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Nutrition
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Which digestive organ has the highest concentration of lactase enzyme?
Small intestine
Maple syrup urine disease are advised to have a diet free of:
Branched chain amino acids, Medium chain fatty acids, short chain fatty acids, monosaccharides
BCAAs
The levels of intake of essential nutrient considered adequate for meeting the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy persons is called what?
RDA
Which of the following is considered the strongest muscle in the human body?
A. Biceps brachii
B. Triceps brachii
C. Gluteus maximus
D. Rectus abdominis
C. Gluteus maximus
Which disease is caused by niacin deficiency, characterized by diarrhea, dementia and dermatitis?
Answer: pellagra
In areas where corn was introduced as a staple crop a new disease soon developed. What is the disease and what causes it?
Pellagra, Niacin deficiency (50-80% of corn's niacin is unavailable)
Manganese is a trace element that is an essential nutrient for humans. List 5 foods that are good sources of manganese.
raisin bran cereals, brown rice, oatmeal, spinach, pineapple, nuts
What are the units for basal metabolic rate?
J/hkg bodymass
Nutritionist refer to beta – carotene as ...
Pro – vitamin A
Starvation due to a lack of food is called:
Marasmus
Why are phytates considered to be anti-nutritional?
phytates bind/complex with metal ions and make the metals less bioavailable, most commonly with divalent ions (Ca, Fe, etc)
Does 1 cup of spinach have more, the same or less calcium than 1 cup of ice cream?
more (spinach = 244 mg, ice cream = 176mg)
What 3 foods contain a high availability of Silicon?
meat, milk, and beer
Products of starch hydrolysis having little to no sweetness (D.E. value <20), and commonly used as cryoprotectants and fat replacers are known as: ___________?
maltodextrins
What is the enzyme from pineapple that has medicinal uses?
Bromelain
What is the name of the Vitamin B1?
Thiamine
What is the only essential vitamin not found in the white potato?
Vit A
What biomolecules are identified by the following acronyms: FAD, NAD+, ATP
arginine, cysteine, glutamine, tyrosine, glycine, proline, and serine.
Arrange the following 4 cheese from highest to lowest protein content: cheddar, swiss, cottage, feta
cottage, feta, cheddar, swiss
What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?
anabolism = synthesis; catabolism = breakdown
Probiotic & prebiotic combined are called?
synbiotic
Vitamin D enhances the absorption of what two minerals?
phosphorus and calcium
2 ketogenic amino acids
lysine, leucine
What is a functional food?
a typical food that has had specific nutrients added to it.
Which food component is used to accurately determine digestibility? Lipid, amino acid, fiber
Fiber
To the nearest percentage, what will be the percent of calories from fat in a product that contains four grams of fat, four grams of protein and five grams of carbohydrate?
Fat 9 kcal, CHO 4kcal, protein 4kcal; fat calories = (4*4+4*5+4*9 = 72), (4*5/72 = 50%)
How many essential amino acids are required by adults?
What sterol synthesized by plant upon exposure to UV convert to Vit D
ergosterol
Trans fatty acids occur in what animal?
Ruminant animals like cow
One sulfur containing amino acid?
methionine, cysteine
What are three symptoms of vit A toxicity?
Fatigue, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, joint or bone pain, loss of appetite, blurred vision, liver damage
Rank the following lipoproteins by size: HDL, VLDL< IDL, chylomicrons
chylomicrons>VLDL>IDL>LDL>HDL
What compounds found in many brassicas can be both cancer-protective and goitrogenic?
glucosinolates
What is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide?
Iron deficiency is the most common and widespread nutritional disorder in the world.
Which of the following foods should a sulfite-sensitive individual avoid?
wine, frozen hash brown potatoes, fruit cocktail with maraschino cherries, sauerkraut (ALL)
What is the retinol equivalent?
a unit used for quantifying the vitamin A value of sources of vitamin A, includingboth preformed retinoids in animal foods and precursor carotenoids in plantfoods. RE is defined as 3.3 International Units of vitamin A. 1 retinol equivalent = 6 ?g ?-carotene or 1 ?g retinol.
