commonly enriched with?
iron and B vitamins (folic acid, riboflavin, niacin, and thiamine). Calcium may also be supplemented
A product that contains less than 140 mg of sodium per serving may be labeled as what kind of product, with regard to sodium content claim?
Low Sodium
What are the top three states in the value production of cucumbers for pickles?
Michigan, Florida and North Carolina
What does HACCP stand for?
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
How many kilocalories does 1g of alcohol provide?
7 kcal/g
The use of PVC or polyvinyl chloride containers for alcohol was banned because the monomer vinyl chloride leaked into food. This action was taken under the FDA act covering which of the following? (a) Adulteration (b) Non-intentional poisonous and deleterious substances (c) Misbranding by not having the monomer content labeled (d) The Delaney Clause (e) Improper use of colors
(b) Non-intentional poisonous and deleterious substances
What are the ingredients needed to make sweet pickles?
cucumbers, salt, vinegar, and sugar
What is the refrigerator (36-40 F) storage limit for maximum quality of bacon? A.2 weeks, B.2 months, C.1 week, or D.10 days?
C. 1 week
Who regulates alcohol?
TTB (Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau)
What are the main protein types in: corn, oats, rice?
corn-prolamins, oats-globulins, rice-globulin
On average, about what % of dietary vitamin C is obtained from fruits and vegetables?
about 90%
The preserving activity of vinegar has been known from ancient time. The active component is
Acetic Acid
What is piperine and where is it found?
An alkaloid that is responsible for the strong peppery kick in black and white pepper
Define and differentiate between the terms “thermoset” (thermally reversible) and “thermoplastic” (thermally irreversible) with regard to protein gel formation and give an example of each.
Thermoset gels form irreversible cross-links and cannot revert back to initial state like muscle proteins(myosin), egg white proteins (ovalbumin). Thermoplastic gels form gels on cooling after heating, and can revert fully or partially back to solution upon reheating like collagen (gelatin)
What metal can cause an abnormal green color in vegetables?
Copper
What are the microorganisms that prefer to live without oxygen?
anaerobic
What is Cobalt-60 used in?
g-irradiation
Name five of the 17 categories of college level questions and we are requiring exact wording.
1. Alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages 2. Biotechnology 3. Carbohydrates, cereal and grain products 4. Culinology and baking 5. Dairy products 6. Food analysis and quality assurance 7. Food Chemistry 8. Food history and trivia 9. Food laws and regulations 10. Food packaging 11. Food processing and engineering 12. Food safety toxicology and microbiology 13. Fruit, and vegetable products 14. IFT knowledge 15. Meat, fish, poultry and egg products 16. Nutrition 17. Sensory and Consumer Science.
What are zygospores?
sexual spores of molds, formed by the union of the tips of 2 hyphae.
What must lipids always be combined with to travel in the blood?
Proteins
What are hyphae?
filaments of molds
What are the leading three states in the value production of cucumbers for pickles?
Michigan, Wisconsin, South Carolina, and Florida
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
1938
How can protein quality of plant-based meals be improved?
By combining different plant protein sources in a meal
When drying/storing sesame seeds what is the maximum percent moisture allowed?
6%
What functional property of egg white is most affected by heating and freezing?
Foaming
Describe the winterization process for an oil.
Colling the oil Filtering the solids formed This filtering ensures that the long chained saturated fats do not crystallize at low temp
the structure of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase (PPO) contains which metal?
Copper
Name 4 applications for Infrared in food processing.
drying, heating, frying, roasting, baking, thawing, surface pasteurization
What vitamin deficiency causes Beriberi?
Thiamin (vitamin B1)
What are the effects of drying on stress development and cracking?
loss of valuable product, loss of consumer satisfaction, seed reduced germination(a biopolymer during drying shrinks at the surface causing tensile stress at the surface and compressive stress on the material surface exceeds the material breaking strength,, the material cracks
Who introduced rational medicine in 400 B.C.? a) Cleopatra b) Paracelsus c) Archimedes d) Hippocrates
d) Hippocrates
Michaelis-Menten equation?
Relates the velocity of a reaction to the concentration of substrate; used for enzyme kinetics.
What does QMS stand for?
Quality Management Systems
Annatto is added to color cheese. What group of pigments is this colorant derived from?
A. Carotenoids
What is the cause of cardboard flavor in milk.?
Oxidation of fat
What is the function of the clarification process for milk?
To remove small particulate matter and suspended solids from the milk
How is the pasteurization time and temperature selected?
It is based upon the principle of D value, higher temperature, shorter time
What are the approximate molecular weights of alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, and bovine serum albumin (BSA)?
Alpha-lactalbumin ≈ 14,200 Da; Beta-lactoglobulin ≈ 18,400 Da; BSA ≈ 69,000 Da.
What class of proteins exert kinetic control over thermodynamic potential?
Enzymes
What are two fats/oils in the class known as Lauric Acid fats because it has high content of Lauric Acid (Dodecanoic 12:0).
Coconut oil and palm kernel oil
Explain Commercially Sterile.
Describes a product free of all pathogens and other microorganisms that could potentially grow in the product
An exoenzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of maltose units from the non-reducing end of starch is what?
B-amylase
Name a chart used in unsteady state heat transfer.
gurney-lurie chart, heisler chart
What process is most effective in removing proteins from whey?
Ultrafiltration or microfiltration
What pastry tool is used to cut the outlines of shapes?
Pastry Cutter
What does a headspace scavenger such as ascorbate do in a container?
Reduce headspace [O2]
G protein couple receptors detect what three tastes?
Bitter, sweet, umami
Name two refrigerants that are not CFCs.
NH3 and SO2
What is the role of salt in surimi production?
salt solubilizes myofibrillar proteins
What is the function of homogenization in milk production?
To reduce fat droplet size so cream separation does not occur
The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence of a ray of light on the surface separating two media to the sine of its angle of refraction is called:
refractive index
What are the stages of freeze drying?
initial wet-bulb temperature adjust (Sens heat) period. 2- constant and uniform wet-bulb temp period, concentration gradient builds up in drop and water activity decreases. 3-no shrinkage period, internal diffusion entirely limiting. 4- sensible heating period
What are the units of Reynolds number?
None, it is a unitless number
What are the 2 main methods of plate counting?
Spread and pour plating
What does CI stand for?
Confidence Interval
What is the initiation step in crystal formation?
Nucleation
Adult onset diabetes usually occurs as a result of?
Obesity
What plastic is used for packaging bread?
LDPE (Low-density polyethylene)
Certified food colorants can be divided into 2 types. What are they?
Dyes (water soluble) and lakes (water and oil soluble)
what is the coarse particle obtained from wheat milling?
farina (middling)
What are the 5 things that are required on a label?
Name, weight, product description, nutritional label, company address
Which Mass spec technique relied on large protein fingerprint for bacteria?
MALDITOF MS
What are the described flavors of the following compounds: Diacetyl, acetic acid, acetaldehyde, ethyl hexanoate, propionic acid, 1-octen-3-ol?
Diacetyl – butter, acetic acid - vinegar, acetaldehyde – nutty or apple, ethyl hexanoate – fruity, propionic acid - Swisss cheese, 1-octen-3-ol – mushroom
Lignans which are found in flax seed, wheat bran, oats and barley contain both:
anticancer and phytoestrogen properties
According to the USDA, what are the three safe ways to thaw frozen foods?
Refrigerate, immersion in cold water, microwave thawing
During typical food heating, what is the starting size of gap that microwaves cannot pass through?
0.122 m to 0.328 m
What are the six colors of teas?
White, black, green, yellow, bluegreen, another type of yellow
"Enriched" grains do NOT have what substance added back?
Dietary fiber
What compound is produced by lactobacillus San Francisco (Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis) that is important to making sourdough bread?
lactic acid
What is the effective date for nutritional labeling of meat and poultry products?
7/6/1994 12:00:00 AM
The process in which a gaseous insecticide is released into a sealed building is known as WHAT?
Fumigation
How can olive oil help relieve constipation?
It lubricates the digestive system, making it easier for stools to pass through. It also helps stools retain water, keeping them softer.
What is the temperature danger zone for holding cooked foods?
45-140 F (accept 40-150 F)
What is the % sugar w/v of a solution with specific gravity of 1.06 and 15 brix?
15.9% (15*1.06)
Starting with 1 atm, how are the following units related; atmosphere, inches of mercury, pascal, psi?
1 atm = 30in Hg = 101,325 Pa = 14.696 psi
The best relative humidity for smoke application to pork hams at 60-80 ℃ is:
d. 60%.
What are cyclones used for in milk spray-drying systems?
to sediment small particles of powder still present in the air before its release.
What materials are used in a retortable pouch?
Polyester and/or oriented polypropylene (outer)/aluminum foil/Polypropylene
What are natural casings made of?
Sheep intestine.
List three positive effects of properly used thermal processing on the nutritive value of foods.
Improves digestibility, inactivates degradative enzymes, inactivates antimetabolites
What is the most common way to avoid a foodborne illness?
Wash hands
Give the country of origins of the following ethnic foods: Kimchi, Tempeh, Idli, Miso.
Kimchi - Korea, tempeh - Indonesia, idli - India, Miso - Japan
Name the main 8 cereal grains
Oats, corn, wheat, rice, barley, rye, sorghum, millet
What is the scientific name of the honeybee?
Apis mellifera
What are the substrates for soy sauce?
soybean, water, salt, wheat
Give 3 methods for the production of corn syrup from starch.
acid hydrolysis, acid-enzyme hydrolysis, enzyme-enzyme hydrolysis
What is the structural difference between pheophytin a and chlorophyll a?
Pheophytin a is chlorophyll without a Magnesium ion
What is the medical term or name given to the condition where bacteria are actively multiplying in the bloodstream?
Septicemia
At what frequency are radio waves typically at?
less than 300 MHz
Define fecal coliforms and indicate the reason that they are often evaluated in foods.
facultative anaerobes (organisms which can survive in the absence of oxygen), gram-negative, non-spore forming, rod-shaped bacteria that ferment lactose (a type of sugar), producing gas and acid within 48 hours when cultured at 35oC. Their lack of ability to form spores makes them more susceptible to destruction by environmental conditions.they are used as indicators of fecal contamination
The time in minutes required to destroy 90% of a population at a given temperature.
D value – decimal reduction time
What is cAMP?
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
What is the scale for water activity?
0 – 1.0
What is the Peroxide Value a measure of?
Fat Oxidation
Name 2 carbohydrates in soy that cause flatulence.
verbascose, stachyose, raffinose
Give three brands of sandwich cookies.
Milano, Monte Carlo, Oreo
Enzyme pills available over the counter can be added to milk to predigest lactose to glucose and galactose. The name of the enzyme is ....
Lactase (b-galactosidase) or Lactase
A GRAS listed ingredient in widespread use was banned by HEW Secretary Finch causing an abrupt end to the use of this compound in foods. Name the compound and the year.
Cyclamate, 1969
What are comminuted products in reference to meat?
Products made from lesser quality meat materials that have been subdivided into small meat pieces; e.g. chunk, chips, or flakes.
Normal pasteurization of shell eggs provides a shelf life of about how many weeks?
Four weeks
What does IHOP stand for?
International House of Pancakes
Which kind of Carageenan is associated with the formation of a thixotropic gel?
iota carrageenan
Cloud stability in products like tomato and orange juice is favored by which of the following? A) Inactivation of polygalacturonase B) Inactivation of PME C) Addition of PME
B) Inactivation of PME
What is the biggest factor in increasing thermal efficiency of continuous pasteurizers?
By using a larger size of the regeneration section
Metabolism is often sub-divided into two specific processes, anabolism and catabolism. What is the principle difference between these processes?
Anabolism involves synthetic reactions, and catabolism involves destructive reactions to release energy.
What is Newton's First Law?
Every body persists in its state of rest or motion in a straight line unless acted upon by a force.
What amino acids, with an aromatic side chain, have hydrophilic properties?
Tyrosine
What is the structural difference between chlorophyll and pheophytin?
Pheophytia does not have magnesium in porphyrin ring.
Who are the 2 scientists who developed the DNA model?
James Watson and Francis Crick
Which food product from Africa won the 2016 World Food Prize?
The orange-fleshed sweet potato
The finer the polysaccharide, the more viscous the solution. (T/F)
TRUE.
The pH of albumen in freshly laid eggs is 7.6 - 7.9. The pH rises to 9.7 during storage. Why does this occur?
Diffusion of solubilized CO2 through the shell.
What does "c" stand for in E=mc²?
Speed of light
Salmonella was first isolated from salmon fish in an outbreak in Washington State in 1889 (True/False)
False
What is the first enzyme in glycolysis that introduces a glucose molecule into the cell?
Hexokinase
A material that exhibits increasing viscosity with increasing shear rate is called what?
Dilatant
At what level is a food considered a reduced calorie food?
A 1/3 reduction in calories
Name the five ingredients used in Long island iced tea.
vodka, rum, gin, tequila, triple sec
What is the caloric content of alcohol?
7 Cal/g
What is Solid Fat Index?
measurement of solidity of fats
The Hydroxylation of Lysine to hydroxylysine uses what cofactor?
Vitamin C (has a lot of hemiacetal groups/OH)
What organism is included in the fermented sausage starter culture?
Pediococcus cerivicea
Which of the following is a fermented cheese named after its city of origin: Cheddar , Applewood, Mozralla, Yarg
Cheddar
Give 3 advantages of food dehydration over sun drying.
more controlled conditions, shorter drying time, better sanitary conditions, no climate losses due to weather, some products (such as milk) cannot be sun dried
What is the original name for the kiwi fruit?
Chinese gooseberry
10 pound of cheese corresponds to how much whey?
90 pounds of whey
In what year was the color additives amendment added to the Delaney Clause?
1960
What are the two selected agents in Baird-Parker media?
is a medium for the enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in foods which was first reported by Baird-Parker (1962) contains Lithium chloride and tellurite
What is IFTs definition of food science?
Employs biological, chemical, and physical research to develop the basic understanding necessary to provide a nutritious, safe, and acceptable diet.
What is the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes?
Type I: The person produces no insulin at all. Type II: Fat cells resist insulin or the body cannot use insulin.
What pastry type uses steam as a leavening agent?
Choux
What are the chemical classes in the carotenoid compounds?
xanthophylls (which contain oxygen) and carotenes (which are purely hydrocarbons and contain no oxygen)
Which of these food additives could be used to prevent cocoa particles from settling in chocolate milk? A) BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) B) Carrageenan C) Thiamine Hydrochloride D) Citric Acid
B) Carrageenan
What is the name of the toxin family responsible for the majority of seafood illnesses?
Phycotoxins
What spoilage organisms are most likely to be found vacuum packed, refrigerated meats held for several weeks?
clostridium perfringens
What do we mean by 'dry' wine?
low sugar content
Name the five mother sauces of French cuisine.
Bechamel, Veloute, Tomato, Espagnole, Hollandaise
What is non-newtonian fluid?
As you increase the shear rate the viscosity decreases, liquid but flowing like a solid
What does the acronym NADP stand for?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
Which tannins can tan? hydrolysable, condensed tannins, phyto, non-condensed
Condensed tannins
What is reverse osmosis filtration?
only water can pass through the membrane, filters out un-disassociated acids and monovalent species, pressure is 200-300psig
Which genera of bacteria can fluoresce and spoil fresh cut vegetables and meat?
Pseudomonas
What does BP-agar stand for?
Baird-Parker
Name a variety cut of meat.
Liver, Kidney, Heart, Thymus, Brain
What is a dextran?
glucose polymer joined by alpha-1,6-glycosidic bond
What is dew point temperature?
temp at which air becomes saturated with moisture (RH=100%) and any further cooling results in condensation of water form air
Which U.S. state has the highest number of farms?
Texas
Multiple choice: which of the following is the strongest form of radiation: a. alpha, b. beta, c. gamma?
c. Gamma radiation
Q: At what level is a food a reduced calorie food?
A: One-third reduction in calories
Name four advantages of using glass as a packaging material.
Chemically inert, odorless, high storage stability, may be transparent, easy to open and reseal, can be used with vacuum operations.
What does ASM stand for?
American Society for Microbiology
The study of dielectric properties concerns ____ and ____ of electric and magnetic energy in materials
storage and dissipation
Differentiate between evaporated and condensed milks.
Condensed milk is processed similarly to evaporated milk except it may be homogenized and/or vitamin D fortified; it is not subjected to further heat treatment.
What is the major ripening bacterium for Limburger cheese production?
Brevibacterium linens
What is the cooking loss percentage of a roast that had a raw weight of 20 lbs and a cooked weight of 15 lbs?
25%
Name three protocols for measuring reducing sugars.
Somogyi-Nelson, Fehling's, Benedict's methods.
In what year did President Franklin D. Roosevelt sign the present Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act?
6/25/1938 12:00:00 AM
The first federal food law was passed in 1906. What was it?
Food and Drugs Act and/or Meat Inspection Act, both June 30th, 1906.
Colloids that are stabilized by a layer of solvation are called ____________
emulsoids
What year was IFT founded?
1939
What are the three usual flavors in Neapolitan ice cream, also known as harlequin ice cream?
Strawberry, chocolate, and vanilla
What is the general mechanism of enzyme action?
decrease of activation energy of transition state
What are hemolytic bacteria?
bacteria that can lyse blood cells
which of the following food fats contain the highest proportion of saturated fatty acids: A.lard, B.beef tallow, C.butter fat, or D.coconut oil?
D. coconut oil
Raspberry botanical name?
Rubus spp.
As of 2005, what is the official soft drink of Maine?
Moxie
In August 2013, Chef Richard McGeown cooked what for the first time?
A hamburger from lab-grown meat
What are two approaches used to make intermediate-moisture foods?
Partial Drying, Osmotic Drying, Dry Infusion, Blending (formulation)
Who developed canning?
Nicholas Appert around 1800
What is th SI unit for pressure?
Pascal
What is a common unit of brightness or luminous intensity?
candella
What was the name of the first aseptic packaging system?
The Dole system
In different situations, the term 'ounces' can refer to different types of measurements; what are the 2 general categories ounces may measure.
Weight and Volume
Which tea is blanched and fermented prior to drying to maintain the activity of the polyphenols and prevents oxidation of the polyphenols?
Green Tea
Define the ingredient MSNF used in commercial ice cream.
A. Milk solids not fat - the dairy solids other than fat - 37% protein, 56% lactose, and 8% minerals
Which young french wine is released annually on the 3rd Thursday in Nov?
Beaujolais nouveau
name the simplest amino acid.
glycine
What will an injunction action by the FDA do to your company?
It will prevent you from producing the product in question until you comply with FDA regulations
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid is the precursor of what plant hormone?
ethylene
BONUS Identify the terms BOD, COD, SS, and FOG.
A. BOD - biological (or biochemical) oxygen demand; COD - chemical oxygen demand; SS - suspended solids; FOG - fats, oils, and grease
What is the basic chemical subunit of carotenoids?
isoprene units (joined head to tail in a system of conjugated double bonds).
What equipment is needed for osmotic dehydration?
osmotic dehydrator with vibrating basket (jacked vessel, basket, shaft, eccentric, spout) batch operation
what is the difference between bottled beer and draft beer?
draft is unpasteurized and hence has a shorter shelf life
What does HPP stand for?
High Pressure Processing
Name the first flavors of Jell-O.
raspberry, strawberry, lemon, and orange
What are the real names of the Pillsbury Dough Boy and his family members?
The dough boy: Poppin' fresh; Poppie Fresh, was released, followed by Granmommer and Granpopper, Uncle Rollie, a son (Popper), daughter (Bun-Bun) and Flapjack and Biscuit (the Fresh family’s dog and cat) in the years that followed.
What are eight flavors of Necco wafers?
Wintergreen, chocolate, lime, lemon, clove, cinnamon, orange, licorice
In the US, scampi refers to a dish usually prepared from shrimps. However, in UK, scampi is legally defined as which seafood species?
Lobster
What enzyme is responsible for the development of garlic aroma upon cutting or cellular damage?
Allinase
Ginger root botanical name?
Zingiber officinale [Zingiberaceae (Ginger)]
The forequarter of lamb has what additional muscle compared to the other cuts?
Connective Tissue
What percentage of salt is ideal for making sauerkraut?
2.25-3%
What barrels are used to age bourbon?
Aged in new, charred white oak barrels
Iceberg lettuce was called crisphead until what year?
1930
In order to combat BeriBeri, what was added to rice?
Thiamin (B1)
Name 2 major types of seafood intoxications.
ciguatera poisoning, scromboid fish poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning
What are the 2 most common approved sources of gamma rays in food irradiation?
Cobalt-60 and Cesium-137
Give five types of RNA.
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, small nuclear RNA, regulatory RNA, ribozymes, double stranded RNA, signal recognition particle RNA, transfer messenger RNA
True or False: The geometric center of a can is the slowest heating point for foods heated by convection.
False. The slowest heating point is near the bottom of the container.
According for the US standard of identity for butter and margarine, what is the minimum fat %?
0.8
How does Mechanical Vapor Recompression save energy during evaporation?
Vapors from a single stage are compressed to higher pressure in a mechanical compressor and then reused as steam in the steam chest. Only a small portion of fresh steam is needed. Present advantages: - Reduced cooling-water requirement - Energy recovery schemes are still feasible - Low temperature between steam and product is used - Short residence time at high temperature - Results in high quality.
What is defined as an amorphous inorganic product of fusion that has been cooled into a rigid condition without crystallizing?
Glass
Upon cooking beef, one of the two major proteins of the meat connective tissue breaks down into gelatin. What is the name of the other major protein making up the connective tissue, the one that does not break down?
Elastin
What part of the plant does ginger come from?
Root
What type of orange is commonly used for juice manufacture?
Valencia
What does Thiobarbituric acid number or value tell you?
degree of lipid oxidation
Explain/ define laminate packaging.
Combination of two or more layers of packaging materials that produce a film with a combined characteristics of each component made by: extrusion (molten material) and adhesion (layers glued together)
The increase in kinetic energy of a flowing fluid is at the expense of what? a) pressure drop b) Reynolds number c) viscosity
a) pressure drop
What is miso?
fermented soybean paste
Name two cellular function of iron in microbes.
Required for enzymatic functions, protein absorption
What is the food colorant added to curacao to make blue curacao?
E133 Brilliant Blue
Microwave, ultraviolet rays, and gamma rays are all ionizing radiation (True/False)
False
What two spices are derived from the fruit of the nutmeg tree?
Nutmeg and Mace
What type of tea is wilted, bruised and partially oxidized?
Oolong Tea
Name 3 types of sensory difference tests.
duo-trio, triangle test, difference from control, sequential tests, similarity tests
Work done between 1895 and 1898 by Underwood and Prescott.
Time-temperature combinations for various canned foods to remove spoilage microorganisms. Thermal processing for canning.
The step in which fatty acids of higher melting point are separated by cooling during edible oil manufacturer is called?
winterization
What is turgor pressure?
Turgor pressure or turgidity is the main pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells and bacteria cells; It is determined by the water content of the vacuole
Name 3 nonpolar, 3 polar and 3 charged amino acids.
nonpolar: Valine, Alanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline. Polar: Glycine, Serine, Cystein, Threonine, Tyrosine. Charged: Lysine, Arginine, Histidine, Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid
Name genus and species of most common mango fruit.
Mangifera indica
The best corrugated flute style for stacking performance is: a. A-Flute b. B-Flute c. C-Flute d. D-Flute e. E-Flute
A-Flute (it is the thickest and therefore has the largest area to load)
What is HTST method in dairy technology and what are the requirements?
High Temperature Short Time is a pasteurization process for milk: 72 degrees C for 15 seconds
What is amino acid score (uncorrected)?
The ratio of mg of amino acids in 1g of test protein to the mg of amino acid in 1g of reference protein.
What is the scientific term for a n increase in the size of the cells in an organism?
Hypertrophy
What are the 5 methods used for dough fermentation in bread manufacturing?
sponge dough, straight dough, continuous mix, liquid ferment, short-time dough
What is the chemical nature of anthocyanins?
Glycosides of anthocyanidins
What are the driving forces of membrane processes?
Transmembrane pressure, concentration gradient, chemical potential, osmotic pressure, electric field, magnetic field, partial pressure, pH gradient
Name three beet cultivars.
Cylindra, Detroit Dark Red, Pacemaker II
Give 3 ways to produce ethylene gas.
There are three main ways to produce ethylene: 1) gas from a cylinder, 2) catalytic generator, and 3) ethephon
In intelligent packaging, what is TTI?
Time temperature indicator
Which food has more zinc per gram? a. beef, b. chickpeas, c. pork chops, d. oysters
d. oyster
Give the definition of sensory evaluation.
a scientific displine that evokes, measures, analyzes and interprets responses to foods and other materials as perceived by the senses of sight, smell, touch, taste, hearing, and feeling factors(trigeminal sensations)
For water, the effect of increasing coordination number is most noticeable at what temperature range?
0-4 degrees celsius
Which of the following ingredients are most responsible for myofibrillar protein solubilization during sausage processing? A.nitrite anderythorbate B.salt and phosphate C.glucono delta lactone and nonfat dry milk D.spices
B. salt and phosphate
What part of a beef steer does the porterhouse steak come from?
The loin (short loin or back are also acceptable).
2 Diamines that give off spoiled meat odor:
(1) Cadaverine (2) Putrescine
What are the two top selling spices in the world?
pepper and mustard
Dr. James Caleb Jackson created the 1st packaged breakfast cereal; what was its name?
Granula
Tonka beans have a high concentration of which dangerous compound?
coumarin
Of the four stages in a refrigeration cycle, expansion, evaporation, compression, and condensation, which is a constant entropy process?
Compression
A proteolytic enzyme isolated from fig tree sap and used for meat tenderization is called ___.
Ficin
What are some of the benefits of a thermistor?
they are preferable in simple applications due to their low cost and simple electronic circuitry, also they can be produced in very small designs with a fast response and low thermal mass
Name one group regulating the seafood industry.
FDA
What are the two roles of salt in bread making?
changes taste, effects rheological properties by making dough stronger
What is the artificial color number for Brilliant Blue?
FD&C Blue No.1
what is the main ingredient of hummus?
Chick peas (garbanzo beans)
What is the name of thick custard lightened with merengue?
Chiboust
The B vitamin deficiency that can result in pernicious anemia is?
Vitamin B12
What does PDA stand for?
Potato Dextrose Agar
Why did the 2-L bottle come out before the 355-mL?
Cheaper
What are some two reasons for roasting cocoa beans for chocolate making?
Flavor development, separate outer husk from inner bean (makes cracking and winnowing much easier), virtually sterilizes cocoa been (prevent growth of bacteria/fungi/molds), even color and texture
What is another name for phosphatidylcholine?
Lecithin
Name two adaptogens and their flavor notes.
Ashwagandha root: Bitter and Astingent Cordyceps: Savory umami and deep earthy-nutty flavor Ginseng: Bitter and earthy Holy Basil (Tulsi): Astringent and peppery spiciness
Name five items that must be on a food label.
Name (statement of identity), weight (Net contents of the package), nutritional label, contact information, List of ingredients
What is a typical range for the amount of protein found in cow's milk?
Approximately 30-35 grams/liter (3 to 4%)
What term describes properties of a material, such as density, temperature, and pressure that do not depend upon the mass of the system?
Intensive properties or intrinsic properties
Name one source of each of the following classes of colorants exempt from certification: Anthocyanins, Betalains, Caramel, Canthaxanthin, Chlorophylls, Riboflavin.
Anthocyanins-grape skins, elderberries; Betalains-red beets, cactus fruits; Caramel-modified sugar; Canthaxanthin (carotenoid)-mushrooms, crustaceans, fish, seaweed; Chlorophylls-green vegetables; Riboflavin-milk (Source: Food Technology, 1993)
What are the 2 types of direct heating?
steam injection and steam infusion
What is latent heat of fusion?
The latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy required to change a substance from a solid to a liquid at its melting point, without changing its temperature. This energy is used to break the intermolecular bonds holding the solid together.
A double seam consists of how many thicknesses of metal plate?
5 (at the juncture of the end and side of a three piece can there are 7 thicknesses)
Name the volatile fatty acids in milk and state the number of carbons in each.
Butyric (C4) Caproic (C6) Caprylic (C8) Capric (C10) Lauric (C12)
Eggplant botanical name?
Solanum melongena [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]
What is LD50 value?
dose of a substance that will kill 50% of the test subjects
What is the morphology of how polymers can be classified?
Linear and branched.
A chlorophyll molecule reacting with magnesium exhibits what shade of green?
Bright green
What is another term for a twining wine, a wine without tendrils or suckers, most commonly associated with hot pox?
Bine
What are the 4 basic types of peanuts currently used in the food market?
Runner, Virginia, Spanish, and Valencia
what off-flavor compound is associated w/ascorbic acid browning?
furfural
Which colloidal system has liquid as the dispersed phase and gas as the dispersing medium?
Aerosol
Of the following 4 choices, what is the correct set-up of a three compartment sink in a foodservice operations? a) wash, sanitize, rinse; b) rinse, wash, sanitize; c) sanitize, wash, rinse; d) wash, rinse, sanitize
d) Wash, rinse, sanitize
Large cuts of meat are often covered by plastic sacks, cheeses dipped in wax, and eggs dipped in a thin, harmless oil to help protect these foods against the loss of what common component?
Moisture or water. NOTE: These measures may also serve other purposes, i.e. loss of carbon dioxide from eggs, but we want the component COMMON to each of the examples.
What is the legal citation for the good manufacturing practices regulation applied to all foods?
21 CFR 110
What are other names for the baobab tree?
Monkey Bread Tree, Tree of Life, Bottle Tree or Upside Down Tree
Which chemical bond has functional groups on opposite sides of the chain?
Trans-bond
The storage molecule of Glucose in liver & skeletal muscle for animals is?
Glycogen
Cassia cinnamon botanical name?
Cinnamomum cassia [Lauraceae (Laurel)]
PAH and HCA are potential carcinogens in red meat. What does PAH and HCA stand for?
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic amines
What is the spherical organism which causes souring of milk?
Streptococcus lactis.
What is the toluene distillation used for?
moisture content determination
What is the general name of foods prepared following Jewish religious traditions?
Kosher Foods
What does the "c" stand for in the equation E=mc²?
Speed of Light
For a dairy cow to make 1 liter of milk, how many liters of blood must circulate through the udder?
400 liters
What kind of emulsion system does butter have?
butter has a water in oil emulsion, where water is in dispersed phase and oil is in continuous phase
What sausage is probably produced in the greatest amount in the world? In some regions, the green pistachio nut is a traditional ingredient.
mortadella
what is the term for an ingredient that is added during processing that is later, during shipping, handling, and storage is altered, removed, or diminished?
a processing aid
What foods need to be processed by retorting or pressure cooking the product under anaerobic conditions?
Low acid, high pH foods.
In the SI system what are the units applied to the following 5 dimensions or measurements? length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temp
meter, kilogram, second, ampere, Kelvin
Caged chickens are sometimes fed what in order to make the yolks of their eggs a deeper color?
Carotenoids
What is the name of the muscle enzyme that catalyzes the formation of glucose - 1 - p from glycogen?
phosphorylase
What is the enzyme that softens tomatoes?
Pectin Esterase
Two-part question: What are the present and previous departments of government that the FDA operates and operated) under?
Present - Department of Health and Human Services; Previous - Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
What are the % moisture, % CHO, % protein, and % fat of corn?
11, 72, 10, 4
How much fruit juice is found in a juice beverage?
10-20% fruit juice
In which decade did Harry Streenbock of the University of wisconsin find that irradiating foods w/ultraviolet light increased their Vitamin D content?
1920's
What are the four female parts of a flower?
Stigma, style, ovary, ovule
What dessert was invented by Franz Sacher in 1832?
the sachertorte
What fish produces red caviar?
Salmon
What's the primary difference between an ice-cream and a frozen dessert?
An ice-cream has milk fat while a frozen dessert has vegetable oil/fats.
Define “defect action level”.
the level of contamination that calls for seizing a product.
