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Why can goats eat grass and paper while humans cannot?
Bacteria present in their stomachs break down the cellulose
Glass is composed of what 3 materials?
Sand (SiO2), soda ash ( Na2CO3), and Limestone (CaCO3)
Ergotism 17th century case
Salem witch trials
Which vegetable is the immature flower bud thistle found in sunflower family
Artichoke
What is the web address for IFT?
www.ift.org
bromelain from pineapple, ficin from figs, papain from papaya, trypsin from pancreas may all be added to meat to serve as what type of agent
tenderizer
Marasmus is a type of PEM disease. What does PEM stand for?
Protein Energy Malnutrition
Why is the recommended storage temperature for potatoes greater than 25 degrees C?
Lower temperatures result in more reducing sugar formation creating the potential for browning (called Cold-Induced Sweetening)
What happens to the cartilaginous ends of vertebrae as animals age?
Ossification; They ossify
hydroxylation of lysine to hydroxylysine in collagen is an important step leading to what
conversion of a-chains, b and g chains (crosslinks),,, The collagen molecules are then spontaneously self-assembled into a fibril and stabilized by covalent intra- and inter-molecular covalent cross-linking
4 quarts
gallon
Between which two ribs is a lamb shoulder properly separated from a lamb rack?
The 4th and 5th ribs
What is a mycotoxin?
Secondary metabolites produced by microfungi that can cause disease and death in humans and animals.
The animal fat which is characterized by containing appreciable amounts of shorter chain fatty acids (C4 – C12) is
Milk fat
What are the main stages of canning?
heating phase (removal of air, come-up time, holding time at processing temperature), cooling phase
Name two factors that determine meat quality grade.
Marbling and maturity
What is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide?
Iron deficiency is the most common and widespread nutritional disorder in the world.
What happens to the melting point of a lipid/oil when its overall level of saturation is increased?
melting point increases
what are the five types of bonds found in proteins?
Peptide, Ionic, disulfide, Hydrogen, hydrophobic interactions
What is the rendered form of beef and mutton fat called?
tallow
FDA has recently approved a Western Center for Food Safety. At which University is this center located?
University of California - Davis
What drupaceous fruit were Hawaiian women once forbidden by law from eating?
coconut
tests for which two bacteria must be conducted under the final rule on pathogen reduction and HACCP?
generic E. coli and salmonella
Which act established Land grant universities in 1862?
Land-Grant College Act
resistance temperature detectors, also known as RTD are PTC sensors. What does PTC stand for?
positive temperature coefficient
what graphs the relationship betwee water content and water activity?
sorption isotherm
Where are lipovitellin and livetins found?
in egg yolks
What organ converts lactic acid to glucose?
Liver
What is an indicator organism?
An organism used to test changes in water quality conditions or food microbiological analysis by detecting for the presence of harmful pathogens .
How many carbon atoms are in one molecule of beta-carotene?
40 (most carotenoids are made up of 8 isoprene units)
the causative agent of typhoid fever is
salmonella typhi
Which fruit has its seeds on the outside?
The strawberry
What is the term the FDA uses to describe the maximum amount or natural or unavoidable decfects in a products?
defect action levels
In meat processing, what does the acronym STPP stand for and what is its primary function?
Sodium Tripolyphosphate - increases yields - increases pH --> more water holding capacity of meat proteins
In which year was the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act enacted?
1967
In material/energy balance for continuous processes, what must also be considered?
time
What is the primary purpose of retorting low aci canned foods?
reduce spores of C. bot by 10^12
Pig belly
bacon
during typical food heating, what is the starting size of gap that microwaves cannot pass through?
0.122 m to 0.328 m
what value measures the heat resistance of a microorganism?
D-value
Mezcal
Taquila when cannot be called tequila
on 9/30/85, IFT OSPA became a functioning entity with the goal to establish IFT as the authoritative source of info on food science and technology. What does the acronym OSPA stand for
office of scientific public affairs
On what binomial probability is the triangle test based
1/3rd or 33%
The protein that is about 58% of all egg white protein is called _____
ovalbumin
What was the original name for cheerios
Cheerioats
In what year was the first Nicolas Appert award awarded?
1942
What are the 2 distinct syndromes of B. cereus gastroenteritis?
vomiting (emetic) type, diarrhea type
which mineral can be used as an antioxidant?
selenium
Which kind of Carageenan is associated with the formation of a thixotropic gel?
iota carrageenan
what are the spore-forming foodborne pathogens?
bacteria such as the Bacillus and Clostridium species are able to form spores. These spores, also referred to as endospores, are the dormant form of vegetative bacteria and are highly resistant to physical and chemical influences.
Name heat resistant enzyme use in modern PCR
THQ Polymerase
who won the william cruess award?
Soo-Yeun Lee
What common enzyme can be used to modify lipids from their original triacylglycerol form?
Lipase
What type of carotenoid predominates in wheat flour?
xanthophyll and its esters (no vit. A activity)
sauerkraut results from what type of fermentation process
lactic acid
what is the nonprotein portion of myoglobin
Heme
The water content of lean beef muscle normally ranges from A) 40-50% B) 70-75% C) 90-95%
B) 70-75%
What is the name of the Fruit Loops mascot?
Toucan Sam
As of 2005, what is the official soft drink of Maine?
Moxie
The protein efficiency ratio (PER) is the ratio of weight gained by rats fed test protein to those fed what protein?
Casein
How many times more acidic is something with a pH of 2 than a substance with a pH of 5?
1000x more
Inosine methylene blue agar
Lactose fermenting
What are covalent chemical bonds linking two consecutive amino acid monomers along a protein chain called?
peptide bonds
A difference of ___ BCU is estimated to be a visual difference in a product
0.1
Which of the following is used to see whether or not milk has been pasteurized? A - phosphatase test, B - refractometer test, C - Jelmeter test, D - Acidophilus test
a – phosphatase test/ Alkaline Phosphatase test.
The sterilization value, also known as F sub zero describes what?
the integrated impact of time and temperature on the microbial population, expressed as time at the reference temperature, calculated by using the lethal rate times heating time
In 2008, the author of Modern Food Microbiology, currently in its 7 revision, passed away. Who is this author?
James Jay
What is another name of vitamin E?
Tocopherol
how are two piece jar lids made
draw and redraw
What is the flavor that is created from the two chemicals of S – (1- propenyl) – L – cysteine sulfoxide and thiopropanol – S oxide ?
Onions
Why are linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acid considered essential fatty acids?
Answer: they are omega 3 fatty acids taken through diet, because they cannot be synthesized by humans (N six and N three fatty acids cannot be synthesized in vivo)
Difference between glucose and galactose
4th carbon hydroxyl group orientation
Name the two major meat proteins that are salt soluble
myosin and actin
what is flash cooling?
the process of removing heat, moisture, and entrained air from the product prior to filling
what are the approximate temperatures at which fermentation takes place for ale and lager beers
ale: 10~23.9 C, lager: 0-12.8 C
Does a smaller or larger electrode gap result in faster heating of the product?
smaller electrode gap
What is a psychrometric chart?
A psychrometric chart is a graphical representation of the psychrometric processes of air. Psychrometric processes include physical and thermodynamic properties such as dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, humidity, enthalpy, and air density.
what are the 3 regions of IR radiation?
near-IR, mid-IR, and far-IR
How long does a patent last?
20 years from the date filed. Note: the patent holder is required to pay maintenance fees to keep his patent valid
A thermal death curve plots ___ against _____.
temperature vs. time
Which genera contains bacteria that can fluoresce and contains members that commonly cause spoilage of fresh cut vegetables and meats?
Answer: Pseudomonas flurescens
Fear of cooking
Mageirocophobia
what company produces and markets sterling silver beef and pork and cattleman's selection beef?
Excel (Cargill)
Higher alcohols esterified with fatty acids are called?
Waxes
what is the most prevalent mineral in egg shell?
calcium
The uncurling of tea leaves when hot water is poured on
The agony of leaves
What organism is included in the fermented sausage starter culture?
Pediococcus cerivicea
What is the cause of cardboard flavor in milk.?
Answer: oxidation of fat
the n-acetylmuramidase enzyme found in egg whites that hydrolyzes the cell walls of gram positive bacteria has the common name
lysozyme
what test is used to measure the viability of starter culture during the fermentation of cottage cheese?
Ta, TTA, or titratable acidity
Why was the Animal Crackers box designed with a string handle?
The animal shaped cookie treats were introduced in 1902 as a Christmas novelty and packaged so they would be hung from the Christmas tree
Kielbasa is a polish sausage made primarily of coarsely ground pork with some amount of beef blended in. What is the typical seasoning used in Kielbasa?
Garlic
What is the major nutraceutical compound found in red wine and grape skins?
reservatrol
What is the protein content of straight (hard wheat) flour used for making white bread?
12-14% protein
deficiency of what vitamin is associated with neural tube defects
folate (B9)
why is flash cooling important?
it produces a consistent product density
What food is most associated with the foodborne illness agent enterobacter sakazakii
Infant formula
The generally accepted oldest food law is the right Hi Scott law which defines beer can contain what three ingredients
Barley or malt as well as water but the third ingredient is hops.
3 cereal grains most consumed:
Wheat, rice, corn
What is the flavor enhancer manufactured from glutamic acid?
MSG- Monosodium Glutamate
where is 25 hydroxycholecalciferol hydroxylated to produce the active form of vitamin D
kidney
What are the dispersed and continuous phases of each of the following: Foam, aerosol, emulsion
Dispersed: gas, liquid or solid, liquid;Continuous:liquid or solid, gas, liquid
Integration of lethality will determine which value
F sub zero
Who was the first "celebrity chef", cooking on a show called "Chez Bon Viveur"?
Fanny Cradock
another name for thermal resistance constant is
z-value
How did pound cake get its name?
One pound quantities of the key ingredients (sugar, butter, eggs and flour in the original recipe)
The odor of spoilt fish is due to :
TMA (trimethylamine) (TMAO is acceptable)
What is the most common preservative in processed meats?
Salt
What is the name of a polypeptide antibiotic produced by some streptococcus lactis strains?
Nisin
What genus and species is used in the manufacture of blue cheese?
Penicillium roqueforti
What is the sensory effect that results from the interaction of calcium and pectin
Texture (firming)
what are the main protein types in corn? Oats? Rice?
corn-prolamins, oats-globulins, rice-globulin
Name 2 types of retorts
still (not agitating, vertical, horizontal, hydrostatic), agitating
What is the process of adding salt, sugar and sodium nitrate for the purpose of color developments over enhancement preservation and safety
Curing
what is the measurement of oxygen utilized in the stabilization of organic matter by microorganisms over a 5 day period at 20 C called?
biological oxygen demand
Tonka beans have a high concentration of which dangerous compound?
coumarin
Quality assurance employees in beef packing plants routinely perform AQL tests. What does the acronym AQL represent?
Acceptable quality limits
How many IFT achievement awards will be given out at the 2018 IFT annual meeting?
19
What acid causes the pH of normal muscle to drop after slaughter?
Lactic acid
Sensory evaluation methods that are devised to measure the acceptance of a product are called Affective Tests. Give an example
A paired preference test, A preference ranking test, and The hedonic test method
what are the substrates for soy sauce?
soybean, water, salt, wheat
Which book brought attention to the effects of widespread use of pesticide?
Silent Spring
what is the maximum amount of aflatoxin allowed in food by FDA
20 ppb, .5 ppb for milk, aflatoxin 61 is the most potent known naturally-occurring liver carcinogen
The layer of connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers is called the what?
endomysium
In milk, what does lactose react with to cause maillard browning?
Lactose reacts with the free amino acid side chain of milk protein (Mainly e-amino group of lysine residue)
What protein structure refers to the spatial arrangement obtained when a linear protein chain with a secondary structure folds further into a compact three dimensional form
Tertiary structure
What does CAFO stand for?
concentrated animal feeding operation
what is the most common psychrotropic bacteria?
Pseudomonas
What is the condition caused by dehydration and oxidation from the frozen surface of a food product
freezer burn
What are the four categories of food additives established by the FDA?
GRAS, prior sanctioned, regulated, banned
Which airline was the first to have in-flight kitchen in 1937?
United Airlines
What is the single most important phase of a sterile canning operation?
retorting
What is the state mushroom of Oregon?
Pacific Golden Chanterelle
Who developed cocoa butter, cocoa powder, and the Dutching process?
Coenraad Johannes van Houten
Kirsch is a brandy made of which fruit
Cherries
What respiratory condition might cause someone to be allergic to cysteine?
asthmatics
What is the process of sterilizing the product and package separately called?
aseptic or ultra high temperature (UHT) processing
What pathogenic bacteria can grow at aw=0.86
Staph Aureus
what is deglutition
the act or process of swallowing food
This packaging material can be made by heating soda ash and sand
glass
What are the two roles of salt in bread making?
changes taste, effects rheological properties by making dough stronger
Define a calorie and specify the number of calories obtained from the consumption of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat
a calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by one degree centigrade. Carbohydrates and proteins: 4 kCal/g and fat 9 kcal/g. Remember that one food calorie is one kilocalorie in physics.
What is gingerol and where is it found?
Characteristic ginger flavor from the ginger root
Which digestive, Organ has the highest concentration of lactase enzyme
Small intestine
According to CODEX Al, extra virgin olive oil difference?
Oleic acid content
What are the major antioxidants found in Rosemary extract
Rosmarinic acid, carnosol and carnosic acid
What is the concentration of casein and whey in the protein fraciton of cow's milk?
~82% of milk protein is casein & 18% is serum, or whey protein
What talk show host was sued by cattle producers because of an episode aired in April 1996 about Mad Cow Disease?