A vitamin that is a 6-carbon compound with a very similar structure to glucose and is found in fruits and vegetables is what?
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Give the food pyramid.
My pyramid includes grains, vegetables, fruits, milk and beans and excerise
What is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius?
Calorie
The best Vitamin A precursor that occurs in food is called
B-carotene
Manganese is a trace element that is an essential nutrient for humans. List 5 foods that are good sources of manganese.
raisin bran cereals, brown rice, oatmeal, spinach, pineapple, nuts
What is the vitamin most associated with antioxidant activity in PUFAs?
vitamin E
Which vit increases Ca absorption?
Vit D
What are three positive effects of thermal processing on the nutritive value of foods?
inactivation of degradative enzymes (destruction of anti-nutrients) increased bioavailability of nutrients, reduction of microbes
Amino acid found exclusively in animal based protein and milk is considered essential to cats and infants?
Taurine
Name five items that must be on a food label.
Name (statement of identity), weight (Net contents of the package), nutritional label, contact information, List of ingredients
The deficiency of what mineral results in a goiter?
Iodine
Which amino acids are excpeotionally high in nuts?
Arginine
What pigment is a precursor to vitamin A?
Beta-carotene
What is the nutritional claim that can be made when a product serving is less than 140 mg of sodium?
Low sodium
This compound is a polymer of glucose. The adult human body usually contains less than a pound. Most of it is found in the liver and muscle.
Glycogen
From what amino acid is serotonin derived?
L-tryptophan
A deficiency in what vitamin can result in hypochromic, microcytic anemia?
pyridoxine
What organ stores bile for release?
Gallbladder
What polysaccharide from crustecean shells lowers cholesterol?
chitin
Aspartame, an artificial sweetener, should not be consumed by people with what metabolic condition?
PKU
What is the difference between folate and folic acid?
Folate is a naturally occuring B vitamin. Folic acid is the synthetic form of this vitamin.
What type of water can be used as a substitute for blood plasma?
Coconut water
What is ageusia?
The inability to taste
What is the brand of seasonings/spices most often used in the US?
Mccormick
Phytic acid has what detrimental effect?
Chelates minerals
In the 2024 Academy award nominated movie 'The Holdovers', one of the central characters suffers from Trimethylaminuria, What is the main characteristic, symptom, or effect of Trimethylaminuria condition?
The person's body cannot breakdown TMA and smells like rotten fishes.
What is the function of erythromycin?
antibiotic
What are the units of basal metabolic rate?
Answer: Joule/hour/kilogram body mass or watt (joule/second) to ml O2/min
What two essential amino acids contain Sulfur?
Cysteine, methionine
Hitting the wall is a term runner sometimes uses to describe A. dehydration, B. competition, C. indigestion, D glucose depletion
D. Glucose depletion
How do you calculated amount of protein a person needs per day?
0.8*kg body weight
Which enzyme is found in saliva and promotes the digestion of the breakdown of starch in the mouth?
Amylase
Name 4 types of lipoproteins.
VLDL, LDL, HDL, IDL, chylomicrons
What is the term that describes food where an ingredient, such as a vitamin or mineral, has been added for dietary purposes only?
fortified
What is the main difference between a food intolerance and a food allergy?
food intolerance deals with the digestive system and food allergy with the immune system
What is another name for Vitamin E?
Tocopherol
Define a calorie and specify the number of calories obtained from the consumption of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat
a calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by one degree centigrade. Carbohydrates and proteins: 4 kCal/g and fat 9 kcal/g. Remember that one food calorie is one kilocalorie in physics.
Give the names of the essential fatty acids for human nutrition.
Linoleic and a-Linolenic acids
What is a measurement based on weight gain of a test subject divided by its intake of a particular food protein during the test period?
Protein efficiency ratio (PER)
The deficiency of which vitamins causes the following diseases: Scurvy, Beriberi, and Pellagra
Vitamin C, Thiamin, and Niacin
Cow's milk is considered to be an ideal food for human health being rich in vitamins and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus however milk lacks one very important mineral. Which one is that?
iron
In asia, to prevent the occurrence of Beriberi, rice is fortified with what nutrient?
thiamine (Vitamin B1)
Typical caloric value of gram of caramel color.