What is the major alkaloid saponin in the Irish potato?
Solanine
What is the most popular tea variety in China?
Longjing
The Journal of Food Science used to be called this:
Food Research
Based on FDA definition, four substances exempt from the definition of food additive.
Pesticide residues, color additives, new animal drugs, dietary supplements
What is the name of the vitamin C deficiency disease?
Scurvy
What are the applications of centrifugal separation?
separation of immiscible liquids, clarification by removal of small amounts of solids, removal of solids,(skimming milk, oil refining, brewing, fish protein concentrate, remove cellular material in juice
Name 6 of the 8 (or 7?) pathogenic types of botulinum toxin.
A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F, G
Compared to soluble fiber, insoluble fiber is more effective at?
Decreasing constipation and binding water
what is 'nitrite burning'?
excessive amounts of nitrite or nitrate are added during curing causes severe oxidation of the meat pigment, resulting in a green color
What is the fundamental equation for the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?
(delta)u= q + w, where (delta)u - internal energy, q - heat, w - work
Glucose is reduced into what sugar?
Sorbitol.
How many coffee beans are present in a cherry?
2
What sandwich chain came under hot water for not using real tuna in their tuna sandwich?
Subway
What is the number of equivalent minutes at 121 C delivered to a container of product calculated using a z value of 10 C known as?
F or sterilization process equivalent time
Which vegetable is the immature flower bud thistle found in sunflower family?
Artichoke
A number 16 scoop is equal to how many ounces?
2 oz
What four chemicals involved when conducting a Gram stain?
Crystal violet, iodine, alcohol-acetone, safranin
Russia did not classify beer as an alcoholic product till what year? 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011
2011
In terms of food fermentation, what does the acronym NSLAB stand?
Non Starter Lactic Acid Bacteria
There are 3 saturated sugar solutions: fructose, glucose, sucrose. List the order in which sugars would crystallize.
sucrose(doesn't mutarotae), glucose, fructose
Cooking green vegetables in an acidic medium results in the formation of which pigment?
Pheophytin, a brown pigment resulting from chlorophyll degradation.
What is the white color and yellow color of milk due to?
Whiteness is due to scattering of light by casein micelles and fat globules; yellow is due to fat-soluble pigments.
By what method or physical constant are gelatins rated?
Bloom test (jelly strength)
What do we call dried plums?
Prunes
The Beer-Lambert Law is A=ECL; what does the 'C' stand for?
C is concentration in moles/L
What is the bitter component of grapefruit called?
naringen
What is the only meat wholesale cut traded on the chicago mercantile exchange?
pork bellies
What is the moisture content of cheddar cheese?
A. 39-40%
What does PMO stand for?
Pasteurized Milk Ordinance
What is the name of this Italian cheese that contains live maggots?
Casu Marzu
What enzyme is found in liver that promotes breakdown of fats?
Lipase
Carcinogen allowed in foods.
Aflatoxin up to 20ppb
Thinking, memory, and learning in the brain are closely linked to what levels in the body?
Glucose
which one is NOT a nutritive sweetener: A.sucrose, B.aspartame, C.honey, D.cyclamate, or E.corn syrup?
D. cyclamate
Bay laurel botanical name?
Laurus nobilis [Lauraceae (Laurel)]
What are the other food applications for R.O. and U.F.?
Most commercial application is in the dairy industry where it is used to concentrate milk prior to manufacture of dairy products. Other uses include: - The concentration of sucrose and tomato paste. - Separation and concentration of enzymes and other proteins or pectin. - Treatment of water. - Pre-treatment prior to R.O.
Botanical name of wheat.
Triticum
why are sulfides prohibited from use in foods that are recognized sources of thiamin?
because sulfides destroy thiamin, which could lead to deficiencies
Sugar provides flavor and volume, improves texture and increases tenderness and browning in baked goods.
True
What is the process in which enzymes are inactivated by heat to prevent degradation of product during storage?
Blanching
Give 3 methods for assessing protein quality.
BV, per, net protein utilization, amino acid score, net protein ratio, relative protein value, PDCAAS
which of the following is an unaged spirit made from grain and potatoes: A.vodka, B.champagne, C.gin, or D.whiskey?
A. Vodka
The name for a mixture of fat and flour that is used to thicken sauces?
Roux
Oriented PET is a commonly used packaging material for two-liter soft drink bottles. What does PET stand for?
Polyethylene terephthalate
Name three pumpkin cultivars.
Connecticut Field, Howden, Jack O' Lantern, Baby Boo, Jack Be Little, Small Sugar, Triple Treat
Glycemic index refers to what?
How fast a food raises blood glucose
What cabinet-level department is the FDA a part of?
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
Spices may specifically described as: a. leaves and stems of soft-stemmed plants. b. bark, roots, buds, flowers, and seeds. c. any fresh plant that is used to flavor food. d. NON-aromatic vegetable products
B
In mammalian cells, when oxygen is not present, what enzyme produces NAD+?
Lactate Dehydrogenase
In a 100g serving : 5g fat, 4g protein, 3g carbs. What is the caloric value?
73
What is the Lag constant for heating?
Jh = Tm - T1 / Tm - T0
Who is the southeast area meeting chair this year and what school are they from?
Peter Chiarelli, UGA
What common purpose is served by sodium metasilicate, sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium pyrophosphate?
They are all alkaline cleaners
What is the integrating part of the entire nervous system?
Central nervous system
What specific class of enzymes is thought to be responsible for the disruption of the fat globule membrane in raw milk?
Phospholipases (If lipase is given, ask for a more specific answer)
To what temperature must foods be reheated?
165°F.
What is the name of milk containing over 36% milk fat?
Heavy Cream
What name is foccacia known as in Rome?
Pizza Bianca (White Pizza)
What is the primary purpose of the FDA?
Enforce the federal food, drug, and cosmetic act
About what % zinc is absorbed from a meal?
~25% absorbed; this is not very efficient
The IFT individual award with the highest monetary value is the ____
Nicholas Appert Award.
Brazil Nuts are rich in what mineral?
Selenium
What are 2 types of microbiological testing used to identify and verify microorganisms in foods?
culture media, immunoassay, or polymerase chain reaction.
What are 7 health claims allowable on labels?
Ca and osteoporosis, fat and cancer, sat. fat and cholesterol and CHD, sodium and hypertension, fruits and vegetables and cancer, fruits/vegs/grains and CHD, fruits/vegs/grains and cancer
Why do we use steel instead of aluminum can in high temperature processing?
Steel can is more consistent
What are the three major classes of lipids and give an example of each?
Simple lipids - acylglycerols, waxes; Compound lipids - phospholipids, cerebrosides, gangliosides; Derived lipids - carotenoids, steroids, fat-soluble vitamins.
What is the chemical name for the traditional term "muriatic acid"?
Hydrochloric acid
What poisoning occurs when bacteria in fish decarboxylate histamine?
Scombroid poisoning
which enzymes are used for corn syrup production?
alpha amylase and glucoamylase
what is the reason for lactose intolerance in humans?
inability to hydrolyze lactose due to lack of lactase enzyme
What does the Fiske-Subbarow assay measure?
Levels of inorganic phosphate in biological samples
What is the branch of chemistry concerned with fermentation or activation of enzymes?
Zymology or enzymology
Botulinum toxin type H is the deadliest substance in the world, but type A is used for what commercial application?
Botox
In poultry, what is a wattle?
The bright red piece of flesh that hangs from the neck of the turkey
What is a simple or single sugar called?
Monosaccharide
What day in August is National Rice Pudding Day?
August 9th
What problem may arise when potato tubers are taken from cold storage and immediately processed?
Cold sweetening caused by Maillard browning
Does HTST or batch (LTLT) pasteurization degrade more milk proteins and why?
Batch (LTLT) because it is held at a higher temperature for a much longer time period.
Under which pH value can potassium sorbate reach its most effectiveness?
pH < 5
Name three types of GC detectors using their full name.
FID (Flame Ionization Detector); NPD (Nitrogen phosphorus detector); FPD (Flame Photometric detector);ECD (electron capture detector); MS (Mass Spectrometer); AED (atomic Emission Detector); PID (Photoionization detector); TCD (Thermal Conductivity Detector); ELCD (electrolytic conductivity detector)
Name 3 ways to slow or prevent lipid oxidation in a food.
exclude oxygen (packaging), lower temp, protect from light, formulate w/antioxidants, inactivate lipoxygenase, or chelate metal catalysts
What flame retardant was mixed in with cattle feed in Michigan causing contaminated dairy products?
PBB
What is the can defect that would result from too large a headspace?
Paneling
What is the water activity for minimal problems in a package?
0.2-0.3
How many glucose units in beta cyclodextrin?
7
What is the primary flavor compound of clove?
Eugenol
What colors are anthocyanins at the following pH's? <3.5, 3.5-4.5, >4.5
<3.5 red; 3.5 - 4.5 purple; >4.5 blue
What are chitterlings made from?
pork intestine
Name 5 associations that are associated with IFT.
A.A.A.S A.O.C.S American society of microbiology A.O.A.C. Codex alimantarius commission Council of Scientific Society presidents National Inventors Hall of fame-selection Committee Canadian IFST Phi tau sigma SOT
What compound in black pepper stimulates a heat sensation?
piperine
name 3 charged amino acids.
arginine, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine
What is a cock-a-leekie soup?
a Scottish soup dish of leeks and chicken stock often thickened with rice or barley
Why is titratable acidity an important measurement in food products?
it predicts the acid's impact on flavor in a food product
Kopi Luwa is the world’s most expensive coffee. What is the cost of 1 lb of this coffee?
$700 per pound (USD)
Which milk product is concentrated to 2.25 times the solids of normal milk and then sterilized in cans in continuous pressure retorts at 245 °F or 118.3 °C for 15 minutes?
A. Evaporated milk
What are the three layers of Retortable Pouches?
Outer layer of polyester film (strength, temp, printability), middle layer of aluminum foil (barrier properties), inner layer of polypropylene (heat seal).
The INQ or "index of nutritional quality" for a nutrient in a food is ...
a ratio between the amount of nutrient in food/calorie and the human need or allowance for that nutrient/calorie
Why is stannous chloride added to canned tomatoes?
Because people are used to the "tin taste" from the good ole days when cans were made of tin
The international research institute in the Philippines developed a high yield strain of rice. What was the name of this rice?
IR-8
The viscosity of egg white decreases with shearing force. In rheology this is called:
pseudoplastic or shear thinning
What is the definition of a functional food?
Foods that provide health benefits beyond their nutrient contributions
The maximum freezer storage time for pork is: A.24 months, B.3 months, C.6-9 months, or D.none of the above?
D. none of the above (fresh pork can be stored frozen for 4-6 months/can be stored refrigerated for 3-5 days)
an electromagnetic wave w/ 10^10 cycle/sec is what type of wave?
microwave
Carot botanical name?
Daucus carota subsp. sativus
What is the primary substance used for caffeine extraction?
Methylene chloride (CHECK - carbon dioxide - update)
If the pressure at the bottom of a 10 meter lake is 1.2 atmospheres, the surface area of the lake is 200 square meters, and the temperature is 25 C, what is the pressure at the bottom of a 10 meter test tube with a surface area of 20 square centimeters?
1.2 atmospheres
What is the purpose of co-current air flow in spray drying?
drying air and particles move through the chamber in sampe direction, product temperatures of discharge from dryer are lower than the exhaust air temp, hence this is an ideal mode for drying heat sensitive products, when operating rotary atomizer air disperser creates a high degree of air rotation giving uniform temps throughout drying chamber
Green beans botanical name?
Phaseolus Vulgaris
What 3 things are removed from milk during the clarification step?
Somatic cells, epithelial cells, dirt
Name three lettuce cultivars.
Esmeralda, Bibb, Buttercrunch, Black Seeded Simpson, Green Ice, Red Raisa, Red Sails,
What degradative enzyme causes browning in apples, pears, bananas, and peaches?
Polyphenoloxidase
What do microaerophiles require for growth?
Some oxygen.
The chlorophyll reaction in food processing whereby the magnesium is lost by replacement with hydrogen results in the formation of what pigment and what is the color?
Pheophytin – dull olive – brown
What is the favorite ice cream flavor in the US?
Vanilla
Name the two most abundant proteins found in milk.
Casein (Curds) and Whey
What was the very 1st Little Debbie snack cake sold in 1960?
Oatmeal cream pie
Name three Cantaloupe cultivars.
Ambrosia, Caravelle, Israeli, Magnum 45, French Orange, Minnesota Midget, Mission, Perlita, Rocky Sweet
What are proteolytic enzymes?
Enzymes that denature proteins into peptide components.
In meat processing, what does the acronym STPP stand for and what is its primary function?
Sodium Tripolyphosphate - increases yields - increases pH --> more water holding capacity of meat proteins
Which of the following is used to see whether or not milk has been pasteurized? A - phosphatase test, B - refractometer test, C - Jelmeter test, D - Acidophilus test
a – phosphatase test/ Alkaline Phosphatase test.
What compound is considered the universal methyl group donor in metabolic processes?
Methionine
A naturally occurring emulsifying agent in a common food is:
lecithin in egg yolk
What federal agency has responsibility for administrtion of the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act?
FDA
What part of which plant is Locust Bean gum extracted from?
Locust bean gum comes from the seeds of the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua)
Mayonnaise is an emulsion system in which gas is dispersed in liquid.
FALSE, it should be liquid in liquid.
What are the fructose contents in commercial HFCS products?
45%, 52%, 90%
What processing principle or technology is used to preserve the following foods: canned beef, potato chips, ketchup, and yogurt?
Canned beef: retort (heat sterilization) Potato chips: dehydration Ketchup: acid, heat sterilization/hot filling Yogurt: fermentation, low storage temperature.
which fungus is responsible for producting the etiologic agents of aflatoxicosis?
Aspergillus flavus
What are the varieties of oranges used for orange juice production?
Pineapple, Homosassa, Parson Grown, Hamlin, Washington Navel, and Valencia.
State Hook's law.
F = -kx (k = spring constant, x = spring elongation, F = force)
Name 7 of the 14 mandatory dietary components that must appear on the nutrition facts panel as stated in the Nutrition labeling and education act of 1990.
total calories, dietary fiber, trans fat, sugars, total fat, Vitamin A, Cholesterol, Vitamin C, saturated fat, sodium, iron, calcium, total carbohydrate, protein
What happens to the cartilaginous ends of vertebrae as animals age?
Ossification
What type of wheat is used to make bread?
Hard red wheat
What are the three mechanisms for transferring heat energy into a food system?
Conduction, convection, and radiation.
What is the name of the Scandinavian dish that is composed of whitefish that has been dried and soaked in lye?
Lutefisk
Trichinosis is caused by Trichinella spiralis; what type of organism is this?
a nematode
How many incisors does a cow have in its upper mouth?
zero
What milk type is characterized as milk with 2% milk fat?
Reduced Fat Milk
What is the correct method for determining when a roast is done? A.cook for 3 hours at 425F, B.cook for 3 hours per pound of meat, C.cook 45 minutes per pound of meat, or D.use a meat thermometer to determine the internal temperature of the roast
D. use a meat thermometer to determine the internal temp of the roast (145F for safety)
What is the botanical term for certain plants belonging to the mustard family, such as broccoli and cauliflower, so-called because of the cross-like leaf markings?
Cruciferous
In Greek mythology, which fruit did Persephone eat that tied her to Hades, the God of the Underworld?
Pomogranate
Describe the pasteurization process.
product heated to desired temperature, product held at desired temperature for defined time (typically for 12D reduction), product cooling, and product handling/distribution under refrigeration
Q: Who is the FSIS?
A: Food Safety and Inspection Service
What tropical plant produces bromelin, a meat tenderization enzyme?
pineapple
Explain what beer's law equation is used for, state the equation, and explain what each variable is.
Beer's law is used in calculations dealing with spectrophotmetric analyses. Absorbance = elc. E is the molar absorbtivity constant, L is the length of the cell holder/cuvette and c is the concentration of the solution
Which is more saturated, pork or beef fat?
beef
TRUE or FALSE: Organically grown fruits and vegetables are more nutritious and have better flavor than products grown with mineral fertilizers.
False
Identify the two federal government publications you would use to find the most recent changes in FDA regulations.
Code of Federal Regulations, Federal Register
Rank the following animals in average milk fat content: cow, sheep, goat, water buffalo, reindeer, camel.
(low to highest) camel, goat, cow, sheep, water buffao, reindeer
What comes in crimmini, morel, oyster, and wood ear varieties?
mushrooms
What is the common name for n-hexadecanoic acid?
Palmetic acid
What commercial product can be described as dilute acetic acid?
Vinegar
In 1809, who preserved food by heating in hermetically sealed containers?
Nicholas Appert
when used as an oxygen scavenger in a redox reaction, ascorbic acid serves as a ________.
reducing agent
What compound is produced by chemical isomerization of lactose?
lactulose
Type of food spoilage organisms depend on food composition and intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Give 3 each of intrinsic and extrinsic factors
intrinsic: physical structure, Moisture content, pH. Extrinsic: temperature, relative humidity, gas atmosphere, light
Cabbage, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kai-lan, savoy botanical name?
Brassica oleracea [Brassicaceae (Mustard)]
What instrument is used for dough-mixer to measure torque?
Farinograph
What experimental design should be used in consumer testing when there are too many samples to serve to each panelist? A. completely randomized design, B. randomized block design, C. balanced and complete block design, D. factorial design
C. balanced and complete block design
Which bacteria is added to Swiss cheese for eye formation?
Propionibacterium shermanii
Besides Salmon, name 1 other fish in the family Salmonidae.
whitefish, trout, char, grayling
What salt causes coagulation in tofu?
Ca sulphate or MgCl2
How are bacteria grouped according to Bergey’s Manual?
gram reaction, morphology (rod or cocci), growth with or without oxygen, by familia
What city is commonly associated with spare ribs of pork?
St. Louis
Marsh Ruby, Ruby Red, Melogold, Oro Blanco (White Golden) and Star Ruby are varieties of what?
Grapefruit(citrus fruit)
What vegetables can be irradiated?
Iceberg lettuce and Spinach
What is the country of origin of Feta cheese?
Feta= Greece
The IFT strategic plan contains 7 critical objectives for the organization to accomplish its mission to support improvement of the food supply and its use through science, technology, and education. What are the 7 critical objectives?
1) To be the preeminent, multidisciplinary scientific society for food science and technology. 2) To be the authoritative source of science-based information on food science and technology. 3) To provide publications, programs, & services to fulfill the diverse professional needs of members. 4) To support the undergraduate education & continued professional development of food scientists & technologists 5) To support basic and applied research & foster the interface among industry, academia, government, media, & the public on food science and technology issues. 6) To attract & actively involve a culturally & professionally diverse membership. 7) To provide the organizational structure, administration, and financial capability to accomplish IFT's mission.
The caloric content of a large egg is A- 50, B-70, C - 100, D - 125
b. 70
Name the 3 classes of inhibition and state if they are real or hypothetical.
Competitive-Real, Noncompetitive-Real, Uncompetitve-Hypothetical
Which is the most abundant amino acid?
lysine
What are the main proteins found in wheat?
Gliadin, glutelin
What is the NLEA
Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (1990)
The DeLaney Clause of the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act did NOT pertain to: a. preservatives, b. processing aids, c. pesticides on raw products for agricultural use, d. pesticides on food, e. color additives
c. pesticides on raw products for agricultural use
What is nutrient density?
ratio of nutrient content/ energy from carb, fat, protein (in grams) to the total food energy content (in kcal/joules)
What is Favism?
a metabolic disorder arising from the consumption of fava beans. Sufferers develop a type of anemia due to a lack of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
What three taste qualities share a common signaling pathway?
Bitter, sweet, umami
What is the difference between the terms bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal?
Bacteriostatic inhibits bacteria and bacteriocidal kills bacteria
What are the three main types of meringues and how are they made?
Italian, Swiss and French French is egg whites beaten with sugar. Italian is a egg white beaten with hot sugar syrup. Swiss is egg whites beaten with sugar over heat.
How does Convection Heating work?
(canned liquid) the first heated portion of the liquid becomes lighter in density and rises thereby setting up circulation within the can. Coldest location at bottom of container.
Who is the current commissioner of the FDA?
Dr. Margaret 'Peggy' Hamburg (since 2009)
What is the name of viscous liquid in which legumes have been washed?
Aquafaba/fava
At what pH does phenolphthalein change color?
pH 8.5
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C) of 1938
ensure consumers that foods are safe and wholesome, produced under sanitary conditions and packaged/labeled truthfully.
What flavor of ice cream did Baskin-Robbins introduce to commemorate America's landing on the moon on July 20, 1969?
Lunar cheesecake
What does FSMA stand for?
Food Safety Modernization Act
What type of flow has the Reynold number of 6000?
Turbulent
What is the percent of non-fat solids found in whole milk?
8.25
Where is the WHO headquartered?
Geneva
Name four factors that affect the volume and stability of egg white foams?
Temperature, pH, salt, sugar, fat, liquid, starch, amount of whipped air, time of whipping, etc.
For two carcasses of equal weight, which is worth more, Yield Grade 1 or Yield Grade 5?
Yield Grade 1.
List 6 vegetables that are part of the Brassica plants.
Brassica (and not Brassicaceae), rutabaga, turnip, kohlrabi, cabbage, collard greens, kale, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussel sprouts, cabbage, mustard seed, rapeseed
What compound can be smelled on a person's breath during ketosis?
Acetone
Name the enzyme that causes browning of many fruits and vegetables.
polyphenol oxidase
What plastic category, name and number, does the styrofoam belong in?
PS
The force required to bite through something describes which sensory attribute?
Hardness
the relative concentration of proteins in solution is typically determined by measuring the absorbance of what wavelength?
280nm
QuornTM, a brand of vegetarian and vegan meat-substitutes, uses mycoprotein derived from what fungus?
Fusarium venenatum
What are the three basic types of food packaging containers?
Primary, secondary, and tertiary
What microbe is used to make vinegar?
Acetobacteria
What is the primary purpose of retorting low aci canned foods?
reduce spores of C. bot by 10^12
Scotch whisky’s distinctive flavor comes from what?
smoke from the use of peat
What is the definition of a gel?
a liquid dispersed in a solid.
According to CODEX Al, extra virgin olive oil difference?
Oleic acid content
Food radiation is capable of destroying all the following in food except:
Prion
Give 3 reasons why the baking performance of flour might vary.
Flour components, such as protein, starch, and lipids change, and these changes directly affect dough rheological and baking characteristics. Storage conditions. Storage temperature, moisture content, relative humidity (RH), atmospheric oxygen content, light, and microbial activity all affect
At the end of her "French Chef" show, Julia Child always says ...
Bon appetit
The fibrous protein in meats that causes older animals to be tougher and can be converted during cooking to gelatin is:
collagen
At a Reynold's number of 10,000, what type of flow will be experienced?
Turbulent
Five fruits/vegetables from the family solanaceae.
Potatoes, tomato, pepper, eggplant, different types of peppers
What state designated Jell-O as its "state snack food" in 2001?
Utah
Give 4 examples of leavening agents.
Physical agents: whipped egg whites, steam Chemical agents: Baking soda, baking powder, GDL, K2CO3, Na2CO3, NH4CO3 Biological agents: dry yeast, sourdough starter
In the middle ages, what did woman eat in order to dilate their pupils (a sign of beauty)? a) Salt b) Leaves of nightshade plants c) Bark of the Hemlock tree d) Tea
Leaves of nightshade plants
In soy sauce production, what is "koji"?
Rice fermented with Aspergillus oryzae
What exemption is given to unpasteurized citrus juice under the FDA juice HACCP rule?
The 5 log reduction can be done cumulatively through treatments of the fruit and other steps in the process, rather that on the juice itself as required for all other juices
Which federal agency regulated the production. manufacturing and distribution of food?
Food and Drug Administration
Name the four companies involved in the famed cookie wars of the 1980's.
Frito Lay, Nabisco, Keebler, and Proctor and Gamble
What constituent or property of food does the iodine value measure?
degree of unsaturation of fats or oils
Excess vitamin A is a concern for pregnant women because it causes?
Birth defects
How can we enhance heat recovery?
By increasing the heat exchange area in the regeneration section, by using more plates in the regeneration section of plate type pasturizer, by increasing the length or diameter of tubes in regeneration section of concentric tube pasturizer
Absence of what amino acid causes black spots in shrimp or lobster?
Tyrosine.
What does ADI stand for?
Acceptable Daily Intake
What 3 foods contain a high availability of Silicon?
Meat, milk, and beer
Where are the taste pores found on the tongue?
In the taste buds.
What two flavors make mocha?
Coffee and chocolate
What temperature should ground pork be heated to?
160 F
In extrusion, which surface is rough and which one is smooth? Inside surface of barrel or outside surface of screw?
The inside surface of barrel is rough and outside surface of screw is smooth.
What value describes the time required to reduce the bacteria count one log cycle or 90% at a specified temperature?
D-value
Name one of the two hormones known as the hunger hormones.
Leptin, ghrelin
A beef loin, porterhouse steak would be analogous to what cut in pork?
Pork loin, center loin chop.
What are some advantages of indirect heating?
easier to control food temperatures, process viscous products without causing food to burn, conserves energy by heat regeneration
What pastry tool is used to chop fat into flour?
Pastry Blender
What carbohydrate is only naturally produced in milk?
Lactose
What is the minimal water activity for most molds?
0.75-0.80
Light/lite:
: if fat makes up 50%+ calories, fat content reduced 50%. If fat makes up less than 50% calories, calories reduced by 33.3% or fat reduced by 50% compared to reference food
Spandeur-style danishes contains what type of custard?
Vanilla
What does the term "cold sterilization" mean?
Sterilization by radiation because no heat is generated
In what year was the Saccharin Act introduced which warned that the use of saccharin may be hazardous to your health?
1977
What are good sources of riboflavin?
liver,Eggs,& Milk
What does GMP stand for and why does it exist?
Good Manufacturing Practice, to make food products sanitary
What is the normal ultimate pH of beef longissimus?
5.6 - 5.7
What does VTEC stand for?
Verocytotoxins E. coli
Name the tiny songbird currently illegal to prepare in France. These birds were generally caught alive, drowned in Armagnac, cooked, and then eaten with a napkin over one's head.
Ortolan
Name five trace minerals needed in the diet.
Iron – Essential for oxygen transport in the blood (hemoglobin) and energy production. Zinc – Important for immune function, protein synthesis, and wound healing. Copper – Needed for iron absorption, red blood cell production, and antioxidant functions. Manganese – Plays a role in bone formation, blood clotting, and metabolism. Iodine – Essential for thyroid hormone production, which regulates metabolism. Selenium – Acts as an antioxidant and supports immune function. Chromium – Important for regulating blood sugar and insulin function. Molybdenum – Plays a role in enzyme functions and the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids. Fluoride – Helps in the formation of bone and teeth, and prevents dental cavities.
In what year were the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt?
1906
What do CIP and COP stand for?
CIP-Clean In Place; COP-Clean Out of Place
A mathematical expression of the principle of conservation of energy, as it relates to fluid flow, was discovered by a Swiss mathematician in 1738. Today this expression is one of the foundations of fluid mechanics. What is the name of the equation?
The Bernouilli equation
Which amino acid lies at the 105th position on kappa casein?
phenylalanine
What are coliforms?
Aerobic to facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative, non-sporeforming rods that ferment lactose with the formation of gas within 48 hours at 35°C.
Animals are often rested prior to slaughter so that they do not use up all of their glycogen; how does this rest lead to a preservative effect?
Glycogen is anaerobically converted to lactic acids, lowering the pH
Porterhouse steak is fabricated from which beef primal?
Loin
Why do seed proteins like soy protein have a high isoelectric point?
They abundant aspartic acid and glutamic acid
What compound is commonly used to color cheese?
Annatto Extract
What bond does lysozyme hydrolyze?
the beta 1-4 glycosydic bonds between N acetymuramic acid (NAMA) and N acetyl glucoseamine (NAGA) in gram positive bacteria peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall
What is the percentage acid, by weight, in a typical cola?
Ten percent (accept 8 – 12%)
In the UK, "cookies" refer to which type of cookies?
Drop Cookies
According to the federal regulations, what food product open dating terms is required for frankfurter packages? A.sell by, B.use by, C.best if used by, or D.none of the above
D. none is required. product dating is voluntary and not required by federal regulations
What term is used for beef that is very red?
Extra-Rare, Blue
Define titratable acidity of milk and milk products.
measures the amount of alkali required to neutralize the components of a given quantity of milk and milk products, and is expressed as a percentage of lactic acid. This test is used to determine milk quality and to monitor fermentation of cheeses
Which positions are committee chairs in IFTSA?
Operations, Finance, Information Systems, Membership, General Editor, Global Relations, Nominations and elections, Development and communications
How many times may a U.S. trademark registration be renewed?
Any number of times
What is the name of the bacterium used for surface ripening in Limburger Cheese?
A. Brevibacterium linens
What restaurant chain popularized the short spelling version of doughnuts?
Dunkin Donuts
What does NFPA stand for?
National Food Processors Association
Vitamin C Deficiency can cause?
Scurvy
Of the following films, which has the highest oxygen permeability? (a) nylon; (b) polyester; (c) polyethylene; (d) saran
(c) polyethylene
Absorbtivity is a proportionality constant dependent on:A.molecular properties of species, B.Wavelength, C.Chemical Environment, or D.All of the above?
D. All of the Above
What is the term used to describe the allowable tolerances of natural or unavoidable foreign materials in foods which do not constitute a health hazard to the public?
Defect action level
There are two kinds of food colorants, what are they?
1. Certified, synthetic, derived from petroleum-based sources and undergo batch testing; 2. Exempt from certification, do not undergo batch testing, derived from plants.
What is the approximate number of flavorists in the world?
500
What is the difference between Homofermentation and Heterofermentation?
Homofermentation is when bacteria produce mostly lactic acid; Heterofermentation is when bacteria produce lactic acid, butyric acid, acetic acid, Carbon Dioxide, and other end products.
What does GDA stand for on nutrient labels?
Guideline Daily Amount
What are the dominant organic acids present in grapes, spinach, and blackberries?
Tartaric, oxalic, and isocitric acid
What pepper is named as the "state native pepper" of Texas and is sometimes called Indian pepper, turkey, bird’s eye, or simply bird peppers?
chiltepin, chile pequin
True/False: an organic substance is one containing carbon-carbon bonds or carbon-hydrogen bonds.
True
Explain why a virus cannot cause a toxicoinfection or an intoxication.
Viruses are obligate parasites;they do not produce toxins and can only cause invasive infections
What is Commercial Sterilization?
To achieve long-term shelf stability for canned foods and other products: majority after being placed in container but some are aseptically processed.
What is Convective heat transfer?
Convective heat transfer: refers to the contact between product and the refrigerant, it is higher in liquid nitrogen.
What is the minimum soluble solids % (Brix) allowed in jellies?
65% or 65°Brix
What are the 2 classes of food colorants?
certified and noncertified
The point at which the air is saturated or the relative humidity is 100% is called what?
The dew point
what percentage does lactose take up in whole milk?
4.8%
In 2015, Campbell's launched a line of six organic soups. This line now contains nine premium soups. Name five of the nine flavors.
Organic Chicken Noodle, Organic Chicken Tortilla, Organic Creamy Butternut Squash, Organic Lentil, Organic Garden Vegetable With Herbs, Organic Sun-Ripened Tomato Basil Bisque, Organic Mega Noodle Soup, Organic Chicken and Stars, Organic Disney FrozenⓇ Cool Shapes
To standardize the names of retail cuts, the meat industry has adopted a common list of names called what?
Uniform retail meat identity standards (URMIS)
What proteolytic enzyme is used in cheese production?
Chymosin or rennin
what year was the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act pass and what president was involved?
1938, Franklin Roosevelt
What is the name of the dairy product made by the fat and protein of churned cream?
Butter
What month is designated as National Meat Month?
January
Peanut butter contains approximately what percentage of protein and fat?