Oprah Winfrey
What are two types of processes that involve the removal of thermal energy and at what temperatures are these two processes?
refrigeration (40 F or 4.4 C) and freezing 0 F or -17.8 C)
The bitter glucoside in olives is called ______________
Oleuropein
What is the citrus fruit "Pomme" also known as?
Grapefruit
Per Codex, what % cocoa dose semi-bitter chocolate need to be? a. 15 b. 30 c. 45 d. 70
b. 15%
What stromal protein comprises the Ligamentum nuchae?
Elastin
who is the publisher of food technology
Institute of food technologists
What is required for a product to bear the label "organic"?
Products labeled “organic” must contain at least 95 percent organically produced ingredients (excluding water and salt). Any remaining ingredients must consist of non-agricultural substances that appear on the NOP National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances.
What study was conducted in 1991, 1995, and 2000 to establish baselines for beef quality shortfalls and identify targets for desired quality levels?
National Beef Quality Audit
What is the term used to describe pork meat that has undergone a sudden decrease in pH after slaughter?
Pale, Soft, and Exudative Meat
How does fat have "shortening power"?
It interlaces between protein and starch structures and makes them tear apart easily and 'short' rather than allowing them to stretch long. This is a tenderizing effect for meat and baked goods.
What polysaccharide from crustecean shells lowers cholesterol?
chitin
When two particles merge and don't retain their properties
coalescence
what is characterized by extensive fat infiltration into muscle fibers, often caused by denervation of muscles?
Steatosis
List all the different types of thermocouples
J, K, E, T, N, B, R, S
What law of filtration rate to change in presse drop across a filter bed?
Dary's law
How many flowers are in the design stamped on each side of an oreo cookie?
twelve
What is the top selling spice in the world?
Black pepper
When ingredients are described on baker’s percentage, how are the amounts of all ingredient s determine
Weight percentage of flour
PSE pork is an important problem that occurs in certain breeds of hog. PSE stands for what?
Pale, Soft, Exudative
In 2003, the National Conference on Interstate Milk Shipments (NCIMS) unveiled a new program which dramatically changed the way Grade A Milk Processing Facilities may be inspected and listed in the IMS list. What was this program?
Voluntary HACCP program
Enzymes are used extensively by the food industry as processing aids for ingredient production. The enzymes alpha amylase, glucoamylase, and glucose isomerase are used in sequence to produce what food ingredient?
High fructose corn syrup
Gel formation in frozen egg can be prevented by
2-10% NaCl 8-10% sucrose
Cleave of K-casein by rennet gives which 2 peptides?
para-kappa casein and glycomacropeptide
While dough is being mixed, yeast produces which two compounds by anaerobic respiration?
Carbon dioxide and ethanol
Name 2 glycosidic linkages in mixed-linked glucans in oats and barley.
B-1-3 and B-1-4
name three drying methods used
spray drying, freeze drying, bed, drum, convection, sunlight, dehydration
in thermoprocessing, what is the difference between "sterility" and "commercial sterility"?
commercial sterility means the probability that spores or cells survive is low but not absolute. Sterilization means the destruction of all viable microorganisms that may be present, and they cannot grow because of pH, temperature of storage, etc.
What color is the inside of a cranberry?
white
What is triple sec?
Orange-flavored liqueur, originated in France, 20-40%
Give an example of cross potentiation
Observer perceives more bitterness in the test sample because of the tasting of sucrose has heightened his sensitivity to bitterness
What is the difference between recombinant vs. natural bovine growth hormone?
Recombinant has extra methionine
what are three positive effects of thermal processing on the nutritive value of foods?
inactivation of degradative enzymes (destruction of anti-nutrients) increased bioavailability of nutrients, reduction of microbes
What is the single most important phase of a sterile canning operation?
retorting
What is the genus and species of the fungus that caused the Irish famine?
Phytophora infestans
What is the most valuable by-product of cattle?
The hide
what is SCP?
single cell protein
What is commercial sterilization?
destroys both vegetative cells and spores of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms that would be capable of growing in the product under normal storage conditions
What is fibrous italian cheese spun curd method?
Pasta filata
What is the culinary term used to describe splitting open a bird carcass and flattening it?
butterflying or spatchcooking
What is meant by the "signature line" on a package?
the name and address of manufacturer, distributor or importer
With regard to protein gelation, define thermally irreversible gel and thermally reversible gel. Give the predominant type of inter protein bonding and an example of food gels in each classification
A thermally reversible gel forms upon cooling after heating; hydrogen bonding is primary; gelatin is an example. A thermally irreversible gel forms during heating; covalent (disulfides) is primary bonding; examples include egg white, whey protein, soy protein, etc.
Can a food be marketed as a modified food product under a standard name even if it does not meet all the requirements of the standard?
If listed as a modified or imitation version of the standard product
What is a brine of salt, water, and sugar cure?
sweet pickle
t/f Prior to dehydration, many fruits are exposed to sulfur gas in order to prevent microbial growth and browning
True
What country recently became the top producer of vanilla in the world?
Indonesia
What is the term used to describe the ratio of the viscous portion to the elastic portion
Tan delta or loss factor
What is the name of the reaction when an acid and base react to give water?
Neutralization
what is the main source of vibrio cholerae?
shellfish
Name a halophilic food infectious bacteria
Except for V. cholerae and V. mimicus, all Vibrio species are halophilic (salt requiring) Example: Vibrio parahaemolyticus
The International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians (IAMFES) have recently undergone a name change. What is the new name for this organization?
International Association for Food Protection (IAFP)
What are the 3 simple components of a radio frequency heating system?
radio frequency generator, electrodes, and product
What common farm animal is decendant of callus gallus?
Chicken
Why are the seven principle cereal grains?
Rice, corn, wheat, barley, sorghum, rye and oats
What is the name of the black spot defect in shrimp?
melanosis
A plant hormone that is sometimes called the "ripening hormone" is ...
ethylene
the muscle tissue from bone flesh of fish contain the same amount of connective tissue as that from beef. t/f
False
Give two dicarboxylic amino acids
Glutamic acid and aspartic acid
FAO, what is the % of fat in yak's milk?
4-5.9%
Who governs meat and poultry labeling?
USDA-FSIS
Why store olive oil in Dark
to prevent from photooxidation
what is the simple term for conversion of raw materials or ingredients into a consumer food product?
Food Processing & Engineering
Typical caloric value of gram of caramel color
4 Cal
What has the least number of calories: raw potatoes or potatoes boiled in their skin?
raw potatoes
what is PCR? Why is it used?
It is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and used to "amplify" - copy - small segments of DNA.
What is the name for the chord that anchor that enter egg yolk?
In a fresh egg, you can see two white cords attached to the yolk. These two cords, called chalazae, are made of twisted strands of mucin fibre, a special form of protein. The role of the chalazae are to anchor the yolk in the centre of the egg.
Typically, what color is the fat of a cow's carcass that have only been grass fed?
yellow
Commonly used fish in sushi
tuna (maguro, shiro-maguro), Japanese amberjack, yellowtail (hamachi), snapper (kurodai), mackerel (saba), and salmon (sake). The most valued sushi ingredient is toro, the fatty cut of the fish.
What are the class of food pigments which have similar structure and properties to anthocyanins, but are yellow in color called?
Flavonoids
What are fresh hams commonly called by the packing industry?
Green hams
The levels of intake of essential nutrient considered adequate for meeting the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy persons is called what?
RDA
Name a chart used in unsteady state heat transfer.
gurney-lurie chart, heisler chart
What are the bonds in mixed glucans?
β-1->3 and β-1->4
Aspartame contains which 2 amino acids?
Phenylalanine and aspartic acid
What is the definition of an oligosaccharide?
Contains 3 to 10 monosaccharides (more than 2 less than 11)
What is the monetary prize of the food disruption challenge pitch for the selected pitch as well as the people’s choice award?
$25 K for winner, $5 K for people’s choice
Name the three tests for packaging materials.
Tensile strength, moisture transmission, Oxygen transmission
What is the main component of the thick filaments in muscle cells?
Myosin
Which grain is related closely to rhubarb?
buckwheat
What are the compounds in hops that provide the bitter component and that affect the taste of beer the most?
Humulones
Why are fruits or vegetables often heated prior to maceration for juice production?
to speed up the process or to infuse flavors prior to maceration, to increase extract yield and to inactivate the enzymes
the lamb shoulder is correctly separated from the lamb rack between what ribs?
4th & 5th
What is the time between ribbing and grading of beef carcasses called that allows oxygenation of the ribeye pigments?
Bloom Time
What are 5 fatty acids found in vegetable oil?
stearic, linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and __________
Tapioca starch comes from
cassava
What is piperine and where is it found?
An alkaloid that is responsible for the strong peppery kick in black and white pepper
What are the three steps of free radical auto oxidation?
initiation propagation and termination.
What are the four main products of the corn wet-milling proces?
protein, starch, oil, fiber
The enzyme used to manufacture the liquid center of candies is:
invertase
What is the name of a flexible container made from polyolefin laminated to aluminum foil of 0.00035 to 0.00050 inch thickness?
retort pouch or retortable pouch
What is the primary protein in the thin filament of a muscle?
actin
what genus of microorganisms are most often involved with spoilage of refrigerated fresh meat, poultry, fish, and eggs?
pseudomonas
What does WVTR stand for in food packaging?
water vapor transmission rate
What is the measure of protein quality using weight gain in experimental animals when fed test item?
protein efficiency ratio(PER)
Another name for triacylglycerol is?
Triglycerides
the accumulation of adipose tissue around the bundles of muscle fibers in beef is called what?
marbling
2 cups
one pint
What is the function of erythromycin?
Antibiotics
Why does the pH of albumen in freshly laid eggs change from 7.6 to 9.7 during storage?
diffusion of solubilized CO2 through the shell
what comes in crimmini, morel, oyster, and wood ear varieties?
mushrooms
Describe the meaning of 150-grade pectin.
A 150 grade pectin is one that will form a satisfactory gel at a ratio of 1 kg (or unit) pectin to 150 kg (or unit) sugar.
Enzyme used to cut DNA: Conversion, Mannic, Conjungtion and restriction
restriction
Which test is used to check if the dough is properly kneaded or not? Describe it.
Window pane test (Take a small ball of the dough and stretch it into a square. Keep on stretching until it becomes a thin film in the middle without breaking. The dough must be thin enough to pass light through it. If it is obtained without any tear, then your dough is properly kneaded.)
even though bread has sucrose, a non-reducing sugar, how does it brown?
sucrose breaks down into glucose and fructose
What is the term used for the weight animals lose while being hauled and held off feed before slaughter?
shrink (drift)
In terms of plant respiration, what does the acronym RQ stand for and how is it defined?
Respiration Quotient. It is defined as the ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the plant to oxygen consumed by the plant
Which of the following food has a highest amount of zinc, per gram?
a ground beef b. chickpeas., c. oysters
3 vegetables in vegetable stock
Onions, carrots and celery
Name, a species of Aspergillus. capable of producing aflatoxins
Aspergillus flavus
What is the CDC's gold standard for microbe fingerprinting?
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)
Give 3 methods for assessing protein quality
BV, per, net protein utilization, amino acid score, net protein ratio, relative protein value, PDCAAS
What is a measurement based on weight gain of a test subject divided by its intake of a particular food protein during the test period?
Protein efficiency ratio (PER)
Products of corn wet milling:
protein, starch , oil and fiber
what are the scientific name for ale and lager yeasts
lager: saccharomyces pastorianus(formerly saccharomyces carlsbergensis); ale: saccharomyces cerevisiae
Thermal treatment of Ginger will give
Shugaol and gingerone
what Is the name of the membrane surrounding a muscle fiber
sarcolemma
What are the three functions of sulfuric acid in the Babcock test?
generate heat, precipitate protein, digest protein
A higher attenuation factor does what to the distribution?
makes the distribution less uniform
What vitamin is produced from cholesterol in the body?
vitamin D
Which to indigenous groups made peanut butter by first grinding roasted peanuts into a paste?
Ancient Incas and the Aztecs
What positions are on the board of directors of IFTSA?
VP chapter engangement, VP membership engangement, VP competitions, VP volunteer development, VP digital and social media and Member-at-large
Which of the following do not require pre-market approval by the FDA? a. structure-function claims b. health claim c. drugs d. food additives
a. structure-function claims
What is the highest designation of wine quality in Italy?
DOCG, Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita
Rank sweetness from highest to lowest
Sucralose > stevia > aspartame > sucrose > maltose
What are substances that are incorporated into food products in low quantities from processing or packaging perspective
indirect additives
What are some critical factors in designing a thermal process?
type of food, target microorganism, location of cold spot, shelf life requirement
Work done between 1895 and 1898 by Underwood and Prescott
Time-temperature combinations for various canned foods to remove spoilage microorganisms. Thermal processing for canning.
What are the additive primaries?
Red, green, and blue light
Which country produces over 70% of the world's maple syrup?
Canada
Name 2 conditions under which yeasts and molds will out compete most bacteria
1) low Aw (0.6-0.7) 2) 2 > pH > 9
What is the USDA legal limit for moisture in dried apples?
22%
what are hemolytic bacteria?
bacteria that can lyse blood cells
What is the bitter component of grapefruit called?
naringen
What is the term used to describe storing refrigerated meat to improve tenderness?
Aging or dry aging
Which foodborne pathogen also causes necrotic enteritis in poultry and gas gangrene in humans?
Clostridium perfringens
what is the most advantageous type of IR and why?
far-IR, most food components absorb radiative energy in this region
What is the general nitrogen to protein conversion factor used in food analysis?
6.25, kjeldahl method
What term describes the ability of fat to exist in different crystalline forms?