4 Cal
What are the 2 main components of Vit C?
Ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid
What vitamin deficiencies caused the following deficiencies scurvy, Berry, Berry and pellagra?
What is the Recommended Daily Allowance for Calcium?
1000 mg for adults
Egg yolks are one of the few food that naturally contain which vitamin?
Vit D
Rickets is caused by?
Vit D deficiency
What are the 2 main functions of the pancreas?
exocrine function: aids in digestion, endocrine function: regulates blood sugar levels
What is the conversion of protein to glucose called?
Gluconeogenesis
What is the difference between glucose and glycogen? Where is glycogen found in abundance in the human body?
Glycogen is a readily mobilized storage form of glucose. It is a very large, branched polymer of glucose residues that can be broken down to yield glucose molecules when energy is needed. Most of the glucose residues in glycogen are linked by ?-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Glycogen is found in abundance in liver and skeletal muscle tissue.
Hyperkeratinization, xerosis, bitot's spots, keratomalacia, and hyperkeratosis are symptoms of a deficiency of ________?
vitamin A
How many different amino acids are there?
20
What protein is universally considered to be nutritionally complete?
casein
What is dehydroalanine? Which amino acids may form dehydroalanine? What is the significance of dehydroalanine in food?
dehydroalanine is a highly reactive product of the heating or alkaline treatment of protein; it arises via a post translational modification of serine or cysteine.; dehydroalanine may produce protein cross links from its reaction with other amino acids decreasing that protein's nutritive value
Our bodies are composed of the following nutrients put them in order of least concentrated to most concentrated carbohydrates, vitamins, protein, water, minerals and fat.
vitamin, carbohydrates, minerals, protein, fat, water
The INQ or "index of nutritional quality" for a nutrient in a food is ...
a ratio between the amount of nutrient in food/calorie and the human need or allowance for that nutrient/calorie
What provides the most adsorbable iron? A. 1 apple, B. 1 cup milk, C. 3 oz steak, d. ½ cup spinach
C. 3 oz steak
What is the compound in rhubarb, spinach and beets that result in kidney stone formation?
Calcium oxalate
What is the common name for 4-amino-2-methyl-1-napthol?
Vitamin K (other names include menadiol acetate, menadiol sodium phosphate, and phylloquinone)
Cholesterol may be a source of what vitamin?
D
Which food has the highest fiber content? Five prunes, ½ cup cooked lentils, 2 cups iceberg lettuce, or ¾ cup bran flakes
1/2 cup cooked lentils
Name the nutritional disorder and the nutritional deficiency characterized by four "D's": diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death
Pellagra, niacin deficiency
What is the approximate fat content(in %) of the following foods? 1 serving of each, Chicken breast, no skin (4 ounces), salmon, king crab, leg of lamb
Chicken breast, no skin, 49%
Salmon, 10%
King crab~2%
Leg of lamb – 21%
How many calories do you consume every time you lick a stamp?
1/10th of a calorie
If a food label states it is a rich source of calcium, what does that mean?
20% or more of the daily value
Name 3 blood plasma lipid classes
HDL, LDL, VLDL
Classify the dietary fibers as soluble or insoluble: cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, inulin, lignin, microcrystalline cellulose
What is the conversion factor of kilocalories to kilo joules?
4.184 kilojoules per kilo calorie
Recommended RDA for iron for a woman age 19-50?
18 mg
The Cory cycle is the metabolic pathway that transports what compound from muscles to blood to liver?
Lactate
What amino acid requires cats to be obligate carnivores? Cysteine, tryptophan, taurine, alanine
Taurine
What are the major antibodies present in the primary and secondary antibody responses?
for primary response that is IgM and for secondary response that is IgG
Aspartame contains which 2 amino acids?
Phenylalanine and aspartic acid
Vitamin B6 supplement contain the chemical form of which vitamin?