25-30% protein and 50-55% fat
What are two types of enzymatic spoilage caused by Pseudomonas fluorescens refrigerated foods?
proteolysis and lipolysis
what are the common metric units for the following: acceleration, power, mass, force
acceleration= meters/seconds squared; power= watt;mass= kg;force= Newton
What is the FDA action level for aflatoxins in nearly all US commodities?
20 ppb (animal feeds and milk are exceptions)
Give the names of two specific forms of nitrosamines present in cured meats.
Nitroso-dimethylamine (7.3 ppb), Nitroso-diethylamine (2.6 ppb).
What are the intrinsic and extrinsic factors for microbial growth in food?
intrinsic: pH, water activity, redox potential, biological structure, moisture content,animicrobial component , competitive microflora, nutrient content Extrinsic: temperature and time, relative humidity, gaseous environment, presence of other organisms, processing operations, type of packaging
Which of the following dehydration methods would you use to produce a very high quality, dried, intact food product, such as a dried strawberry? a. spray drying; b. drum drying; c. air convection drying; d. freeze drying
d. freeze drying
What does FADH stand for?
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
With respect to brewery, what is wort?
Mashed beer product that consists of simple sugars, malt, and small dextrins
What are 4 advantages of radiant heat?
non-contact heating, fast response, reduced heating time, uniform heating, reduced quality losses, versatile, simple, compact equipment, and significant energy saving
What flavor attribute does milk that has been UHT processed typically have?
cooked flavor
Integration of lethality will determine which value
F sub zero
Give the 3 main polymorphic forms of crystalline fat and their general characteristics.
alpha - lowest melting point, least dense, used in foams, lowest stability. Beta prime- median melting point, median density, smooth textures, creaming properties beta - highest melting point high density, highest stability
Give 2 methods by which aseptic packages are commercially sterilized.
H2O2 rinse, steam, dry heat
What distinguishes a regulation from a law?
A regulation is an interpretation of a law by government officials
What is nanofiltration?
Pressure 20-40 psig, Sugars divalent salts, dissociated acids rejects, Water and small univalent ions can pass
What is the main sugar found in milk?
Galactose
St. Anthony's Fire outbreaks are now very rare. It is caused by a toxin on rye or wheat produced by what ?
claviceps purpurea
What is a facultative anaerobe?
A microbe that can grow with or without oxygen.
What three micro-organisms are involved in the production of soy sauce?
Aspergillus seed starter, soy yeast, lactic acid bacteria.
What university won the 1992 Industrial Achievement Award?
Auburn University, for development of low-fat ground beef.
In this discrimination test of sensory evaluation panelists must choose whether or not two coded samples are different.
paired comparison
Apricot (Armenian) botanical name?
Prunus armeniaca
Because some cooking oils turn cloudy when refrigerated oils intended for salad dressing are treated by:
winterization
What is the D-value if the time required reducing the population by a factor of 10 is 2 minutes?
2 min
Why was Schwan's ice cream recalled from the marketplace in October of 1994?
For presence of Salmonella Enteriditis.
How many molecules of oxygen are in glucose?
6
What enzyme, only present in the liver and kidney, converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose?
Glucose-6-phosphotase
What term describes the opposite of a sparkling wine?
a still wine
What is the difference between free water, adsorbed water, and water of hydration in foods?
Free water retains its physical properties and is available for reaction. Adsorbed water is held tightly to proteins. Water of hydration is the chemically bound water.
The high concentration of ____ in oats gives them a soapy taste?
lipids
Explain IR radiation.
it is transmitted as a wave and gets converted into heat when it impinges on the food surface
What are the advantages of a plate heat exchanger?
low initial cost, high heat transfer efficiency, small hold up volume in heat exchanger, easy to inspect and disassemble unit, flexibility of the system (can be readily expanded/contracted to perform multiple duties)
What does CEI stand for?
Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage
ESL dairy cow product means: A.estimated shelf life, B.extremely short-lived, or C.extended shelf life
C.extended shelf life
Alcohol that is 150 proof contains how much alcohol by volume?
75%
List the following grains from high to low based on their glycemic index. Rye, barley, buckwheat, white rice and quinoa
White rice – GI: 70-89 (high GI) Rye – GI: 50-55 (moderate GI) Quinoa – GI: 53 (moderate GI) Buckwheat – GI: 49 (low GI) Barley – GI: 28-40 (low GI)
Name ten of the 14 mandatory dietary components required in the new nutritional labels.
total calories, calories from fat, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrate, dietary fiber, sugars, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, iron
What is the most abundant polymer in plants?
Cellulose
In what year was the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt?
1906
The quality of shrimp remains generally good up to what pH?
7.7
What does TSA stand for?
Trypticase Soy Agar
What is the most commonly used food packaging material in the world?
tin can
(True/False) Aflatoxin is produced by a mold
True
what happens to the texture of cooked fish as post-mortem pH decreases?
it toughens
Cryogenic freezing of fruits and vegetables generally refers to freezing at what temperature?
-70 F
A polypeptide antibiotic produced by some Lactococcus lactis strains is called what?
Nisin
what process is modeled by the Monod equation in foods?
microbial growth
What are the 6 grape varieties that can be used to make Red Bordeaux wine?
Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet franc, Petit verdot, Malbec, Carmenere
Name two main gluten proteins.
Gliadins and Glutenins
At what temperature is sugar syrup considered to be in a soft, cracked stage?
270-290°F
Which federal regulating body requires that all animal foods, like human foods, be safe to eat, and produced under sanitary conditions?
FDA
Define lethal rate.
F250/FT0 = minutes at 250?F/minutes at retort temp; T0 = 10 (T-250)/z
IFT used to have divisions and specialized technology groups. What are they now called and when did this change occur?
Divisions, 1990
Used for clarification in beers, what does PVPP stand for?
Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone
What is the primary alkaloid found in cocoa and chocolate?
Theobromine
What happens to lipids in deep frying?
Hydrolytic oxidation and color change
what is BGH?
Bovine Growth Hormone: regulates growth and milk production
Which minerals interfere with each other's absorption in the gastrointestinal tract?
calcium and phosphorus
What material are most plastic bakery bags made of (the typical grocery store bread bags, for example)?
Low density polyethylene
How many carbon atoms do 2 glucose molecules have?
12
A noncoding section of DNA in a gene from eukaryotes is called what?
Inron
In order to be described as lean, a serving of meat, poultry, seafood, a game meats must contain less than how many grams of fat, saturated fat, and mg of cholesterol?
< 10 g fat, < 4 g saturated fat, < 95 mg cholesterol
What toxin causes acute liver damage?
Aflatoxin
What does IFT stand for?
Institute of Food Technology
What are the plate type evaporators that are used?
Rising film, falling, parvap (similar to wiped film) and paraflash (similar to forced circulation)
Name the genus and species of the organism predominantly responsible for mellow lactic fermentation in wine.
Oenococcus oeni (known as Leuconostoc oeni)
One method of destroying insect eggs in flour is to throw the flour with high impact against a hard surface as in a centrifuge type machine. What is the name of this machine?
Entoleter
What is the log reduction required for milk and what pathogen are they controlling for? What about egg shells?
Milk - 12D process and they are controlling for Coxiella burnetti. Eggs - 5D process and they are controlling for Salmonella seftenberg
How many current IFT members are there?
28000
How many oxygen molecules can bind to hemoglobin?
4
What is exsanguination?
The removal of as much blood as possible during animal slaughter to improve meat quality.
According to the NLEA, what health claim can be made regarding fruits and vegetables?
fruits and vegetables and cancer
Name four types of freezing processes used in the food industry.
Fluidized Bed (or Individually Quick Frozen-IQF); Plate; Immersion; Blast Freezing (Convective Freezing); Cold-Room freezing (stagnant air freezing); Swept-surface heat exchanger (as with ice-cream)
What is the term for inverting a bottle of champagne to move sediment from the bottle to the neck?
riddling
Which grape variety is used for jam, jelly, and juice?
Vitis Labrusca
What packaging material is used to make plastic soft drink bottles?
PET (polyethylene terepthalate)
Eugenol is the active and pungent component of what spice?
Cloves
What is the name of the holes in swiss cheese and what are they caused by?
Eyes; the carbon dioxide produced by the microbe Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii
name the 1st 5 letters of the Greek alphabet.
alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon
The Delaney Clause prohibits the use of the suspected carcinogen: a) above the level tested in chronic tests, b) at a level that is above 1/100 of the minimum physiological response in animals, c) above the LD50, d) at any level above zero, e) if used above the ADI
d) at any level above zero
Marinades are usually made of 3 components; acid, oil, and herbs. What is the purpose of adding acid?
the acid helps to partially denature the meat's proteins, opening up 'tunnels' in the meat structure where flavor can seep in
Define the percent overrun in ice cream.
the volume of frozen, finished ice cream in excess of the volume of the liquid mix.
How does the Long-Tube Vertical Falling Film Evaporator operate?
Product flows downwards. Used in Dairy and Fruit industry.
Why do we need vacuum in canned foods?
Loss of gases from tissues, container stability, exclusion of oxygen from headspace, and prevention of buckling during the retort process
Classifying the following into either primary, secondary, or tertiary types of packaging. Cartons, boxes, trays, wrappers, pallets, bags
Primary – trays, bags, wrappers Secondary – cartons, boxes Tertiary – pallets
What is the latin name for pigs?
Sus domesticus
What is the cheapest thickener in the US and what is the most expensive?
Cheapest - unmodified corn starch Most Expensive - Agar
Name 2 food born pathogens that can grow at refrigerator temperatures.
Yersinia enterocolitican, aeromonas hydrophilia, listeria monocytogenes
What is the flavor/antimicrobial compound associated with Oregano?
oregano= carvacrol
The usage levels of antioxidants are generally defined on the basis of the fat content of the recipient food and are limited to what % total antioxidants?
0.0002
If the absorption of a sample is being determined spectrophotometrically at 420 nm what color is the sample?
Yellow
What compound is abundant in banana?
Potassium
What is the destination of the portal vein?
The liver
What are the X and Y axis on a lineWeaver Burk plot?
X=1/[S] (substrate concentration) and Y=1/v (velocity (reaction speed)
The statistical test for comparison of means from small sample size (n less than 30) based upon their distribution when the standard deviation is known as
The t-distribution or Student's t-distribution
What innovation in beef marketing did IBP perfect in 1967 that dramatically changed the beef industry?
Break down carcass into smaller parts (vacuum packaged, bone and unwanted fats removed)
What is a humectant?
Humectants control water activity in foods, thus enhancing stability and viscosity, maintaining texture and reducing microbial activity. Humectants chemically bind water and reduce water activity.
The standard identity for yogurt in the US requires the presence of what 2 organisms?
Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and streptococcus thermophilius
The steam-baking oven gives the baguette its unique crumb structure. This technology was developed in what country?
Austria
In what U.S. city was the first meat packing plant started in 1818?
Cincinnati
In ice cream what components or additives reduce ice crystal formation?
fat, corn syrup or protein
What is the chief whey or serum protein in cow's milk?
β-lactoglobulin
What is the term associated with the oxidation of unsaturated oils?
Rancidity
What is the main carbohydrate in milk?
Lactose
Organic material that is not digested by boiling 1.25% sodium hydroxide and 1.25% sulfuric acid is called what?
Crude fiber
What is the name of the food substitute that supplies all daily nutritional needs?
Soylent
What is the influence of the condition of a surface on volatility?
At a given temperature, more volatiles escape from a soft, porous, and humid surface than from a hard, smooth, and more dry one
Substantial increases in the shelf-life of meat products can be obtained by using modified atmosphere packaging to control spoilage caused by aerobic psychrophiles. What consumer problem, resulting the absence of what chemical compound, limits the use of this technique?
Cherry-red oxymyoglobin is not allowed to form, and the meat is not the color normally seen by consumers.
What are the 4 purposes of evaporation in industry?
To reduce the volume of the product, to economize on packaging, shipping storage and distribution costs. To pre-concentrate liquid foods such as fruit juice, milk and coffee before product enters a dehydration process, thus saving energy in subsequent operations. To increase solids content of food and hence preserve it by lowering water activity. To reduce the microbial load and stabilize the product
What are the SI units of viscosity?
Pa-s
What is the most accurate and sensitive method for quantitative determination of metals and metalloids
Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Atomic Absorption spectroscopy
Which regulatory agency has the prime responsibility for the safety, wholesomeness, and nutritional quality of food in the U.S.?
The FDA
Citrus HLB is a bacterial disease. What does it stand for?
Huanglongbing or citrus greening
The internal pressure in plant cells is ___.
Turgor pressure
Give 4 advantages of retortable pouches over tin cans and jars.
Reduced heat exposure, improvements in taste, colour, and flavour; fewer nutrient losses, rapid heating in pouch, requires less disposal space, pouches and containers do not corrode externally and there is a minimum of product–container interaction, easy to open, no risk of cuts to consumer opening container, reduction in storage space requirements and lighter weight, savings in shelf space, easy to handle and display, opportunity to market multipacks, energy requirements for container construction are less than that for cans.
Which regulation regulates the frequency in microwave?
FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
What is the term for investigation and quantification of how physical stimuli evoke sensations and perceptions?
Psychophysics
For the average healthy adult, how much meat should be included in the daily diet: A. two 2-3 oz servings/day, B.five 4-6 oz servings/day, C.two 6-8 oz servings/day, or D.none?
A. two 2-3 oz servings/day.
What is food quality used to indicate?
used as indicator to measure food during shelf life. Quality changes are less/slower when the product is dried
Name 5 general lactic acid bacteria.
Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Pediococcus, Streptococcus
Name the three components of a Mierpoix?
Carrots, celery, onions
Cleavage of K-casein gives
para kappa casein, glycomacropeptide
What is the state appetizer of Rhode Island?
Calamari
Which of the serum proteins in milk is most sensitive to denaturation by heating?
Immunoglobulin
What is the function of heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria in fermented foods?
production of flavor compounds (acetaldehyde and diacetyl) (homofermenters increase acidity)
In which cities will IFT annual meeting event First be hosted for the following years: 2022 2023 2024 and 2025
Chicago for a while.
How many different amino acids are there?
20
What is the name of the 1958 amendment to the "Pure Food and Drug Act" states that any substance causing cancer in human beings or animals at any level of use cannot be added to food?
Delaney Amendment
Name three methods of egg preservation?
Mineral oil (coating over egg shell of fresh eggs), refrigeration, addition of food additives such as salt or antimicrobials, pasteurization, freezing, and dehydration
what is the name of the commonly used melt test for cheese where sample discs of known dimensions are heated in an oven and the final diameter of the melted disc is measured?
Schreiber melt test
if one has a liquid product which is very acidic and reactive, the choice of packaging may be...
Glass
What is the effect of the thermal and physical properties of food on processing time for in-container sterilization?
The physical state may change during heat sterilization, ie/gel starch. Thermal and physical properties - solid food, thermal conductivity, Cp, density, ; liquid food, thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, Cp
What waffle variety is known for its heart shape, originating from Germany?
Bergische
Name a binding agent that inhibits calcium absorption.
Oxalic acid and phytic acid
Name extrinsic factor in foods which affect microbial growth.
Environmental conditions where the food is stored
Name the predominant organic acids in the following products. Grape Fruit, grapes, oranges, apples, vinegar, tomatoes, spinach, cranberries, blackberries, cherries,
Grapefruit: citric acid, Grape: tartaric acid, Orange: citric acid, Vinegar: acetic acid, Apple: malic acid, tomatoes: citric acid, spinach: oxalic acid, Cranberries: quinic acid, Blackberries: citric/malic acid, Cherries: malic acid
Honeydew (Muskmelon) includes Cantaloupe botanical name?
Cucumis melo [Cucurbitaceae (Gourd)]
Why is a rotating retort used for the thermal processing of canned soups?
The rotation causing mixing of the soup in the can and promotes even heating during the thermal processing
What does the term oleogustation refer to?
the taste of fat
Turbulent flow is characterized by NRE = _______________
pvD (p = density, v = flow velocity, D = orifice diameter)
What is the name of the reagent used in food analysis which forms a fluorescent compound with primary amines?
Fluorescamine
Give several examples of active packaging.
Oxygen scavenger, anti-microbial release, ethylene scavenger, vapor removal, temperature sensitive labels, moisture regulators, antimicrobial packaging, CO2 emitters, UV light blocking films, flavor and odor absorbers, antioxidant releasing films, biodegradable active packaging
What breed of cattle produces the most beef in the united states?
Holstein
How many kilocalories does 1g of carbohydrates provide?
4 kcal/g
In reverse-phase chromatography, state the type of mobile phase and stationary phase used.
Polar mobile phase and non-polar stationary phase
What can deficiency of iron, folate, or Vit B12 cause?
Anemia
What kind of corn has multicolored kernels on the cob?
Indian Corn
How many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin bind?
4
by whom and with what products was the 1st commercial canning operation begun in the US?
William Underwood 1st canned fish
Distinguish between a law and a regulation.
A law is made by legislators or elected officials. A regulation is made by government officials.
What is the time required in minutes for the heat penetration curve to transverse one log cycle called?
F value, which indicates the time required to achieve a specific reduction in microorganisms.
Polydextrose is a natural polysaccharide that can be used as a bulking agent.
FALSE, it should be synthetic.
What is used to pasteurize spices?
ethylene oxide or gamma radiation
Other than water, what component is present in the highest percentage in milk? What is the only disaccharide that mammals are able to synthesize? What disaccharide typically accounts for approximately 70% of whey solids and is of major commercial significance? What is the main sugar in whey?
Lactose (5%) - Lactose intolerant people lack the ability to digest high molecular weight compounds.
What is the most widely eaten fruit in America?
The banana
Which cows produce the most milk? A) Jerseys B) Guernseys C) Holsteins
C) Holsteins.
What is the type of heat energy described when ice changes temperature from 0 F to -10 F?
Sensible heat
In reference to Stokes Law, How can you create an emulsion in salad dressing?
Shaking the dressing causes the droplets in the discontinuous phase to become smaller, which creates more friction between the droplets and the continuous phase; this results in slower separation of the 2 phases
Particles with dimensions greater than 1 millimicron and less than 0.1 micron are called_.
colloids
The abbreviation CAST stands for ______. What is this organization composed of?
Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. It is a consortium of 29 professional societies in food and agricultural science (including IFT, AACC, ADSA)
Q: What two pieces of information must be shown on the principle display panel of a package containing greater than .5 ounces of a food product?
A: Weight declaration and the name of the product.
Three commercial uses of lactase
hydrolyzes lactose to glucose and galactose, prevent sandiness in ice cream, lactose intolerance
Per Codex, what % cocoa dose semi-bitter chocolate need to be? a. 15 b. 30 c. 45 d. 70
b. 15%
A retort temperature of 250oF is achieved with how many pounds of pressure?
15
What agribusiness is the largest processor of beef in Canada?
Cargill Foods
What is the name of the butter sauce made by cold water and whisked butter?
Beurre Monte
Why would an aluminum can be preferred over a tinplate can for the packaging of a seafood such as crab meat?
Aluminum prevents the black iron sulfide that may form in tinplate cans
What is the genus of Jalapeño and other peppers?
Capsicum.
What is butter without salt called?
Sweet butter.
What is Oswald Ripening?
Ostwald Ripening is a process in which larger particles or droplets in a solution grow at the expense of smaller ones due to differences in solubility. Smaller particles dissolve more easily and then redeposit onto larger particles, leading to a gradual increase in particle size over time.
What are the four phases of Refrigerated storage?
Commercial storage Transport storage Retail storage Home storage.
Why cannot polybutadiene be used as an enamel on two-piece cans, but can be used as such on three-piece cans?
It cannot hold up under the stresses of the manufacturing process for two-piece cans
What is the citrus fruit that used to describe British sailors? What fruit did British sailors got their nickname from?
Lime
What pH distinguishes the difference between low acid and high acid foods?
pH 4.6
The main salt soluble protein of meat is:
myosin (actomyosin post rigor)
Cherokee Purple, Brandywine, Ferris Wheel, Lucky Cross and Rosella purple are all types of which fruit or vegetable?
tomatoes (they are all heirloom varieties)
What compound in chicken feed can lead to arsenic in chicken?
Roxarsone
Used in food packaging, what do the initials LLDPE stand for?
Linear low density polyethylene
Name two non-enzymatic browning reactions.
Caramelization and Maillard
What causes ropy in yogurt?
Exopolysaccharides
What does NLEA stand for?
Nutrition Labeling and Education Act
What does TQM stand for?
Total Quality Management
What is the substrate for lactate dehydrogenase in glycolysis to produce lactate?
Pyruvate
What are 4 steps to ensure a proper natural fermentation of sauercraut?
salting, shredding, anaerobic storage, low temperatures
What compound is the cause of the bitterness in orange juice?
Limonin
How many times higher is the mobility of proton in ice over water?
100
What is "Radurization"?
Sterilization by exposure to ionizing radiation.
Two other government agencies along with the FDA which have responsibility for ensuring the safety of imported foods are ______ and _______
USDA and U.S. Customs
What is the term for when a pump causes vaporization of a fluid?
cavitation
what is the minimum percentage Daily Value of fiber on nutritional label to declare the food product an excellent source of fiber?
20%
What food-borne parasite can be found in hogs eating uncooked food waste?
Trichinella Spiralis.
Baklava and borek are examples of what kind of pastry?
Filo
What is the name of the egg of sturgeon?
Caviar
Enzyme used for PCR?
TAQ polymerase.
What method is usually used to cook the saddle?
Roasting
What beef dish contains sauteed beef with mustard and smetana?
Beef Stroganoff
Who won the William V Cruess award in 2024?
Clint Stevenson
What causes greening of luncheon type meats?
Lactobacillus Viridescens.
What term is used for beef that has a warm red center and sligtly firm?
Medium Rare
The Columbian exchange refers to the widespread transfer of plants, culture, technology, etc between the Americas and the Old World. Name 3 foods that originated in the Old World and transferred to the Americas, and 3 foods originating in the Americas and transferred to the Old World.
Old world to America: Pigs, horses, cattle, chickens, honeybees, grains, bananas, sugarcane, olives, citrus fruit, coffee beans, peaches, pears, apples, carrots, grapes, cabbage, lettuce, onions, soybeans Americas to the Old World: Potatoes, corn, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, squash, cassava, tomatoes, pineapples, avocados, beans, peanuts, cashews, cacao, vanilla, chili peppers, tobacco, turkeys, sunflowers
GMP regulated five products
Infant formula, low acid canned foods, drinking water
Chemical additives are typically added in what range? A. 1-5% by weight B. ppm to <1% by weight C. ppb to ppm
ppm to less than 1% by weight
Lysine, an essential amino acid is commercially produced by which genus of bacterium for use as a food additive?
Brevibacterium
Meringue is supposed to be mixed in a bowl made of what type of metal, and why?
Copper; it reacts with proteins, affecting the mixing process.
Define thermal death time.
the time it takes to kill a specific bacteria at a specific temperature
What is the difference in metabolism between β- and α-carotene?
Beta yields two molecules of vitamin A, whereas alpha only yields one molecule
What type of whey is produced during the manufacture of Cheddar cheese?
Cheddar= sweet whey
What are the prolamins in corn called?
Zein
What is the basis of all reducing sugar tests?
Color reaction (reduction of a metal ion).
What is activation energy?
Energy required to start a chemical/enzymatic reaction
The modern name “Walnut” comes from the German word Walnuss, What does Walnuss mean?
Foreign nut
When was the College Bowl competition first held?
1985
What is the German beer style that is brewed with coriander and sea salt?
Gose
What is the name for the compound that has a cyclic structure of glucose units?
cyclodextrin
On what food stuff is the mycotoxin patulin most commonly produced on?
apples
When viewed under a microscope after gram staining, gram negative bacteria appear what color?
Red
What amino acid requires cats to be obligate carnivores? Cysteine, tryptophan, taurine, alanine
Taurine
Color Additive Amendment of 1960
defines color additives, sets rules for certified and uncertified colors, provides for the approval of colors that are exempt from certification and allows the FDA to list color additives for specific uses and set quantity limitations. Also contains a Delaney Clause.
What does BOD stand for?
Biological Oxygen Demand
How many calories do you consume every time you lick a stamp?
1/10th of a calorie
Name 5 unripened cheeses.
Ricotta, Cottage Cheese, Mozzarella, Cream Cheese, Mascarpone, Feta, and Quark
Each amylopectin has how many reducing ends?
1
What are the components of a spray drying unit?
Feed tank, high pressure pump, air heater, nozzle atomizer, drying chamber, inlet duct, primary product collector, secondary product collection, main cyclone, exhaust fan
What does HACCP stand for and give its 7 principles.
HACCP: Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points; 1. conduct hazard analysis, 2. identify critical control points, 3. establish critical limits, 4. establish monitoring procedures, 5. establish corrective actions, 6. establish verification procedures, 7. establish record-keeping procedures
the transformation of glucofuranose to glucopyranose is defined as what?
mutarotation
The sugar found only in milk is?
Lactose
The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 is enforced by which government agency?
EPA
what do the following acronyms associated w/food analysis techniques stand for: SEM, SDS-PAGE, NMR, FTIR
SEM=scanning electron microscopy;SDS-PAGE= sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel;NMR=nuclear magnetic resonance;FTIR= Fourier Transform Infared Spectroscopy
What year was the Nutritional Labeling and Education Act signed?
1990
How many kcals are provided in 1 gram of protein, of fat, and of alcohol?
Protein=4kcal/g; Fat=9kcal/g; Alcohol=7kcal/g
what type of microorganism are quaternary ammonium (QUAT)compounds most effective against?
gram positive bacteria
Which Aflatoxin is the most carcinogenic? a. B1, b. G1, c. G2, d. M1
a. B1
Fruits can be classified according to their respiratory patterns. List 5 non-climacteric fruits.
blueberry, cacao, cherry, cucumber, fig, grapefruit, lemon, grapes, melon, orange, pineapple, strawberry, tamarillo, sweet orange
Iron can be found in 2 different forms in food. What are these 2 forms and what types of foods are they found in?
Heme – animals Non-heme - plants
What does DE stand for in corn syrup?
dextrose equivalent
What is the pH range of the indicator, phenolphthalein?
8-9.6
What are the advantages and disadvantages of spiral membrane modules?
Advantages: Compact, Minimum energy consumption, Low capital/opening cost Disadvantages: Not suitable for very viscous fluid, Dead space, Difficult to clean, Faulty membranes - change whole module
Bacon is obtained from the belly of the pork. From which part of pork is Canadian bacon obtained?
Back/ loin of the pork
A gritty texture in ice cream is due to what?
Lactose crystallization
What is the difference between the hot break and cold break process for tomato processing?
A. Hot Break - the fresh tomato is chopped when heated with an average Bostwick viscosity ranging between 3.5 and 6 centimeters to usually produce ketchup and different sauces with 28-30° Brix (more viscous, dense product) B. Cold Break - the fresh tomato is chopped at lower temperatures, ranging from 65 to 75°C with an average Bostwick viscosity ranging from 9 to 16 centimeters to usually produce triple concentrate paste at 30-38° Brix packaged in 500 or 1000 gram cans for domestic use (less viscous, less dense, enzymes not denatured with heat)
If a protein is present in a solution at a pH greater than its isoelectric point, what charge would it be carrying?
Negative Charge
Which government agency is responsible for regulating the use of food additives?
FDA
In the brewing industry what physio chemical process is saccharification referred to?
refers to the enzymatic hydrolysis of malt starches into simple sugars, that can be part of yeast fermentation.
What levels of ethylene are generally needed to initiate ripening in fruits?
0.1 to 1.0 ppm (some fruits need as little as 0.01 ppm).
With respect to thermal processing, what does TA stand for?
Thermophilic anaerobe
What USDA grades of beef are generally found in the grocery store: A.Prime and Standard, B.Choice and Select, C.Cutter and Canner, or D.Select and Standard?
B. Choice and Select
What icing usually contains gelatin and glycerine?
Fondant
What is the main application of transglutaminase?
cross-linking of proteins to strengthen gelling properties; mostly used in rice or cornbread applications
To calculate using the perfect gas law, what type of pressure must be used?
absolute pressure
What corn derivative is one of the most commonly used sweeteners in the food industry?
High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)
What vertebra is found in a T bone steak?
lumbar vertebra
What are myosin and actin?
the major contractile proteins in muscle (accounts for ~65% of contractile proteins)
A bacteria, yeast, fungi, or filamentous genetic material has been changed in nucleic aicd modification by FAO/WHO is termed what?
Genetically modified
What is centrifugal force?
the outward force nature exerts on objects moving in a circular fashion
What icing contains cocoa butter?
Couveture
Beef is 50% protein, what insect is higher in protein than beef?
Crickets (65%)
which of these methods will remove metal ions: A.microfiltration, B.ultrafiltration, C.reverse osmosis, or D.nanofiltration?
C. reverse osmosis
Who developed the first industrial methods for treatment of food?
Nicholas Appert.
In 2020, the FDA removed the standard of identity in which pie?
cherry pie
Name the two major meat proteins that are salt soluble.
myosin and actin
Where is heating by hot water used in the food industry?
mainly glass containers, flexible pouches, polymer - trays glass thicker so decreased conductivity, provides lower thermal shock then steam - flexible pouches and polymer trays are thinner and therefore can increase temperature rapidly
CFSAN is one of the oldest federal agenices whose primary function is consumer protection. What does "CFSAN" stand for?
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
What microorganism produces Pullorum disease in chickens?
Salmonella pullorum
Describe each step of the refrigeration cycle.
1) Constant pressure – evaporation and condensation 2) Constant enthalpy – compression and expansion 3) Superheated region – between compression and condensation 4) Saturated liquid region – between condensation and expansion.
How does a cooker cooler continuous retort work?
cans carried over conveyer through 3 sections of tunnel each at different presser
Why is stannous chloride added to asparagus canned in glass jar and how much SnCl2 is allowed?
It controls the discoloration (black spots) of the product due to oxidation of the pigment rutin; not more than 15 ppm in glass containers with unlined metal lids and not more than 20 ppm with inert, lined lids
What compound is responsible for spoiled fish odor?
trimethylamines
Which 2 enzymes are required for the determination of the degree of gelatinization?
Pullulanase and Beta-amylase
Sangak, Rugbrod and Maltese bread are examples of what type of bread?
Sourdough
What are the three common cuts of wings?
Drumette, Wingette, Wing Tip
What are two equations for water activity?
P/Po ( partial vapor pressure of food moisture at T divided by saturation vapor pressure of water at T) and ERH/100 (equilibrium relative humidity at T divided by 100)
Why are fruits or vegetables often heated prior to maceration for juice production?
to speed up the process or to infuse flavors prior to maceration, to increase extract yield and to inactivate the enzymes
What percent of the world population includes insects in their diet?
0.25
When the double bonds of carotenoids change from trans to cis forms, what happens to the carotenoid color?
trans is orange/red and cis is lemon yellow
Two methods to mask differences between sample appearances during sensory testing?
Change the lighting, use different lights such as red, darker in the room
prior to refrigeration, what was the primary method used for food preservation?
Fermentation
IFT has approved undergraduate programs in Food Science at Universities in over 7 countries. Name 4 of them.
USA, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand, Argentina, Indonesia, China, Australia, Ireland, Costa Rica, Malaysia, United arab emirates, Honduras, Thailand
The rotary pump and the reciprocating pump are both types of what kind of pump?
Positive displacement pump
(True/False) Boiling bacterial spores for 4 hours will destroy the spores
False
A tetrasaccharide associated with flatulence is ______.
stachyose
Lime botanical name?
Citrus latifolia [Rutaceae (Citrus)]
What is the Kjeldahl factor for dairy products?
6.38
What ice cream company registered the slogan "Dedicated to Perfection"?
Häagen-Dazs
What is the minimum time and temperature for batch, LTLT, or vat pasteurized milk?
145°F or 62.8°C, 30 min
What is the term introduced by the Japanese that refers to certain chemicals enhancing food palatability?