Polymorphism
Mayo ingredients
Eggs, vegetable oil, acid (lemon juice, vinegar, citric acid)
Top 3 microbial causes of foodborne illnesses
Norovirus, salmonella, clostridium perfringes
Identify which cereal grains contain gluten: teff, oats, buckwheat, triticale, monleena
only triticale
What is the name of a basic glycoprotein found in egg white that has the property of binding biotin?
Avidin
What does PER stand for?
Protein efficiency ratio
S – (1- propenyl) – L – cysteine sulfoxide and thiopropanol – S oxide – are associated with the flavor of
Onions
what are the spore-forming foodborne pathogens?
Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringes and Clostridium botulinum
in what year was there a patent registered for use of a commercial refrigeration process for fish?
1842
what is thermal conductivity?
a measure of a material's ability to transfer thermal energy
Name two major types of seafood intoxication
ciguatera poisoning, scombroid poisoning, and various shellfish poisonings. shellfish poisoning. The most well-known types are paralytic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, and amnesic shellfish poisoning Two major groups of marine phytoplankton, diatoms and dinoflagellates, produce HAB toxins
Why are linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acid considered essential fatty acids?
they are n-6 and n-3 fatty acids that cannot be synthesized in vivo
What is the name of a food process which is considered to be a food additive under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act?
Irradiation
In temperature sensing, what does the abbreviation RTD stand for?
resistance temperature detector
Which bacteria, typically found on raw chicken, is the leading cause of bacterial diarrhea in the united states?
Campylobacter jejuni
What is the typical width of the pulse used in pulsed electric field processing?
1-10 microseconds
A food product would not be considered adulterated if: a) It contained a new animal drug; b) It contains FD&C Yellow #4; C. It contains carmine; D. If it is the product of an animal that did not die by slaughter
C
Which two prolamins make up wheat gluten?
Gliadins and Glutenins
Name 2 wet methods for determination of fat content in milk
gerber and babcock
Which of the following foods are considered a source of complete protein? A. chicken B. soybean C. yogurt D. A & C, E. all of the above
E
What is the main disadvantage of commercial sterilization of a food?
significant changes in nutritive and sensory characteristics
What specific class of enzymes are responsivle for the disruption of fat-soluble membrane in raw milk?
Phospholipases
If you had 10 ml of Kool-Aid with 10% sucrose, how much water should you add to make the drink 0.1% sucrose?
990 ml water
Brazil Nuts are rich in what mineral?
Selenium
Name any three enzymes that are inactivated during blanching
PME, PPO, lipoxygenase, polygalacturonase,chlorophyllase
what is the term used to describe the least energy capable of producing a sensation
absolute threshold
Muscle cells are multinucleated, cylindrical cells surrounded by an outer member called what?
sarcolemma
What are 3 folic acid rich foods?
leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits and juices, beans lentils, fortified breakfast cereals, broccoli
what are some of the advantages and disadvantages of radio frequency heating?
advatanges: longer wavelength, deeper penetration depth, shorter treatment time, less equipment space requirement, volumetric heating; being a continuous process disadvantages: non-uniform heating,
Which federal agency has jurisdiction for regulating alcoholic beverages?
Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau of the U.S. Department of the Treasury.
what is the name of the membrane that directly surrounds the egg yolk
vitelline membrane
what does AOAC stand for
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists
Which state leads the US in mushroom production? Producing 45% of the fresh crop in 1999?
Pennsylvania
what elements does glutathione transferase require?
selenium
name the musical fruit
beans
What is the typical shelf life of pasteurized milk held under refrigeration?
12-16 days
Who is the current treasurer of IFT?
Scott Lineback
Who conducts the voluntary seafood inspection program on a fee-for-service basis?
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Why are "cereal adjuncts" added in beer making?
Cereal Adjuncts can impact color, flavor, and stability of the product.
In a sensory what are the sensations elicited by volatile compounds?
Odour, smell
The best Vitamin A precursor that occurs in food is called
B-carotene
What is the name of the holes in swiss cheese and what are they caused by?
Eyes; the carbon dioxide produced by the microbe Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii
One specific class of enzymes is thought to be responsible for the disruption of that fat globule membrane in raw milk?
Answer: phospholipases
2nd most abundant polysachharide
chitin
Name 3 pieces of equipment that thermocouples are frequently used in
ovens, furnaces, flue gas, and other areas that have temperatures above 250 C
what are the top 4 catfish producing states in the U.S.
Alabama, Mississippi, Texas, Arkansa
In which dairy product is acetaldehyde a problem or defect
Yogurt
What is the temperature and time range for commercial sterilization?
116-121 C (240-250 F) for 50-90 min
TBA stands for
Thiobarbaturic acid
Which of the following flavors can be felt at the tip of the tongue: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami?
All of them
What is the name of a freze-dried potato product in Bolivia and Peru?
Chuno
in sensory analysis, what type of scale is generally used for acceptance testing
hedonic
St. Anthony's Fire outbreaks are now very rare. It is caused by a toxin on rye or wheat produced by what
claviceps purpurea
According to recent federal regulations, a warning label must be on fruit juice products, which have not been so processed or treated to achieve what performance standard?
5 log (100,000 or 99.999%) reductions in significant pathogens
Replacement for sourdough
A cup of milk and 1 tsp lemon juice (correct)
What is the difference between additive and subtractive primaries?
additives all together produce white light, subtractives all together theoretically produce black light
Sensory tests may be divided into 3 groups on the basis of the type of information that they provide. What are the three types?
Discrimination, descriptive, affective (preference)
Which food is made by fermenting soaked and cooked soybeans with a mold, usually rhizopus?
Tempeh
What is the scientific name of the most tender muscle in a beef carcass?
Psoas Major
A characteristic of an "emetic" form is that it causes nausea but not ...
diarrhea
Oxygen storage in slow twitch fibers is achieved by what molecule
Myoglobin
Juice or beverage spoilage by Alicyclobacillus primarily leads to what spoilage compound, associated with a medicinal off odor?
Guaiacol
Conditionally essential amino acids
arginine, cysteine, glutamine, tyrosine, glycine, proline, and serine.
describe the pasteurization process
product heated to desired temperature, product held at desired temperature for defined time (typically for 12D reduction), product cooling, and product handling/distribution under refrigeration
What is the state fruit of Tennessee?
Tomato
What are three genera of fungi commonly used in food production?
Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Saccharomyces
Falling film
Evaporators
Lists the four steps, in proper sequence, for cleaning and sanitizing food equipment.
Rinse, clean, rinse, sanitize
what are facultative anaerobes?
microorganisms that can grown and survive with or without oxygen
name 2 carotenoid pigments
beta carotene, xanthophylls
Who was the 1st athelte to appear on a box of Wheaties?
Lew Gehrig
What is the F Value in microbial death kinetics?
Lethality - the time in minutes required to bring about a required log reduction in target microbial population at a defined temperature.
The third most abundant element in the earth's crust is used to make this packaging material?
Aluminum
Component of wine glycosylated/polymerized during aging
Tannins
Name 3 types of heat treatment during food processing and what is their purpose
blanching (inactivates enzymes), pasteurization (kill pathogenic bacteria), and sterilization (kill all bacteria and other organisms)
European national Food Science organizations are organized into the European Federation of Food Science and Technology. Where is this group based?
Wageningen University, the Netherlands
Porterhouse steak is fabricated from which beef primal?
Loin
What is the name of the classic Mexican sauce containing chilies, nuts, and chocolate?
mole
Freezing point of milk is close to 0°C, what has happened?
It is adulterated with water
What are the top 3 sea foods consumed in the U.S.
Shrimp, Salmon, Tuna
In September 2020, dried woodear mushroom were recalled because of which Salmonella serovar?
Salmonella stanley
CGMP
Current Good Manufacturing Practice
In what U.S. city was the first meat packing plant started in 1818?
Cincinnati
What tropical plant produces bromelin, a meat tenderization enzyme?
pineapple
What is the brand of seasonings/spices most often used in the US?
Mccormick
Describe the halo effect
When more than one attribute of a sample is evaluated the ratings will tend to influence each other. Simultaneous scoring of various flavor aspects along with overall acceptability can produce different results than if each characteristic is evaluated separately
What is the titrant used in the Mohr titration for salt determination and what is the end product of the chemical reaction?
Silver nitrate is used as the titrant and the silver reacts with chloride to form a silver chloride precipitate, silver chromate is the end product.
86 Used to describe an item that is no longer available. What number is used when an item becomes available again
Answer: 68
what causes the pH to drop during the aging of eggs?
loss of carbon dioxide through the egg shell
Which fatty acid would be expected to have the highest iodine value: linoleic, oleic, or linolenic?
linolenic (18:3) more unsaturation
what are some disadvantages of using the formula (ball) method to calculate lethality?
only can use at a constant retort process temperature, the cooling portion modeling is empirical and may over/under estimate lethality
What is the difference between glucose and glycogen? Where is glycogen found in abundance in the human body?
Glycogen is a readily mobilized storage form of glucose. It is a very large, branched polymer of glucose residues that can be broken down to yield glucose molecules when energy is needed. Most of the glucose residues in glycogen are linked by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Glycogen is found in abundance in liver and skeletal muscle tissue.
Mead is an alcoholic beverage made with?
Honey
SPME is an isolation technique in food analysis, meaning?
Solid phase microextraction
What is the difference between accuracy and precision?
Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true or accepted value. Precision refers to how close measurements of the same item are to each other.
What purpose Na pyrophosphate serve in foods?
alkaline cleaners
how does ionic polarization contribute to heating?
ions in solution move in response to applied electric field component of the microwave, and the collisions with other molecules convert kinetic energy into heat
Microorganisms that can survive low water activity conditions are called
xerophilic
What breed of cattle produces the most beef in the united states?
Holstein
what added ingredient keeps confectioners sugar from clumping?
corn starch
Which food has more zinc per gram? a. beef, b. chickpeas, c. pork chops, d. oysters
d. oyster
What inorganic compound in red meat is needed for the manufacture of many enzymes and hormones in the human body?
Zinc
The conversion of onion flavor to garlic flavor in a potato salad is most probably due to
Enzymatic reaction??? I can't find any information to update this answer with...
What are the 5 main types of botulism?
foodborne, infant, wound, Adult intestinal toxemia, Iatrogenic botulism
thermistors are NTC sensors. What does NTC stand for?
negative temperature coefficient
Skirt steak is fabricated from which beef primal?
Short plate
With respect to food processing, what is SS 316?
SS 316 is a food grade austenitic stainless steels
What fat substitute was recently confirmed as GRAS when used in frozen desserts?
Simplesse
On what food stuff is the mycotoxin patulin most commonly produced on?
apples
What common paste is made from the seeds of the Arachis hypogaea, a legume, after they are roasted?
Peanut butter
What is the IFT Council?
An IFT governance body composed of representatives from Sections and Divisions which serves as the grass roots forum and approves constitution and bylaw revisions
Withholding feed for 12 to 24 hours prior to slaughter results in greater ease of what?
evisceration
waxes are composed of what two basic chemical entities?
fatty acid (ester linked) to fatty alcohol
pH definition
-log[H+]
What part of the plant is the potato tuber derived?
stem
Define the molecular biology term "transformation"
The process of genetic transfer of foreign DNA
True or False: Canned foods are sterile
False, they are commercially sterile
what is the main purpose of food processing?
to extend shelf life of a product by reducing or eliminating microbial activity and ensure food product safety
What is the function of erythromycin?
antibiotic
At what university was IFT chartered?
MIT in 1939
What breakfast cereal was Sonny the Cuckoo Bird "cuckoo for"?
Cocoa Puffs
What are the intrinsic and extrinsic factors for microbial growth in food?
intrinsic: pH, water activity, redox potential, biological structure, moisture content,animicrobial component , competitive microflora, nutrient content Extrinsic: temperature and time, relative humidity, gaseous environment, presence of other organisms, processing operations, type of packaging
Define synergy in the context of the interaction of stimuli presented simultaneously as mixtures.
The effect created when the presence of one substance increase the perceived combined intensity of two substances, such that the perceived intensity of the mixture is greater than the sum of the intensities of the components
What is the characteristic fruit flavor compound of cherry?
benzaldehyde
When/where was the feeding tomorrow fun run held 1st time?
New Orleans, 2001
What food color requires mandatory labeling?
All of them
What is the main difference between bulls and bullocks?
Bulls have older skeletal maturity, in the B or older class, while bullocks have younger skeletal maturity, in the A class
what are the deficiency and toxicity symptoms of vitamin D
deficiency: rickets, abdominal protrusion; toxicity: soft tissue calcification, renal damage
What is the difference between food spoilage and food poisoning?
spoilage = inedible food but not unsafe(judgmental to what is not acceptable); poisoning = causes illness through infections(detrimental effect to system)
What are the ingredients needed to make sweet pickles?
cucumbers, salt, vinegar, and sugar
which of the following oils can be used as a lubricant
rapeseed oil
What is a detrimental effect of phytic acid?
It chelates minerals, preventing absorption of minerals such as iron and zinc.
Prevention of damage in food during freezing is promoted by slow cooling to minimize ice nucleation. True or False?
False
What is the building block structural component of carotenoids called?
Isoprene or isoprenoid units
What is the most well-known USDA Certified Program and is identified with carcass specification G1?
Certified Angus Beef
What does the Ninhydrin assay measure?
amino acids
What is Fiske-Subbarow assay?
measure levels of inorganic phosphate in biological samples
Genera for Downy Mildew disease
Sclerospora bremia
What are some two reasons for roasting cocoa beans for chocolate making?