Pyridoxine
Foods are fortified with iodine and to prevent which disease
Goiter
What is the definition of essential amino acids?
amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be present in the diet
Deficiency of what vitamin is associated with neural tube defects?
folate (B9)
In Canada, what is the minimum protein rating as a source of protein?
20
What is a detrimental effect of phytic acid?
It chelates minerals, preventing absorption of minerals such as iron and zinc.
Why is skim milk fortified with Vitamin A?
Vitamin A is lost during processing.
Rank sweetness from least to most of the following compounds: sucralose, Acesulfame K, neotame, saccahrine
AceK, saccharin, sucralose, neotame
Give 3 methods for assessing protein quality.
BV, per, net protein utilization, amino acid score, net protein ratio, relative protein value, PDCAAS
The deficiencies of what cause these diseases: scurvy, beri beri, pellagra
Scurvy: vitamin C; beri beri: thiamine; pellagra: niacin
According to the FAO, a serving a magnesium supplement must contain a minimum of what percentage of the recommended daily intake?
15%.
What is the polysaccharide that is the main storage form of carbohydrate, largely stored in the liver, with lesser amounts in muscle tissue?
Glycogen
What term describes the state of chemical and metabolic equilibrium?
homeostasis
What amino acid is essential for new born, especially premature born?
Arginine
What 2 vitamins are required for cell division?
folacin and B12 (cobalamin)
What respiratory condition might cause someone to be allergic to cysteine?
asthmatics
What is the pH of chyme in human stomach?
about 2
What is the name of the childhood disease that results from a deficiency in vitamin D?
Rickets
What are the limiting amino acids in corn, potatoes, and green peas?
corn – lysine, potatoes – methionine, green peas - methionine
What vitamin contains cobalt?
Answer: vitamin B 12
Where is 25 hydroxycholecalciferol hydroxylated to produce the active form of vitamin D?
kidney
Which section of the gastrointestinal tract is the major area of adsorption of nutrients?
small intestine
What 5 vitamins and minerals are enriched in flour?
Thiamine, folate, iron, riboflavin, niacin
Why is raw soybean meal not as good a source of essential proteins as cooked or heat processed soybean meal?
soybeans contain trypsin inhibitors which reduce digestibility of soy protein; heating denatures the inhibitors
Vitamin deficiencies cause many diseases. For each of the following give the vitamin deficiency it is associated with. Xerophthalmia, Korsakoff’s syndrome, scurvy, pellagra, Wernicke’s encephalopathy, rickets
Xerophthalmia – vitamin A
Korsakoff’s syndrome – thiamine (or vitamin B-1)
Scurvy – vitamin C
Wernicke’s encephalopathy – vitamin B (vitamin B1 is also acceptable)
Rickets – vitamin D
What vitamin naturally occurs only in animal materials such as meat, milk, eggs, and the like?
Vit A
What enzyme converts starches to sugars and is present in saliva?
Amylase
Name the 3 principal nutrients used to enrich rice.
thiamin, niacin, iron
What do you have to correct for after total dietary fiber
nitrogen in ash fro protein
Name 7 of the 14 mandatory dietary components that must appear on the nutrition facts panel as stated in the Nutrition labeling and education act of 1990.
total calories, dietary fiber, trans fat, sugars, total fat, Vitamin A, Cholesterol, Vitamin C, saturated fat, sodium, iron, calcium, total carbohydrate, protein
What vitamin is produced from cholesterol in the body?
vitamin D
Table salt is fortified with iodine to prevent which disorder?
Goiter
Name two cellular function of iron in microbes.
Required for enzymatic functions, protein absorption
What mineral is a major challenge in the fortification of many foods and beverages because of its poor taste and large daily value of 3.5 grams per day?
potassium.
Name one method of cholesterol removal.
Exercise?
Which disease caused by niacin deficiency is designated by dermatitis?
pellagra
What does the acronym NPN stand for?
Non-protein nitrogen
What is food intolerance?
a person has difficulty digesting a particular food.