Kokumi
When using a ceramic, plastic, or stainless steel mixing bowl, the addition of what ingredient will help to achieve a more stable meringue?
cream of tartar
Passing an oil through Fuller's earth is a process called ___.
Bleaching
What are the flavor/antimicrobial compounds associated w/the following spices: Cloves, Cinnamon, Oregano, Thyme, Vanilla Beans, Garlic, and Onion?
cloves=Eugenol;cinnamon=cinnamic aldehyde;oregano=carvacrol;Thyme= thymol;Vanilla Beans= Vanillin ;Garlic=allicin;onion=allicin
Is Bovine Growth Hormone (BGH) a food additive and does it need to be labeled?
No. It is not added to the food. It is injected into the cow and she becomes more efficient in milk production. Some producers choose to label, but no special labeling is required by law.
Give two examples of fillings used in Samosas.
Spiced potatoes, Onion, Meat, Fish, Peas
What cooking method uses a oven to cook meat?
Roasting
What are three forms of water in foods?
Free Water, Adsorbed Water (loosely bound), and water of hydration (tightly bound)
What does NSLAB mean and name four?
Non-Starter Lactic Acid Bacteria; L. plantarum, L. casei, L. curvatus, Pediococcus
What was the 1st state law against food adulteration and when and where was it enacted?
An act against selling unwholesome provisions Massachusetts 1785
Name three classes of flavonoids.
anthocyanidins, isoflavones, flavonols, catechins, etc
Beet, Chard botanical name?
Beta vulgaris [Amaranthaceae (Amaranth)]
Give the names of two major pigment groups.
Chlorophylls, Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, Betalains, Myoglobin
What is the main acid in lemon juice?
Citric acid
What nut is traditionally on the Waldorf salad?
Walnut
What type of HPLC utilizes a polar column and a less polar solvent (stationary phase)?
Normal Phase HPLC
Butter is what type of emulsion?
Water in oil
What is the difference between Fischer and Haworth projections of carbohydrates?
Fischer projections are straight chains, while Haworth projections are cyclical
What is the term for adding a layer of fat outside of meat?
Barding
What is the flavor/antimicrobial compound associated with Cinnamon?
cinnamon= cinnamic aldehyde
What are the holes in Swiss cheese caused by and what are they called?
Carbon dioxide and they are called eyes.
How many PKa(s) does ascorbic acid have?
2: one at 4.10 and another at 11.79
how many meters is 1 Angstrom?
10^-10 meters
what was the 1st comprehensive legislation regarding regulation of dyes intended for use in foods?
Federal Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
What is the purpose of air flow in spray drying?
the initial contact between spray droplets and drying air controls evaporation rates and product temp in the dryer.
According to the NLEA, what health claim can be made regarding soy intake?
soy intake and cancer
Is radiation a fast or slow method of heat transfer?
Fast
Which gas often removed from packaging in thermal processes?
O2
Nixtamalization is the process of treating what agricultural crop with lye (calcium hydroxide) to soften it for grinding?
Corn
Which fruit was called the "pommes d'amour," or love apple, during 18th century France?
The tomato
What vegetable yields the most pounds of produce per acre?
Cabbage
European national Food Science organizations are organized into the European Federation of Food Science and Technology. Where is this group based?
Wageningen University, the Netherlands
What does S stand for in 30S, 50S and 70S ribosomes and what does it measure?
S stands for Svedberg unit, a non-metric unit for sedimentation rate. A unit used to measure how fast molecules move in an ultracentrifuge.
Foods with high protein digestibility scores have the optimum level of what component?
Amino acids
FAD stands for?
flavin adenine dinucleotide
What highly toxic lectin compound is contained in castor beans?
Ricin
What chronic health condition can result from low calcium intake?
Osteoporosis
Commercial Lecithin comes from what?
Soy
What month is National Pasta Month?
October
Depot fats and related animal fats are characterized by their high content of which fatty acids?
primarily C16 – C18 saturated, and C18:1 and C18:2
what cheeses are associated w/ lactococcus?
Cheddar or Mozzarella Cheese
Name four commonly used coatings for steel cans.
Acrylic, epoxy-amine, epoxy-phenolic, epoxy-phenolic plus zinc oxide or metallic aluminum powder, oleoresins, or phenolic polybutadiene, vinyl, polyester phenolic, organosol
What is moussaka and where does it come from?
An eggplant or potato based dish popular in Balkan and Mediterranean cuisine, especially Greek
Name, a non digestible food ingredient that may affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and or activity of one or limited number of beneficial bacteria in the colon.
Prebiotics
Define mycosis.
disease resulting from the invasion of living cells by a fungi
What is the Magna Carta and which year was it enacted?
June 1215 England, this legal document included statements setting single standard measures for wine, ale, and corn.
In brewing, what is the name of the step when the malt is dried and what reaction causes unintended consequences?
Kilning; Maillard Reaction
Name 2 non-thermal food processing technologies?
UV light, ultrasound, high pressure, pulsed light, pulsed electric field, irradiation
Of the three types of muscle protein: sarcoplasmic, myofibrillar, and stroma, which accounts for the greatest percentage of the total muscle protein?
Myofibrillar (55%)
The following are all types of which fruit? Comiuce, Forelle, seckel, Concorde and red Bartlett?
Pears
How would you determine which brand of pudding is preferred by customers?
sensory evaluation, preference tests
As of 2025, what is the state vegetable of Vermont?
Gilfeather turnip
Rank these cheeses from lowest moisture content to highest moisture content. Neufchatel, Romano, Gruyere, Munster, edam
Neufchatel, Munster, Gruyere, Edam, Romano
What meat has both major and minor primal cuts?
Beef
What characterizes waxy maize?
High percentage of amylopectin
Who was the 1st woman president of IFT?
Mary K. Wagner
Raw, unroasted cashews, are considered inedible sue to their containment of what toxin?
Urushiol
Which fatty acid would be expected to have the highest iodine value - linoleic, oleic, or ricinoleic acid?
linoleic acid
These are cabbages. What is the name of the compound responsible for their characteristic flavor?
Methanol
What is the monetary prize of the food disruption challenge pitch for the selected pitch as well as the people’s choice award?
$25 K for winner, $5 K for people’s choice
What is the composition of a whole egg wrt shell, yolk and egg white?
White - 58%, Yolk - 31%, Shell - 11%
Why are caseinates good functional ingredients in a number of processed food products that have both water and fat?
caseinates have amphiphilic structure; this means that these protein derivatives both have regions that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Calorie free on a label means that a product has fewer than 5 calories per serving.
True
What foodborne pathogen can cause peptic ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
What are the two components (prolamins) of Gluten?
Gliadins & Glutenins
Rate the following materials from lowest to highest thermal conductivity: Water, Aluminum, Stainless Steel, Glass, Air, Copper
Air < Water < Glass < Stainless Steel < Aluminum < Copper.
Discuss the principle of HTST processing and why it is used.
By heating food at a high temperature and short time, many desirable nutrients and sensory components can be retained but many undesirable microorganisms and enzymes can be destroyed. It is based on the principle of different z values for vitamins and bacteria
Name the two principal whey proteins.
Beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin.
What preservative is added to wine?
sulfites
What is the area under a lethal rate curve defined as?
lethality
Rank cheeses from highest to lowest protein content. Cheddar, swiss, cottage, feta.
Swiss>Cheddar>Feta>Cottage
Give 3 examples of pulses.
Lupins, Lentils, Chickpeas (Garbanzo beans), Peas (e.g., split peas), Beans (e.g., kidney beans, black beans, pinto beans), Fava beans, Black-eyed peas, Mung beans, Adzuki beans, Broad beans, Soybeans
Anthocyanins and tannins belong to what class of pigments?
Flavonoids
What are the disadvantages of osmotic dehydration?
longer drying times, leaching of natural acids, floating of food pieces and necessity for agitation, disposal of used osmotic medium high of BOD, lack of knowledge of microbial development in medium and products, reduction in acidity levels of fruits, substantial modification of original product composition (flavor)
Arabica coffee botanical name?
Coffea arabica
(Bonus) For fluids, flowing through a pipe. Name the four parameters included in the calculation of Reynolds number.
viscosity, pipe diameter, velocity, density (Re: Dv(rho)/(nu))
Glycolysis comes from the Greek roots glykos and lysis. What are the literal interpretations of these two terms?
Glykos means sweet, and lysis means losing/disappearing/breaking down. Overall, it means a loss of sweetness
Name the toxic substances in unprocessed cassava roots.
cyanogenic glycosides (lenamaric, lotaustralin)
In the 2022 Food Code by FDA what term is used for items that usually relate to general sanitation, operational controls, sanitation standard operating procedures (SSOPs), facilities or structures, equipment design, or general maintenance?
Core Item.
Time in minutes for one log reduction?
D-value.
Name the French liqueur made from elderflowers.
Saint Germain
On St Patricks day, which food is used to color beer green?
Spinach
Which soft drink was the first to be offered in a 2 Liter bottle?
Pepsi
In poultry, what is the difference between a "broiler" and a "fryer"?
Both are types of chicken that are raised for meat. Fryer are just a bit larger in weight than broiler.
What test is used to measure the viability of starter culture during the fermentation of cottage cheese?
Ta, TTA, or titratable acidity
What are the primary factors for determining the value and general acceptability of a beef carcass: A.cutability and quality, B.Tenderness and Juiciness, C.Dressing % and Yield, or D.Dressing % and Quality?
A. Cutability and Quality.
What are some of the disadvantages of using a thermistor?
limited temperature range, low accuracy at higher temperatures, non-linearity at higher temperatures (resistance over temperature decreases exponentially)
What is the name of the pasta that translates to "blessed, happy"?
Macaroni
What does WHO stand for?
World Health Organization
Peach/Nectarine botanical name?
Prunus persica
What is the primary difference between fruit jelly and fruit jam?
Jelly is made using fruit juice, while jam is made using whole fruits that have been smashed or crushed.
What process sweetens Gouda?
Washing the curd
Which to indigenous groups made peanut butter by first grinding roasted peanuts into a paste?
Incas and the Aztecs
What is the rate limiting step of cholesterol synthesis in the liver?
Hmg-Co-reductase
What four Ben and Jerry's ice cream flavors were launched as a part of their new line of vegan frozen desserts in 2016?
Chunky Monkey, Chocolate Fudge Brownie, Coffee Caramel Fudge, and PB & Cookies
Belgian waffles were invented in which country?
Luxembourge
Name the thermal processing method used to destroy the pathogenic organisms and extend the shelf life in milk.
Pasteurization
What is the equation used to convert deg C to deg F?
F= 9/5C+32
In beer making what is the liquid fraction of the mash called?
Wort
What is dry bulb temperature?
temp of air measure with thermometer freely exposed to air
What type of sourdough requires a drying process?
Type III
Reduced fat ice cream has how much less fat than regular ice cream?
At least 25%
What is the food safety training and certificate program administered by the National Restaurant Association?
ServSafe
The artificial sweetener which is also a dipeptide?
Aspartame
What is the difference between competitve and noncompetitive inhibition?
A competitive inhibitor directly competes with a substrate for binding to the enzyme's active site, while a noncompetitive inhibitor binds to a separate site on the enzyme (called an allosteric site), causing a conformational change that indirectly prevents the substrate from binding effectively; essentially, the competitive inhibitor "blocks" the active site, while the noncompetitive inhibitor alters the enzyme's shape to hinder substrate binding.
How much heat is needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius?
1 Kelvin
What are the Positive/Acidic Amino acids?
Histidine, Arginine, & Lysine (HAL)
What food colorants are exempt from FDA certification?
Natural colorants from animal, vegetable, and mineral sources. Examples include chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanins, betalains, caramel, riboflavin, carmine, turmeric, crocetin.
What does commercial sterilization refer to?
The use of a thermal process to achieve a shelf-stable food product.
What are the 3 regions of IR radiation?
near-IR, mid-IR, and far-IR
Packaging method to obtain commercial sterilization
Hot Fill Hold. Fill, Seal, Can
What scientist discovered cyclamate while working on anti-fever medication?
Michael Sveda
What does APHA stand for?
American Public Health Association
Which amino acid can be used to determine the concentration of collagen in meat?
Hydroxyproline
What does G.T.R. stand for in food packaging?
Gas Transmission Rate
Which of these three things is not on a turkey: huddle, wattle, snood?
Huddle
What is the primary function of milk pasteurization?
Kill pathogens
Explain how gamma rays destroy microorganisms.
Gamma rays induce free radical formation, which can interact with DNA and other cellular constituents, which would destroy the organism.
The muscle that makes up most of our meat is best classified as which of the following: A) Involuntary, smooth B) Voluntary, cross-striated C) Double obliquely striated
B) Voluntary, cross-striated
What is the significance of the temperature/time relationship in the processing time?
Product temperature curve shows that the product temperature at the slowest (coldest) heating location within the container increases more slowly than the heating medium temperature and the product temperature may not reach the retort temperature before the end of the process.
Stale beer frequently contains elevated levels of what compound?
trans-2-nonenal
How many molecules of ATP will each of the following yield when they are oxidized by the ETC: a) FADH2 b) NADH + H+?
FADH2 yields 2 ATP; NADH + H+ yields 3 ATP
what are the 2 monosaccharides that make up peptidoglycan in bacteria?
n-acetyl glucosamine and n-acetyl muramic acid
Oxygen storage in slow twitch fibers is achieved by what molecule?
Myoglobin
What is the compound associated with green color in pistachios?
Chlorophyll
According to the NLEA, what health claim can be made regarding dietary saturated fat and cholesterol?
dietary saturated fat/cholesterol and coronary heart disease
How many water molcules can one water molecule bind to?
4
How many flowers are in the design stamped on each side of an oreo cookie?
twelve
What type of botulism is mainly involved in seafood?
type e
What is the chemical precursor of vitamin D3?
7-dehydrocholesterol
How can a molecular weight of protein, DNA, and RNA be determined?
For proteins: SDA-PAGE. For DNA & RNA: Agarose gel.
When was the Nutritional Labeling act passed and when did it become effective?
1990, May 8, 1994
What color is grape juice at pH 2 and pH 8?
At pH 2, grape juice is red; at pH 8, it is purple.
What is food dehydration?
A unit operation in which water activity of a food is lowered by removal of nearly all the water normally present through vaporization and or sublimation. A process of thermally removing volatile substances (moisture) to yield a solid product. One of the oldest and most common unit operations found in diverse process.
What is the template for PCR and Real Time PCR?
DNA for both
Depending upon the type of scale used, sensory data can be of 4 types. Name these data types.
nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio data
What is the name of thin pastry layers separated by fat?
Laminated dough
What is a well-known gum used by microbiologists in bacteria cultivation and by food technologists in icing production?
agar-agar
What food related act was signed into law by the President on November 9, 1990?
The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990
What is the name of waffle variety from South Korea, the mix of waffle and croissants?
Croffle
The deadly "red tide" in the ocean is caused by what organism and produces what effect?
Dino-flagellates, which cause paralytic shellfish poisoning
What are some disadvantages of a plate heat exchanger?
limited to low viscosity products, re-gasketing costs can be high, fouling tendencies may exist for some products
A fusion of sodium nitrite and sodium chloride was better than saltpeter for curing. The mixture was called what?
Prague powder
Pâte brisée, pâte sucrée, and pâte sablée are three basic types of what?
French pastry doughs
How many times more acidic is something with a pH of 2 than a substance with a pH of 5?
1000x more
How many grams of HCl are needed in 1 liter of distilled, deionized water to produce 1 molar HCl?
36.45 grams
Name 3 of the top 5 raspberry producing countries.
Russia, Poland, United States, Serbia, Mexico
What enzyme cleaves myosin sub-fragment 1 from the remainder of the myosin molecule?
Papain
What meant standing in old french but now means tough bread?
stale
With respect to the acetic acid concentration in vinegar, define a grain.
Grain = 10 × % acetic acid (a grain is the quantity of alkali in grains required to neutralize the acetic acid in vinegar).
What are disposable critical temperature indicators (CTI's)?
Low-cost (usually less than one cent) devices which are attached to cases and even individual packages to indicate when an unacceptable temperature has been reached.
Aborigines in tropical countries wrapped meat in papaya leaves before cooking; what effect did they achieve by this?
meat tenderizing action of proteolytic enzyme papain from papaya
An object that absorbs light in the red and the blue regions of the visible spectra will appear what hue?
green
What is an alternate name of Peking Ducks?
Long Island Ducks
Which type of Clostridium botulinum is associated with aquatic food products and is often psychotropic?
Type E
Conalbumin is a protein found in __.
Egg white.
A schiff base structure is formed between what two functional groups?
Carbonyl and amine
What is the principal functional protein in wheat flour?
Gluten
Name the methods for direct and indirect heating.
1) Direct heating: toasting, frying, steam injection; 2) Indirect heating: plate, tubular, shell and tube heat exchangers
What is the main function of gluconeogenesis?
synthesis of glucose from smaller precursors to be used by the brain.
How does HPLC differ from FPLC?
HPLC has higher pressure than FPLC
Vanilla beans are extracted from which of the following types of trees? A. Orchids B. Palm trees C. Shrub D. Wines
Orchids
This term describes the dose required to kill half the members of a tested population after a specified test duration?
LD50
A mojonnier flask is generally used for what?
extraction of fat (normally from milk)
What are 5 fatty acids found in vegetable oil?
stearic, linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and alpha-linolenic
What is Capsaicin and where is it found?
Pungent flavor of hot peppers
what is the minimum temp for carmelization to occur?
160 degree C/ 320 F
What is the term used when garnishing with almonds?
Amandine
Golden rice is enriched with what nutrient?
Vitamin A
What term refers to the percentage change in length of a material due to pulling stress before breakage?
elongation or strain
Porkopolis, the first meat packing plant in 1818, was located in which city?
Cincinnati, OH
What food color requires mandatory labeling?
All of them
What process is used in the food industry to concentrate foods by water removal?
evaporation
In which state did the pecan pie originate?
New Orleans
Fillet, Chaterubrind, and Beef Wellington comes from what part of the tenderloin?
Center Cut
What percentage of the U.S. grain crop is destroyed each year?
5-10%
Name 5 common chemical food additives for food preservation.
BHA, BHT, TBHQ, benzoates, calcium propionate (inhibits molds), sodium bisulfate, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite
In the 2022 Food Code by FDA what is the term used for the process of moderating the temperature of a food such as allowing a food to gradually increase from a temperature of -23C (-10F) to -4C (25F) in preparation for deep-fat frying or to facilitate even heat penetration during the cooking of previously block-frozen food such as shrimp.
Slacking.
In what year was the first Nicolas Appert award awarded?
1942
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid in fermentation?
Lactate dehydrogenase
Bagel, Kifli, and Baguette are examples of what type of bread?
Yeast Bread
What purpose Na pyrophosphate serve in foods?
alkaline cleaners
What does IUPAC stand for?
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
What type of sugar is cotton candy made up of?
Granulated sugar
Name types of concentration methods/equipment.
1) Solar evaporation 2) Flash evaporators 3) Ultrafiltration 4) Open kettle 5) Thin-film evaporators 6) Reverse osmosis 7) Freeze concentration 8) Vacuum evaporators.
What is the meaning of 'cutability' of a carcass?
Cutability refers to the yield of lean meat in a carcass.
What is the name of the evergreen shrub from which we get capers?
Caper Bush (Capparis spinosa)
What viral disease in cloven-hoofed animals causes fluid-filled blisters on their mouth, tongue, teats, muzzle, and skin between their hooves?
Hoof (foot) and mouth disease
Name the genus and species for cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, savoy, and Chinese kale.
Brassica oleracea, these are all different cultivars of the same organism.
The rate of gelatinization is increased or decreased in the presence of added sucrose?
Decreased; sucrose competes for water and reduces peak viscosity and gel strength.
Describe the flow direction of water across a cell membrane in an isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solution
Isotonic=no net flow (equilibrium);Hypotonic= water flows into the cell;Hypertonic= water flows out of the cell
Where does cheddar cheese originate from?
A. England
What high-fiber grain is in both Kellogg's Heartwise cereal, as well as in a Proctor & Gamble laxative?
Psyllium
What does the acronym PMO stand for and is it required?
PMO - Pasteurized Milk Ordinance; it is not required
How many BTU's must be taken from a pound of water to change it from a pound of liquid (water) at 32?F to a pound of solid (ice) at 32?F?
144 BTU's
What organization governs microwave regulations?
FCC
Two of the following are NOT required core courses on the IFT undergraduate curriculum minimum standards. Name the two: Food chemistry, food microbiology, food engineering, food processing, food analysis, food law, food packaging.
Food packaging and food law.
On what continent were potatoes first cultivated in ca. 200 AD?
South America
Refrigerated ready-to-eat foods are a potential source of:
listeria
This spice consists of the stigmas of a crocus native to the eastern Mediterranean
Saffron
Name 5 hydrophobic surfactants.
DATEM, Soy lecithin, Calcium stearoyl lactylate, Glycerol monoleate, Sorbitan trioleate, Oleic acid
Milk homogenization slows creaming by changing oil droplets radius.
True
Trans fatty acids occur in what animal?
Ruminant animals like cow
What is the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) in terms of sensory testing?
JND is the amount by which the physical concentration of a stimulus chemical has to be increased in order to be perceived psychologically.
Explain thixotropic and pseudoplastic.
Thixotropy is the property of certain fluids and gels of becoming thinner when a constant force is applied. A pseudoplastic fluid is a fluid that increases viscosity as force is applied. The main difference is that viscosity of thixotropic fluids decreases upon applying a force whereas the viscosity of pseudoplastic fluids increases upon applying a force.
Name 3 of the 16 gram negative, facultative anaerobic rods.
Enterobacteriaceae, Arsenophonus nasoniae, Buttiauxella agrestis, Cedecea, Citrobacter, Edwardsiella, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Escherichia, Ewingella americana, Hafnia alvei, Klebsiella, Kluyvera, Leclercia adecarboxylata, Leminorella, Moellerella wisconsensis, Morganella morganii, Obesumbacterium proteus, Pantoea, Pragia fontium Proteus, Providencia, Rahnella aquatilis, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella, Tatumella plyseos, Xenorhabdus, Yersina, Yohenella regensburgei, Aeromonas, Enhydrobacter aerosaccus, Photobacterium, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Vibrio, Actinobacillus, Hemophilus, Pasteurella, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Cardiobacterium hominis, Chromobacterium, Eikenella corrodens, Gardnerella vaginalis, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Zymomonas
In food what method is used to measure heavy minerals?
ICP-AAS or ICP-OES
what water activity value is where mold growth can occur?
0.6
Name four additives that are legal for use in making cheese.
Rennet, annatto, calcium chloride, and starter culture
Sour cream is caused by a denaturation of what protein in milk?
Whey
There are many styles of canned mushrooms, name four of them.
whole, buttons, sliced whole, random sliced whole, stems & pieces, stems & buttons
In milk, what does lactose react with to cause maillard browning?
Lactose reacts with the free amino acid side chain of milk protein (Mainly e-amino group of lysine residue)
List the 7 steps of HACCP in order.
1. Conduct a hazard analysis 2. Identify CCP 3. Set critical limits 4. Establish monitoring procedures 5. Establish corrective actions 6. Verification 7. Establish record keeping
Where was the first recorded outbreak of botulism and what was the source?
(not submitted, just for knowledge) Germany (18th century) and Blood Sausage.
HFCS sweetness increases as you increase DE?
No, DE refers to reducing power; since fructose is not reducing and sweeter than glucose, less DE means sweeter.
What are two methods for producing a vacuum in a canned food?
Hot fill, vacuum sealer, steam in headspace
What is caramelization?
Reaction to the removal of water from the sugar molecules by heat. This changes the structure and results in darkening, occurs quicker in foods with lower moisture content
What color is apple flesh in basic and acidic conditions?
-Basic - yellow -Acidic - white
Tannins produce the dry feeling in your mouth after taking a sip of which of the following? Rum, beer, whiskey, red wine
Red wine
What is the name of the compound responsible for the grapefruit flavor of grapefruit?
1-p-menthene-8-thiol (or thioterpineol)
Vitamins B and C's absorption by the body depends on the normal absorption of fat from the diet.
False
The TBA analysis is a colorimetric reaction; what does this mean?
the analyte of interest does not have a chromaphore and must react with a substance so that a chromaphore is created and absorbance can be read to determine the concentration of an analyte
When a natural cheese is heated to a high temperature, the result will be:
stringiness, toughness, and a separation of fat.
Name three advantages of pasteurization of milk used for cheese production.
Destroy pathogenic bacteria and other odor causing bacteria, removal of undesirable gases, product uniformity, higher cheese yield, better control over acid development
what is the maximum pH at which sorbic acid is effective as a preservative in foods:A.3.5, B.4.5, C.5.5, or D.6.5?
D.6.5
GDL, citric acid, and tartaric acid are examples of what type of leavening agent?
Leavening Acids
What is the difference between traditional, or true, buttermilk and cultured buttermilk?
Traditional buttermilk is the liquid leftover after churning cream into butter and cultured buttermilk is cow's milk cultured with Lactobacillus lactis or Lactobacillus bulgaricus.
Do resistance thermometers or thermocouples have a higher upper limit temperature?
thermocouple
Name a chemical that is commonly used to inhibit potato sprouting during storage?
Chlorpropham (CIPC, isopropyl (3-chlorophenyl) Carbamate(commercial name: Bud Nip, Taterpex) Maleic hydrazide
What is the name of meat from young sheep?
Lamb
What is the can defect that results from too high internal can pressure?
Buckling
The milling of rice involves a process called what?
polishing
Where in the US are C. botulinum type A, B, and type E generally found?
type B toxin causes most cases of botulism in horses in the midwestern and mid-Atlantic states of the U.S., while type A is usually responsible for equine cases in the western states. . Type E-producing C. botulinum strains tend to occur in coastal areas and other aquatic environments
Sensory evaluation methods that are devised to measure the acceptance of a product are called Affective Tests. Give an example.
A paired preference test, A preference ranking test, and The hedonic test method
Name the 10 states in the FoodNet active Surveillance Program.
Californa, Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, and Tennessee
When working with data, what is the measure of dispersion or variation in a group of scores?
Standard Deviation
Why store olive oil in dark?
to prevent from photooxidation
what cheese is associated w/ Penicillium roqueforti?
Blue Cheese
What is the name of the long french bread from lean dough?
Baguette
What is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that has been identified in free-ranging and captive mule deer, white tailed deer, and elk?
Chronic wasting disease
Water A) Is the major component of most foods. B) Controls shelf-life or storage capability C) Regulates chemical and microbiological reactions D) All of the above
D) All of the Above
Linamarin is a compound found in lima beans. When exposed to gastric hydrochloric acid, what is released?
Hydrogen Cyanide
Aspartame, an artificial sweetener, should not be consumed by people with what metabolic condition?
PKU
Food Additives Amendment of 1958 (to the FD&C Act of 1938)
food additives must be proven safe before addition to food and must be safe at intended levels of use. Delaney Clause is attached to this amendment which prohibits the FDA from allowing anyone to use a substance that can cause cancer at any dose.
A structural protein of meat composed of high concentration of proline and hydroxyproline is ___?
Collagen.
A structural protein of meat composed of relatively high concentration of proline and hydroxyproline is ___?
Collagen
How do the roles of consumers and trained, expert panels differ in sensory testing?
Consumers tell you if the food is acceptable or not. Trained panels identify and describe the product attributes for use in specific product development decisions.
Extremophilic microbes are found in various environments. Name the extreme conditions associate with each types of microbes: Barophile; Halophile; Thermophile
Barophile: High pressure; Halophile - High Salt content; Thermophile: High heat/temperatures
What does cGMP stand for?
Current Good Manufacturing Practices
Define the Biot number.
dimensionless quantity used for heat transfer calculations. The ratio of the heat transfer resistance inside of and at the surface of the body.
What is the most heat resistant pathogen found in milk?
Coxiella burnetii
Name three factors useful in controlling enzyme activity.
Temperature, Water Content and Activity, Extremes of pH, Chemicals, Alterations of Substrates, Alterations of Products, Preprocessing Controls
What portion of citrus fruit provides cold-pressed essential oils?
Peel
Where did Meyer lemons originate?
China
What is the name of the temperature at which dissolved fats are no longer completely soluble, precipitating out as a second phase?
Cloud point
Nutritionist refer to beta – carotene as ...
Pro – vitamin A
What particular concern does ammonium bicarb pose when used in a leavening system?
a product must be baked to dryness to eliminate off-flavors
Which is not a property of the muscle protein collagen? a. white color b. elastic c. heat degradable
b. elastic
Freezer Burn
A condition that occurs when frozen food has been damaged by dehydration and oxidation. Usually due to substandard packaging
What extraction technique involves the heating or cooking of raw materials to liquefy the fat?
Rendering.
What is perigo factor?
Formation of a substance or an agent which is ten times more inhibitory to Clostridium spp than nitrate alone when medium with added nitrite is heated is called perigo factor (named after the microbiologist Perigo, J A).
Why do chelating agents increase the efficiency of antioxidants?
they bind trace minerals that catalyze fat oxidation
Name the 3 main parts of cereal grain
Bran, germ, endosperm
What are the dimensions of 211 can?
2 11/16 inches diameter and height varies
What does lyonnaise mean?
Lyonnaise is a French culinary term that refers to a style of preparing food, particularly potatoes or onions, in a way that is characteristic of the city of Lyon, France.
Give two dicarboxylic amino acids.
Glutamic acid and aspartic acid
What is the name of the Indian variant of clotted cream, sometimes made with Buffalo milk?
Malai
Why are plates for total plate count incubated upside down?
To prevent condensation from dripping on the surface of the agar.
The Ames test is used to identify which organism? a. E. coli b. Staph aureus c. Salmonella __? d. Salmonella typhimurium
D. Salmonella typhimurium
Briefly describe the still retort process
cans are loaded into the vessel, steam is injected into the vessel, fan circulates steam for uniformity, vent valve (cold air goes out), temperature and pressure increase to desired temp then vent valve closes, temperature is maintained for desired time (processing time), then precooling begins where the pressure is maintained while slowly cooling the cans, circulating pump with cold water moves into the vessel and gradually decreases the temperature, the drain opens to drain water, and once the cans are cooled and the pressure decreases, the cans can be removed
What is ohmic heating?
it is where an electrical current is passed through a suitable conducting product causing it to heat
Several scientific bodies have established peer groups or named qualified scientists to study and report on the controversies about food in relation to health. Name 3 outstanding groups.
1. IFT's expert panel on food safety and nutrition 2. CAST (Council on Agricultural Science and Technology) 3. AMA's council on food and nutrition
The development of red or purple colors during ripening of many fruits and vegetables is due to formation of what pigments?
Anthocyanins.
In plants, what amino acid is used to synthesize ethylene?
Methionine.
31. Carbonyl compounds responsible for the aroma of tomatoes and bananas and the characteristic flavor of cucumbers arise from what general reaction?
Oxidation of linoleic acid by lipoxygenase
Which of the following is not a cause of major losses of B vitamins during food processing: trimming and peeling, removal of bran during milling, reactions with free radicals, or leaching during blanching
Reactions with free radicals
What is cheddaring?
The process where matted cheese curd is cut into blocks, stacked, and drained of whey.
Bromate is added to flour for what purpose?
Oxidizing agent
What is the sum of non-digestible substances that composed of polysaccharides and lignin? Or Another name for non-starch polysaccharides?
Total dietary fiber, dietary fiber
What percentage of a vitamin/mineral must be present in a food in order for it to be called an excellent source/high in/rich in?
20%
The gold or golden-brown color of Matnakash bread is obtained how?
Coating the surface with sweet tea powder before baking.
what is the residue left after refining sugar?
molasses
What does "COP" stand for?
Possible answers: Clean Out of Place, Coefficient of Performance
What is the better-known identity of minus 273.15 degrees Celsius?
Absolute zero (zero degrees Kelvin)
Where are the lipovitellins and livetins found?
Plasma proteins of egg yolk
Define percent overrun in ice cream.