Flavor development, separate outer husk from inner bean (makes cracking and winnowing much easier), virtually sterilizes cocoa been (prevent growth of bacteria/fungi/molds), even color and texture
What do we call the prolamines in corn
zein
name the different components of the food pyramid and the recommended number of servings for each
1) Fats, oil, sweet (use spraringly) 2) Milk, yogurt, cheese group (2-3 servings) 3) Meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs & nuts group (2-3 servings) 4) Vegetable group (3-5 servings) 5) Fruit group (2-4 servings) 6) Bread, cereal, rice and paste group (6-11 servings)
What is Swiss-style yogurt?
fruit is pre-mixed into the yogurt
The International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians (IAMFES) have recently undergone a name change. What is the new name for this organization?
International Association for Food Protection (IAFP)
Stability of eggs not dependent on: Protein conc, pH, H2O addition, presence of sugar
H2O addition
how many categories of uses does caramel fall under
four
60 N applied to 2 kg mass, accl?
Accl: 30 m/s2
cyanogenic glycosides are compounds that when treated with an acid or appropriate hydrolytic enzyme yield what compound
cyanohydron
What is MAP and CAP?
Modified atmosphere packaging and controlled atmosphere packaging
Which muscle type is under involuntary control and striated?
Cardiac
What is the difference between single acting and double acting baking powder?
it has one acid whereas double acting has two acids; In a single action product, such as baking soda, once exposed to moisture, it reacts once. In a double action product, such as baking powder, the products reacts once when it is exposed to moisture and then again when exposed to heat
T/F does chocolate prevent dental caries
True
Historically, which fruit has been the symbol of American hospitality?
pineapple
Define endotoxin
Endotoxin is a complex lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a toxic substance found in the outer membrane of most gram-negative bacteria
what is the difference between bottled beer and draft beer?
draft is unpasteurized and hence has a shorter shelf life
Name 3 blood plasma lipid classes
HDL, LDL, VLDL
When was the College Bowl competition first held?
1985
What is the graph of water activity vs. water content called
moisture sorption isotherm (MSI)
What carbohydrate increases with the gelatinization temperature of starch? <---Unsure what this means.
??sucrose??
what were british sailors named after?
limes
What happens to the physical property of egg when stored below 6 degrees celsius?
the yolk viscosity rises irreversibly giving it a gel like consistency
What is an exotoxin?
Toxic proteins secreted by bacteria and released outside of the cell
In sterilization and pasteurization, what is the purpose of the hold tube?
make sure the product has the correct residence time (aka the time necessary to sterilize/pasteurize at a certain temperature)
what is the limiting amino acid of most cereal grains?
lysine
What organ stores bile for release?
Gallbladder
What actions can FDA take against companies or individuals who market adulterated or misbranded cosmetics
FDA can pursue action through the Department of Justice in the federal court system, request a federal district court to issue a restraining order, may be subject to seizure or crimal action
True or False: "Patent Flour" is lighter in color and lower in ash than "straight flour" and is made from purified endosperm middlings
True
Why do foods freeze faster than they thaw?
Water layer insulates, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of ice>water
What does a BCU of 0.00 indicate?
The BCU (baking contrast units) range from 0.00 (darkest) – 5.25 (lightest) BCU.
A product may be considered _________ if marketed under the name of a product covered by a standard of identity, if the requirements of the standard are not met
misbranded
Which pigment in tomatoes has disease-preventing characteristics?
lycopene
what is the most effective synthetic antioxidant?
TBHQ
Which legume accounts for one sixth of the world's vegetable oil production?
The peanut.
Which tannins can tan? hydrolysable, condensed tannins, phyto, non-condensed
Condensed tannins
An exoenzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of maltose units from the non-reducing end of starch is what
B-amylase
In sensory, volatile compound sensation
scent
Which country banned U.S. poultry imports in march of 2002?
russia
Five other vegetables have the same species name as head cabbage (brassica oleracea). Name two.
Broccoli, Cauliflower, Kale, Kohlrabi, Brussels sprouts, Collards
What is the color associated with fast twitch muscles?
white
In the brewing industry what physio chemical process is saccharification referred to?
refers to the enzymatic hydrolysis of malt starches into simple sugars, that can be part of yeast fermentation.
what are some characteristics of microwaves
travels at speed of light, non-ionizing form of radiations, can be focused into beams, can transit through hollow tubes, may be absorbed or reflected by the material depending on its dielectric properties, may also transmit through materials without any absorption (includes glas, ceramics, some thermoplastic plastics)
What is the leading U.S. beef export item?
short plate
what is the vitamin most associated with antioxidant activity in PUFAs
vitamin E
Rank these sweeteners from highest to lowest sweetening power. Sucrose maltose, aspartame, sucralose, stevioside.
Sucralose, Stevioside, Aspartame, Sucrose, Maltose
What is the nutritional claim that can be made when a product serving is less than 140 mg of sodium?
Low sodium
What polysacc from crustacean shells help lower cholesterol level
Chitin, chitosan
what is the difference between direct and indirect ELISA?
-direct ELISA- only one antibody used, indirect ELISA-2 antibodies used for detection
What is the minimal water activity for most molds?
0.75-0.80
What is the main difference between the yeast used for ales and lagers?
The yeasts used for ales are top-fermenting and work at 10-25 C, while those used for lager are bottom fermenting and work lower temperatures around 7-15 C.
Define wheat middlings
Wheat middlings (also known as millfeed, wheat mill run, or wheat midds) are the product of the wheat milling process that is not flour.
describe the difference between hue, value, and chroma
HUE: a color or shade . VALUE: value refers to the lightness or darkness of a color.When referring to pigments, dark values with black added are called “shades” of the given hue name. Light values with white pigment added are called “tints” of the hue name. CHROMA: purity or intensity of color E.G.In red hue, fire engine red, brick red & grey is pure red/high intensity, mid intense & low intensity, respectively
Name the genus of the fungus used in tempeh.
Rhizopus oligosporus
Two methods to mask differences between sample appearances during sensory testing?
Change the lighting, use different lights such as red, darker in the room
What is the leading state in # milk/cow?
California
What region cultivated the first potato on ca. 200 BC?
South America
Name the genus and species of the organism predominantly responsible for mellow lactic fermentation in wine.
Oenococcus oeni (known as Leuconostoc oeni)
What U.S. governmental agency sets the standards of identity of meat products?
FSIS, USDA
what is the maximum ERH considered safe for grain storage
70% (around 80% ERH moisture grain results in increased respiration and temperature increases)
give the names of the fat soluble vitamin produced by bacteria in the large intestine
Vitamin K, Biotin
besides extending shelf life and preventing microbial growth, what is another benefit of reducing the water activity of a food?
a lower water content means a lower product volume, making the product easier and cheaper to transport
What made poultry inspection mandatory for any processor that ships produce?
in interstate commerce
Artificial sweetener which is also a dipeptide?
Aspartame
The Cory cycle transports what compound from muscles to liver?
Lactate (from muscles to liver, converted to glucose and returned to the cells)
Give an example of a component of unsaponifiable matter
Sterols, cholesterol
Name the body of FAO W H O concern refreshed standards including additives and pesticides. In foods allowable limits micronutrient supplementation
Codex Alimentarius Commission
This word means "sausage poisoning". It is caused by a powerful toxin that affects the nervous system
botulism
What food may get its name from the German word for stirrup?
Bagel
Name the equation that relates electrochemical cell potential to redox states.
Nernst equation
CMC is a subgroup of the society of Dyers and Colorists of great britain. This subgroup is the organization that developed and published in 1988 a more logical, ellipse-based equation based on L*C*h˚ color space for computing DE (see delta E*) values as an alternative to the rectangular coordinates of the CIELAB color space.What does CMC stand for?
Color Measurement Committee
What term describes the state of chemical and metabolic equilibrium?
homeostasis
What is a high quality fat lining the abdominal wall of pork carcasses?
leaf fat
Two bacteriocides allowed in foods
xanthan gum, gellan gum
in addition to standards of identity, the FDCA also provides for the establishment of standards of _________ and ______________
Standard of Quality and Standard of Fill
What compound can be smelled on a person's breath during ketosis?
Acetone
What percentage of juice must a beverage contain to be included in FDA Juice HACCP Regulation?
100%
Hydroxylation of lysine to hydroxylysine in collagen is dependent on which cofactor?
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Base of profiteroles
Choux pastry
Which food additive did Morton Salt add to their product that allows them to say "When it rains, it pours"?
calcium silicate
The pigment found in some plants which is characterized by the ligand structure known as a porphyrin with magnesium at the center is
Chlorophyll
Name two anti-microbial factors found in raw milk
Lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, lysozyme
Why are ethylene absorbers used in apple storage
Ethylene initiates fruit ripening
describe the process of forming an hermetic seal
the can end and body are interlocked during two rolling actions, first action curls the edge of the can end up and under the flange of the can body, and the second action roll flattens and tightens the seam
Bromate is added to flour for what purpose?
oxidizing agent. potassium bromate is a powerful oxidizing agent that chemically ages flour much faster than open air
Isoelectric point of casein
4.6
In culinary terms, what can be meat from deer, elk, moose, antelope, caribou, and pronghorn?
venison
In which country was margarine invented?
France
Who is the current chair of Feeding Tomorrow?
Bernhard van Lengerich
what are three different methods for blow molding plastic containers?
extrusion, injection, stretch
What are the large fat particles that coalesce at the ends of sausages during heating?
Fat caps
In which states are the following IFT sections located: Puget Sound; Magnolia; Nutmeg; Dogwood; Cactus
Washington and Alaska; Mississippi; Connecticut; North Carolina; Arizona
What is another name for yellow #5
Tartrazine
Acrolein is a potentially toxic product that can occur in food processing applications. Give the source and the type of degradation can yield this chemical.
Thermal decomposition of fats
What is the scientific name of the beef tri-tip muscle?
tensor fasciae latae
What is the difference between a "dextrin" and a "dextran"?
Both are intermediate length carbohydrate chains composed of glucose units. Dextrins are formed by acid or enzymatic hydrolysis of starch; dextrans are synthesized by microorganisms
What is reverse osmosis?
Reverse osmosis is a process that removes foreign contaminants, solid substances, large molecules and minerals from water by using pressure to push it through specialized membranes. It is a water purification system used to improve water for drinking, cooking and other important uses.
Describe the difference between shear and normal stress.
Shear is parallel to the surface, normal is perpendicular
Alcohol-insoluble solids content in vegetables is an indicator of what?
maturity or ripeness
Who has the prime responsibility for the safety, wholesomeness, and nutritional quality of food?
- Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the USDA seeks to ensure that meat and poultry products for human consumption are safe, wholesome, and correctly marked, labeled, and packaged if they move into interstate or international commerce. FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) seeks to ensure that all other foods are safe, sanitary, nutritious, wholesome, and honestly and adequately labeled
The oxidation of the iron in myoglobin to the ferric state results in the brown pigment called...
metmyoglobin
What temperature do leftover foods need to be reheated?
165°F
another name for decimal reduction time is
D-value
Name the genus of bacteria added with the starter culture for Swiss cheese.
Propionibacterium freudenreichii subspecies shermanii
What is another name for phosphatidylcholine?
1,2-diacyl-:ussn:ueglycero-3-phosphocholine, Fosfatidilcolina, Lipodissolve, Lipolight, Lipolyse, Lipothérapie, Lipotherapy, Phosphatidyl Choline, Phospholipid, Phospholipide, Phospholipon, Polyenylphosphatidylcholine, Polyénylphosphatidylcholine, PtdCho.
The primary yeast used in baking is what?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
what two organisms are involved in vinegar production and in what order?
s. cerevisiae and acetobacter
Which federal agency houses the National Marine Fishing Service?
US Department of Commerce
In kJ per mol, what is the bond dissociation energy of the O-H bond in a water molecule?
25
what is the alkaloid in irish potatoes
solanine
What is the established legal level for reduced cholesterol in food?
25% reduction
Pomology is a science of?
fruit
what are the names of the connective tissue layers surrounding the whole muscle, muscle bundle, muscle fibers and sarcolemma
endomysium
The two polysaccharides that comprise starch are _________ and _______________
amylose and amylopectin
When was the "food guide pyramid" unveiled by the secretary of agriculture Edward Madigan?
April 1992
Who is the past president of IFT?
John Coupland
at what pH can a food be called an acid food?
a pH less than 4.6
Messenger RNA is synthesized by what process?
Transcription
Wheat that is sown or planted in late autumn is called?
Winter wheat
Protein A is eluted faster than protein B on a gel filtration column. Which protein has a higher molecular weight?
Protein A
In food chemistry what does the TBA stands for and what is it used to measure?
Thiobarbituric acid, measures oxidation of fatty acids with three or more double bonds
What aspect of Staphylococcus aureaus does selective media 111, exploit?
Salt tolerance
What is the state appetizer of Rhode Island?
Calamari
Ripening anomaly, ripen after it has been picked from the tree
Avocado
Marsh Ruby, Ruby Red, Melogold, Oro Blanco (White Golden) and Star Ruby are varieties of what?
Grapefruit(citrus fruit)
What is the most widely grown red wine grape variety in the world?
Grenache
what is the relationship between temperature and penetration depth?
as temperature increases, penetration depth decreases
True or false: As a result of exposure to heat, most carotenoids undergo isomerization from trans to cis isomers
True
what type of pump is preferable and why in an aseptic processing system and?
PD pump (positive displacement pump), it is less sensitive to pressure drop than centrifugal pumps
Soft wheat is preferable for flours used in making cake because
development of weak gluten (soft crumb etc.)
What is the difference between single and double acting baking powder?