What sweeters are used in Coke zero sugar in the US?
aspartame and acesulfame K
Give two dicarboxylic amino acids.
Glutamic acid and aspartic acid
What are designer foods?
foods fortified with health promoting ingredients
What organ converts lactic acid to glucose?
Liver
Brazil Nuts are rich in what mineral?
Selenium
Which of the statements about dietary fast is NOT true? A. consumption of fat should be <30% of daily calories. B. the healthiest diet contains no meat. C. moderate amounts of fat are essential for fat-soluble vitamin absorption or D. Fat adds flavor
B. Healthiest diet contains no meat.
What is the protein efficiency ratio (PER) of casein?
How much energy to you get from a gram of carbohydrates?
4 kilocalories
Which of the following foods are considered a source of complete protein?
A. chicken B. soybean C. yogurt D. A & C, E. all of the above
E
The principle lipid component in milk is the class called which of the following: A) steroids B) phospholipids C) triacylglycerides
C) triacylglycerides
Name the nutraceutical component of following: Green tea, ginger, wine, turmeric
Green tea: catechin, Ginger: gingerol , Wine: resveratrol, turmeric: curcumin
Lysine, an essential amino acid is commercially produced by which genus of bacterium for use as a food additive?
Brevibacterium
What is the purpose of catabolic processes?
break down complex compounds to release energy
Ketosis, the buildup of ketones in the blood, can be caused by dietary insufficiency of _________________.
carbohydrates
In the 2024 Academy award nominated movie 'The Holdovers', one of the central characters suffers from Trimethylaminuria, What is the main characteristic, symptom, or effect of Trimethylaminuria condition?
The person's body cannot breakdown TMA and smells like rotten fishes.
Which of the following food has a highest amount of zinc, per gram?
a ground beef b. chickpeas., c. oysters
Essential amino acids.
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine
What is the nutritional claim on a bottle of regular Coca-Cola?
very low sodium 35 mg or less per 240mL
% protein in nuts: chest nut, hazel nuts, peanuts, pecan, pistachios
Give the numerical factor for converting %N to %crude protein to one decimal point for: soybeans, dairy products, meat products.
soy = 5.7, dairy = 6.4, meat = 6.3
Which vitamin contains cobalt?
vitamin B12 or cyanocobalamin
A high intake of which vitamin can mask a vitamin B12 deficiency?
Folate
What disease is associated with immune response to gluten?
Celiac disease
What is kwashiorkor?
protein malnutrition in the presence of adequate calories
Iron can be found in 2 different forms in food. What are these 2 forms and what types of foods are they found in?
Heme – animals
Non-heme - plants
Give the order of sweetness for sucrose, maltose, trehalose, and fructose.
trehalose
Soy protein isolates have at least what percent protein?
90
What two agencies publish updated dietary guidelines in US every five years?
USDA and HHS
What fat soluble vitamin has a well-known role as an antioxidant?
Vitamin E
Name the 4 fat-soluble vitamins.
A, D, E, and K
Beriberi is caused by a deficiency of what vitamin?
B1
Which pigment in tomatoes has disease-preventing characteristics?
lycopene
Which vitamin increases calcium and phosphorus absorption and promotes healthy bones?
Vitamin D
Why can goats eat grass and paper while humans cannot?
Bacteria present in their stomachs break down the cellulose
Put the following foods in order from least to greatest based on the grams of carbs per serving. 5-inch pancake, 8 oz flavored yogurt, 10 oz skim milk, 1 cup of bean chili, ½ cup applesauce
½ cup applesauce (5)
5-inch pancake (15)
10 oz skim milk (15)
1 cup chilli with beans (30)
8 oz flavored yogurt (45)
What is deglutition?
the act or process of swallowing food
Why are linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids considered essential fatty acids?
n-6 and n-3 cannot be synthesized in the human body
What is the term for the ratio of carbon dioxide evolved to oxygen consumed?
respiratory quotient
Which nutrient enhances iron absorption from the intestinal tract?
Vitamin C
Chocolate prevents dental caries.
True
FAO Mg supplement should have what % of RDA minimum?