A. The volume of frozen, finished ice cream in excess of the volume of the liquid mix; Percent increase in volume in ice cream due to air incorporation
How to express in concentration, ppm equivalent as weight per volume?
mg/L or microg/ mL
Baking powder is a combination of what?
acid and sodium bicarbonate
What is the sum of all the various biochemical and physiologic processes by which the body grows and maintains itself (anabolism) and breaks down and reshapes tissue (catabolism)?
Metabolism
What is the name of the main carotenoid pigment responsible for the color of annatto?
Bixin.
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1oC is called what?
Calorie
If the D value of the critical organism is three and the product is a high acid food, what should the F value of the process be?
F = 15 (=5D) (accept 15, 18 or 21).
What reaction does the enzyme "reverse transcriptase" catalyze?
RNA transcribed to DNA
What vitamin is required to activate pyruvate carboxylase?
Biotin (B7)
Name the annual IFT award for preminent contribution in food technology.
Nicholas Appert award
Describe the composition of clarified butter.
Purified butterfat with water and milk solids removed
Maize (Corn) botanical name?
Zea mays
Name four types of cheeses that are ripened by mold.
Blue cheese, Brie, Roquefort, Camembert, Cambozola, Limburger, Appenzeller, Munster, Port Salut, Stilton, etc.
What is cellophane?
A colorless, transparent flexible packaging material made of cellulose.
34. What changes occur in starch during ripening?
Hydrolysis to sucrose, fructose, and glucose
Which 4 fast food restaurants have the most locations worldwide?
Mixue (A Chinese brand specializing in ice cream, coffee, and bubble tea, Mixue has rapidly expanded, boasting over 45,000 stores globally), McDonalds, Subway, Starbucks, KFC
if fluid milk is priced at $10 per 100lb, how much does the water cost in the milk?
milk is 87% water, so $8.70
What is the sweetener found in some peanut butter that may be toxic to dogs?
Xylitol
Compare thermal vapor recompression to mechanical vapor recompression
$ Vapor compressed Energy savings Draw-back TVR Low A fraction One effect MVR High All ≥ 15 effects Noisy
Name at least four reasons for processing foods.
1. Preserve against deterioration 2. Provide adequate food supply throughout the year 3. Convenience 4. Provide uniform quality of foods on a large scale 5. Create new products to meet specific nutritional needs or changes in technology.
Name 4 water-soluble vitamins.
B1 – thiamine, B2 – riboflavin, B3 – niacin, B5 – pantothenic acid, B6 – pyridoxine, B7 – Biotin, B9 – folic acid, B12 – Cobalamine, vitamin C
What type of glass container can withstand a higher temperature drop, a large container or a small container?
Small container
What 5 grains are in Multigrain Cheerios?
Millet, sorghum, rice, oats, corn
According to the Codex Alimentarius. What is the difference between extra virgin olive oil and virgin olive oil?
the main differences the oleic acid content so extra virgin must be less than point eight grams per 100 grams and Virgin must be less than two grams per 100 grams.
What is the common name of the fruit Citrus grande?
Grapefruit
What is the common flavor defect found in milk exposed to light?
Light oxidized flavor
Why do apples float when immersed in water?
they are 25% air.
Name 2 saturated plant lipids that have been singled out by consumer groups being unhealthy.
palm oil, coconut oil
Name three appointed officer positions in IFTSA.
VP chapter engangement VP competitions VP digital and social media VP membership engangement VP Events and experiences
In swine feed rations, what is the most common protein supplement?
Soybean meal
What nutrient gel made from seaweed is used as a base for tiny plants generated using tissue culture techniques?
Agar
This fermented cheese is named for a city in England. a. Applewood b. Cheddar c. Mozarella d. Yarg
a. Cheddar
Which flavor is caused by the iron-catalyzed oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and becomes more noticeable when refrigerated, pre cooked, uncured meats are reheated?
warmed over flavor
Where is Mofongo from?
Puerto Rico - fried plantain-based dish
Name the nutraceutical component of following: Green tea, ginger, wine, turmeric
Green tea: catechin, Ginger: gingerol , Wine: resveratrol, turmeric: curcumin
What is the SI unit for power and what are the respective dimensions?
Watts, joules per second
What is the high-quality life (HQL) of frozen foods?
High-quality life (HQL): defined as the duration of frozen-food storage until a statistically significant change in product quality can be detected when comparing the product to a reference temperature at a significantly lower temperature.
The process of irradiating foods is sometimes referred to as ____.
Cold sterilization.
The lactose content in human milk is higher than in cow milk?
TRUE.
Define water activity.
Aw= vapro pressure of solution/ vapor pressure of pure H2O at same temp
What is economic feasibility?
capital investment (equipment, construction, installation) operational cost (utilities: water/energy, labor, depreciation)
What graph in non-dimensional form relates the friction factor, Reynolds number and relative roughness for fully developed flow in a circular pipe?
Moody Diagram
Give three examples of shortcrust pastry.
pie crusts (used for both sweet and savory pies), tart crusts (for fruit tarts, lemon tarts, etc.), quiche crusts, shortbread (a type of biscuit or cookie), empanada pastry, hand pies (miniature versions of pies, often filled with fruit or savory ingredients), and pastel de nata crust (used in Portuguese custard tarts)
What is the purpose of Acidity Control in processing?
The more acid present in a food, the lower the pH becomes, lowering the potential of microbial spoilage, and requires less heat treatment
Name two concerns regulatory agencies have when considering approval of transgenic food.
1. Is the nutrient content of the food adversely affected? 2. Is the content of natural toxins increased? 3. Is there any risk from new metabolites from the rDNA? 4. Is there any risk from the DNA inserted?
Top graded red and white wine
Judgement of Paris
The principal sugar formed by the action of B-amylase on starch is _____________.
Maltose
What is the name of deep-fried turkey meat?
Turkey twizzlers
The primary yeast used in baking is what?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
How are the following enzymes or biochemical reactions used by the food industry? a. acetaldehyde reduction by yeast; b. invertase; c. production of carbon dioxide by Propionibacterium; d. pectinases in the beverage industry
a. acetaldehyde reduction makes ethanol; b. invertase makes liquid-filled candies and invert sugar; c. Probionibacterium is used in the production of Swiss cheese; d. pectinases are used in the clarification of juices
What phytochemical class is mostly abundant in soybeans and have significant physiological contributions?
isoflavones
What is the ratio of a traditional French mirepoix?
2 part onions, 1 part carrots, 1 part celery
Name a dielectric material that is composed of weakly bonded molecules that reorient so their symmetry axis aligns to the field.
glass is dielectric
True or false: Dark meats tend to have a higher fat content than white meats.
True
Name 5 unit operations in the food industry.
Material handling, cleaning foods, cleaning equipment, separating, disintegrating, pumping, heat exchange, cooling, evaporating, drying, forming, controlling, packaging
The regulations implementing the NLEA labeling provisions took 961 pages in federal register of what date?
1/6/1993 12:00:00 AM
What are the 3 basic meat curing ingredients?
salt, sugar, and nitrite (or nitrate)
What is "Sweetness" in terms of wine?
How much sugar is in wine, up to 1.5%
What is spoilage caused by Erwinia carotovora and Pseudomonas marginalis that break down pectins, giving a soft mushy consistency, bad odor at times in foods like carrots, onions, garlic, etc?
Bacterial soft rot
Name the first synthetic packaging material used as a food wrapper and how it is derived.
Cellophane. Chemically derived from cellulose fiber (wood).
Millet, Maize, and Sorghum are examples of what grain type?
Warm season cereals
How does the Direct-contact freezing system work?
- Air blast system: Air directed over the food: continuous; use conveyor belt, can be spiral belt. - Continuous fluidized bed: cold air directed over the food upward. - Continuous immersion freezing: food carried through a bath of refrigerant. - Continuous cryogenic freezing: Has its advantages and disadvantages.
In thermal processing, what is the symbol used for the temperature response parameter for cooling curve? It is the time required for the straight line fitted to the log-linear portion of a cooling curve to pass through a one log cycle. It is also the negative reciprocal of the slope of the cooling curve.
F sub c
Name the sulfur containing essential amino acids.
methionine
In packaging terms, a "mil" is used as the unit of thickness for packaging material. One mil is equal to what fraction of an inch?
0.001 inch = 1 mil
Which of the following foods contain the lowest content of water: A.fresh carrots, B.fresh tomatoes, C.whole milk, or D.fresh celery?
Carrots contain 88.2% water, fresh tomatoes contain 93.5% water, and fresh celery contains 94.1% water, whole milk (87.2% water)
Name two diamines responsible for the odor in meats (spoiled)?
cadaverine, putrescine
What actions can FDA take against companies or individuals who market adulterated or misbranded cosmetics
FDA can pursue action through the Department of Justice in the federal court system, request a federal district court to issue a restraining order, may be subject to seizure or crimal action
Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic?
Defined nucleus (eukaryotic), circular DNA (prokaryotic), mitochondria (eukaryotic).
What instrument is a recording dough mixer that measures and records the torque developed by the action of the blades on Joe during mixing?
Farinographs measure and record the resistance to deformation of a flour/water dough against the mixing action of blades over time and at a specific speed (rpm) and temperature.
Name the plastic that was used in McDonald's clamshells before the company stopped using them.
(expanded) polystyrene
The Food and Drug Administration categorizes recalls into three categories, Class I, Class II, and Class III. Which of these classes describes the routine recall of a product which is not likely to cause adverse health consequences?
Class III
Which phosphates are allowed in food?
Phosphoric acid, Sodium phosphates, Potassium phosphates, Calcium phosphates, Magnesium phosphates, Ammonium phosphates
In kJ per mol, what is the bond dissociation energy of the O-H bond in a water molecule?
460
What component of fish frequently causes airway obstruction?
Fish bones
In apple juice, titratable acidity should be reported as which acid equivalent?
Malic acid
What is the term that describes polymeric crosslinking that entraps the solvents between junction zones?
Gelation
What effect would the addition of sodium bicarbonate have to chocolate?
Smoother, less acid and less bitter chocolate flavor, darker color, and improved solubility (elevated pH enhances sugar-amino browning reactions and polymerization of flavonoids).
Malic acid, oxaloacetic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, and citric acid are important intermediates of what metabolic cycle?
Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) or Krebs cycle
Why is calcium propionate used as an ingredient of soft rye bread?
Antifungal agent (preservative also accepted)
In statistics, what is a Type I Error?
Rejecting a true hypothesis.
What was the name of the first English Food Law and when was it enacted?
1266. Assize of Bread and Ale
What is the pastry that was the precursor to croissants, from Hungary?
Kifli
Give 5 examples of pasta types.
Long, Short, Filled, Minute, Pasta all'uovo, Pasta al forno, Fresh Pasta
When heated, ammonium bicarbonate decomposes to form what end products?
Ammonia, Water, Carbon Dioxide
tests for which two bacteria must be conducted under the final rule on pathogen reduction and HACCP?
generic E. coli and salmonella
Which enzyme is used as indicator in blanching?
Peroxidase
Who was the first female IFT president?
Mary K. Wagner (1997-1998).
What two organisms are involved in vinegar production and in what order?
s. cerevisiae and acetobacter
Canned sardines, dark leafy vegetables, tofu and milk products are sources of what mineral?
Calcium
Name 2 'Value Added' meat products.
Pre-cooked vacuum packaged roast beef and marinated pork loin.
If a food label states it is a rich source of calcium, what does that mean?
20% or more of the daily value
Pecan botanical name?
Carya illinoinensis [Juglandaceae (Walnut)]
What does PDP stand for in food packaging?
Principle Display Panel
What science deals with the harmful effects of chemicals on humans?
Toxicology
What is the flavor/antimicrobial compound associated with Cloves?
Eugenol
Where is amygdalin found?
Pits/seeds of apricots, bitter almonds and black cherries
What serum protein carries dietary fat?
Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)
What does "fish eyes" stand for in gum?
When gum powder is poured in water, many particles hydrate and form a sticky coating that slows the diffusion of water through the surface, leaving a dry interior.
Ingredient labels have a recommended level for added sugar consumption, what is it?
10% of total calorie
The largest soy sauce manufacturer in the world is ___
Kikkoman
What is the major constituent of cellophane?
Cellulose
What is the most important functional property of meat protein to determine juiciness of the final product?
Water holding capacity
What does ServSafe say is the distance food should be off the ground for dry food?
6in
state the non-caloric sweetener(s) found in the following beverages: Fresca, Bottled Pepsi, diet coke from a soda fountain.
Fresca= aspartame;Bottled Diet Pepsi= aspartame;Diet Coke from a soda fountain= aspartame and saccharin
What is the primary lipoprotein for the transport of dietary fats absorbed from the intestine and delivered to the liver?
Chylomicrons
There are two major carriers of cholesterol in the blood stream; what are they?
High density lipoproteins (HDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL); VLDL and IDL are minor carriers
what is the iron-binding protein in egg albumen?
conalbumin or ovotransferrin
Describe the beer fermentation process
The act of using yeast and simple sugars to produce ethyl alcohol and CO2
What is microencapsulation?
a process in which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a coating to give small capsules.
What chart gives the dew point, wet bulb, dry bulb temperature, relative humidity . . . ?
Psychrometric chart
The dispersion of one liquid in another immiscible liquid is called what?
Emulsion
(True/false) Plasmid is extrachromosomal DNA
False
What is used to rephosphorylate ADP to ATP during the onset phase of rigor?
Creatine phosphate or Phosphocreatine
Soft wheat is preferable for flours used in making cake because
development of weak gluten (soft crumb etc.)
What is the name for the 5th basic taste, sometimes called savory?
Umami
Difference between glucose and galactose
4th carbon hydroxyl group orientation
When was E. coli O157:H7 first linked with serious food born illness and what was the food product?
1982, hamburger.
Blueberry botanical name?
Vaccinium sg. cyanococcus [Ericaceae (Heather)]
The recommended maximum storage time to maintain quality in a freezer for beef is: A.20 months, B.16 months, C.1 year, or D.14 months?
C.1 year (Steaks:6-12 months,Chops:4-6 months, Roasts:4-12 months)
What is the range of BCU used in baking applications?
The BCU range will be from 0.00 (darkest) – 5.25 (lightest) BCU.
What is a PERT chart and how are they used by food companies?
PERT - Program Evaluation Review Technique Used as an organization tool for food product development
Name the vitamin associated with: Pellagra, Beriberi, Scurvy, Ricktes
Pellagra: Niacin, Beriberi: Thiamine, Scurvy: Vit C, Rickets: Vit D
What is the nonprotein portion of myoglobin?
heme ring
Which of the following fats has the highest percent of mono unsaturated fat: Lard, canola oil, or olive oil?
olive oil
What does the acronym NADA stand for?
new animal drug application
What is the disease caused by a deficiency of thiamin, and is common where polished rice is a major dietary item?
Beriberi
Stirred yogurt is one of the two common types of yogurts. Name the other.
A. Fruit at the bottom, or sundae
One of the main characters from the popular sitcom 'Sex and the City', Carrie Bradshaw, always orders this drink on her frequent nightclub visits with girlfriends. Name the drink and its four components.
Cosmopolitan cocktail; made with vodka, triple sec, lime juice/lime, cranberry juice
In the 2022 Food Code by FDA this term means the transfer of food that is unused and returned by a consumer after being served or sold and in the possession of the consumer, to another person.
Re-service.
Acetaldehyde is very important for which dairy product?
A. Yogurt
What animal is associated with the TSE disease Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy?
Cats
What is the name of the scale that was developed in 1912 to measure the "hotness" of peppers? What is the unit used to measure the hotness in peppers?
Scoville scale
Which bacterium from Vibrio genus is halotolerant and causes rice water stools and possible death from dehydration?
Vibrio cholerae
Energy is lost when the flow of a liquid is altered or distorted, such as when there is a bend in a pipe. The energy loss at fittings is proportional to what property of the fluid flow?
The velocity head of the liquid (just velocity is acceptable)
What is the value for the increase in temperature required to decrease the D value by 10 (or one log cycle reduction)?
z-value
What group of people are potentially at risk when consuming bisulfites?
Asthmatics
Guillain-barre syndrome caused by?
camphylobacter jejuni: ascending paralysis
In Southeast Asia a type of echinoderm is in danger of being overharvested as it is considered a delicacy. What is the name of this echinoderm?
Sea cucumber
The USDA Farm Service Agency was founded in 1935. It has undergone many name changes. List 4 of its previous names.
Farm security administration, resettlement administration, commodity stabilization service, agricultural stabilization and conservation service, consolidated farm service agency
What is a 'baker's percentage'?
a scale where the amount of flour is set to 100%, and other ingredients are expressed as a weight percentage of flour
What is the heat step in coffee that produces flavor?
roasting
Almond botanical name?
Prunus dulcis
Alcohol which is 150 proof contains how much alcohol by volume?
0.75
What does the acronym NADA stand for
new animal drug application
What term is used for cooking beef with small amounts of liquids?
Braising
give the traits necessary to completely define a microorganism as a fecal coliform.
gram negative rod, facultative anaerobe, ferments lactose at 44.5 degrees Celsius
9 major allergenes that must be declared in US.
Dairy Egg Soy Wheat Peanuts Treenuts Fish Shellfish Sesame
Which bacterium is used in setting adequate heat treatment in canning industry to eliminate Clostridium botulinum?
Clostridium sporogenes PA 3679
The fifth taste response, activated by flavor potentiators like MSG, is called
umami
In 1989, the pork industry began a national eradication program for what virus, which is nearing completion?
Pseudorabies
Name and describe the component of pineapple that will make your mouth sore and give you a stomach ache if you eat too much of it.
Bromellin - a proteolytic enzyme
What is a mathematical technique for determining the best use of available resources when these resources can be used in other products?
least cost formulation
Name 5 types of air convection dryers (heated air dryers)
Kiln, cabinet, tunnel, Solar, conveyor, fluidized bed, air lift, rotary, spray drier, Freeze Dryers, Vacuum Dryers
Define Beer's law.
Concentration and absorbance are proportional in spectroscopy
The following cheeses are all made with a lactic starter culture plus one additional, non-lactic microorganism. Name the additional organism for each cheese: Gorgonzola, Swiss, and Limburger.
Gorgonzola - Penicillium roqueforti, Swiss - Propionibacterium shermanii, Limburger - Brevibacterium linens
Which country produces the most potatoes?
China
Which of the following is NOT a true cereal grain: A.sorghum, B.buckwheat, C.millet, or D.triticale?
B. buckwheat
What bacon refers to the lean meat of the boneless pork shoulder?
Cottage
What non-nutritive sweetener has the chemical name 6-methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazine-4(3)-one (i.e. ketone)-2,2- dioxide?
acesulfame K
name 4 of the 6 primary classes of pathogenic E. coli that cause diarrhea.
Diffuse-adhering (DAEC), enteropathogenic (EPEC),enterotoxigenic (ETEC),Enteroinvasive (EIEC),Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC),Enteroaggregative (EAEC)
Rank the following sugars in order of increasing solubility: sucrose, fructose, and lactose
Lactose, Sucrose, Fructose
What popular pesticide was banned in 1972 due to its negative effects on humans and birds?
DDT
what is the primary function of the additive sodium silicoaluminate in salt?
Maintains free-flowing property
Improvement in baking quality occurs during storage of flour. What happens to color?
Yellow --> White
Name the USDA grades for Lamb.
Prime, Choice, Good, Utility, and Cull.
What instrument is used to measure soluble solids in foods?
refractometer
What is the most predominant component in milk?
water
Why is BPA being removed from plastic?
It's an estrogen mimic that negatively influence sex in fish and other organisms
Which two states produce almost all of the domestic lemon crop?
California and Arizona
Name two anti-microbial factors found in raw milk.
Lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, lysozyme
Name 2 ways lactose is commonly isolated from whey.
crystallization or nanofiltration
Name three tangelo cultivars.
Orlando, Minneola, Nova
Name one way foam stability can be assessed.
The degree of liquid drainage or foam collapse (foam reduction) after a given time, the time for total or half-drainage (or half-reduction in volume), or the time before drainage starts.
What is the difference between dead-end filtration and cross-flow filtration (or tangential flow filtration)?
With dead-end, or conventional filtration, the feed flows perpendicular to the membrane and separation occurs by the force of gravity. Under cross flow filtration, the flow of the feed is parallel to the membrane and separation is controlled by pressure and flow rate.
what is the difference between regular beer and light beer?
light beer averages 33% less calories than regular beer
Phytochemicals in plants and plant-based foods are powerful antioxidants and metabolism regulators that help prevent chronic disease. Which of the following are phytoestrogens?
lignans
What is 'The Park Principle'?
Supreme Court Case (US vs. John Park) in 1975 that established the precedent for criminal liability of food company executives w/o the need of establishing intent
Who was the 1st athelte to appear on a box of Wheaties?
Lew Gehrig
What agency would publish a report comparing the incidence of foodborne illnesses in restaurants and homes?
FDA
Name three types of foods that are exempt from nutrition labeling.
Food sold by small businesses, food sold in restaurants for immediate consumption, ready-to-eat foods, foods that contain insignificant amounts of nutrients, dietary supplements (except in food form), infant formula, medical foods, custom-processed fish and game, foods shipped in bulk but not sold to consumers in that form, donated foods, meat and poultry products. in small packages (less than .5 oz.), meat and poultry products produced or packaged at retail.
What acts were both signed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1906, spurred by Upton Sinclair's novel?
Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act.
Describe osmosis in terms of dehydration
As water on the surface evaporates, water moves from the interior of the product to the surface due to the concentration gradient.
What is the common name given to the statement which bans food additives which are shown to be carcinogenic?
Delaney Clause
Full name of BDA?
Bone dry air.
Which law passed on January 4, 2012 aims to ensure that the U.S. food supply is safe by shifting the focus of federal regulators from responding to comtamination to preventing it?
The Food Safety and Modernization Act
Definition of Reynolds number
The ratio of inertial forces to the viscous forces
Milk metering systems may be affected by: a) Flow rate b) Back pressure c) Temperature d) All of the above
All of the above
Are frankfurters an emulsion?
Not a true emulsion because they have more than 2 components in them. However, they do have lipid separated from water by myofibrillar proteins
What company produces and markets sterling silver beef and pork and cattleman's selection beef?
Excel (Cargill)
What delicacy is known indelicately as pickled roe?
Caviar
Arrange them according to saturated fat percentage: butter, coconut, pork fat, olive oil
coconut (90), Butter (63), pork fat (37.5), olive oil (14)
List the 7 types of plastics used in food packaging according to their recycling number (in order).
1 = PolyEthylene Terephthalate (PET); 2 = High-Density PolyEthylene (HDPE); 3 = Polyvinyl chloride (PVC); 4 = Low-Density PolyEthylene (LDPE); 5 = PolyPropylene (PP); 6 = PolyStyrene (PS); 7 = Other
Name 4 classes of phenolic compounds in tea.
Catechins, Flavonoids, Theaflavins, Tannins
Which polymer has the best heat sealability?
EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate)
What does BHI stand for?
Brain Heart Infusion
Lacto ovo vegetarians avoid which of the following groups of foods: a) Eggs, milk, and red meat b) Fish, poultry, meat, and eggs c) Fish, poultry, and red meat d) Eggs and milk
Fish, poultry, and red meat
Carotenoids include what two groups of pigments?
Carotenes and xanthophylls.
Of the 75 billion eggs produced, what percent are sold as shell eggs? Within 10%, what percent of the approximately 75 billion eggs produced each year in the U.S. are consumed in the form of shell eggs?
90% (85-95%)
What is a peptide bond?
covalent bond between 2 amino acid molecules.
What duck is commonly consumed in the US?
Peking Duck
What are the two proteins believed to be involved in egg white thinning?
lysozyme and ovomucin
What is the difference between a climacteric fruit and a non-climacteric fruit?
Climacteric fruits continue to ripen after harvest, non-climacteric fruits do not
Virtually all of what egg component resides in the yolk?
The lipid or fat (phospholipid, cholesterol, or any other lipid component is acceptable)
What is the benefit of HTST pasteurization?
less change in nutrient composition and sensory attributes, less change in overall food quality, continuous throughput, lower utility costs, longer shelf life
The ester of which 2 compounds compose chlorogenic acid?
quinic acid and caffeic acid
Which edible oil can be used as a lubricant?
rapeseed oil
What quantitative analysis method is based on the oxidation of reducing sugars by copper ions under alkaline conditions?
Fehling's test
What would be acceleration of a 2 kg mass when 60 N force is applied?
Accl: 30 m/s2
Name one advantage of Kjeldahl over Dumas method.
In dumas method, the sample size is too small compared to Kjeldahl method, so the interruption due to air has higher probability, hence greater error.
What microorganism produces Fowl typhoid in chickens?
Salmonella gallinarum
What is the definition of a non-essential amino acid?
an amino acid that can be made by the body, ant are therefore not required by the diet
(True/false) The organism responsible for making wine, beer, sauerkraut, and bread is Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoides
False
What sweetener is a trichloro derivative of galactosucrose, and has 600 times the sweetness of sucrose?
Sucralose.
Which vitamin contains cobalt?
vitamin B12 or cyanocobalamin
Why was Schwan’s ice cream recalled from the marketplace in October of 1994?
presence of Salmonella
Name 5 of the 12 USDA-approved GMO food products
alfalfa, apple, corn, pineapple, salmon, soybean, squash, sugar beet, potato, tomato
Turnip, Napa cabbage, bok choy botanical name?
Brassica rapa [Brassicaceae (Mustard)]
What is the name of the Indian beverage made from tea leaves, often added with spices, milk, and sugar?
Chai
What added ingredient keeps confectioners sugar from clumping?
corn starch
What is the main advantage of an agitating retort over a still retort?
increase in heat transfer, decrease time for geometric center to reach desired temperature
Sodium bicarbonate, Potassium bicarbonate, and GDL are examples of what compounds?
Leavening agents
Can things be added to foods after sterilization?
Yes, Enzymes and probiotics with low hear sensitivity can be added to food after sterilization
What are the fat percentages in skim milk, low-fat milk, and reduced-fat milk?
Less than 0.5%, 1%, 2%
How much fruit juice is in a juice blend?
100% fruit juice
An example of a "saturated" fatty acid is the 16 carbon molecule called ____________?
palmitic acid
What is the name of thick cream made by boiling milk than slowly cooling it in shallow pans?
Clotted Cream
What is the milk fat % in heavy cream?
At least 36%
What is Ohm's Law and what is Power Equation?
V=IR and P=VI or I x I x R
Enzymes that catalyze transphosphorylation are called:
Kinases
The most commonly used commercial method for freezing meat products is what?
Blast Freezing-the air blast freezer is one the oldest and commonly used freezing equipment due to its temperature stability and versatility for several product types.
What is the scientific name for common wheat?
Triticum aestivum
Scotch bonnet, habanero botanical name?
Capsicum chinense [Solanaceae (Nightshade)]
The morphology of both carbohydrate and plastics polymers (such as used for food packaging) can be described by two terms - what are the two terms?
Linear chains and branched chains.
What is the different between puppy, adult, and senior foods?
Protein and fat levels (Due to their constant growth, dog and cat nutritional needs change a little in different stages. Puppies benefit from a higher fat/protein content until they have finished growing (at ~1 to 1.5 years). At this point they have reached their adult body and these levels are slightly reduced to maintain a healthy body weight. Once your dog has become a senior (between age 7-9) the levels are reduced again due to their inability to be as active in their old age, and their higher risk of becoming overweight. Other beneficial ingredients can also be added to help promote healthy growth and maintainance at different stages such as DHA/EPA for puppies and glucosamine for seniors.)
What processes are used to separate and isolate whey proteins from the lactose and minerals in whey?
Ultrafiltration and diafiltration
What happens to carbohydrates if eaten in excess?
If eaten in excess, they are stored as fat
An initial population of 50,000 bacteria grows with a generation time of 30 minutes. About how many bacteria will be present 3 hours later?
3,200,000
The earliest recorded reference to sausage occurred in which epic work written in the 8th century BC?
Homer’s the Odyssey
What is the minimal water activity for most bacteria?
0.90-0.91
What manufacturing process is responsible for the loss of vitamin A when skim milk is made?
Centrifugation, or separation (of cream)
What toxic pigment is found in the glands of cottonseed?
Gossypol
Who is the publisher of Food Technology magazine?
IFT
How has the Food Quality Protection Act changed food regulations?
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will change how they evaluate pesticides in setting tolerances for raw agricultural commodities. Pesticides will no longer be subject to the strict zero tolerance of the Delaney Clause.
An important group of non-starch polysaccharides that contributes to the baking quality of rye flour is what?
pentosans
What type of radiation is of primary interest in food preservation?
Electromagnetic (gamma)
Which company had a long running slogan of '57 varieties'?
Heinz
What is the most heat resistant pathogenic organism in milk? What is the target of milk pasteurization?
The time and temperature of milk pasteurization are designed primarily to inactivate what organism?
When evaluating baking and frying conditions, what unit is used to quantify the lightness of the baked crust or crumb?
Baking Contrast Units, or BCU
Name three honeydew cultivars.
Honey Girl, Honey Star, Sweet Delight, TAM Dew
What is the time between ribbing and grading of beef carcasses called that allows oxygenation of the ribeye pigments?
Bloom Time
What is vitamin B6 also called?
Pyridoxine
Solid canned foods are heated by...
Conduction
Orange juice can be fortified with what mineral?
Calcium
What is the storage form of carbohydrate in meat?
Glycogen
what are stereoisomers?
Compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different molecular arrangements
What is the stage of fruit ripening associated with increased ethylene production and a rise in cellular respiration?
climacteric
What is the oxidation state of iron when meat is in a red color?
+2
What does AOACI stand for?
Association of Official Analytical Chemists International
With respect to pectin, what does DE refer to?
Degree of Esterification
What is the artificial color number for Tartrazine?
FD&C Yellow No.5
What is the citrus fruit "Pomme" also known as?
Grapefruit
Name four varieties of cheese that are ripened principally by blue mold in the interior.
Blue cheese, Stilton, Gorgonzola, Roquefort, Wensleydale
What is the full form of RI?
Refractive Index
Why can goats eat grass and paper while humans cannot?
Bacteria present in their stomachs break down the cellulose
Most cuisines have some form of a stuffed dumpling, where a filling is enclosed by a doughy wrapper. One popular Chinese dumpling is fried and then steamed, and its name suggests a challenge that they can present to the cook. What are these dumplings called?
Potstickers
What is the lachrymatory factor in onions?
Thiosulfinate or thioropropanal sulfoxide
What would be the internal temperature (degrees C) of a steak cooked to a medium degree of doneness?
60-63C or 145 F
What is the term for a male bovine?
Bull
What is the source of tetrodotoxin?
Puffer fish
What is another name for the Carnauba wax?
Brazil wax, palm wax, "queen of waxes"
What temperature do leftover foods need to be reheated?
165°F
What is the term introduced by the Japanese that refers to chemicals enhancing food and palatability?
Kokumi
What are the synthetic and natural sources of Vitamin K?
Synthetic: Menadione (requires alkylation) Plant Sources: Phylloquinone Animal Sources: Menaquinone-7
What biochemical polymer found in plants is the most abundant biochemical on earth?
Cellulose
Forms of Horizontal Gene transfer:
(1) Transformation = Bacteria can acquire new genetic material by taking up free DNA (often plasmids) from their surroundings. (2) Conjugation = Genetic material is transferred directly from one bacterium (the donor) to another (the recipient) through a physical connection (a pilus). (3) Transduction (viral) = A bacteriophage (a virus that infects bacteria) acts as a vector, transferring DNA from one bacterium to another.
What is the established legal level for reduced cholesterol in food?
25% reduction
What does "TA" mean in regards to spoilage of canned food?
Thermophilic anaerobic
The results of what sensory test are often plotted to give a flavor profile, with the resulting graph being referred to as a spiderweb plot?
Quantitative Descriptive Analysis
Mechanical refrigeration
Compressor/condensor on the outside. Refrigerant liquid flows into expansion pipes, evaporates absorbing the heat. Gas is recompressed and heats up then dissipates, the cooling effect turns it into a liquid again.
What two publications are sponsored by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT)?