Single has 1 acid whereas double has 2 acids; single acting reacts once it is exposed to moisture, double acting reacts when it is exposed to moisture and reacts again when it is exposed to heat
Culinary term for split opening the bird carcass and flattening
Spatch cocking (also accepted butterflying)
10 pound of cheese corresponds to how much whey
90 pounds of whey
What specific vitamins and minerals are added to enrich macaroni and noodle products?
Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, iron
Name the principal organic acid in apples?
Malic
give two examples of an emulsifier
Lecithins, Mono and diglycerides, Monoglyceride derivatives, fatty acid derivatives. Examples include: Soy lecithin, Tween, Potassium stearate
what percent of the O-H bond in a water molecule is ionic character?
0.4
The muscle that makes up most of our meat is best classified as which of the following: A) Involuntary, smooth B) Voluntary, cross-striated C) Double obliquely striated
B) Voluntary, cross-striated
Sauerkraut results from what kind of fermentation process
Lactic acid
what is the most common psychotropic bacteria associated with milk spoilage?
Pseudomonas species
What legume accounts for one sixth of the worlds vegetable oil production?
Peanut
What mineral is a major challenge in the fortification of many foods and beverages because of its poor taste and large daily value of 3.5 grams per day?
potassium.
What are the top three states in the value production of cucumbers for pickles?
Michigan, Florida and North Carolina
Which mycotoxin is included in a Hazard Analysis for apple juice or apple cider?
Patulin
What is the name of the heat resistant enzyme in Thermos aquaticus used for modern PCR?
TAG DNA polymerase
Name three methods for the calculation of lethality
general, formula (ball) method, and numerical
In packaging terminology, when does EVOH stands for?
ethylene vinyl alcohol
What is the only meat wholesale cut traded on the chicago mercantile exchange?
pork bellies
What is petroleum ether?
Mixture of low molecular weight hydrocarbons
Name two types of controlled atmosphere packaging
vacuum packaging and shrink wrapping
Carbohydrates of soy.
Raffinose, Stachyose, Rubascose
The desirable color of cured meats is due to the pigment ____________
nitrosomyoglobin
what is the primary purpose of the FDA?
Enforce the federal food, drug, and cosmetic act
What are the four most utilized cereal grains in the world?
Wheat, rice, maize, barley & sorghum
How many years has the IFT Fellows designation been used to honor members of IFT?
48 years
Why is having excess flour particulates in a milling plant hazardous?
Fire hazard
What sterol synthesized by plant upon exposure to UV convert to Vit D
ergosterol
To which of the following filament protein does Ca++ bind, and regulate actin myosin interaction during muscle contraction : a) myosin, b) actin, c) troponin
Troponin
Standards of identity include which of the following: a) ingredients that must be used; b) ingredients that may be used; C) Ingredients that may not be used
All (a, b, c)
What are de-headed, de-veined and sorted by size in a laitram machine?
Shrimp
When viscosity of a fluid increases, what happens to the reynolds number?
Increase
What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only be converted from one form to another. The total amount of energy of an isolated system is constant.
what is agnosia?
inability to recognize and identify objects, persons, or sounds.
What is the delaney clause
a clause in the food additives amendment 1958 to the FDCA which prohibits from use in foods any substance found to cause cancer in man or animal
what does Phenol sulfuric acid value tell you?
total carbohydrate
What defect in Frankfurter's is causes when there is too much connective tissue?
Gelling out
Ketosis, the buildup of ketones in the blood, can be caused by dietary insufficiency of _________________.
carbohydrates
Define food infection
ingestion of organism which then produces toxin or infects cells causes illness
what equipment is preferable to sterilize canned soups.
rotary retort
Which USDA agency inspects red meat products at slaughter?
Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)
What is the state fruit of West Virginia?
Golden Delicious Apple
what is a dielectric material and give an example
dielectric materials are an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field. examples include: porcelain/ceramic, mica, glass, plastics, various metal oxides
How does frequency affect dielectric properties of foods?
it changes the dielectric constant, higher frequency lower dielectric constant
what is the full name of MRS agar used for lactobacilli cultures
De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe agar
which is the enzyme that is tested to check for the pasteurization of milk?
alkaline phosphatase
type A gelatins are produced by what process
Type A gelatin is derived from acid-cured tissue. Gelatin derived from an acid-treated precursor is known as Type A and gelatin derived from an alkali-treated process is known as Type B.
water soluble pigments occurring in fruits and vegetables whose hue depends on pH are called
anthocyanins
8 cups
half gallon
What is a chemical leavening system, and what are the two essential components of a chemical leavening system?
A Chemical leavening system is a system of controlled carbon dioxide release to give rise to baked products, the two components are a leavening agent. sodium bicarbonate) and acidic agent
Which equation describes the relationship between temperature and water activity?
Clausius Clapeyron Equation
In poultry, what is the difference between a "broiler" and a "fryer"?
Both are types of chicken that are raised for meat. Fryer are just a bit larger in weight than broiler.
What is the major protein in milk?
Casein
Why would it be beneficial to modify the atmosphere of a package that contains a food with polyunsaturated fatty acids with nitrogen?
Reduce oxidative rancidity/ Reduce lipid oxidation
What is the FDA's definition of "safe and suitable ingredients" for use in food products?
d) Safe and suitable means that the ingredient: (1) Performs an appropriate function in the food in which it is used. (2) Is used at a level no higher than necessary to achieve its intended purpose in that food. (3) Is not a food additive or color additive as defined in section 201 (s) or (t) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as used in that food, or is a food additive or color additive as so defined and is used in conformity with regulations established pursuant to section 409 or 721 of the act.
What carbon to carbon number bonds are present, most commonly, in the straight and branched chains of starch?
straight: alpha 1-4, branch: alpha 1-6
this substance is formed from gliadins, glutenins and glycolipids when water is mixed with wheat flour
gluten
listeria monocytogenes
most dangerous for pregnant women, not allowed in RTE products
Between which two ribs should a pork carcass be ribbed to measure loin eye area?
10th and 11th
What is the water activity to cause spoilage for bacteria, yeast, and molds?
Bacteria - 0.9, Yeast - 0.85-0.9, Mold 0.75-0.8
TF high density polyethylene is made up of carbon chains that are highly branched
False
What is Coulomb's law?
The electrical force between two charges of magnitude Q1 and Q2 separated by a distance r in vacuum is; f = k(Q1*Q2)/r^2) where k= 1/(4*pi*epsilon naught)
What is the so called "trigeminal senses"
Free nerve endings (of the trigeminal nerve) present in the oral and ansl cavities which are sensitive to irritants (capsaisin, acetic acid, ammonia, astringents) and act as protection device against harmful chemicals, also detect texture and most other food characteristics
What is the embryonic development of muscle tissues?
myogenesis
why is 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, also called ethephon, sprayed on tomato fields?
it forms ethylene which causes uniform ripening prior to harvest
What color of light is absorbed for maximum photosynthesis?
Blue
What is a set of directions that should (must) be followed to ensure food safety when completing certain tasks such as cooking chicken, cooling a food, or sanitizing a work surface?
Standard operating procedures
Why do seed proteins like soy protein have a high isoelectric point?
They abundant aspartic acid and glutamic acid
name the 2 major producers of oj concentrate
florida and brazil
what effect is described by a visco elastic fluid climbing an impeller shaft during mixing or agitation?
The Weissenberg Effect
The endosperm of wheat consists of starch granules embedded in a what?
protein matrix
What city became immortalized as "hog butcher of the world" by poet Carl Sandburg?
Chicago
What enzyme is measured when the Falling number test is used on cereal-based products?
amylase
Certified food colorants can be divided into 2 types. What are they?
Dyes (water soluble) and lakes (water and oil soluble)
What is maximum level of nitrites allowed in finished hams?
200 ppm
What is the name given to the flavor developed due to rancidity of fat in meat
warmed over flavor
Ingredients of pound cake
flour, sugar, egg, butter
what beverage is caramel color most used for?
coloring beer
What off flavor of milk develops as a result of the release of hydrogen sulfide?
Cooked flavor
In Microwave processing, what is penetration depth?
The penetration depth is used to denote the depth at which the power density has decreased to 37 % of its initial value at the surface.
What causes trichinosis?
It is a type of roundworm infection is acquired by eating Trichinella species larvae in raw or undercooked meat
What pasta dish went viral on TikTok in 2021?
Baked feta pasta
According to his facebook page, what is Mr. Peanut's astrological sign?
Virgo
What are edible meat by-products better known as?
Variety meats
T/F does chocolate prevent dental caries
True
What equipment is preferred to sterilize canned soups?
Rotary retort
A wheat class that is used to make stiff doughs for pasta products is: A) soft B) hard C) durum
C) durum
Which protein in milk micellar structure is not affected by Ca+
K-casein
what does CFU stand for?
colony forming units
which compound is responsible for umami flavor?
MSG
What is the graph of water activity vs. water content called
moisture sorption isotherm (MSI)
Which additive banned in Europe in 2020?
TiO2
In IR heating, what happens to the wavelength as temperature increases?
wavelength gets shorter
what is a PERT chart and how are they used by food companies?
PERT - Program Evaluation Review Technique Used as an organization tool for food product development
what substances are prohibited in foods by the delaney clause?
any substance shown to cause cancer in man or animal
What are the usual components of baking powder?
A carbonate (usually sodium bicarbonate) and an acid.
In cow, milk fat from mammary glands
milk fat globules
What is another name for the Carnauba wax?
Brazil wax, palm wax, "queen of waxes"
Which disease is caused by niacin deficiency, characterized by diarrhea, dementia and dermatitis.
Answer: pellagra
Who is the current president-elect of IFT?
Michele Perchonok
In apple juice, titratable acidity should be reported as which acid equivalent?
malic
Bundle of herbs
Boque garni
What chemical name of the water-soluble pigment of the cochineal insect?
carmine or carminic acid
What does FALCPA stand for and what does it require of the food industry?
Food industry must:list major food allergens on food labels, either in the ingredient statement or as contains _________;FDA must:report back to congress on progress within 18 months; increase inspection with regard to allergen prevention; Develop a final rule within 4 years allowing the use of "gluten free" on food labels; increase inspection with regard to allergen prevention
pasteur effect
the rate of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions is higher than the rate under aerobic conditions. Aerobic: citric acid cycle follows glycolysis; anaerobic: fermentation occurs
What is a mathematical technique for determining the best use of available resources when these resources can be used in other products?
least cost formulation
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree Celsius is called what?
Calorie
What effect does ascorbate have on curing with sodium nitrite?
Faster curing action by reducing nitrate to nitrite
what is chill proofing of beer
addition of papain to prevent haze due to interaction between protein and tannins
JIT
Just In Time
Enzyme pills available over the counter can be added to milk to predigest lactose to glucose and galactose. The name of the enzyme is ....
Lactase (b-galactosidase) or Lactase
What is the frequency range for infrared radiation?
430 THz down to 300 GHz
What does GMP stand for?
Good manufacturing practices
define thermal death time
the time it takes to kill a specific bacteria at a specific temperature
What is the value for the increase in temperature required to decrease the D value by 10 (or one log cycle reduction)?
z-value
What method of food preservation did the Incas first use on potatoes?
freeze-drying
what is the major whey protein in milk
beta lactoglobulin (about 65%)
Give the genus and species for hops
Humulus lupulus
what are the m/o responsible for traveler's diarrhea
e. coli
The beef rib and chuck are separated between which two ribs?
5th and 6th
the only artificial sweetener made from sugar (sucrose)
sucralose (splenda)
In 1946, BBC aired the first-ever cooking show, called "Cookery". Who was the first chef to have his own cooking show?
Philip Harben
Paper can be aligned in two different ways when fed into forming machines, what are the two ways
machine direction and the cross direction.
what organism is responsible for Q fever?
coxiella burnetii
How many coffee beans in a cherry
2
Which vitamin increases calcium and phosphorus absorption and promotes healthy bones.
Vitamin D
What is ageusia?
The inability to taste
What science deals with the harmful effects of chemicals on humans
Toxicology
What exemption is given to unpasteurized citrus juice under the FDA juice HACCP rule?
The 5 log reduction can be done cumulatively through treatments of the fruit and other steps in the process, rather that on the juice itself as required for all other juices
what are the foodborne bacterial intoxications?
staphylococcal intoxication: an enterotoxin produced by S. aureus, botulism: a neurotoxin produced by clostridium botulinum
what is the bond angle of the H-O-H bond?
105 degrees
What is "double acting" baking powder?
It gives some gas on mixing and some when heated. The release during heating is due release of acid which then releases CO2. This can be accomplished by using an acidulant that is not soluble in cold water
How many divisions are currently part of IFT?
25
What is another name for carob gum?
Locust Bean Gum
give the temperature and z value for the commonly used/standard F sub zero value that is based on the destruction of a population of C. botulinum?
temperature: 18 F or 10 C, z value: 250 or 121
what is the maximum ERH considered safe for grain storage
70% (around 80% ERH moisture grain results in increased respiration and temperature increases)
What sausage manufacturing process involves grinding and mixing meat ingredients with cure to permit protein solubilization and chemical analysis before final mixing in sausage manufacture?
Preblending
Name one edible fruit-bearing tree that is an evergreen.
Citrus (lemon, orange, grapefruit, lime, tangerines, clementines, and more), olive, avocado, lychee, and mango trees
Who won the Nicholas Appert Award in 2018?
Dennis R. Heldman
what are some of the disadvantages of using a thermistor?
limited temperature range, low accuracy at higher temperatures, non-linearity at higher temperatures (resistance over temperature decreases exponentially)
Chickens that are beyond their production capacity for egg-laying and are no longer usable in human food are called what?
Spent hens
Where was the "Pina Colada" invented?