0.15
In a single serving of 100g of food containing 23 grams of fat and 400 total calories, what percent of the calories come from fat?
51.75
How many vitamins are there in all?
13
What may happen in the lower aesophagal sphincter if not closed tight enough after eating?
Acid reflux
Those that contain biologically active components for health promotion are called what?
Nutraceuticals
What compound can be smelled on a person's breath during ketosis?
Acetone
Explain the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
Anorexia nervosa: Self-starvation
Bulimia nervosa: Repeatitive cycles of binge eating alternating with self-induced vomiting or starvation
List the following grains from high to low based on their glycemic index.
Rye, barley, wheat, white rice and quinoa
Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate from glycolysis goes to what cycle in the mitochondria?
Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs Cycle/ TCA
What is the disease caused by a deficiency of thiamin, and is common where polished rice is a major dietary item?
Beriberi
What is the measure of protein quality using weight gain in experimental animals when fed test item?
protein efficiency ratio(PER)
Name, a non digestible food ingredient that may affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and or activity of one or limited number of beneficial bacteria in the colon.
Prebiotics
Ingestion of high levels of mercury (or mercury intoxication) interferes with the function of which essential mineral in the brain?
Selenium
What are 3 folic acid rich foods?
leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits and juices, beans lentils, fortified breakfast cereals, broccoli
What is the concentration of casein and whey in the protein fraciton of cow's milk?
~82% of milk protein is casein & 18% is serum, or whey protein
What vitamin can be synthesized from tryptophan, and what disease does its deficiency cause?
niacin, pellagra
Name one of the two hormones known as the hunger hormones.
Leptin, ghrelin
Which vitamins are destroyed by alcohol?
B complex vitamins
What are the 3 positively charged amino acids?
lysine, arginine and histidine
Explain the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
Anorexia nervosa: Self-starvation
Bulimia nervosa: Repeatitive cycles of binge eating alternating with self-induced vomiting or starvation
What is the function of erythromycin?
Answer: Antibiotic
Hyperuricemia or the buildup of excessive uric acid results in what?
Gout
What are the sugar alcohols formed by the reduction of the following sugars: glucose, fructose, and xylose?
sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol
What 4 seeds are considered to be the richest iron source with 1.3-4.3 mg per 2 tablespoons?
Pumpkin seeds, sesame, flax and hemp
The caloric content of a large egg is A- 50, B-70, C - 100, D - 125
b. 70
In 2010, how many calories are in a McDonald's' Big Mac?
Marasmus is a type of PEM disease. What does PEM stand for?
Protein Energy Malnutrition
What is the cholesterol content of peanuts?
0
Daily nutritional value of protein for women 19-50 yrs old?
46 g
What elements does glutathione transferase require?
selenium
What is the amount of energy to raise the temperature of 2 grams of water from 14.5 deg C to 15.5 deg C?
2 cal
Which 2 elements increase Vitamin D adsorption?
Ca and Phosphorous
What trace mineral helps with the metabolism and movement of glucose?
Chromium
What is resistant starch resistant to?
digestion by pancreatic enzymes
What are any of the conducting cells of the nervous system called?
Neurons
Which of the following is considered the strongest muscle in the human body?
A. Biceps brachii
B. Triceps brachii
C. Gluteus maximus
D. Rectus abdominis
C. Gluteus maximus
What term refers to microorganisms added to the diet in order to provide health benefits beyond basic nutritive value?
probiotics
What are the deficiency and toxicity symptoms of vitamin D?
Isohumulone is the precursor compound that reacts with light to what vitamin to cause skunky flavor in beer?
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Why are linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acid considered essential fatty acids?
Answer: they are omega 3 fatty acids taken through diet, because they cannot be synthesized by humans (N six and N three fatty acids cannot be synthesized in vivo)
Which mineral can be used as an antioxidant?
selenium
What has the least number of calories: raw potatoes or potatoes boiled in their skin?
raw potatoes
PDCAAS stands for?
protein digestibility corrected amino acid score
What fat soluble vitamin has antioxidant properties?
55
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