Journal of Food Science and Food Technology.
Focaccia al rosmarino with potato is known as what in New York?
Potato Pizza
What is the link between TDT and processing time?
when thermal death time is reached sterilization would be completed thus, process time can be the same as TDT
Vacuum packaging and sealing is used to: A.increase the amount if air in the package, B.decreases the length of time meat can be kept, C.eliminates most of the air from a package in order to make it airtight, or D.none of the above?
C.eliminates most of the air from a package in order to make it airtight
What was the round copper container first used to deliver pizza in Naples in 1800s?
Stufa
Methods to determine the lengths of polysaccharides.
NMR, HPLC (Size exclusion column), Gel electrophoresis, osmotic pressure, light scattering
The percentage of fiber is how many times higher in whole grain bread than in white bread?
4%
what is the curing agent in meat and what 3 effects does this curing agent have?
Sodium Nitrite; it is responsible for color formation, flavor (prevention of warmed-over flavor) and inhibition of C. botulinum (spoilage was acceptable)
Which USDA agency inspects red meat products at slaughter?
Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)
Which country is known for poutine?
Canada
Differentiate between a gas and a vapor at room temp.
a vapor is the gaseous state of a substance which is normally liquid at room temp. A gas is a substance with a boiling point below room temp
Give 5 examples of quick breads.
Examples of quick breads (leavened with baking powder, baking soda, or steam instead of yeast) include: Banana Bread, Pumpkin Bread, Zucchini Bread, Cornbread, Soda Bread, Biscuits, Muffins, Scones, Pancakes, Waffles, Coffee Cake, Doughnuts (cake-style), Popovers
What plant lipid is normally a solid at room temperature?
Cocoa butter
Who ended the spontaneous generation debate?
Louis Pasteur
Name three potential hazards of Modified Atmosphere/Controlled Atmosphere (MA/CA) packaging.
1. Aggravation of certain physiological disorders 2. Irregular ripening 3. Off flavor development.
Give 3 advantages of food dehydration over sun drying
More controlled condition, shorter drying time, better sanitary conditions, climate losses from weather, some products (like milk) can't be sun dried
The fifth taste response, whose substance are often called flavor potentiators like MSG is called
Umami
What milk type is characterized as fresh, unpasteruized milk straight from the cow?
Raw Milk
Define the 'hurdle concept' as it pertains to foods.
preservation technique that involves using multibarrier methods in order to prevent microbial spoilage of foods: ex. combination of salt, water activity, pH, and temperature on the inhibition of bacterial growth
What is the psoas major muscle of meat animals better known as?
Tenderloin
How many different flavors of jelly beans exist?
50
In what part of the egg is lysozyme found?
Egg white, albumen, or glair/glaire
What are instantized powders?
dissolves right away - large wettable surface area, sinkability(must not float on surface, agglomeration by rewetting) dispersibility of solubility, resistance to sedimentation. Want to make small lumps. Production process: Moist air + spray dried powder (rewetting and agglometation) → redrying in spray dryer/ fluidizer bed →sieving → packaging
What was the Meullenet-Owens Razor Shear Blade designed for?
Assessment of poultry meat tenderness.
Which of the following is the strongest form of radiation: a. alpha, b. beta, c. gamma?
c. Gamma radiation.
What waffle variety is commonly heart shaped and have a sweet topping?
Scandanavian
Enzymatic browning is caused by the oxidation of what type of compounds? Name the enzyme.
polyphenols; Polyphenoloxidase/phenolase
What addtive is used for the color of meat in impossible meats?
Soy Leghemoglobin
What is the name of pie from Kentucky, named after the event in early May?
Derby Pie
What is the most prudent and practical means of processing milk in third world countries?
Ultra-High Temperature (UHT)
If capillary breakage occurs in fat, the condition is commonly referred to as what?
Fiery Fat
Balancing cost, speed, and ease of use, which rapid quality control for syrup is used by the industry? a. forced draft oven b. reflux distillation c. hydrometer d. NIR
c. hydrometer
What is a material property that determines the distribution of energy within the material?
attenuation factor
What fraction of egg yolk are the lipovitellins (LDLs) and livetins found?
Plasma fraction
When was Poultry Products Inspection Act enacted?
1959
What is the concern between eating canned white tuna versus canned light tuna?
canned white tuna is made from albacore which has 3 times the amount of mercury than skipjack tuna used in light tuna products.
Name three tropical fruits grown commercially in the continental US.
Avocado, banana/plantain, carambola/star fruit, dragon fruit/pitaya, guava, jackfruit, longan, lychee, mamey sapote, mango, papaya, sapodilla
How do you calculate lethality?
Area under the curve of time vs lethal rate
Name three food colorants exempt from certification.
Caramel, paprika, turmeric, carrot oil, beta carotene, grape skin extract, carmine.
What is the name of a pie, paste, or loaf, filled with forcemeat?
Pate
Define absolute zero and provide the kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit temperatures for this point.
temperature at which particle motion stops (is minimal), 0 kelvin, -273.15 Celsius, -459.67 Fahrenheit.
C18:0 saturated fatty acid is commonly known as?
Stearic acid
What was the first ever breakfast cereal?
shredded wheat
What Congressional law provides that no food additive may be considered safe if it proves to cause cancer when ingested, at any level, by man or by animals?
The Delaney Clause
True/False: cyanocobalamin is the largest vitamin molecule and contains cobalt in its structure, giving rise to an essential requirement for the mineral cobalt in nutrient.
True
What is the 4D concept in meat inspection (what does it remove from the meat industry)?
Dead, Dying, Diseased, and Disabled animals are not allowed to enter commerce.
What is the name of the beef dish of a tenderloin sandwiched by two other cuts?
Chateaubriand
Which organism is responsible for the defect "buttons" in sweetened condensed milk?
A. Aspergillus repens
Name the two main methods of preserving food involving the application of thermal energy
Pasteurization and sterilization
Indicate the type of whey produced during the manufacture of the following cheeses: Cottage, Cheddar, Swiss, and Ricotta.
Cottage= acid whey; Cheddar= sweet whey; Swiss= sweet whey; Ricotta= acid whey
What do sec, demi sec and brut describe?
The sweetness of champagne or wine. 90% of champagne wines are categorized as Brut
Chlorophyll is easily destroyed by:
heat
What is the legal limit for fat content in fresh pork sausage?
0.5
What do the initials WVTR stand for and how is WVTR expressed?
WVTR - water vapor transmission rate; WVTR is expressed as grams of water vapor transfer per 100 sq in of film of 1 mil thickness per 24 hours under defined conditions of temperature, humidity and pressure
In organisms that create alcohol, pyruvate must first be converted to what compound before being converted to alcohol?
Acetylaldehyde
In fermentation by lactic acid bacteria, which enzyme is important for the hydrolysis of lactose into galactose and glucose?
β-galactosidase
What is the approximate temperature of the scalding procedure in poultry processing?
60 degrees C for 45 seconds or 52 degrees C for 2 minutes
What are the names of the three gnomes tha represent Kellog's Rice Krispy Cereal?
Snap, Crackle, and Pop
Which is the 2nd most abundant polysachharide?
chitin
What is the term for butter without milk solids and water?
Clarified butter/ ghee
% protein in nuts: chest nut, hazel nuts, peanuts, pecan, pistachios
Hazelnut (15g), chestnut (2), peanut (26), pecan (9), pistachio (20)
What is the most abundant protein in meat?
Collagen
Who is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of IFT?
Christie Tarantino-Dean
Why is the recommended storage temperature for potatoes more than 25°C?
Lower temperatures result in more reducing sugar formation, creating the potential for browning.
Name 6 substrates that can be used for gluconeogenesis.
Pyruvate, Lactate, Glycerol, Amino Acids, Citrate, Isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, Succinyl-coA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate
What are the advantages of spray drying?
Huge capacity(15000lb/hr), cost of maintenance low, purity of product maintained since particles do not contact with surface of equipment until dried, simple operation and cleaning condition contributes to low labor cost, low bulk density of product can be obtained, particle size is very small 10-500mm
What enzyme is not inactivated by blanching?
Peroxidases
What is the embryonic development of muscle tissues?
myogenesis
What is the name of the process to normally make ketchup?
Hot break; the fresh tomato is chopped when heated, which creates a more viscous and dense product
What was the original name for cheerios?
Cheerioats
What type of carotenoid predominates in wheat flour?
xanthophyll and its esters (no vit. A activity)
Açaí botanical name?
Euterpe oleracea
What is JIT's full form?
Just in time (supermarkets).
Name two fermentation sources of chymosin
kluyveromyces marxianus variety lactis and e. coli
Which 2 indegineous groups cultivated peanuts?
Incas and Aztecs
What is black strap rum?
Rum to which black strap molasses is added
In U.S., what is the general rule for maximum allowable moisture (% by weight) of sausage?
M = 4X % protein.
what does ELISA stand for, and what does it detect?
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, its an immunological or biochemical test to detect desirable and undesirable substances, such as aflatoxin.
Who is credited with the development of HACCP?
Pillsbury and NASA
what does the acronym associated w/food analysis techniques 'FTIR' stand for?
FTIR= Fourier Transform Infared Spectroscopy
The protein that is about 58% of all egg white protein is called _____
ovalbumin
What is the major protein of milk? What is the standard protein for protein digestibility test? What protein is universally considered to be nutritionally complete?
Casein
Name a non-milk dairy product that the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance regulates?
Grade "A" Condensed and Dry Milk Products and Condensed and Dry Whey
Name an official method of food analysis for ash determination.
dry ashing
Beef and pork is classified as what type of meat?
Red Meat
What is the term used for the weight animals lose while being hauled and held off feed before slaughter?
shrink (drift)
In what publication could one find the complete general enforcement regulations regarding the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act?
Federal Code of Regulations, Title 21
what disease is Mycobacterium tuberculosis thought to contribute to?
Crohn's Disease
What is the minimum pH of growth for most Gram negative aerobic bacteria?
5.3
How does heating of a dielectric material via dipole rotation occur?
frictional heat between dipoles (e.g., dipoles in water) while rotating to orient themselves to the rapidly oscullating electric field
What is the hardest substance in the human body?
Enamel
What value measures the heat resistance of a microorganism?
D-value
According to the FDA standard of identity, what is the minimum legal percentage of peanut ingredients in peanut butter?
90%.
What were the 3 original flavors of Fruit Loops breakfast cereal?
Orange, Lemon, and Cherry
Name 2 sun-dried fruits.
Raisins, tomatoes, apricots, figs
What does RV stand for?
Rappaport-Vassiliadis
What are some advantages of a liquid-in-glass thermometer?
easy portability, independence of auxiliary equipment, low cost, compatible with most environments, moderate ruggedness, wide range of temperatures
What does SPC stand for in microbiology?
Standard plate count
The name of which popular Arabic spice mix translates to 'head of the shop'?
Ras El Hanout
In South Africa, Venison refers to what animal?
Anteloupe
Which of the following is the most thermally labile vitamin: A.vitamin K, B.Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), C.Vitamin C, or D.Vitamin A?
C.Vitamin C
What is the fungal genus responsible for the production of soy sauce?
Aspergillus (oryzae is species)
What protein is used as a reference to measure the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Ratio?
Casein
What are the 3 processes by which genetic material may be exchanged between bacteria?
Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction
Heavy whipping cream contains what percent fat? The standards of identity of whipping cream indicate a minimum amount of milkfat. What is that amount?
A. At least 36% milk fat by weight (CFR Title 21, Part 131, Subpart B, Milk and Cream)
A can seam defect called "cut over" is also known as what?
Sharp seam (a sharp fin of the cover formed over the top of the seaming chuck flange during the seaming operation)
What organic solvent is used to extract oil from oil seeds?
hexane
What is done in packaging potato chips to prevent damage?
Flush bag with nitrogen gas
What hormone lowers glucose levels? Unlike glucose and fructose, xylitol can be metabolized in the human body independently of what hormone? What substance did Canadians Charles Best and Frederick Banting discover in 1922 while studying the pancreas of dogs?
Insulin
What sweeteners are used in Coke Zero?
Asparatame and acesulfame potassium
What does the M in M & Ms stand for?
Mars & Murrie, to co-creators of the candy
What vitamin is a strong antioxidant and probably functions as such in human metabolism?
Vitamin E
List the current subparts listed under 21 CFR part 110.5 Current Good Manufacturing Practices
Umbrella GMPs: subpart: A. General provisions B. Building and facilities C. Equipment D. (reserved) E. Production and process controls F. (reserved) G. Defect action levels
What are the 2 main proteins in gluten?
Glutenin and gliadin
What are the three USDA consumer classes for eggs?
AA, A, and B
The expenditure of energy required to maintain basic life processes is called BMR. What does BMR stand for?
Basal Metabolic Rate
What is the new packaging laminate forming technique combining two or more different plastics?
Coextrusion
Brachyura is the latin name for what animal?
Crabs
Define the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins.
Primary=amino acid sequence, secondary=alpha-helix, beta sheet. Tertiary=one complete protein chain with cross bonds linking it together. Quaternary= four separate protein chains assembled as one.
The generally accepted oldest food law is the 'Reinheitsgebot' law aka German Purity Law which defines beer can contain what three ingredients?
Barley or malt as well as water but the third ingredient is hops.
What is the rendered form of beef and mutton fat called?
tallow
With regard to wines, what does the abbreviation AOC mean?
AOC – Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée The French term for a wine’s place of origin. It also refers to the complex rules regarding viticulture and vinification that vary from place to place.
What is a process where an electric current is passed through the food with the main purpose of heating it?
ohmic heating
Which of the following allergens does Canada require to be labeled but the United States does not? Shellfish, Celery, Sesame, Egg
Sesame
Name the author of the book 'What Einstein Told His Cook'.
Robert Wolke
BHA and BHT are common antioxidants. What do these acronyms stand for and how much of these are allowed by law to be used in foods?
BHA – butylated hydroxyl toluene, BHT = butylated hydroxyl anisole 0.01% of fat content individually or 0.02% of the fat content of the food (when 2 or more are used together)
What is the difference between Reverse Osmosis (R.O) and Ultrafiltration (U.F)?
In both processes, the driving force for transport across the membrane is the pressure applied to the liquid feed. However, R.O is utilized to separate water from low-molecular weight solutes (i.e., salts, monosaccharides, volatile compounds), while allowing water and some salts with the smallest size to pass through. High pressure is needed to achieve this (4000-8000 kPa). UF limits only the largest (i.e., proteins, colloids) and smaller solutes are transported through, therefore lower pressure is needed.
Give the nonnutritive sweetener used in the production of the following artificial sweeteners: NutraSweet, Sweet One, Sweet’N Low, Splenda, Equal.
NutraSweet – Aspartame Sweet One – Acesulfame potassium (Acesulfame K) Sweet’N Low – Saccharin Splenda – Sucralose Equal – Aspartame
Define the D-value and the Z-value.
z-value – temperature required to decrease the time necessary to obtain a 1 log reduction in cell number to 1/10th of the original value d-value – the time in minutes at a specific temperature to reduce the number of microogranisms by 1 log cycle, AKA kill 90% of micorbes.
What protein is universally considered to be nutritionally complete?
casein
What is 'surimi'?
a stabilized myofibrillar (myosin and fibrils) protein from fish muscle
what is the common metric unit for force?
force= Newton
The portion of the cereal grain that contains starch granules and protein bodies is called
endosperm
Which meat has the shortest time before the beginning of rigor mortis: A.Pork, B.Lamb, or C.Beef?
A. Pork
what is BOD, COD, and what are their units of measurement?
Biological Oxygen Demand,Chemical Oxygen Demand; both are measured in mg/liter
What defect in Frankfurter's is caused when there is too much connective tissue?
Gelling out
An expert in wine is called a sommelier. What is an expert in beer called?
Cicerone
What toxic element is present in low levels in apple juice?
Arsenic
What is an isomer that is cheaper than Vitamin C?
Erythorbic Acid
Name the three components that make up the granules portion of the egg yolk after centrifugation.
Lipovitellin (or HDL's) - 70%, phosvitin - 16%, and LDLg (granular low-density lipoproteins) - 12%
What does AES stand for?
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
The compound responsible for the characteristic buttery flavor of fermented dairy foods is what?
Diacetyl.
UHT
Ultra high temperature
What is the relationship among freezing rate, crystal size and food quality?
Faster the freezing rate, smaller the crystal size, higher the food quality
What is the difference in a pudding made with an egg substitute instead of a whole egg?
the coagulation temperature is lower
Give two examples of yeast-lactic fermented milk products.
A. Kefir and Koumis
A measurement of what fluid flow property can be made with a Pitot tube?
Velocity head due to flow (just velocity is acceptable)
In 2016 which country became the first to ban supermarkets from throwing away food? Instead, they have to donate it.
France
The following acronyms related to food analysis stand for, AA, ICP- AES and HPLC.
Atomic absorption, Inductively coupled plasma Atomic emission spectroscopy, High performance liquid chromatography
Name 7 of the 9 major cereal crops grown in the world.
wheat, barley, maize, millet, corn, rice, barley, sorghum, oats
Name four types of sucrose used in industry.
bottler's, canners, liquid, granulate (sanding, baker's special, cordial, fine, gelatin, unigran), powdered/ confectionary sugar, brown sugar (dark and light)
What is the bacteria of greatest concern in home canned foods?
Botulism
Choke berries are high in polyphenols, procyanidins, anthocyanins, and other antioxidants. What are choke berries also known as?
Aronia berries
What does TBHQ stand for and what is its function in food?
Tertiary butylhydroquinone, it is used as an antioxidant in fats and oils
What class of microorganisms is commonly used for making tempeh, soy sauce, and sake?
Fungi
What are the four main ingredients in making beer?
Water, yeast, malted barley, and hops
What are the smallest and largest amino acids by MW?
glycine and tryptophan
What is the difference between intoxication and toxicoinfection?
intoxication is caused by a toxic compound found in the food; toxicoinfection is a type of infection in which the symptoms are caused by a toxin produced by a microorganism
What is the purpose of the heat penetration test in thermal processing?
to determine the temperature of slowest heating zone in a food container, and use the time/temperature data to calculate a thermal process that will render the product commercially sterile
Categorize the following pigments in water or fat soluble and plant or animal source based: Carotenoid, myoglobin, anthocyanin, chlorophyll, melanin
Carotenoid: Fat, plant Myoglobin: Water, Animal Anthocyanin: water, Plant Chlorophyll: Fat, Plant Melanin: Water, plant & animal
Which enzymes are responsible for breakage of proteins, particularly peptide bonds?
Proteases
Generally, what is the net rate of heat transfer of food?
rate of absorption- rate of emission
What is the purpose of Refrigeration storage?
To extend shelf-life by slowing down derogatory reactions and limiting microbial growth.
In poultry, what is a snood?
The red, fleshy protrusion that hangs over the top of a turkey's beak
using 4 significant figures, tell us how many pounds a gallon of water weighs.
8.345 lbs
Cows from pastures with sewage sludge may have high levels of what toxin?
Dioxin
What are the three most commonly used additives?
sugar, salt, corn syrup
What are the dispersed and continuous phases of each of the following: Foam, aerosol, emulsion?
Foam: gas in liquid/solid aerosol: liquid/solid in gas emulsion: liquid in liquid
Who created the first successful formula for commercial bubble gum, called Dubble Bubble, in 1928?
Walter Diemer
A food that is marketed as a modified food which does not fully meet the requirements of the standard is classified as
modified or immitaiton version of the standard food
What is the phone number for IFT?
312-782-8424
what is proteose peptone?
is an enzymatic digestion of animal tissues. commonly used in the prep of culture media for the production of toxins, and in the fermentation industry for starter cultures. It is a highly nutritious source for the growth of a wide range of microorganisms
What are the different processes that can be used depending on the raw material and end product?
Raw End Pro Liquid->liquid Concentration, thermal pasteurization Liquid->Solid Concentration, thermal pasteurization, drying solid->Solid Drying, extrusion, thermal pasteurization
Roux is used for?
thickening of sauces
What is the main desirable byproduct of roasting goose?
Fat
Benzoyl peroxide is sometimes used during the manufacture of bleu cheese to bleach the milk to make the cheese whiter. Which of the fat-soluble vitamins will suffer the most loss of activity because of this practice?
A. Vitamin A
Chili powder is an example of a: 1. seed. 2. herb. 3. true spice. 4. spice blend.
Spice blend
What was the impact of the FDA Modernization Act (FDAMA) of 1997 on food additive evaluation and approval?
As a result of FDAMA, certain indirect food additives (those that meet the definition of food contact substances) are approved by a premarket notification process rather than the traditional petition process.
What milk product did the U.S. Agriculture Department propose as a substitute for meat in school lunches, in 1996?
Yogurt
What does a hydrometer measure?
concentration of dissolved solids
Which genera contains bacteria that can fluoresce and contains members that commonly cause spoilage of fresh cut vegetables and meats?
Answer: Pseudomonas flurescens
What is filmjolk?
A. Fermented milk produced using "ropy" strains of lactic acid bacteria such as Streptococcus cremoris. Nordic dairy product made from soured milk, similar to yogurt, but is produced using different bacteria and cultured at a lower temperature than yogurt (different taste and texture)
Colorants used in the food industry may be categorized as certified or colors exempt from certification. What colorants are found in each of the above categories?
Certified colorants: Food, Drug, and Cosmetic (FD&C) dyes and lakes
What is the name of the waffle that is made thin with a syrup filling?
Stroopwafels
What are the different ways to set up membrane filtration?
Batch operation, continuous operation (single pass , feed and bleed)
What does SPME stand for in analytical chemistry?
Solid Phase Micro Extraction
What are the different types of osmotic dehydration?
Impregnation soaking process, osmotic dewatering, dewatering impregnation soaking, solvent drying
What is the name of the substance, which can form colloid suspension as a defect in apple juice?
Pectin
What slaughter type performed according to prescribed rabbinical procedures, under supervision of authorized representatives of jewish faith?
kosher
What is the function of glucagon?
release glucose from storage to raise blood sugar levels (glycogenolysis)
what is the class of compounds of low molecular weight that yield two or more amino acids on hydrolysis?
Peptide
What is the name of the energy required for a phase change at constant temperature?
latent heat
What is the so called "trigeminal senses"?
Free nerve endings (of the trigeminal nerve) present in the oral and ansl cavities which are sensitive to irritants (capsaisin, acetic acid, ammonia, astringents) and act as protection device against harmful chemicals, also detect texture and most other food characteristics
What is the 2025 Firmenich flavor of the year?
Milky Maple
What is a hard swell?
Bulged ends of the can cannot be compressed by the fingers.
What is the equation named after german and canadian scientist?
Michaelis Menten equation
What is the main class of color compounds found in raspberries?
Anthocyanins
What are three purposes of adding salt to milled, cheddared cheese curd?
A. To further draw whey out of the curd by osmosis, act as a preservative, add flavor, and cause bacterial cells to rupture, which releases enzymes for ripening
What two essential amino acids contain Sulfur?
Cysteine, methionine
Which organism caused the largest # of foodborne outbreaks and what type of general category of foodborne disease does it cause?
Norovirus; invasive infection
Name five examples of fruits that are drupes.
A fleshy fruit with thin skin and a central stone containing the seed: Cherries, Peaches, Plums, Apricot, Olives, Apricots, Mangoes, Coconuts, Damson, Jujube, Avocados, almonds, Amla (Indian gooseberry)
In 1884, Dr. Harvey W. Wiley helped organize the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. In 1966, this organization's name was changed to __________?
AOAC--Association of Official Analytical Chemists
Name 3 types of non-thermal pasteurization.
high pressure processing, pulsed electric field, ultraviolet, radio frequency, ultrafiltration
Name three radish cultivars.
Champion, Cherriette, Cherry Belle, White Icicle
Expand the following: TLC, HETP, HPLC, GFC, SFC
TLC (Thin layer chromatography), HETP (Height equivalent theoretical plates), HPLC (High pressure or High performance liquid chromatography, GFC (Gel Filteration Chromatography), SFC (Super critical Fluid Chromatography)
What is the main lipid class in lean or low fat fish?
Phospholipids
Provide five key concepts in the definition of milk.
The lacteal secretion, practically free of colostrum, from the milking of one or more healthy cows, with not less than 8.25% solids-non-fat, and not less than 3.25% milk fat
What is the second most predominant fatty acid in beef and pork?
palmitic acid
Which two US states are the leading producers of cranberries, totalling roughly 75% of the US production and making it the top producer of cranberries globally?
Wisconsin and Massachusetts
The lamb wholesale shoulder is comparable to what wholesale cut of beef?
Chuck.
What test is used to monitor changes in the acidity of cultured milk products?
A. Titratable acidity expressed as percent lactic acid
What are the foodborne bacterial intoxications?
staphylococcal intoxication: an enterotoxin produced by S. aureus, botulism: a neurotoxin produced by clostridium botulinum
What are the applications of spray drying?
powdered cheese, cream powders, egg powder, milk products
What four ingredients are necessary for making soy sauce?
Soybeans, wheat, salt, water.
On average in the US how many tons of food will a person eat in their lifetime?
140 tons
Common Blackberry botanical name?
Rubus fruticosus
Name the genus and species of bottom fermentation in lager beer.
Sacchromyces pastorianus
How do Roquefort and bleu cheese differ?
A. Roquefort cheese must be made with Lacaune sheep milk and undergo its ripening period in the caves of Roquefort, France; Bleu cheese is made similarly, but produced and ripened in any place other than Roquefort
What is the main difference between bulls and bullocks?
Bulls have older skeletal maturity, in the B or older class, while bullocks have younger skeletal maturity, in the A class
What type of enzymes are commonly added to fruit prior to juice production?
pectic enzymes (specifically polygalacturonase, pectinesterase, and cellulases, and other enzymes)
What does FPLA stand for?
Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
When was Liseria monocytogenes first recognized as foodborne pathogen?
1981(first case of illness in humans was in 1929)
What is the function of the additive sodium silicoaluminate?
Maintains free-flowing properties
What is misbranding?
a food has been improperly labeled or filled/packaged to be misleading
How are square watermelons produced?
by growing a watermelon in a square glass mold.
What are BOD, COD and what are their units of measurement?
biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, mg/L
Felipe, Carrot Bread, and Taftan are known as what type of bread?
Leavened Bread
Name 4 cereal grains in the Poesia family.
oats, barley, wheat, rye, rice, corn/maize, sorghum, millet, spelt, triticale
What is the substrate for the phosphatase test in milk?
Disodium phenyl phosphate
What is the difference between a Lady Baltimore cake and a Lord Baltimore cake?
Lady Baltimore cake is a white layer cake with a fruit and nut filling; Lord Baltimore cake is a yellow layer cake with a cream or custard filling
What type of emulsion is foam?
A gas-in-liquid emulsion or air-in-water emulsion
What is the scientific name of the most tender muscle in a beef carcass?
Psoas Major
What are the 4 components of a refrigeration system?
condenser, expansion valve, compressor, evaporator
in the 1940's, legislation was passed requiring that all grain products crossing state lines be enriched w/which vitamins and minerals?
thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, iron, folate (folate in late 1990s)
What percent of the Earth's water is potable, or fresh-water?
2.5%
Tortilla azul, or blue tortillas, get their color due to which compound?
Anthocyanins from blue corn
Give three reasons for drying foods.
The main objective of drying food is to prolong its shelf-life beyond that of the fresh material, while at the same time minimizing undesirable changes in appearance, texture, flavor, and nutritional value during the drying process. In addition to the preservation of the product, drying can bring about savings in storage and transport of foods owing to the reduction in weight and bulk that occurs during most methods of drying.
What happens to a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
a catalyst can increase the rate of a reaction but the catalyst itself remains unchanged
What are some disadvantages of a scraped surface heat exchanger?
high cost per units area, high operating costs, large floor space requirement vs other heat exchangers, disintegration of fragile particles
What is the full form of OMA?
Official Methods of Analysis
Semolina is used to mainly make what grain product?
Pasta
What is the SI unit for force/unit area?
Pascal
What are the 4 principal sweeteners used in icings and glazes?
Sucrose, Dextrose, Invert Sugar, Corn Syrup
A minimum of how many days is required for aging beef?
10 days
What are the 6 grade sizes of eggs?
Jumbo, X-Large, Large, Medium, Small, Pewee
What is the relationship between temperature and penetration depth?
as temperature increases, penetration depth decreases
A man-made hybrid of wheat and rye is known as what cereal?
Triticale.
What two beef wholesale cuts yield "middle meats"?
ribeye roll, lip-on; tenderloin; strip loin; top sirloin butt
What are the three phases of the freeze drying cycle?
Freezing, primary drying, secondary drying
In the US, a food additive derived by biotechnology, a- must be declared and identified as such in the ingredient statement, b - are subject to the same regulatory approval process as other food additives, c - must be declared and identified as such in the principal display panel, d - all of the above
D
CIE L*a*b* (CIELAB) is a color space specified by the French Commission internationale de l'éclairage. What is the translation of the name of this commision in English?
International Commission on Illumination
Why is "Japanese" or "short grain" rice more sticky than "indian" or "long grain" rice after cooking?
waxy variety (high amylopectin). Long grain rice has more amylose, and gives off less starch than short grain, high amylopectin rice.
What is bloom in meat?
Bright red color development.
What is the molarity of pure HCL in a pH 7 solution?
10-7 molar
Soybean botanical name?
Glycine max [Fabaceae (Bean/Legume)]
What U.S. governmental agency sets the standards of identity of meat products?
FSIS, USDA
Name three nonpolar, polar, and charged amino acids.
Nonpolar: (Valine, Alanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline) Polar: (Glycine, Serine, Cystein, Threonine, Tyrosine) Charged: (Lysine, Arginine, Histidine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid)
Which of the following is a Class III dairy product: cottage cheese, cheddar cheese, yogurt, or ice cream?
Cottage Cheese
What are any of the conducting cells of the nervous system called?
Neurons
What does the AACC stand for?
American association of cereal chemists
On a food label, the heading "Nutrition Information per serving" has been replaced with what?
Nutrition Facts
The combination of wintergreen, vanilla, and cassis (cinnamon) make up this commonly recognized flavor
Bubblegum
More (for added nutrients)
10%+ of the RDI
What breed of dairy cow has the highest milk production?
Holstein
What is the name used to describe the temperature at which air reaches 100% saturation with water?
Dew point
What are the two common polymerization methods?
Addition polymerization and condensation polymerization.
What compound is formed during glycolysis in the absence of oxygen?
lactic acid
Define "microencapsulation".
Microencapsulation is the science of trapping components (core or active) into a secondary material (encapsulant, wall material, carrier, or cover), producing small solid particles (1–500 μm in size). These particles are able to release their contents at a specified rate or under specific conditions.
What does "nut" in doughnut stand for?
small rounded cake (cookie)
What does detrempe stand for in puff pastry?
Dough
Which of the following oils would become rancid fastest? Canola, soybean, or olive
Canola
What is the process of turning carbs to lipids?
Lipogenesis
What is the demersal fish?
saltwater fish that is found at or near the bottom of the sea, ordinarily on the continental shelves; cod, haddock, whiting, and flat fish such as flounder and halibut, ocean perch, shrimp, oysters, clams, and crab
What substance did Canadians Charles Best and Fredrick Banting discover in 1922?
Insulin
What is the name of bacon coming from the belly of the pork?
Side Bacon
If water and orange juice are placed in a freezer at the same time, which will freeze first and what is the name of the law that governs this phenomenon?
the water freezes first: freezing point depression is due to increased concentration of dissolved solutes governed by Raoult's Law
This substance is formed from gliadins, glutenins and glycolipids when water is mixed with wheat flour.
gluten
Does UV/Vis spectroscopy measure electronic, vibrational, or rotational energy level transitions?
Electronic energy levels.
What vegetable did the ancient Egyptians worship?
Onion
What milk type is characterized as milk with 0.5% milk fat?
Skim Milk
Which of the following has the largest diffusion coefficient in water at 20 degrees C: A.ammonia, B.Hydrogen, C.Oxygen, or D.Chlorine?