San Juan, Puerto Rico
LD50
dose of a substance that will kill 50% of the test subjects
what are the sugar alcohols formed by the reduction of the following sugars: glucose, fructose, and xylose?
sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol
what is condensing plastic?
a plastic that can be reduced to its monomeric form, cleaned, and polymerized to be used again
What are the 3 basic meat curing ingredients?
salt, sugar, and nitrite (or nitrate)
The D-value as a function of temperature has what type of relationship?
linear
what is a component of garlic that has antioxidant properties?
allicin
In directed interesterification, higher melting and least soluble TG molecules in the mixture crystallize. This is achieved by _________________.
lowering the reaction temperature
at what pH can a food be called an acid food?
a pH less than 4.6
In regard to sensory evaluation, differentiate between "triangle test" and "duo-trio test"
Both are classified as difference tests. A triangle test consists of three samples, two are the same and one is different. The participant is asked to identify the different sample. A duo-trio test consists of three samples in which two are the same and one is different. One of the samples is presented as the reference sample and the participant is asked to identify the matching sample.
The ester of which 2 compounds compose chlorogenic acid?
quinic acid and caffeic acid
What is the "F" value?
Minutes required to destroy a given number of microbes at a given temperature
What is the process of placing meat products into casings?
Stuffing
Who created the first successful formula for commercial bubble gum, called Dubble Bubble, in 1928?
Walter Diemer
what graph tracks the course of the drying process of a food, relative to water content and water activity?
desorption isotherm
What is a commercial undercounter refrigerator known as?
A lowboy or a bar refrigerator
For retail food display lights, what scale is used for the color temperature?
1000K-10,000K
Name 2 straight chain polyhydric alcohols used as food additives
sorbitol - modifying agent, humectant, flavor, and crystal modifier; mannitol - flavor modifier, inert base
What does the acronym EDTA stand for?
ethylenediaminetetraacetate
solids are __ to thermal radiation
opaque
Name one chemical compound that is used to sanitize food processing equipment
NaOCL and quats
What company was the first soft drink manufacturer?
Schwepps in 1783
A bacteria, yeast or filamentous fungi in which the genetic material has been changed through in vitro nucleic acid techniques or fusion of cells is referred to as what by the FAO-WHO.
genetically modified microorganisms
BHA, BHT, and propyl gallate can be classified as what?
Antioxidants
What is the function of erythromycin?
Answer: Antibiotic
By volume, what is the most consumed dairy product around the world?
milk
According to the FAO, what is the protein content of yak’s milk
a zero to 1.9% b two to 3.9% C four to 5.9% D six to 7.9%.
Meat is regulated by
USDA
In which form glucose stored in the liver and in skeletal muscle?
Glycogen
What is the definition of an oligosaccharide?
Correct answer is a carbohydrate containing between three and 10 or more than two and less than 10 monosaccharides
What is FAD?
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
In dairy processing, what do the initials CIP stand for?
Clean in place
What fruit is a berry that ranges in size between a lemon and grapefruit whose Latin name Punica Maranta. roughly translates to apple with many seeds
Pomegranate
how are processed cheeses made?
processed cheese are made either with the trimmings that are left over from the manufacture of other cheeses, or from dried milk powder
A high molecular weight polyester deposited in the waxy cuticle of some plant epidermal cells is called what?
cutin
what is zoonosis?
disease spread to humans from vertebrate animals
What preservative is added to wine?
sulfites
type of food spoilage organisms depend on food composition and intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Give 3 each of intrinsic and extrinsic factors
intrinsic: physical structure, Moisture content, pH. Extrinsic: temperature, relative humidity, gas atmosphere, light
one sulfur containing amino acid
methionine, cysteine
What is commercial under counter refrigerator known as
Low Boy
Spider cheese is made by fermenting quartz with rye flour and what arthropod?
Dust mites
Equation named after german and canadian scientist
michaelis menten equation
name 2 types of dielectric heating
radio frequency and microwave heating
Roux used for
thickening of sauces
Hyperkeratinization, xerosis, bitot's spots, keratomalacia, and hyperkeratosis are symptoms of a deficiency of ________?
vitamin A
This recently approved (1996) non-caloric fat substitute is a mixture of hexa, hepta, and octa esters formed from the reaction of sucrose with long chain fatty acids
Olestra
In brewing, saccharification means
enzymatic hydrolysis of malt starches to simple sugars
Who is the father of puffed cereal?
Alexander Anderson
For water, the effect of increasing coordination number is most noticeable at what temperature range?
0-4 degrees celsius
Who is regarded as the inventor of modern chewing gum?
Thomas Adams
Edible sausage casings used for many sausages are made from which layer of the beef hide?
corium
What is the major difference between all-purpose flour and cake flour
Protein content
give any two factors that affect egg foaming ability
pH, sugars, contamination with yolk, age of the egg, etc.
To be called Cheddar Cheese, the product must contain at least what % of milk fat?
50% by weight of the solids
What is the first alteration observed in ultrastructural integrity of postmortem muscle fibers?
Z disk degradation
What are the 3 primary colors?
Red, Blue, and Green
What temperature type of sensor is based on the effect of a junction between two different metals that produce a voltage that increases with temperature?
thermocouple
Which gas can be used to ripn many fruits?
ethylene
hydrolysis of glycerol molecules from the TAG
saponification
Mexican sauce with chillies, nuts and various ingredients
Mole
What is the name of a vitamin B2 deficiency?
ariboflavinosis
Flour and water mixtures that are used for manufacture of extruded pasta products are called what?
Alimentary pastes (do not accept batters)
What compound in black pepper stimulates a heat sensation?
piperine
Describe four aspects of appearance of a sample in sensory evaluation.
Color: hue + saturation + luminance Consistency: stickiness + loose particles Size: diameters + geometry Texture: shine + smoothness + roughness
packaging material made out of cellulose?
Cellophane (paper is acceptable too)
What percentage of the Daily Value must a product contain for it to claim that it is a "good source" of a vitamin?
10-19% of the Daily Value
What are other names for the baobab tree?
Monkey Bread Tree, Tree of Life, Bottle Tree or Upside Down Tree
what are some of the disadvantages of a liquid-in-glass thermometer?
large sensing element, not possible for continuous or automatic readout, long time constant
The door of a microwave is often glass with a metal mesh imbedded, why is that so?
while microwaves can go through glass, they cannot go through metal, and so the mesh has holes small enough that microwaves cannot pass through but allows for the person to view the food inside
What is required for a product to bear the label "made with organic ingredients"?
Processed products that contain at least 70 percent organic ingredients can use the phrase “made with organic ingredients” and list up to three of the organic ingredients or food groups on the principal display panel.
Thixotropic and pseudoplastic meaning
Thixotropy is the property of certain fluids and gels of becoming thinner when a constant force is applied. A pseudoplastic fluid is a fluid that increases viscosity as force is applied. The main difference is that viscosity of thixotropic fluids decreases upon applying a force whereas the viscosity of pseudoplastic fluids increases upon applying a force.
What term refers to microorganisms added to the diet in order to provide health benefits beyond basic nutritive value.
probiotics
True or False: prior to dehydration, many fruits are exposed to sulfur gas in order to prevent microbial growth and browning.
True
what substance is formed when collagen is heated in the presence in water?
gelatin
What percentage of the water on Earth is potable and accessible for consumption?
1%
why is listeria monocytogenes of greater concern in refrigerated foods than in foods stored at ambient temperatures
listeria monocytogenes is a psychrotroph that selectively grows at low temperatures
What is "unsaponifiable matter"?
Fat soluble matter remaining after saponification
In August of 2020, there was a multi-state outbreak of Salmonella enterititis in which fruit?
peaches
This compound is a polymer of glucose. The adult human body usually contains less than a pound. Most of it is found in the liver and muscle.
Glycogen
One of the benefits of IFT professional membership is the ability to apply for CFS status. What does CFS stand for?
Certified Food Scientist
lysine, an essential amino acid is commercially produced by which genus of bacterium for use as a food additive.
Brevibacterium
What is the name for the French dish of thin pancakes?
Crepes
what is dehydroalanine? Which amino acids may form dehydroalanine? What is the significance of dehydroalanine in food?
dehydroalanine is a highly reactive product of the heating or alkaline treatment of protein; it arises via a post translational modification of serine or cysteine.; dehydroalanine may produce protein cross links from its reaction with other amino acids decreasing that protein's nutritive value
What is an infection that can be caused by eating undercooked pork from pigs fed raw garbage?
trichinosis
Which nutrient enhances iron absorption from the intestinal tract?
Vitamin C
The molecular structure that makes emulsifying agents effective is _____?
lipophilic (hydrophobic) part and hydrophilic part
What is the official shelf life of a Twinkie?
25 days.
What salts can be used to promote coagulation when making tofu?
Calcium sulfate or magnesium chloride
What pepper is named as the "state native pepper" of Texas and is sometimes called Indian pepper, turkey, bird’s eye, or simply bird peppers?
chiltepin, chiltepe, or chile tepin
Who comprises the executive committee of IFT?
President, President-Elect, Past President, Treasurer, and Chief Executive Officer
What enzyme activity is most commonly used to determine the adequacy of blanching vegetables for freezing to ensure stability during storage
peroxidase
2 ketogenic amino acids
lysine, leucine
What color is expected when many starches react with iodine?
blue-black
The Lohmann reaction is catalyzed by ATP creatine phosphotransferase. Its function is to replenish ______
ATP
What is the name of the muscle enzyme that catalyzes the formation of glucose - 1 - p from glycogen?
phosphorylase
What region of the protein molecule is attracted by fat in a sausage batter?
hydrophobic
Vitamin D aids in the absorption of what two minerals?
Calcium and phosphorus
Why was Alum added to a pickle mix?
It was added for crispiness but no longer recommended
Name the three main ingredients of a “turducken”
Turkey, Duck, Chicken
Why is mozzarella cheese "stringy" compared to other cheeses?
Kneading and stretching the curds help to elongate this protein chain, which causes the stringiness of mozzarella.
What is the term given to the contents of the GI tract at the time of slaughter and affects dressing percentage more than most other factors?
fill
What is a batter-like meat product produced by forcing bones with attached edible meat under high pressure through a sieve or similar device to separate the bone from the edible meat tissue?
Mechanically Separated (deboned) meat
Nutmeg comes from what island country?
Indonesia
What enzyme inhibits calpains during the cooler aging process?
Calpastatin
Who publishes food chemicals, Codex
United States Pharmacopeia
When material naturally absorbs water
Hygroscopy
During which phase of microbial growth is bacteria the easiest to kill?
log or exponential phase
What causes wrinkled casings of beef sticks?
There could be several reasons for these results. The temperature may have risen too high. The sausage may not have been showered with cold water immediately after it was finished smoking. The sausage casings may not have been stuffed to their full capacity.
Glutelin oryzenin is found in what food?
Rice
Which fruit bearing trees are evergreen?
Citrus (or any one of orange, lemon, grapefruit, lime, etc.)
According to the World Health Organization, the genus of bacteria is the most common cause of human gastroenteritis in the world.
Campylobacter.
What sweeters are used in Coke zero sugar in the US?
aspartame and acesulfame K
Saanen, Alpine, Nigerian Dwarf and Fainting are all breeds of what?
Goat
Name the type of rancidity, which occurs by the hydrolysis of an ester bond and produces free fatty acids.
Hydrolytic rancidity
What is the meaning of the term "organoleptic testing"?
evaluation involving use of the sense organs
Why is listeria monocytogenes of greater concern in refrigerated foods than in foods stored at ambient temperature?
L. m. is a psychrotroph that selectively grows at low temperatures
what is the 12D process?
the time/temperature process that will reduce the microbe spore population (typically C. bot) by 12 log cycles
define fecal coliforms and indicate the reason that they are often evaluated in foods
facultative anaerobes (organisms which can survive in the absence of oxygen), gram-negative, non-spore forming, rod-shaped bacteria that ferment lactose (a type of sugar), producing gas and acid within 48 hours when cultured at 35oC. Their lack of ability to form spores makes them more susceptible to destruction by environmental conditions.they are used as indicators of fecal contamination
The quantity of heat required to change the state of a substance without changing the temperature or pressure is called what?
latent heat
The type of chromatography used to separate color pigments is A) GC, B) Thin layer, C) HPLC and D) Paper
Paper
Food Chemistry codex publisher is:
US Pharmacoepia
What is the slogan of IFT?
Feeding the minds that feed the world
Name two types of heat exchangers used to process particulate foods?
Scraped surface and tubular
Name the three main components of cereal grains
endosperm, germ, bran
What is the ultimate source of energy for muscle contraction?
ATP
By volume, which country is no. 1 in producing butter and ghee?
India
What is a cornmeal based suspension of head meat and/or pork sausage originating from the pennsylvania dutch?
scrapple
This spice consists of the stigmas of a crocus native to the eastern Mediterranean
Saffron
What pathogen reduction step utilizes a steam chamber for carcasses?
Steam pasteurization
What are the precursors of apocarotenoids?
carotenoids
give the equation for determining loss tangent, also called dissipation factor
dielectric loss factor divided by dielectric constant
Which two states produce almost all of the domestic lemon crop?
California and Arizona
What type of analysis estimates the "moisture", "crude fat", "crude protein", "ash" and "carbohydrate by difference" in a food product?
Proximate analysis
what is the number of equivalent minutes at 121 C delivered to a container of product calculated using a z value of 10 C known as
F or sterilization process equivalent time
What are the two proteins believed to be involved in egg white thinning?
lysozyme and ovomucin
Animal used for truffles traditionally
Hogs
at what frequency are radio waves typically at?
less than 300 MHz
Which genera of bacteria can fluoresce and spoil fresh cut vegetables and meat?
Pseudomonas
name three types of freezers
air blast freezer, contact or plate freezer, spray or imersion freezer
Name 2 chemical agents used to accelerate bleaching of wheat flour.
chlorine dioxide (widely used), and benzoyl peroxide
What is the process of staling called?
Retrogradation
What is defined as the ability of meat to retain its water during application of external forces such as cutting, heating, grinding, or pressing?
water holding capacity
what compounds found in many brassicas can be both cancer-protective and goitrogenic?
glucosinolates
Your oatmeal may taste soapy due to the oats having a high content of what?
Lipids
what is measured on the basis of the dipole moment of a single molecule?
dielectric constant
Term used to describe a compound causing defects in growing featus?
teratogen
what are the three spore-forming foodborne pathogens?
bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, clostridium botulinum
From inside to outside, list the components of the four layers found in a “tin” can
Enamel, tin, tin-iron alloy, steel
the food drug and cosmetic act contains guidelines requiring what food s to require lot coding?
Low acid canned foods, acidified foods, bottled drinking water, infant formula, bottled water
Explain what is meant by aseptic processing
The food and container are sterilized separately and are filled in a sterile environment
how many times higher is the mobility of proton in ice over water?
100
Is apple juice sweeter when it is colder?
yes
Why are fruits or vegetables often heated prior to maceration for juice production?
to inactivate native enzymes, reduce microbial load and affect an increase in juice yield
Name the two researchers who developed the most widely used and accepted machine to measure meat tenderness
Kenneth Warner (developed in 1920) and Lyman Bratzler (developed in 1932)
what are the coenzyme forms of niacin
NAD, NADP
MC: Which mycotoxin is associated with liver cancer? a. aflatoxin b. ochratoxin c. patulin
a. aflatoxin
Provide the common name for mahi mahi fish
dolphin or Dorado
What does GMP stand for?
Good manufacturing practices
Chuck comes from
Beef shoulder
Gouda cheese origin
Netherlands
Name the only fruit or vegetable that is never sold frozen, canned, processed, cooked or in any other from except fresh
Lettuce
what five vitamins, minerals and or elements is flour commonly enriched?
iron and B vitamins (folic acid, riboflavin, niacin, and thiamine). Calcium may also be supplemented
What serotype of Salmonella in mushrooms was the cause of a food recall in September 2020?
Salmonella Stanley
define defect action level
the term used to describe the allowable tolerances of natural or unavoidable foreign material in foods which could be a health hazard to the public
What is Kjeldahl test used for?
Determination of nitrogen content
What is one of the molds that produces aflatoxin?
aspergillus flavus and aspergillus parasiticus
what are the 2 types of direct heating?
steam injection and steam infusion
What is the K-value in assessing meat and fish?
The K-value measures how far ATP degradation has progressed within the tissue (Inosine+Hypoxanthine)/(Inosinic acid+Inosine+hypoxanthine)/Total nucleotide content
what is the % fat in whole milk?
3.25 (by law)
name the acids that are present in the following: oranges, grapes, apples, and yogurt
orange: citric, grapes: tartaric, apples: malic, yogurt: lactic
What is the primary alkaloid found in cocoa and chocolate?
Theobromine
What are descriptions of routine tasks in a food processing operation?
Standard operating procedures
What is hysteresis?
Hysteresis represent the history dependence of physical systems. If you push on something, it will yield: when you release, does it spring back completely? If it doesn't, it is exhibiting hysteresis, in some broad sense.
According to the Codex Alimentarius. What is the difference between extra virgin olive oil and virgin olive oil?
the main differences the oleic acid content so extra virgin must be less than point eight grams per 100 grams and Virgin must be less than two grams per 100 grams.
What is the classic Valencian dish made from rice, poultry, and seafood?
Paella
What does HTST, a type of pasteurization stand for?
high temperature, short time
What is the definition of pH?
PH stands for Hydrogen potentials. It refers to the concentration of the hydrogen ions in a solution in logarithmic scale
what proteolytic enzymes are located in lysosomes?
cathepsins
What act of 1999 requires timely reporting of livestock market data?
Livestock mandatory reporting
What are chylomicrons and what do they do?
A type of lipoprotein that delivers triacylglycerol to cells in the body
Enhancement or suppression involves the interaction of stimuli presented simultaneously as mixtures. Define Synergy in this context
The effect of the presence of one substance increasing the perceived combined intensity of two substances, such that the perceived intensity of the mixture is greater than the sum of the intensities of the components
In packaging, the joining of two or more films with adhesive is called?
lamination
Lactose is composed of
glucose and galactose
What is sensory adaptation?
A decrease in or change in sensitivity to a given stimulus as a result of continued exposure to that stimulus or a similar one
Stuffing frankfurters too tightly could cause what defect?
ruptured casings
What does the 1913 Gould Amendment require of food products marketed in the U.S.?
It requires that contents be plainly marked on the outside of the food package
The preserving activity of vinegar has been known from ancient time. The active component is
Acetic Acid
The milling of rice involves a process called what?
polishing
What part of the banana is used to make banana oil?
no part - Banana oil is a synthetic compound made with amyl alcohol
Define suppression in the context of the interaction of stimuli presented simultaneously as mixtures.
The effect created when one substance decrease the perceived intensity of a mixture of two or more substances
Sweetner developed by Cargill
Eversweet
What is the source of the milk used in making Roquefort cheese?
Ewe/female sheep
A food that is marketed as a modified food which does not fully meet the requirements of the standard is classified as
modified or immitaiton version of the standard food
What are the end products of scission and dismutation?
Aldehydes and ketones
What two myofibrillar proteins form cross-bridges during muscle contraction?
actin and myosin
Name food made from dried maize undergone alkali treatment
Hominy
Define and differentiate between GMPs and cGMPs
GMPs are Good Manufacturing Practices used by the food industry; cGMPs are Current Good Manufacturing Practices regulations under FDA codified at 21 CFR 110
What chemical compound is responsible for the fishy smell?
Trimethylamine
Which protein in milk is not secreted by mammary glands
Bovine serum albumin
What is the common name of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, a neurological disease found in sheep?
Scrapie
Beef is high in what kind of vitamins?
B (B12)
Who is the southeast area meeting chair this year and what school are they from?
Carter Reed University of Georgia
What is the common name for the pelt removal process during sheep slaughter?
Fisting
What is "double acting" baking powder?
The first acid reacts by creating gases when mixed with the liquid in the recipe. The second type reacts by creating gases when the batter is exposed to oven heat.
What term 2 step process when using a pre fermented mix of bread making
Sponge and dough
why can microwaves go through glass but not metal?
glass is dielectric
IFT has several annual awards for excellence. For what is the William V. Cruess Award given?
Excellence in Teaching
A plot of 1/Vmax plotted against 1/ substrate concentration is called what?
lineweaver burk plot
What does CAS stand for with regards to poultry processing?
Controlled atmosphere stunning
Which food product from Africa won the 2016 World Food Prize?
The orange-fleshed sweet potato
2 cups
pint
Lists three types of Vanilla as to their source and give their properties
Madagascar – highly flavorful, spicy. expensive, Mexican Vanilla – woody flavor,Tahitian Vanilla – floral flavor
Who is the current past-president of IFT?
Vickie Kloeris
at what frequency are microwaves typically at?
300 MHz to 300 GHz
What class of pigments has 2 cyclic aromatic rings, one with oxygen included?
flavonoids
Mageirocophobia is a fear of what?
cooking
Which company worked with NASA to develop HACCP?
Pillsbury
What type of packaging controls involves actively or passively controlling the masses surrounding a product?
MAP
What is accomplished by passing steaks or boneless sub-primals through a bank of needles or through a steak macerator?
Mechanical Tenderization
Caffeine belongs to what class of compounds?
methylxanthine
Which amino acid gives strong reaction with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent?
tyrosine (aromatic ring)
Name the body of FAO-WHO that deals with food standards including pesticides
Codex Alimentarius commission
Botanical name of wheat
Triticum
As of 2016, what is the state vegetable of Vermont?
Gilfeather turnip
Which is an mg determinant of cellulose fermentation in gut? a. ratio of cellulose:hemicellulose, b. ratio of lignan:cellulose, c. ratio of cellulose:resistant, d. ratio of mixing on inoculation
b. ratio of lignan:cellulose
Give two ways starch is modified for use in foods.
Cross linking, derivatives e.g. phosphate esters, acid/enzyme thinning, precooking
Where in the US are C. botulinum type A, B, and type E generally found?
type B toxin causes most cases of botulism in horses in the midwestern and mid-Atlantic states of the U.S., while type A is usually responsible for equine cases in the western states. . Type E-producing C. botulinum strains tend to occur in coastal areas and other aquatic environments
What is the term given to inspection of animals prior to slaughter?
Antemortem inspection
The small deposits of fat within meat muscle generally characteristic of higher grades of meat is known by what name?
Marbling
What type of method is the phenol sulfuric acid value, and what does this assay determine?
colorimetric, total carbohydrates
This word means "sausage poisoning". It is caused by a powerful toxin that affects the nervous system
botulism
What is a process where an electric current is passed through the food with the main purpose of heating it?
ohmic heating
With respect to distillation, what is a vaporize/condensation stage called?
A theoretical plate
What salt is used in curing meats and give three uses?
sodium nitrite/nitrate; inhibition of C. Botulinum, improve the color, flavor
Identify the name of this sensory test: each subject is presented with two samples and is asked whether the samples are the same or different.
Discrimination testing
why are enrichment techniques used when examining food for the presence of salmonella
salmonella re usually present in small numbers. Enrichment allows salmonella to grow and outcompete non-salmonella microbes and also allows recovery of injured cells
What was the location of the first Kentucky Fried Chicken franchise?
Salt Lake City, Utah
what are 3 functions of phosphorus in the human body
bone deposition, membrane components, atp
Which Mass spec technique relied on large protein fingerprint for bacteria
MALDITOF MS
What are the four core sciences of IFT?
Food Chemistry, Food Engineering, Food Microbiology, Sensory Science
Which detector can not be used with gradient dilution in HPLC: Refractive Index, Flouresence detector, Diode Array Detector
Refractive Index
Sanitation and inspection recommendations for adoption by state and local regulatory agencies for inspection of food retail and food service facilities are in the ________
FDA Food Code
What type of microorganisms can grow in oxygen but prefer to grow in oxygen reduced environments?
Microaerophilic
what is the purpose of a deaerator in an aseptic processing system?
to remove air and prevent lipid oxidation as the product temperature is increased during the process
dielectric heating is also called what, and why?
volumetric heating, and because heat is generated throughout the food volume
What is the most commercially significant form of uncooked ham sold in the United States?
country hams (or country shoulder)
How many regional sections are there of IFT?
47
in which year did belgian chemist ernest solvay patented his method for the industrial production of sodium carbonate?
1882
Fresh lime juice to protein solubility
increase or decrease solubility
What food color requires mandatory labeling?
All of them
What is the major antioxidant in rosemary extract?
Diterpenes - carnosic acid
What is term used when the difference threshold is What is determined by changing the variable stimulus by small amounts above and below the standard until the subject notices a difference
Just noticeable difference
What is IQF?
Individually quick frozen
when beta amylase attacks starch what products are formed
maltose, and limit dextrins
In which of the following tests do you need a reference comparison: duo-trio, hedonic, paired comparison
duo-trio; paired comparison
what are the two principal sources of juiciness in meat, as detected by consumers?
water and intramuscular fat (marbling)
What state designated Jell-O as its "state snack food" in 2001?
Utah
What is the enzyme that reacts with phospholipids?
Phospholipases
Which wheat protein responsible for celiac disease?
Gliadin
What is the time temperature combination required for foodservice operators to safely cool cooked foods.
Answer: food must be cool to 70 degrees Fahrenheit within two hours, and then 41 within four hours, and the total cooling time should not exceed six hours.
How many essential amino acids are required by adults?
9
Which compounds found in grapefruit act to inhibit Cytochrome P 450. Enzyme three a4 and cause potentially dangerous drug interactions
Furanocoumarins interfere with blood settings so they can be dangerous.
What form of mercury is associated with seafood toxicity?
org Hg or methyl Hg
which amino acids absorbed under UV light
phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan (all with aromatic groups)
Foods are fortified with iodine and to prevent which disease
Goiter
What is the name of the plant that capers come from?
Caper plants (Capparis spinosa)
The desirable bright red color of cured meats is due to the pigment
nitrosomyoglobin
What British dessert shares name with atomic model?
Plum pudding
There are 3 saturated sugar solutions: fructose, glucose, sucrose. List the order in which sugars would crystallize.
sucrose(doesn't mutarotae), glucose, fructose
why does water have a high dielectric constant?
large network of water molecules extending over several H-bonds, water molecules associate through H-bridges and proton transport takes place along H-bridges
Which vitamins can also be used as antioxidants
vitamins C and E
What type of claim is "poptarts are a good source of calcium"?
Nutrient-content claim
what national IFT award recognizes excellence in university teaching?
william v. cruess award
An object that absorbs light in the red and the blue regions of the visible spectra will appear what hue?
green
According for the US standard of identity for butter and margarine, what is the minimum fat %?
0.8
What is the word for total loss of smell?
anosmia
What is the most abundant component of skeletal muscle?
Water
what is glucono delta lactone
GdL (glucono-delta-lactone) is a widely used acidulant in meat products, especially for dry cured sausages. It is used when a slow release of acid is required. In the presence of water it reverts to gluconic acid. The lowering of the pH inhibits growth of bacteria and accelerates the drying
HDPE is a good barrier to what?
moisture barrier
What was margarine called when it was first marketed in England?
Butterine
Botswick measures what?
Popular for measuring consistency, flow rate and viscosity in a variety of viscous materials.