B. Hydrogen
What does GMP stand for with respect to nucleotides?
Guanosine Monophosphate
What is the cause of the dark flavor of Stout?
Roasted malt or barley in hops
Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation?
Louis Pasteur
Molecular weight of food packaging material is typically between 5,000 and 50,000.
FALSE.
What are the two main cuts of chicken breast?
Breast, Tenderloin
The largest beer manufacturing company in the world is ___.
Anheuser-Busch, St. Louis, MO
What food additive allows Morton salt to say, "When it rains, it pours?"
Initially Magnesium Carbonate, now changed to Calcium silicate
Which of the following modes of heat transfer are used in the retort: A.conduction, B.Convection, or C.Radiation?
A. Conduction and B. Convection
What is aspartame made of?
aspartic acid and phenylalanine (acceptable to add “and methanol”)
What two reasons classify fish as tender meat?
Less connective tissue and they convert to gelatin after cooking
What is the cholesterol content of peanuts?
0%
What are the end products of scission and dismutation?
Aldehydes and ketones
cobalamin; B12 deficiency causes?
Pernicious Anemia
Please name a common detector specifically used to measure volatile sulfur compounds such as dimethyl sulfide.
PFD – pules flame photometric detection ( other acceptable answers PFD, pulse flame detection or SCD – sulfur chemiluminescence detector)
What U.S. agribusiness is the largest producer of ready-to-cook chicken?
Tyson Foods
What causes the yellow-green pigment of skim milk and whey?
Riboflavin
Sucralose is 600 times sweeter than sucrose.
TRUE.
Name 8 types of lettuce used commonly in salads.
Romaine, arugula, Batavia (French crisp or summer crisp), endive, butter lettuce, little gem lettuce, Mache (lambs lettuce), mescalin, mizuna, oak leaf lettuce, purslane, iceberg, radicchio, watercress
How hot should you cook a burger before eating it?
160 degree F
Fat free:
: less than 0.5g fat/serving or per 100g
What is the name of mexican flatbread made from masa harina?
Tortilla
What does antisense refers to?
The antisense strand is a DNA strand that is non-coding and serves as a template for the production of messenger RNA (mRNA). It is also known as the template strand.
Give 4 examples of cereal adjuncts used in beer making.
Rice, Corn, Unmalted Barley, Sorghum, Unmalted Wheat, Rye, Oats
The main agency charged with enforcing standards that limit exposure to ionizing radiation is the NRC. What do the initials N.R.C. stand for?
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
What does PVC stand for?
PVC= polyvinyl chloride
What is the hot fill temperature used for glass jars?
180F
What happens to the air cell as an egg ages?
Increases in size
What are the three sections of an extrusion screw?
Feed, compression, and metering.
Name three pointers to avoid salmonella.
1. Wash your hands carefully before handling food. 2. Clean the cutting board and use a sanitizing solution, before and after use. 3. Heating foods to at least 155 F. 4. Refrigerate or freeze leftovers immediately. 5. Keep pet feeding dishes and toys out of the kitchen.
What is a thermal center?
The slowest point of heating in a can
FDA is under which government agency?
Department of Health and Human Services
Are coffee beans decaffeinated before or after roasting and why?
Before, to prevent loss of flavor
What are the ingredients of mayonnaise, according to the standard of identity?
at least 65% of vegetable oil, 2.5% acetic or citric acid, and egg yolk
Name two direct and two indirect methods of thermal processing.
Direct: steam injection, steam infusion, baking, frying, microwave cooking, retorting; Indirect: plate heat exchange, scraped surface heat exchange, tube type heat exchange.
Describe the halo effect.
When more than one attribute of a sample is evaluated the ratings will tend to influence each other. Simultaneous scoring of various flavor aspects along with overall acceptability can produce different results than if each characteristic is evaluated separately
Normally the lipid levels in fruits and vegetables are less than 1%. What are the two exceptions?
Avocado (20%) and olive (15%).
In which year did belgian chemist ernest solvay patented his method for the industrial production of sodium carbonate?
1882
What is primary acid in peaches and apricots?
Malic acid
What is the defect in ice cream that is caused by the formation of lactose crystals?
Sandiness
What is the max recommended storage temperature for eggs and dairy products?
40°F or 4°C
When nonfat dry milk solids are stored for a long time, the browning and off-flavor are a result of:
maillard reaction
Give 5 examples of lean fish.
Cod, Haddock, Pollock, Flounder, Tilapia, Sole, Halibut, Perch, Bass, Snapper, Mahi Mahi
What are the additive primaries?
Red, green, and blue light
The combined action of acid and chlorophyllase converts chlorophyll to a product called what?
Pheophorbide.
What is COP?
Coefficient of Performance
What is caused when a blood vessel on the yolk surface ruptures during formation of the egg, or by similar accident in the wall of the oviduct?
Blood spots
Which of the following statement(s) is/are true regarding Food/organic acids: A.they are weak acids, B.they have good buffering capacity, C.can buffer at multiple pHs, or D.All of the above?
D. All of the Above
At what temperature are bacterial spores destroyed?
250 F
Which group of sulfhydryl-containing compounds is responsible for the flavor of garlic and also known for their homeopathic properties?
Allicins
what is the name for a single caviar egg.
roe
True or false: As a result of exposure to heat, most carotenoids undergo isomerization from trans to cis isomers
True
In the United States, how much chocolate liquor must each of the following products contain? Milk chocolate, sweet chocolate coating, bittersweet chocolate
Milk chocolate: 10%; Sweet chocolate coating: 15%; Bittersweet chocolate: 35%.
West indian, mexican, madagascar are all types of what?
Vanilla
match the following common descriptions w/the correct classification of flow behavior: pseudoplastic, dilatent, Bingham plastic, Thixotropic
Pseudoplastic= shear thinning;Dilantent= shear thickening;Bingham Plastic= yield stress; Thixotropic= thickens w/time
What is the toxin found in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum)?
Solanine - glycoalkaloid poison
Which food group has the most nitrates?
Vegetables
What naples pastry is made from salty bread dough?
Calzones
In 2024, which company joined National Fisheries Institute as the first cell-cultured seafood company?
BlueNalu
If fermentable carbs are present when pickling food, what percent acid must be present to prevent growth of lactic acid bacilli and yeasts?
0.036
What is the name of the pasta that translates "to wrap"?
Ravioli
Why do carrots not lose their orange color during cooking?
carotenoids are heat stable and fat soluble
What is the maximum amount of fat in ground beef?
35%.
What is the type of non-Newtonian fluid that exhibits reversible shear-thinning?
Thixotropic
state the mathematical constant pi rounded to 5 decimal places.
3.14159
What term refers to the number of BTU's required to convert one ton of water at 32 degrees Fahrenheit to one ton of ice at 32 degrees Fahrenheit in 24 hours?
Ton(s) of refrigeration
What vegetable in Egypt was buried with people?
Onion
Typically, what color is the fat of a cow's carcass that have only been grass fed?
yellow
What is the full form of NIR?
Near Infrared
What type of starch would be best for a gravy in an entree that is to be produced in a cook chill system:
waxy corn
At which humidity level can bacteria better withstand- High or low?
Low
What terpene glycoside extracted from licorice root is a non-nutritive sweetener commonly used as a flavoring?
Glycyrrhizin.
In 2025, how many calories are in a McDonald's' Big Mac?
580
What does Aw stand for?
Water Activity
What effect does the type, size and shape of the container have on processing time?
smaller container = greater heat transfer, effects conduction and convection - tall cylinder promote convection currents, faster transfer metal containers compared to glass or plastic
Name of material from ground recycled glass use to make glass material
Cullet
What is the difference between a food law and a food regulation?
Law: Enacted by an elected governing body (Congress). Regulation: Written and enforced by an agency with appointed members. FDA regulations are also federal laws. Also regulation can be found in title 21 COF and the public typically can input before FDA issues a final regulation
What is the name of meat from old sheep?
Mutton
Name the 3 positively charged amino acids.
lysine, arginine, and histidine
Full form of PEF in food processing.
Pulsed Electric Field
Which of the following has the highest pH: maple syrup, sweet corn, walnuts, or egg whites?
A. Egg whites
Hops botanical name?
Humulus lupulus
What three characteristics are commonly used to describe coliforms?
Rod shaped, gram -, ferment lactose
What is the relationship between dielectric constant and frequency?
as frequency increases, dielectric constant decreases
what is levulose, a common monosaccharide found abundantly in honey, saps, and fruits more commonly known as?
Fructose
What is used as the heating medium in a direct UHT milk processing system?
Steam
Food infection is when the food contains bacteria or other microbes which infect the body after it is eaten.
intoxication: S. aureus, C. botulinum, B. cereus, C. perfringens. Infection: E. coli, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis spp, Yersinia enterocolitica, Camylobacter jejuni, etc.
In 1971, this systematic preventive approach to food safety that addresses physical, chemical and biological hazards as a means of prevention rather than a finished product inspection was introduced to the American National Conference for Food Protection?
HACCP, Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points
What ice cream type only uses cream, sugar, and flavoring?
Philadelphia
Recycle symbol '1' designates which polymer?
PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate)
What compound is added to sausage formulations to function as an antioxidant, antimicrobial agent, and "fix" the color of the product?
Nitrite (sodium or potassium)
What are the class of food pigments which have similar structure and properties to anthocyanins, but are yellow in color called?
Flavonoids
What does URP stand for?
unique radiolytic product
Name the protein-rich paste that is made from the seeds of the Arachis hypogea.
Peanut Butter
What term describes the process of matting and subsequent handling of matted curd in the production of Cheddar-type cheese?
A. Cheddaring
What is cooking loss percentage of a roast that had a raw weight of 20 lbs and a cooked weight of 15 lbs?
cooking loss % = (cooked weight/raw weight) = 25 %
What is the microbial gum commonly used in salad dressings?
Xanthan gum
How can we decrease the boiling temp of a well-defined liquid mixture without changing its composition, in order to prevent degradation of heat-sensitive ingredients?
use vacuum evaporator; under vacuum, boiling temps will decrease
True/False: Riboflavin is quite resistant to heat but very sensitive to light and this is why brown milk bottles have seen limited use in the past.
True
what is the maximum amount of sulfites legally permitted by FDA in wines?
350 ppm
Is cholesterol an essential nutrient?
No
What microorganism does Baird-Parker agar select for?
Baird-Parker= Staphylococcus aureus
If the time to reduce a population by 5 logs is 20 min, what is the D-value?
4 min
What are the two major whey proteins in milk and what percentage of total milk protein do they make up together?
Beta-lactoglobulin & alpha-lactalbumin; together they make up about 20% of milk proteins.
What is another name for the egg white?
The glair/glaire or albumen
name the 2 main types of secondary structures of proteins.
alpha-helix and beta-sheet
What is the starter culture used in the manufacture of cultured buttermilk?
Lactococcus lactis subspecies lactis
What is the difference between sherbet and sherbert?
A. Nothing. "Sherbert" is a common mispronunciation of "sherbet." In fact, it is so common that some dictionaries include it as an alternate spelling of "sherbet."
What does the Italian word linguine mean?
Little tongue.
Name three major hop-growing countries.
Germany, U.S., Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, UK.
On a weight percent basis, what are the two predominant fatty acids in cow's milk?
Palmitic (24-26%) and oleic (34-38%)
What is the alcohol level in alcoholic root beer?
0.004
Give an example of a component of unsaponifiable matter
Sterols, cholesterol
What process is done prior to freezing or dehydration to inactivate enzymes?
blanching, chemical inactivation
Who is the current treasurer of IFT?
Noel Anderson
Omega-3 fatty acids are typically found in what group of oils or from what animal source?
Fish oils
What toxic pigment is found in cottonseed endosperm?
Gossypol (it is removed during the oil refining process)
Who had the 1st patent on the metal can?
Peter Durand of England
What is the common name for rigidity of plant cells as a result of being filled with an aqueous solution?
turgor
When air is passed over a thin layer of water (such as water in a wick surrounding a thermometer) it assumes a characteristic temperature governed by the moisture content and temperature of the air. What is this temperature?
The wet bulb temperature
The n-acetylmuramidase enzyme found in egg whites that hydrolyzes the cell walls of gram positive bacteria has the common name.
lysozyme
What is the primary mechanism by which heat transfer occurs in a canned liquid?
Convection
which of the following is NOT a globular protein: A.myoglobin, B.collagen, C.amylase, or D.pepsin?
B. collagen
Name the top 10 egg-producing states in the U.S. Name five of the top ten egg-producing states in the U.S.
Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas, Michigan, California, Minnesota, Georgia, and Nebraska (American Egg Board 2017)
The temperature at which the water vapor in the air under a constant barometric pressure will condense into liquid water is called?
the dew point
What is PDCAAS?
Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score, a method of evaluating protein quality based off of human amino acid requirements and digestibility
from what plant is linseed oil derived?
flax
What is the unit commonly used in expressing energy values of foods?
Kilocalorie
What is the Pasteur effect in terms of metabolism?
The Pasteur effect is a biological phenomenon that describes how oxygen affects the production of energy in cells. It can refer to how oxygen affects yeast fermentation, platelet storage, or the metabolism of cells. The Pasteur effect can also refer to how oxygen suppresses the accumulation of products from anaerobic metabolism. It can also be attributed to changes in the balance of phosphate compounds.
Orange botanical name?
Citrus × sinensis [Rutaceae (Citrus)]
What does BPA stand for?
Bisphenol A
Dextrose equivalent
Dextrose equivalent (DE) is a measure of reducing sugars relative to dextrose, expressed as a percentage on a dry basis
Give one word for a carbon atom involved in hemiacetal or acetal formation.
Anomeric
What is the name of the reaction when an acid and base react to give water?
Neutralization
How many pints are in a half-gallon?
Four
The role of spices in Indian history does not include: A. For health benefits B. For preservation C. For reducing salt addition D. For masking unpleasant tastes and odors
C. for reducing salt addition
C20:4n6 represents which fatty acid?
(unsaturated fatty acid) arachidonic acid (from elongating linoleic acid)
How many layers are baklavas in Greece, an ode to the years of Christ's life?
33
"What is the best source of meat to meet thiamin requirements: A.chicken, B.fish, C.beef, or D.pork?"
"D.Pork (other good sources of thiamin are grain products, ham, and fortified meat substitutes)"
What did the Delaney Clause do?
food additives were added to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1958.
What is the package material that prevents entry of microbes and gas?
Hermetic
What natural color needs to be certified?
None
Which U.S. state is the leading producer of apples?
Washington
which of the following solutions would have the lowest freezing point: A.1L of water w/1 mole of sucrose, B.1L of water w/1mole of amylase, C.1L of water w/1mole of NaCl, or D.1L of water w/1 mole of glucose
C. 1L of water w/1 mole of NaCl
Name three types of cooling procedures for fruits and vegetables.
Convection (blast cooling), Hydrocooling (ice bath), Low Pressure (evaporative or vacuum cooling)
Vegetables and fruits can be heated by microwave energy because they have a high "loss factor". The "loss factor" is mainly due to what compositional content of fruits and vegetables?
water
What are the 3 principle ingredients of home baking powder?
sodium bicarbonate, cream of tartare, cornstarch
What is AAS and what is the principle of its use?
atomic absorption spectroscopy; it is an analytical method for determination of elements based on absorption of radiation from a light source by the free atoms
25. What is the most important factor affecting stability and color of anthocyanins during processing and storage?
pH (stable under acidic conditions) example: pelargonidin in strawberries -- pH 1-3: stable deep red (cation) 7: colorless (uncharged) >7: purple (anhydro base) >>7: mauve to blue (anion)
Sensory tests may be divided into 3 groups on the basis of the type of information that they provide. What are the three types?
Discrimination, descriptive, affective (preference)
What are two factors that determine meat quality grade?
Degree of maturity, degree of marbling
Name the only fruit or vegetable that is never sold frozen, canned, processed, cooked or in any other from except fresh.
Lettuce
Which two organs conduct gluconeogenesis?
Liver/Kidney
What is the single most important phase of a sterile canning operation?
retorting
What does the term "STP" mean, and what are the values of the components?
Standard temperature and pressure: 14.7 psia or 760 mm Hg (or equivalent) and 0 °C.
In thermoprocessing, what is the difference between ""sterility" and "commercial sterility"?
"Commerical sterility" means the probability of spores and cells surviving is low but not absolute
What are crustaceans?
invertebrates characterized by a hard outer shell and jointed appendages and bodies. They usually live in water and breathe through gills. Higher forms of this class include lobsters, shrimp, and crawfish; lower forms include barnacles, and fish lice.
What is the term used to describe pork meat that has undergone a sudden decrease in pH after slaughter?
Pale, Soft, and Exudative Meat
Name 5 chelating agents used in food.
EDTA, vitamin C, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, pyrophosphate, proteins
What causes the haze defect in iced tea?
Polyphenols tend to interact with proteins, caffeine, and metal cations to form colloidal suspensions of haze and ‘tea cream’, which are detrimental to product appearance and taste.4 While haze formation can affect color and impair aesthetic appeal, it can also diminish both the shelf-life and the health-promoting properties of the tea.
What is the name of rotating screw technology?
Extruder
What are 4 officer positions on the National IFT Executive Committee?
Chairman, Chairman-elect, secretary, treasurer, councilor, alternate councilor, member at large
What are the 4 parameters for the processing of fluids flowing through a pipe?
Pipe diameter, viscosity, velocity, and density of fluids
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by a genetic inability to metabolize what?
Phenylalanine
Atomic Mass Spectroscopy separates molecules according to their m/z ratio. What is the m/z ratio
ratio of mass to charge
Which organisms generally make up the lactic acid starter culture used in cottage cheese production?
A. Streptococcus lactis and Leuconostoc citrovorum
Turkey with what is considered the national dish of Mexico?
Mole
What are the units of basal metabolic rate?
Joule/hour/kilogram body mass or watt (joule/second) to ml O2/min
The milk product that is 42 percent sucrose and 12 percent lactose is:
condensed milk
Cori's disease causes body's ability to break down which energy storage molecule?
Glycogen debrancher enzyme deficiency in liver.
How is citron different from most other citrus fruit?
It is primarily pith with only a small amount of juice/pulp
Material and energy balances take the general form of total mass in equals total mass out, or total energy in equals total energy out. In continuous processes, what additional aspect is added to the balance?
Time (mass per time in equals mass per time out)
With respect to defects in meat, what does PSS stand for and what causes it?
Porcine Stress Syndrome, it is a genetic condition
Pomology is a science of?
Fruits
What beef cut of the plate is used to create pastrami?
Navel
Twisted doughnuts are originated in which country?
South Korea
Wilson's Disease involves which mineral?
copper
Describe expectation error.
Subjects anticipate the sensation and report their response before it is applicable.
What is a Barrow?
castrated young male slaughter hog
What are the three modes of heat transfer?
Conductive, convective, radiation.
what cheese is associated w/ the following major microorganisms: lactococcus, propionibacterium shermanii, penicillium roqueforti, Lactic streptococci
Lactococcus= cheddar (or mozzarella);propionibacterium shermanii= Swiss;penicillium roqueforti= Blue;Lactic streptococci= Edam, Gouda"
Name two fruit and two vegetable plants with their coordinating scientific genus and species names.
Apples: Malus domestica Strawberries: Fragaria ananassa Banana: Musa acuminate, balbisiana and paradisiaca for the hybrid Tomatoes: Solanum lycopersicum Pineapple: Ananas comosus Watermelon: Citrullus lanatus Lemon: Citrus limon Orange: Citrus sinensis Pomelo: Citrus grandis Peach: Prunus persica Apricot: Prunus armeniaca Cherry: Prunus avium or Prunus cerasus Lettuce: Lactuca sativa Corn: Zea mays Green beans: Phaseolus vulgaris Peas: Pisum sativum Broccoli/cabbage/cauliflower/brussels sprouts: Brassica oleracea Cucumber: Cucumis sativus Carrot: Daucus carota Onion: Allium cepa Beets: Beta vulgaris Asparagus: Asparagus officinalis
Name 4 colorants that are exempt from FDA certification.
Annato extract, zinc oxide, caramel, paprika, riboflavin, titatnium dioxide, turmeric, carmine
In which dairy products is acetaldehyde a problem or defect?
Yogurt
What is the main difference between a lager yeast and ale yeast? State the scientific names and optimum temperatures for both.
Ale - top fermenting and ferments at warmer temp; Lager - bottom fermenting and ferments at cooler temps. ale: 10~25 C, lager: 0-13 C. ale: saccharomyces cerevisiae; lager: saccharomyces pastorianus (formerly saccharomyces carlsbergensis)
Vitamin D enhances the absorption of what two minerals?
phosphorus and calcium
Cooked flavor of milk after thermal processing is because of?
release of sulfur compounds
In beer making, what does IBU stand for and what does it indicate?
International Bitterness Units; measures the concentration of hop compounds in beer, specifically concentration of isohumulone, an acid found in hops that gives beer its bitter taste
Give the functions of polyphosphates in processed meat products.
1) Water binding: improved yields 2) Metal chelation: slows fat rancidity.
There are only two herbs with names that contain 3 letters. Name one.
Bay, rue
Which organism is used in making sourdough bread?
Lactobacillus sanfrancisco
What is the protein content of most fruits and vegetables?
Fresh fruit ~1%, Fresh vegetables ~2%, Brassica vegetables 3-5%, and legumes 5%.
How can bloom be delayed in chocolate?
Proper solidification and tempering processes create stable crystals, preventing bloom.
In the SI system what are the units that are applied to the following five dimensions or measurements; length, mass, time, electric current, thermodyanamic temperature?
length = meter Mass = kilogram Time = second Electric current = ampere Thermodynamic temp = degree kelvin
What two pieces of information must be shown on the principle display panel of a package containing greater than 0.5 ounces of a food product?
Weight declaration and the name of the product
Lists the four steps, in proper sequence, for cleaning and sanitizing food equipment.
Rinse, clean, rinse, sanitize
What is the glass transition temperature?
when an amorphous food polymer is heated the temperature at which it changes from a glass to the rubbery state form is called the glass transition temperature Tg, second order transition
Name 6 foods that are considered umami foods.
Seaweed, parmigiana-reggiano, soy sauce, marmite, fish sauce, green tea, cured ham, tomatoes, sardines, shrimp, beef and mushrooms
Fish fats are different from beef fat mainly because they are which of the following? Colored, PUFA, More stable
PUFA
Give the michaelis-menten equation and give two assumptions underlying its derivation.
V0 = Vmax ([S]/([S] + KM)); This equation includes the assumption that during the early stages of the reaction so little product is formed that the reverse reaction (product combining with enzyme and re-forming substrate) can be ignored (hence the unidirectional arrow under k3). Another assumption is that the concentration of substrate is much greater than that of total enzyme ([S] >> [Et]), so it can essentially be treated as a constant.
Give the genus and species of the microorganism used in the fermentation of tequila?
Zymomonas mobilis
How does Food irradiation kill pathogens?
The ionizing radiation sends enough energy into the bacterial or mold cells in the food to break chemical bonds.
Which alkaloid compound is an anti-malarial agent and is the standard for bitter taste sensation?
Quinine
What term describes the difference between the absorption and desorption isotherms?
hysteresis
Food Additives Amendment (Delaney Clause)
1958
What is the most widely grown red wine grape variety in the world?
Grenache
What are the potential issues with spray drying?
Tg, if rubbery sugar very sticky and build up on wall, so need to make sure it becomes glassy before hits wall. Powder explosion: can happen when enough particles get into the air and if spark explosion will occur
What is the order of heat resistance for microorganisms?
Bacterial spores are more heat resistant than bacterial vegetative cells, yeast cells, and molds.
How is saturated steam used in exhausting?
flush retort with steam to remove air, Also air a thin boundary layer around the containers which reduces heat transfer from steam to containers
To which of the following filament protein does Ca++ bind, and regulate actin myosin interaction during muscle contraction : a) myosin, b) actin, c) troponin
Troponin
Who conducts the voluntary seafood inspection program on a fee-for-service basis?
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
What toxic chemical may be found in packages made from recycled paper?
PCB
Define "Apparently Acidity."
Acid in milk as from cow due to proteins, phosphates, carbonates, and citrates
What are some critical factors in designing a thermal process?
type of food, target microorganism, location of cold spot, shelf life requirement
How do microbial inhibitors work?
By acting on the whole cell, cell wall, or cell membrane in order to interfere with the genetic mechanism of the cell, interfering with the enzyme systems of the cell, or by binding to essential nutrients to kill the cell or stop reproduction.
Put these amino acids in order from smallest to largest molecular size: arginine, alanine, and cysteine.
alanine smallest, cysteine, arginine largest
What is the difference between food spoilage and food poisoning?
spoilage = inedible food but not unsafe(judgmental to what is not acceptable); poisoning = causes illness through infections(detrimental effect to system)
In the 2024 Academy award nominated movie 'The Holdovers', one of the central characters suffers from Trimethylaminuria, What is the main characteristic, symptom, or effect of Trimethylaminuria condition?
The person's body cannot breakdown TMA and smells like rotten fishes.
what nuts are also called Filberts?
Hazelnuts
Why are fats neutralized during processing and manufacture and how is it done?
oil breakdowns to Free fatty acid & other simple compounds, lead to off flavor & off odors, Soap is formed from the fatty acids by addition of alkali to remove these undesirables.
Discuss the pressure differences between a pump placement and the design of the system and the implications of each?
Where you have the pump, directly before it there is really low pressure caused by vacuum and right after it you have really high pressure which gradually becomes lower. Depending on where you have the pump, if something breaks, the high pressure will flow towards the low pressure, so you don't want the high pressure to be where the raw milk is causing it to flow into the pasteurized milk because then you will lose the whole batch from cross contamination because the milk is now already past the sterilization point, but it the high pressure is with the treated milk, it will flow back to the raw and will not contaminate the already processed milk.
Name 5 of the IFTSA competitions/awards.
chapter of the year, excellence in leadership award, college bowl, IFTSA & MARS product development challenge, student food packaging development competition, IFTSA developing solutions for developing countries competition, smart snacks for kids product development competition, graduate research video competition, undergraduate research competition, food science in action competition.
True/False: metals are added into microwavable popcorn package to achieve increased uniformity of heating
True
Baird parker mediums are used to detect and enumerate which organism or groups of organisms?
Staphylococcus aureus or staphylococci
A mint julep is an alcoholic drink consisting of sugar, water, mint, and what alcoholic spirit?
Bourbon Whiskey
Which fruit can be added without destroying the gel: pineapple, papaya, kiwi, strawberry, fig
Strawberry (no proteolytic enzyme)
in enzymatic reactions, what is 'activation energy'?
the energy required by the reactant to reach transition state from the ground state
What is the definition of PER?
Protein equivalency ratio: weight gain by subject / g protein consumed
What egg glycoprotein is sulfonated and acts as a trypsin inhibitor?
Ovomucin
What is the term for the use of heat to eliminate a desired number of microorganisms from a food product?
thermal processing
What is the name of one of the toxic compounds in cassava?
Cyanogenic glucosides: linamarin and lotaustralin
Flour and water mixtures that are used for manufacture of extruded pasta products are called what?
Alimentary pastes (do not accept batters)
Mozzarella cheese is now commonly made with cow's milk. Traditionally, mozzarella was made from what type of milk and in what country?
A. Buffalo's milk in Italy
This food of animal origin is considered the gold standard for protein digestibility other than mother's milk?
Egg
Which mineral is best known for its role as an antioxidant?
Selenium
What organ produces and secretes the major fat-digesting enzyme?
Pancreas
Why do 50S and 30S make 70S ribosomes not 80S?
70S ribosome is made up of 50S and 30S, and its total is not 80S because the sedimentation rate of a particular ribosome is not equal to the total of 50S and 30S subunits. The sedimentation rate is less than the total of two subunits.
In animals, excess glucose is converted into its storage form ___?
Glycogen.
What is the structural difference between cellulose and amylose? Cellulose and amylose are both composed of glucose units bound by a 1,4 linkage. What is the difference between these molecules?
Cellulose has β-1,4-glycosidic linkages, and amylose has α-1,4-glycosidic linkages
What compound is the major cause of red grapefruit's red flesh?
Lycopene
Name all seven Ben and Jerry's vegan frozen dessert flavors released in 2016 and 2017.
Chunky Monkey, Chocolate Fudge Brownie, Coffee Caramel Fudge, PB & Cookies, Cherry Garcia, Caramel Almond Brittle, and Coconut Seven Layer Bar
What are the three parts of a tenderloin?
Butt, Center Cut, Tail
Please put the following steps in order as they would be used for processing? Grinding, cleaning, Cocoa separation, shell removal, conching, roasting, addition of other material, tempering
Cleaning, roasting, shell removal, grinding nibs, cocoa separation, addition of other material, Conching, tempering
A food sample was analyzed for aerobic plate count by diluting 100 and 1,000 times separately. the # of colonies on plate w/1:100 dilution was 240 with 1:1,000 was 35. What is the exact aerobic plate count of the food sample?
(240+35) X 100/(1X1 + 0.1X1)= 25,000 CFU/ml
The high fat content of ice cream helps keep it smooth by decreasing ice crystals. Other ingredients that reduce ice crystals include:
fat, corn syrup or protein
Which microorganisms make the following hydrocolloids?
xanthan - xanthomonas campestris, curdlan - alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes, gellan - pseudomonas elodea
what is the common metric unit for mass?
mass= kg
The quantity of heat that is gained or lost by a unit weight of product to accomplish a desired change in temperature without a change in state is referred to as what?
Specific or sensible heat
Which of the following is not a major mineral? Ca, Fe, K, S, Na
Sulphur
What was the first fast food hamburger shop in US?
White Castle
How does a continuous retort work?
Load the cans, then heat container with steam, allow to cook food for specified time, then cool by filling retort with water, then emptying the retort
What product consists of pasteurized milk or low-fat milk inoculated with Lactobacillus acidophilus believed to provide health benefits?
A. Acidophilus milk or sweet acidophilus milk (when not incubated)
in 1986, the president of this corporation was issued a $100,000 fine and sentenced to 1 day in prison for mis-labeling adulterated apple juice for infants.
Beech Nut
What is the typical width of the pulse used in pulsed electric field processing?
1-10 microseconds
What are flagella?
Appendages that allow microbes to be motile.
What is 'overrun' and what product does it relate to?
Overrun measures the amount of air in ice cream. The volume is increased during the freezing process, but the mass remains the same
What is the primary purpose of Processing Food?
To preserve food and create a specific desirable food product
Name the high molecular weight polyester deposited in the waxy cuticle of some plant epidermal cells.
Cutin
What are teratogens?
agents capable of causing a mis-read in DNA, leading to birth defects
What federal agency has the responsibility for administration of the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act?
FDA
What is the measurement of the oxygen used in the stabilization of organic matter by microorganisms over a 5-day period at 20C called?
Biological/Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D).
Name the four classes of proteolytic enzymes based on active site.
Serine, metallo, aspartyl, cysteine
What is the difference between a foam and an aerosol dispersion system?
foam – inner phase is gaseous, outer phase is liquid Aerosol – inner phase is liquid or solid, outer phase is gaseous.
What is chill proofing of beer?
Addition of papain to prevent haze due to interaction between protein and tannins
Why is stannous chloride added to asparagus canned in glass jars and how much SnCl2 is allowed?
1) It controls discoloration due to oxidation of rutin; 2) Not more than 15 ppm in unlined lids, 20 ppm in lined lids.
What is the difference between braising and baking?
Braising uses dry and wet heat, baking uses dry heat
What is retrogradation?
the insolubilizing effect, initiated when long carbohydrate molecules begin to crystallize
What do you call something made from fruit that is a semisolid food prepared from a mixture containing not less than five parts of weight of fruit ingredient to each two parts of sugar? What is the name of a sweet spread made of fruit cooked to a paste, then lightly sweetened?
Fruit butter - ex. Apple butter and plum butter
Type A gelatins are produced by what process?
Type A gelatin is derived from acid-cured tissue. Gelatin derived from an acid-treated precursor is known as Type A and gelatin derived from an alkali-treated process is known as Type B.
The process known as agglomeration for instantized products is used for which type of powdered product? Freeze or spray dried?
Spray dried
What are 2 major contributions of chemicals released as smoke from burning wood during smoking?
Flavor enhancement and Preservation
Raw pork may contain what dangerous parasite?
Trichinella spiralis
what are the 4 major components of whey proteins?
alpha-lactalbumen, beta-lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumen, immunoglobulins
Why does honey lose its sweetness w/increasing temp?
fructose is found either as pyranose or furanose; increasing the temp shifts the equilibrium toward the furanose form (which is less sweet)
Is a high post-harvest respiration rate in vegetables an indication of a long storage life or a short storage life?
Short.
What leavening agent is used in brussels waffles?
Yeast
What is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius?
Calorie
What does EIEC stand for?
Enteroinvasive
What were british sailors named after?
limes
Fats and oils are soluble in...
ethyl ether
What term describes the processing of a product, intended for room temperature storage, with the goal of preventing the growth of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria (although spores may be present)?
Commercial sterility
Why is ascorbic acid sometimes added to flour?
it acts as an oxidizing agent in a dough system, causing cross-linking between gluten protein thus imparting strength to the dough
What is the capacity of a US beer barrel?
31 gallons
Between which two ribs should a pork carcass be ribbed to measure loin eye area?
10th and 11th
S – (1- propenyl) – L – cysteine sulfoxide and thiopropanol – S oxide – are associated with the flavor of
Onions
Lactic acid bacteria are a group of Gram-positive bacteria that are acid-tolerant. Name 5 genera.
Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Pediococcus, Streptococcus
What does the abbreviation IQF represent?
Individual Quick Freezing.
Who won the Nicholas Appert Award in 2024?
Harjinder Singh
What are the two parts of a citrus rind?
Albedo and flavedo
Name three functions of enzymes used as food additives
speed up reaction; lower viscosity; improve extractions; enhance separations; improve their flavor, texture, digestibility, and nutritional value, enhancing product yield, improve preservation
In what order do food labels list ingredients?
Descending order by weight.
Define 'incubation period'.
The interval of time between infection by a microorganism and the onset of the 1st signs/symptoms of the disease.
Describe two kinds of fluids that require yield stress before flow occurs.
1) Bingham liquids: Newtonian response after yield stress, straight line not through origin 2) Plastics: Shear-thinning behavior after yield stress, curve not through origin.
What is the isoelectric point of casein?
4.6
What was the poison squad?
The poison squad was started by Harvey Washington Wiley and was a result of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906.
How do lean and fatty fish differ in regards to where they store fat?
lean fish store fat in liver, fatty fish store fat in tissue
Who first isolated and identified DNA?
Friedrich Miescher
rank the following foods by their corresponding water activities from highest to lowest: syrups, jams, potato chips, and bread
Bread (0.96), syrups (0.88), jams (0.77), potato chips (0.30)
The first federal food law was passed in 1898. What was it?
Federal Filled Cheese Act
What are the 3 types of still retorts?
vertical, horizontal, and hydrostatic
Cheese was the first made about 4000 years ago on what continent?
Asia
What is the name of butter made from fresh cream?
Sweet Cream Butter
What are BHA and BHT and in which class of food additives do they belong?
Butylated hydroxyanisole, Butylated hydroxytoluene; antioxidants
What does MEQ stand for?
Milli-equivalents
What is the definition of flexible package films?
A thickness of .010 inches or less
What is the name of a recent book that is being compared with Upton Sinclair's The Jungle of the early 1900s because of its critical evaluation of the meat industry as well as fast food chains?
Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser
Name five yeast fermented food products.
beer, wine, bread, distilled spirits, kefir, kombucha, root beer
What is the most heat resistant protein in egg albumen?
Ovomucin
What are the three spore-forming foodborne pathogens?
bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, clostridium botulinum
What fermented dish is made with a blend of peppers, onions, cabbage, other various vegetables, and spices and is common in Korean cuisine?
Kimchi
An ideal gas at 25C and a pressure of 2 MPascals is passed, without a change in volume, through a valve decreasing the pressure to 0.2 MPascals. What happens to the temperature of the gas?
The temperature decreases - the gas is ideal and therefore obeys the gas law PV=NRT
Cooking alters the textural properties of egg by due to what type of alteration?
Denaturation and/or coagulation of protein
Name a solvent extraction method used to measure fat in foods?
Soxhlet, Goldfish or Mojonnier
Which act, passed in the 1990s, establishes dietary supplements as a legal food category ?
The 1994 Dietary Supplement, Health and Education Act (DSHEA)
In the International Union of Biochemistry system of enzyme nomenclature, the first number identifies what?
General reaction type/class of the enzyme
What does BSA stand for?
Bovine Serum Albumin
What does SCOBY stand for and what is it used in the production of?
Symbiotic Culture Of Bacteria & Yeast (used for kombucha production)
Corn protein is very low in which amino acid?
Lysine
What type of heat energy is added or subtracted from a system, resulting in a change of phase or state, but no change in temperature?
Latent heat (energy)
FSIS and CFSAN recommend cooking hamburger to what internal temp?
160 degrees F or 71 degrees C
Cheddar and swiss cheese produce what kind of whey?
Sweet Whey
What is the percentage of chocolate in milk, sweet, bittersweet chocolate?
Sweet 3, Milk 10, bittersweet 35
Among the following plastic films, which one is the most oxygen permeable? Plain celophane wrap, low density polyethylene, mylar (polyester)
low density polyethylene
In 1908 what new taste was discovered?
Umami
When should ground spices and whole spices be added during the cooking process?
whole at the start and ground at the end of cooking
What is the full form of QE?
Quality Evaluation
What are the 7 steps of HAACP?
Conduct a hazard analysis, identify critical control points, establish critical limits, monitor critical limits, define corrective actions, establish verification, keep records
Which foodborne pathogen is more of a concern in ground meat than solid-muscle meats such as steaks?
Escherichia coli
The basic chemical structure of flavonoids has how many rings?
Three
What is the name of Dulce de Leche in Phillippines is made with carabao milk?
Dulce Gatas
What is the maximum ERH considered safe for grain storage?
70% (around 80% ERH moisture grain results in increased respiration and temperature increases)
What does ETEC stand for?
Enterotoxigenic
in the assessment of GMO foods, herbicides and pesticides, the USDA, FDA, and EPA utilize a 6-criterion list, which is often referred to as FONSI; what does the acronym FONSI stand for?
Finding Of No Significant Impact
What is the process of adding salt, sugar and sodium nitrate for the purpose of color developments over enhancement preservation and safety?
Curing
The science of the deformation and flow of matter is known as
Rheology
True/False: Niacin is very stable to heat, light, and oxidation, but like other water-soluble vitamins, it can be leached from foods during processing and cooking.
True
Define and explain D-value.
The value of heat resistance. The specific time at a specific temperature for a specific food to destroy 90% of the population (one log) of a specific MO.
What is spectroscopy?
production, measurement, and interpretation of spectra arising from the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter
What is the term for noises made by fluid and gas movement in the intestines?
Borborygmus
What does GIPSA stand for?
Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyard Administration
What is the name of the pasta that translates to "little strings"?
Sphaghetti
What is the artificial color number for Indigotine?
FD&C Blue No.2
List several benefits associated with the use of phosphates in meats.
increase water binding capacity, improve emulsification, tenderness, juiciness, color uniformity, decreases rancidity, minor antimicrobial activity, buffering against acidic marination ingredients
What is an achromatic color?
– A color that has no hue (white, gray or black)
How does Mozarella get its stringiness?
Stretching or kneading of the curd
What plant and common ingredient is split into two major types: Allium sativum, or softneck, and Allium ophioscorodon, or hardneck?
Garlic
what is the microbiological technique used to measure the amount of microbial colonies on a surface?
RODAC plating
What do the following microbiological acronyms mean? REA, MPN, SPC
REA: , MPN: Most Probable Number, SPC: Standard Plate Count
what structural property gives emulsifiers their emulsification ability?
hydrophilic (polar) head and a hydrophobic (hydrocarbon)tail
From which country does Reisling originate?
Germany
Do enzymes become a part of the final product of enzymatic reactions?
No
Sodium and potassium are necessary in the body to retain proper electrical, fluid, and chemical balances. What is the desired ratio of Na to K?
1:1
How many ribs are in a beef forequarter?
12
What are the time-temperature combinations used in the following thermal processes for the pasteurization of milk: Batch/LTLT, HTST, and UHT?
A. Batch/LTLT: 62.8 °C (145 °F) for 30 minutes B. HTST: 71.7 °C (161 °F) for 15-20 seconds C. UHT: 137.8 °C (280 °F) for 2-3 seconds
What is zymology?
the science of fermentation
What is the pungent compound in mustard seed, cabbage and horseradish?
sinigrin
What happens to a bottle of wine if before you bottle it you forget to put the stuff in it that prevents it from fermenting?
It explodes
Why is summer sausage shelf-stable?
pH is near the isoelectric point of myosin and actin
Cinnamon is a bushy evergreen tree of the Laurel family. The spice comes from what part of the tree?
Bark
Where did Kvass originate?
Russia
What is the heat requirement to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree C?
One kilocalorie
The structure of a lipoprotein allows it to do what?
Form a fluid membrane structure
What are 3 mesomorphic structures associated with lipids in the liquid state?
Lamellar; Hexagonal I, II; Cubic
Who is the current director of the FDA?
Dr. Stephen M. Hahn was sworn in as the 24th Commissioner of Food and Drugs on December 17, 2019.
Blanching of tea leaves is performed to inactivate what enzyme?
PPO
What is the type of heat exchanger most commonly used for milk pasteurization?
Plate heat exchanger
Name 2 functions of H2SO4 in the Babcock milk fat test.
Digest proteins, generate heat to melt fat, increase density of serum
Why was the McDonalds cherry pie discontinued?
too few cherries per pie.
Give 6 examples of yeast bread.
White Bread, Whole Wheat Bread, Sourdough Bread, Baguette, Brioche, Challah, Ciabatta, Rye Bread, Focaccia, Dinner Rolls, Pretzels, Bagels, English Muffins, Pita Bread, Cinnamon Rolls, Shokupan, Texas Toast, Kifli
What polymer is more transparent in appearance, LDPE or HDPE?
LDPE.
Name the Korean sauerkraut.
Kimchi
A chicken is labelled as fresh chicken if it has not been stored under what temperature?
27 F or 3.3 C
In the 2022 Food Code by FDA this term means a point or procedure in a specific food system where loss of control may result in an unacceptable health risk.
Critical Control Point.
name the bacteria that the following selective media select for: Oxford, Baird-Parker, and Bismuth-Sulfite
Oxford= Listeria;Baird-Parker= Staphylococcus aureus;Bismuth-Sulfite= Salmonella
Give 3 examples of warm season cereals.
Millet, Maize, Sorghum, Rice, Teff, Pearl Millet
Pesticide Chemical Amendment (Miller Act)
1954
What company is the world's largest manufacturer of farm equipment?
John Deere
Name a food that has an alkaline pH.
Egg whites, pretzels, hominy, olives, shrimp.
Why are linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids considered essential fatty acids?
n-6 and n-3 cannot be synthesized in the human body
Pectin with 20-40% of the carboxyl groups esterified with methanol is known as what?
Low-methoxyl pectin
Describe the difference between a béchamel and a velouté sauce.
Béchamel: Uses cream as a base; Velouté: Uses stock or broth as a base
What is the toxic glycoside in potato skins that is produced when potatoes are exposed to sunlight?
Solanine
Meat is regulated by?
USDA
What are the 3 positively charged amino acids?
lysine, arginine and histidine
What makes poultry inspection mandatory for any processor that ship product?
In interstate commerce
Which of the following would be best for an athlete to eat before a race? a) A cheese sandwich b) A high protein bar c) A high carbohydrate bar d) A hamburger
c) A high carbohydrate bar
MC: A monosaccharide is defined as: a. polyalcohol b. polyether c. acid d. all of the above
a. polyalcohol
What enzyme is used to make soft centered candies?
Invertase
What are the deficiency and toxicity symptoms of vitamin D?
Deficiency: rickets, abdominal protrusion; Toxicity: soft tissue calcification, renal damage
True or False: Yeast contains glutamic acid.
True, 8-10% of whole yeast
Two general categories of freezing methods used in commercial food processing are. Give examples.
Direct (air blast, immersion); Indirect (plate, scraped surface).
If temperature increases, a PP film will melt and vaporize into PP molecules.
FALSE.
What is the Weissenberg effect?
the tendency of some viscoelastic fluids to climb up a rod that is rotating in them. (fluid flows in a right angle to the direction of shear stress)
Which common food borne bacterial pathogen is microaerophilic and requires temperatures above 32 degrees C for growth?
Campylobacter jejuni
2 radians are equal to
360 degrees
What is croquembouche?
French Christmas cake, puff pastry that they assemble into a cone or tree shape
What is the desired crystallization type for tempering chocolate?
Type 5
The Standard of Identity for margarine specifies that it contains at least what percent animal or vegetable fat?
0.8
The typical process controller used on a retort is called a PID controller. What do the initials PID stand for?
Proportional Integral Derivative
In order list the 7 steps of HACCAP.
1. Conduct a hazard analysis, 2. Identify CCP, 3. Set critical limits, 4. Establish monitory procedures, 5. Establish corrective actions, 6. Verification, 7. Establish record keeping
Who is the Scientific Editor of the Journal of Food Science?
Owen Fennema
In separations such as distillation, what is the name of the plot used by engineers to describe the physical state at each step?
McCabe-Thiele plot
What is the most commonly used wheat in bread?
Common wheat
When is the first instant noodle introduced to the world? Also, who invented this?
Instant noodles were invented by Taiwan-born inventor Momofuku Ando in Japan. They were first marketed on August 25, 1958, by Ando's company Nissin under the brand name Chikin Ramen.
What animal has been called "the poor man's cow"?
The goat
The word 'biscuit' derives from a latin word 'biscotus'. What is the literal meaning of this word?
Twice cooked (bis- twice, cotus- cooked)
What makes red wine red?
Anthocyanins (from grapes)
Even though bread has sucrose, a non-reducing sugar, how does it brown?
sucrose breaks down into glucose and fructose
The thermal conductivity of ice is approximately how many times greater than that water?
four times
What are the three bacteria used in the production of Swiss cheese?
Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and Propionibacterium shermanii
State the full name that corresponds with recycling #1 for recyclable polymers.
PETE=polyethylene teraphtalate
What is another name for cilantro?
Coriander, Chinese Parsley
What is CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
What might the Doppler effect be used to measure in food settings?
Flow velocity or food intake
Which of these would be heaviest: a gallon of whole milk, a gallon of skim milk, or a gallon of whipping cream?
Skim Milk
What happens in the primary drying phase?
removal of freezable water via sublimation, heat for sublimation must be supplied, temperature limitation, below 0C
What is the name of butter that has dimensions of 4.75, 1.25, 1.25 inches?
Elgin
Preferred by one in five Americans, which is the most popular flavor of pie in the US? A. Apple B. Cherry C. Pumpkin D. Chicken
A. Apple
List three factors that contribute to the buffering capacity of milk.
phosphate, citrate and lactate salts, whey proteins, carbonic acid from the dissolved CO2
Which classical count method in microbiology counts both dead and viable bacterial cells?
Direct Microscopic Count
What is the relation between Wet bulb temperature, dry bulb temperature and dew point temperature at 100% saturation and the same temperature?
They're all equal (WBT = DBT = DPT).
Name three functions of Vitamin C.
Vitamin (essential nutrient), antioxidant, color stabilizer.
Which of the following four choices is considered the least severe thermal processing method for foods? a. sterilization; b. pasteurization; c. commercial sterilization; d. blanching
d. blanching
TWEEN belongs to which group of food additives?
Emulsifiers
List the five French mother sauces.
Tomate, Béchamel, Velouté, Espagnole, Hollandaise
The USDA grades beef for which specific purpose?
As a guide for the untrained consumer
what is the collective term for a group of chickens?
a brood or clutch
Who is the Editor-in-chief of the Journal of Food Science?
Richard W. Hartel
Which protein in milk is not secreted by mammary glands?
Bovine serum albumin
What compound is said to be the link between carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism?
Acetyl-coA
What term is defined as, "those processes that follow physiological maturity and lead to death of tissue"?
Senescence
If the pressure on a fixed volume of an ideal gas is increased, what will happen to the temperature?
It must increase (PV = nRT).
Name 5 different polyols used in foods.
Isomalt Maltitol Sorbitol Xylitol erythritol
What are flavonoid phytochemical compounds that appear predominantly in green tea,that are also found in black tea, grapes, wine, and chocolate in small amounts?
Catechins
What style of danishes are made in Sweden?
Spandeur
What are the 3 USDA quality grades of rabbits?
US Grade A, US Grade B, and US Grade C
What is the enzyme in milk that causes hydrolytic rancidity?
Lipase
In beer manufacturing, what ions in water essentially gives malty characteristic?
Melanoidins
How does the CDC define "outbreak"?
The number of persons (2 or greater) that got ill and the illness is linked to the same cause or causative agent.
What fruit is a Starkspur® Golden Delicious?
Apple
this vitamin is injected into newborn infants.
vitamin K
Steer and barrow carcasses unlike heifer and gilt carcasses, have what adjacent to the posterior end of the aitch bone?
Pizzle eye
What are the prefixes for 10^9, 10^12, 10^15, and 10^18?
Giga (10^9), Tera (10^12), Peta (10^15), Exa (10^18)
Consensed milk adds what % of sugar to evaporated milk
0.45
Give three examples of classes of foods which are low acid.
Meats, seafood, vegetables (except tomatoes), some fruits.
At what university was IFT chartered?
MIT in 1939
What temperature should you cook poultry to?
165 degrees F.
Mexican sauce with chillies, nuts and various ingredients
Mole
The main component of an Infrared Heating Equipment is the radiator, name 3 types of radiators and length of wave.
gas heated (long waves), electrically heated radiators (tubular/flat metallic heaters (long waves), ceramic heaters (long waves), quartz tube heaters (medium/short waves), and halogen tube heater (ultra short waves))
What is the name of micro-organism used as indicator of radiation effectiveness in foods
C.Botulinum
what is 'ice wine'?
wine produced from frozen grapes, w/o thawing
What is the conversion of protein to glucose called?
Gluconeogenesis
What are the effects of drying on color?
Hunter lab and CIE Lab are most widely used color systems (lightness - L, red/green - a, yellow/blue - b) humans perceive color in terms of lightness, hue, and chroma by the integration of complex color systems. Mechanisms: drying changes the surface characteristics of a food and hence alters its reflectivity, enzymatic browning - dark pigment, photo-oxidation of pigment caused by light in combination with oxygen - meat, chemical changes to carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments caused by heat and oxidation
Which vegetables belong to the allium family and which to the cruciferae? Onions, garlic, broccoli, spinach, leeks and cabbage
Allium – onions, garlic, leeks Cruciferae – broccoli, spinach and cabbage
What is the name of the Fruit Loops mascot?
Toucan Sam
What does the legal term " defect action level "refer to?
Allowable limits for the presence of filth in foods
What is the major rheological property that distinguishes a Newtonian fluid from a Bingham plastic fluid?
A yield stress. (A Bingham plastic fluid has a yield stress and a Newtonian fluid does not. If the contestant has described the difference to the judges' satisfaction without actually saying "yield stress", the answer may be accepted)
What is the dielectric constant?
a quantity measuring the ability of a substance to store electrical energy in an electrical field
What tuna is used for canned tuna?
Albacore
What are the different types of food materials?
Types of food materials: liquid solutions and gels,(milk, juice, gelatin), capillary-porous ridged cells, (wet sand, wheat, corn), capillary porous colloidal materials (plant tissue, meat). Hygroscopic foods are those in which the partial pressure of water vapor varies with the moisture content
What country is the largest producer of rabbit meat?
France
What quality grade of beef would have the greatest palatability characteristics?
Prime
Which is the first fruit shown in pacman?
Cherry
Why can't tap water be used to make jelly?
Calcium in tap water affects the gelling properties of low-methoxyl pectin.
What is the date mandated by the FDA for food companies to comply with the new Nutrition Facts Label Format?
July 26 2018, additional year for companies with annual sales < $ 10 Million
Name 3 of the most common fatty acid in red meats.
oleic, palmitic, stearic
Which of the statements about dietary fats is NOT true? A. consumption of fat should be <30% of daily calories. B. the healthiest diet contains no meat. C. moderate amounts of fat are essential for fat-soluble vitamin absorption or D. Fat adds flavor
B. Healthiest diet contains no meat.
Starvation due to lack of food is called what?
Marasmus.
most popular ice cream flavor?
vanilla
What is the purpose of corrugations or ripples?
Used to increase the surface area, causes turbulence which causes the boundary film of lower thickness on the solid surface, heat transfer coefficient is increased
List sugars of : guar gum, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, pectin
Pectin: galactose Guar gum: mannose Xanthan gum: glucose Locust bean gum: mannose
What is the quantitative determination of organic nitrogen and therefore protein?
Kjeldahl method
What branch of the USDA has responsibility for administering the Meat Inspection Act?
Food Safety and Inspection Services
Why is uncompetitive inhibition considered "hypothetical"?
The enzyme-substrate complex is too brief to be observed
What are the four macronutrient sources of calories?
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins and alcohol
What does xenobiotic mean?
A. It is a foreign compound found in an organism that is not normally expected to be present in it
What is the name of spanish fried turnover?
Empanada
What is the pH of milk?
6.8
Lyophilization refers to the process of what?
Freeze Drying
What is the state of muscle when permanent cross-bridges form and prevent sliding of filaments so that the the muscle becomes inextensible?
rigor mortis
What are halophiles?
Microorganisms that can survive high concentrations of salt
Sanitation and inspection recommendations for adoption by state and local regulatory agencies for inspection of food retail and food service facilities are in the ________
FDA Food Code
A traditional mediterranean dish is hummus and tahini. What is the major nutritional benefit from this dish?
it has a complete amino acid profile
What is the first type of descriptive analysis test used in food sensory science?
Flavor profiling
Aspartame contains which 2 amino acids?
Phenylalanine and aspartic acid
When a force acts parallel to a surface, the stress is called what?
Shear stress
State veg of oklahoma?
Watermelon
In 1990 which state became the first to ban tetra-pak juice boxes in its landfills?
Maine
The recommended refrigerator (36-40 degrees F) storage time for a maximum quality for beef porterhouse steaks is: A.1 day, B.5-10 days, C.2 weeks, or D.3-4 days?
D. 3-4 days.
For muscle foods, as cooking time and end-point temperature increases, what happens to % cooking losses?
They increase
Which organelle in muscle cells controls calcium flux?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
A substitute sweetener made from orange rind is_.
naringin dihydrochalcone( a flavone glycoside)
What is a probiotic?
Bacteria that promote intestinal health and desirable intestinal microflora
Does the iodine value increase or decrease during autoxidation?
decrease
In the UK, what is the name for cookies cut after baking?
Bar cookies
What is the SI unit of force per area?
Pascal
What compound is responsible for “banana” flavor?
isoamyl acetate
Name the cabinet-level agency responsible for FSIS, FDA, Biopesticides, and Alcohol.
USDA, Department of Health and Human Services, EPA, and Department of Justice
According to dietary guidelines in US, how much sodium should be consumed daily?
2300 mg
Give an example of a climacteric fruit and a non climacteric fruit.
Refrigeration system, vacuum system, control system, product chamber, condenser
What is the address for the Washington DC office of IFT?
818 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20006-2702
What is the definition of a saturated fatty acid?
A fatty acid with no double bonds on the alkyl chain.
Which is the main yeast used in beer production?
Saccharomyces uvarum, ales use S. cerevisiae (same as wine)
Botrytis cinerea is a mold found on grapes. What 2 wines styles require botrytis during growing or processing?
Sauternes and Tokaji
Who invented the cocoa press in 1828?
Coenraad Johannes van Houten
When tomatoes and avocados are eaten together, they have a synergistic effect. Explain their synergism.
Tomatoes are rich in lycopene, a pigment-rich antioxidant known as carotenoid, which reduces cancer risk and cardiovascular disease. Fats, from the avocado, make carotenoids more bioavailable
What organ produces and secretes the major fat digesting enzymes?
Pancreas
state the non-caloric sweetener(s) found in Fresca.
Fresca= aspartame
Name the fruit used to flavor gin.
juniper berries
Which element is required for optimal utilization of glucose by aiding in the binding of insulin?
Chromium
What are the two enzymes in vegetables commonly used to evaluate effectiveness?
Catalase and hydrogen peroxidase
A retort temperature of 250 F is achieved with how many pounds of pressure?
15
Higher alcohols esterified with fatty acids are called?
Waxes
Primary yeast used in baking is what?
Saccharomyces cerevisae
How is the pocket in pita bread formed?
Steam that is created by cooking at a high heat.
What is the minimum product temperature necessary for expansion of an extruded material?
100?C (In order for expansion to occur, moisture in the product must be able to flash-vaporize)
a theory of spectrophotometry is based on what formula? state the meaning of each symbol in the formula.
A=ECL (Beer-Lambert Law). A is absorption, E is Molar Extinction Coefficient, C is concentration in moles/L, L is the length of the light path in cm
Quinoa botanical name?
Chenopodium quinoa [Amaranthaceae (Amaranth)]
What is the name of the international symbol used to label foods that have been processed by irradiation?
Radura
What is the temperature for supercritical CO2?
31.1 deg C
What genus of microorganisms are most often involved with spoilage of refrigerated fresh meat, poultry, fish, and eggs?
pseudomonas
What is hysteresis?
Hysteresis represent the history dependence of physical systems. If you push on something, it will yield: when you release, does it spring back completely? If it doesn't, it is exhibiting hysteresis, in some broad sense.
What is the most common form of MAP used to extend the shelf-life and maintain the natural integrity of fresh and cured meats?
Vacuum packaging.
What is the difference between white and brown sugar besides the color and consistency?
Brown sugar contains molasses.
What kind of an emulsion is egg yolk, o/w or w/o?
Water in oil
The food drug and cosmetic act contains guidelines requiring what foods to require lot coding?
Low acid canned foods, acidified foods, bottled drinking water, infant formula, bottled water
Name the following wheat types from lowest to highest protein content: Pastry, Bread, All purpose, Whole Wheat, First Clear
Pastry, All purpose, Whole wheat, Bread, First Clear
Name 5 of 12 approved GMOs in the USA:
salmon, alfalfa, soybean, corn, sugar beet, apple, potato, tomatoes, squash
What NYC pastry combines croissant and doughnut?
Cronut
Amaranth botanical name?
Amaranthus (caudatus, cruentus, hypochondriacus) [Amaranthaceae (Amaranth)]
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree Celsius is called what?
Calorie
What are the different types of freeze concentration units?
Ice Crystallization (Direct contact freezers, Indirect-contact freezers) and Separation Devices (Mechanical press, Centrifugal, Wash column)
Acrolein is a potentially toxic product that can occur in food processing applications. Give the source and the type of degradation can yield this chemical.
Thermal decomposition of fats
How many significant figures are in the number 0.000401?
3
What is one equation for determining percent overrun?
A. %OR = (volume of ice cream - volume of mix / volume of mix) X 100 A. %OR = (weight of mix - weight of ice cream / weight of ice cream) X 100
What are the 3 main components of a microwave heating system?
magnetron, waveguide, and cavity
What is the bioactive compound in soy?
Genistein
In 1990, which state became the first state to ban tetra-pak type juice boxes in the state's landfills?
Maine
With regard to can defects which occur during thermal processing, what is buckling?
Permanent deformation of the can ends caused by excessive internal can pressure compared to external pressure. ( occurs when there is insufficient pressure during cooling), opposite of panneling
What british desert shares a name with an early atomic model?
plum pudding
Both glycogenesis and glycogenolysis are controlled primarily by the interplay between the two hormones insulin and ______.
Glucagon.
Which wheat protein responsible for celiac disease?
Gliadin
Explain Sterilization.
Describes a product that is free of all pathogens and MOs; used mainly for medical purposes
How many foodborne illness cases every year?
48 million
what is the main difference in the manufacturing steps between red and white wine production?
red wine is fermented w/ the grape skins on
What are the component of a freeze dryer?
Heating system, refrigeration system, vacuum system, condenser
Oat botanical name?
Avena sativa
According to research reported by the United Press International, what is the most recognized smell in the world: A.popcorn, B.peanut butter, C.coffee, or D.freshly baked bread?
C. coffee
What is BHT and what is it used for?
Butylated hydroxytoluene; phenolic antioxidant used to preserve fats and oils
What is the most common stabilizer used in the production of chocolate milk?
Carrageenen
Which of the following molds has a foot cell: Aspergillus, Penicillium, or Alternaria?
Aspergillus.
What are some disadvantages of aseptic processing?
over processing, not easy to ensure the sterility of all equipment used in the process, products that contain particulates processed at high temperatures lose shape and form during the heating and cooling steps
Which food preservation process uses low levels of radiation to kill pathogens in food products?
Irradiation
What three parameters determine hold tube length?
residence time, system flow rate, hold tube internal diameter
Enzymatic browning occurs in fruits and vegetables by which enzyme?
Polyphenol oxidase
What enzyme is used to tenderize meat?
Papain
sweet chocolate must contain what percent chocolate liquor?
15%
What is the type of packaging called where the headspace is flushed with a mixture of gases at the time of packaging so that the fresh product finds it difficult to respire?
Modified Atmosphere Packaging or Controlled Atmosphere Packaging
What 5 general provisions were established in the 1958 Food Additives Amendment?
1)Additives were defined; 2)Burden of proof for approval shifted to industry;3)Delaney Clause outlawed carcinogens;4)GRAS list was established;5)GMP's were established
What gives the light blue color to milk?
The light blue color of milk is primarily due to the scattering of light by casein micelles and the presence of riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
What popular drink did a Dutch medical professor produce in his laboratory while trying to come up with a blood cleanser that could be sold in drugstores?
Gin
What are the gums that are naturally found in soybean oil, and how are they removed?
Phospholipids; removed by adding water to the oil and allowing centrifugation to separate the gum.
What are the biological catalysts that promote a wide variety of biochemical reactions?
Enzymes
What alternative sweetener is banned in the U.S. but is approved for use in Canada?
Cyclamates--banned in US in 1969
Steam table disease is caused by consumption of meat dishes adequately cooked but held at 50-55 degrees C for several hours. the causative agent is _____________.
Clostridium perfringens
What is the common name for a 10 carbon saturated fatty acid?
Capric
What does AACC stand for?
American Association of Cereal Chemists
With regards to dairy products, RBSA stands for?
Recombinant bovine serum albumin
A plant hormone that is sometimes called the "ripening hormone" is ...
Ethylene
What does MPN stand for?
Most Probable Number
The Maillard reaction is a reaction between what two specific components in foods
Reducing sugar and amino acid
What method of turkey preparation is commonly seen in the South?
Deep frying
What is DSC and what is it used for?
Differential Scanning Calorimetry. It is used to evaluate molecular transitions as a function of temperature (enthalpy).
Name two factors that determine meat quality grade.
Marbling and maturity
Which refrigerant is the trademark for a family of fluorocarbons manufactured by DuPont and commonly used as refrigerants, solvents, and in other applications.
Freon
What's the meaning of salting in and salting out?
Salting out decreases solubility (precipitating proteins), salting in increases solubility.
What is a truffle?
An edible fungus
When was the "food guide pyramid" unveiled by the secretary of agriculture Edward Madigan?
April 1992
When was the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act enacted?
1990
What colorant is added to make foods white?
Titanium dioxide.
What does the term "polydisperse" describe?
Range of molecular weight (MW).
According to FDA, what is the only fish that produces real caviar?
Sturgeon
What is a transformation in terms of biotechnology?
Genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s). Bacteria can acquire new genetic material by taking up free DNA (often plasmids) from their surroundings.
Emulsifying proteins are called what because of their ability to harden during the cooking cycle?
heat-coagulable proteins