The two twisted rope-like cords in eggs that serve to keep the yolk in the center are:
Chalazae
What Congressional law provides that no food additive may be considered safe if it proves to cause cancer when ingested, at any level, by man or by animals?
The Delaney Clause
What is the term for brewing yeast aerobically as opposed to the TCA cycle?
the Crab Tree Effect
What is a humectant?
Humectants control water activity in foods, thus enhancing stability and viscosity, maintaining texture and reducing microbial activity. Humectants chemically bind water and reduce water activity.
Express water activity in terms of equilibrium relative humidity
Aw = ERH/100
Phosphorylation is a post translational modification of protein essential for their function. Name three aas that can be phosphorylated.
Serine, threonine, tyrosine
What are the three steps of fat autoxidation?
Initiation, Propagation, termination
give the resultant color for each of the following L*a*b* scores: 1) L* = 50, a*= 50, b* = 50; 2) L* = 50, a*= 0, b* = 0; 3) L* = 40, a*= 10, b* = 40
red, gray, brown
The polysaccharides in oats that provide viscosity and filtration problems in the brewing industry are called
beta glucans
Name a fermented milk that contains alcohol.
Kefir or koumiss
In a multiple effect evaporator what term is used to calculate efficiency?
SE (steam economy)
Loganberry is a cross of what two berries?
raspberry and blackberry
What is the name of the sweet syrup added to sparkling wines for secondary fermentation?
Tirage
MC: A monosaccharide is defined as: a. polyalcohol b. polyether c. acid d. all of the above
a. polyalcohol
What are the two types of bloom in chocolate?
sugar bloom and fat bloom
What are two types of enzymatic spoilage caused by Pseudomonas fluorescens refrigerated foods?
proteolysis and lipolysis
How many amino acids are found in one turn of an alpha helix in DNA?
3.6
Promortion of which food product in Africa won 2016 world food prize
Orange fleshed sweet potato
What is the difference between a food law and a food regulation?
Law: Enacted by an elected governing body (Congress). Regulation: Written and enforced by an agency with appointed members. FDA regulations are also federal laws. Also regulation can be found in title 21 COF and the public typically can input before FDA issues a final regulation
what is the shelf life of UHT processed milk
six to nine months
what two types of heating are dielectric heating?
microwave and radio frequency
What main agency is charged with enforcing standards that limit exposure to ionizing radiation?
US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
MC: How do refrigeration and freezing affect staling? a. both slow staling b. fridge slows staling, freezing aids staling c. fridge aids staling and freezing slows staling d. both aid staling
c. fridge aids staling, freezing slows staling
At what pH does phenolphthalein change color?
pH 8.5
What words does the acronym VPP represent in meat processing?
a Verified Premium Plus
Which protein in eggs has antimicrobial properties?
Lysozyme
What is the term for investigation and quantification of how physical stimuli evoke sensations and perceptions?
Psychophysics
Which of the following are reducing sugars and which are not : sucrose, trehalose, maltose, fructose, glucose
sucrose, trehalose are non reducing
Dark cutting beef is characterized by dark color, firm and dry texture. This problem is associated with meat having: A) low ultimate pH B) high ultimate pH C) rapid pH decline
B) high ultimate pH
What meat processing procedure is used to obtain pork with high pH and high water holding capacity?
Hot-boning
When baking, what can you substitute for buttermilk?
1 tsp salt + 1 cup whole milk
The USDA-FSIS currently (2008) recognizes high-pressure processing as an acceptable food safety intervention for eliminating which food pathogen from processed meat products
Listeria monocytogenes
The principle lipid component in milk is the class called which of the following: A) steroids B) phospholipids C) triacylglycerides
C) triacylglycerides
The theoretical expression describing the force which must be applied before a substance will flow freely is called ...
yield stress
what are designer foods
foods fortified with health promoting ingredients
What popular drink did a Dutch medical professor produce in his laboratory while trying to come up with a blood cleanser that could be sold in drugstores?
Gin
Addition of alpha-amylase on starch gives what disaccharide?
Maltose
define thermal death time
the time it takes to kill a specific bacteria at a specific temperature
Emulsifying proteins are called what because of their ability to harden during the cooking cycle?
heat-coagulable proteins
Define whether these are found in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells: true nucles, circular DNA, unicellularity, no membrane-bound organelles, size of 10-100 micrometers
eukaryotic: nucleus, size ; prokaryotic: circular DNA, unicelluar, no membrane-bound organelles
In what year were the official United States standards for grades of carcass beef promulgated?
1926
What nation produces 40% of the world's vanilla?
Indonesia
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?
The equation to estimate the pH of a buffer solution containing given concentrations of an acid and its conjugate base
What nut is in honey nut cheerios
Almonds
The name for a mixture of fat and flour that is used to thicken sauces?
Roux
Name the 5 IFT Student Association competitions.
Graduate student paper, Undergraduate student paper, College Bowl, Student Chapter of the Year, Product Development
What are some of the disadvantages of using the general method to calculate lethality?
the initial temperature and time/temperature profile used in production must remain consistent with those used at the time of the heat penetration tests, not recommended for process development, there is a need for thermocouple nad measurement accuracy (with accurate calibration)
Combustion of 10 g of food in a bomb calorimeter increases the temperature of 1 kg of water by 5°C. How many calories are present in 100 g of this food?
50 (kcal)
what process is done prior to freezing or dehydration to inactivate enzymes
blanching, chemical inactivation
Name food borne pathogen that grows below 10 C
Listeria Monocytogenes
What is the term used to describe tying the intestine during evisceration?
Bunging
Divisions of IFTSA
Aquatic food products, biotechnology, carbohydrate, dairy foods, food chemistry, food microbiology, food engineering, food packagong, food service, international, protein, nutrition (actually total 24)
Swiss style yogurt
Yogurt with fruits mixed
The temperature at which the water vapor in the air under a constant barometric pressure will condense into liquid water is called?
the dew point
What is the conversion factor of kilocalories to kilo joules?
4.184 kilojoules per kilo calorie
What is the general term applied to any ingredient added to improve or modify flavor in processed meat products?
seasoning
what is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that has been identified in free-ranging and captive mule deer, white tailed deer, and elk?
Chronic wasting disease
In what year was IFT founded?
1939
True or False: Flour with a yellow color is more nutritious than white flour because it contains more provitamin A
False - only one xanthophyll (not in flour) is known to possess pro-vitamin A activity for mammals
Peppercorns and bay leaf are commonly used spices that give which beef product its distinctive flavor?
corned beef
Steady state mass balance equation
Mass in - mass out = mass acumulation
Name the two methods of making two piece steel cans?
The two methods are draw redraw, and drawn and wall ironed.
What recipe, first published over 50 years ago, has been requested most frequently through the years by the readers of "Better Homes and Garden"?
The recipe for hamburger pie
Name the monomeric unit of amylose and amylopectin and give the linkages for each type.
amylose: glucose; a 1-->4 linkage ; amylopectin: glucose, a 1-->4 and 1 -->6 linkages
The science of the deformation and flow of matter is known as
Rheology
English hops -> typically used for english style ales, such as fuggles, goldings and northdown
unsure what the question is
What happens to a catalyst in a reaction?
Concentration remains same (ideally)
The organism that causes 'flat sours' in canned tomatoes is
bacillus stearothermophilus
Balancing cost speed and ease of use, which rapid quality control for syrup measuerment was used by industry
Hygrometer ©, NIR, Reflux distillation, Force drop oven
What is defined as the ability of meat to retain its water during application of external forces such as cutting, heating, grinding, or pressing?
water holding capacity
In University, TA is typically understood to mean teaching assistant. However, this initalism also refers to what type of spoilage in canned food?
Thermophilic, anaerobic spoilage
What structures do bacteria such as e. coli use for movement?
Flagella
What are the 3 main components of a microwave heating system?
magnetron, waveguide, and cavity
what compounds found in many brassicas can be both cancer-protective and goitrogenic?
glucosinolates
What are the 3 USDA quality grades of rabbits?
US Grade A, US Grade B, and US Grade C
what fruit has a fat content of 20% which is about 20 x the average of other fruits
avocado
what does IMF stand for and what is the range of water activity?
intermediate moisture foods, 0.6-0.9 water activity
Bromate is added to flour for what purpose?
Oxidizing agent
what are the 3 most common types of human botulism?
Type A, B, E, F (rare)
What is the range of BCU used in baking applications?
The BCU range will be from 0.00 (darkest) – 5.25 (lightest) BCU.
What salt causes coagulation in tofu
Ca sulphate or MgCl2
What color is observed when red, green, and blue pigments are mixed in equal amounts?
White
what is the term for the use of heat to eliminate a desired number of microorganisms from a food product?
thermal processing
First fruit shown in pac man
Cherry
How many valence electrons does oxygen have, and what orbitals are they hybridized to?
6, 4 sp3 orbitals
The time in minutes required to destroy 90% of a population at a given temperature.
D value – decimal reduction time
In general, microbial survival curves follow what type relationship?
first-order exponential
Unleavened bread
Matza
Assuming an average lifetime of 70 years, how many seconds is 1 billionth of an average lifetime?
2.2 seconds
what is the organism (genus) most commonly associated with food poisoning?
salmonella
current version military sampling dimensions?
ASQ/ANSI QUALITY CONTROL STANDARDS Z1.4 & Z1.9
Name three gelling food proteins?
egg white, whey, casein, soy
The products of superoxide ion O2-dismutation are ___________
3 O2 and H2O2
What are psychrotrophs?
Psychrotrophs are cold-tolerant bacteria or archaea that have the ability to grow at low temperatures, but have optimal and maximal growth temperatures above 15 and 20°C, respectively.
potassium sorbate can be applied to sausage casings before or after stuffing to retard what?
mold growth
what is a technique used to inject pickle simultaneously and automatically through a series of hollow needles, the shafts of which have numerous, evenly spaced holes along their lengths?
multiple injection pumping (stitch)
What is the address of IFT world headquarters?
525 W Van Buren St., Suite 1000, Chicago, IL 606067
what are the 3 main types of indirect heating?
PHE, THE, SSHE (plate heat exchanger, tubular heat exchanger, and scraped surface heat exchanger)
Name the four categories the plant pigments are classified in.
Carotenoids, anthocyanins, Betalains, chlorophylls
the flavor profile has become a standard approach to the sensory measurement of aromas and flavors. What company developed this method in 1948?
arthur d. little inc.
In thermoprocessing, what is the difference between "sterility" and "commercial sterility"
Sterility: free from microorganism Commercial Sterility: Free from pathogenic microorganisms and reduced levels of spoilage microorganisms that does not affect quality of a product
Name the two primary fatty acids within coffee beans.
linoleic and palmitic acid
the interaction of glutenin and gliadin forms a class of proteins called
gluten
the safety of seafood is influenced by the presence of the biologically active amine, histamine. How is it formed?
it is formed in spoiling fish by decarboxylation of the amino acid histidine
With regard to wines, what does the abbreviation AOC mean?
AOC – Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée The French term for a wine’s place of origin. It also refers to the complex rules regarding viticulture and vinification that vary from place to place.
What tree do prunes come from?
The plum tree.
What is the cutoff Reynold's number for laminar flow?
2100
Apart from carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen, which other gas is allowed in some countries for MAP?
Carbon Monoxide
In SDS-PAGE, what is the use of SDS?
the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, also known as sodium lauryl sulfate) and polyacrylamide gel largely eliminates the influence of the structure and charge, and proteins are separated solely based on polypeptide chain length.
Which chemical bond has functional groups on opposite sides of the chain?
Trans-bond
Essential amino acids
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine
the wheat type having the lowest protein and weak gluten is
soft white winter wheat
What is the minimal water activity for most bacteria?
0.90-0.91
What is the name of the evergreen shrub from which we get capers?
Caper Bush (Capparis spinosa)
Shear modulus is represented by which letter?
G
What are the two principal sources of juiciness in meat, as detected by consumers?
Moisture and intramuscular fat (marbling)
What is distilled wine known as?
Brandy
Name the fatty acid that contains 18 carbons and three double bonds?
Linolenic acid
What are the major antibodies present in the primary and secondary antibody responses Answer:
for primary response that is IgM and for secondary response that is IgG
Dancy, fair, nigerian are types of what?
Tangerines
What is "straight flour"
The total amount of flour milled from the wheat with all the flour streams combined. Straight flour corresponds to 100% of extraction or about 72% of the wheat
What toxic substances can be found in cassava root?
cyanogenic substances like linamarin and lotaustralin
Why is raw soybean meal not as good a source of essential proteins as cooked or heat processed soybean meal?
soybeans contain trypsin inhibitors which reduce digestibility of soy protein; heating denatures the inhibitors
What are the 2 principal mechanisms by which preservatives stop the growth of microorganisms?
water availability
What is the phone number for IFT?
312-782-8424
What are the uncontrolled fat crystallizations which give chocolate an impaired texture and a grey surface called?
Fat bloom
The partially denatured product of collagen, used as a food ingredient, is called ______________?
Gelatin
Do resistance thermometers or thermocouples have a higher upper limit temperature?
thermocouple
What is struvite?
Magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals which look like glass and are sometimes found in canned tuna fish
Generally, what is the net rate of heat transfer of food?
rate of absorption- rate of emission
What is one of the most bitter natural compounds known?
Amarogentin
What are the two main varieties of oranges grown in Florida for orange juice production
Valencia and Hamlin
MC: Which detection method can not be used with gradient elution in HPLC? a. RI(refractive index) b. DAD(photoiode-array) c. FLD(fluoresence detection)
a. RI
what is the difference between a high-methoxyl pectin and low methoxyl pectin
High-methoxyl pectin requires a significant amount of sugar to gel properly, but low-methoxyl pectin requires less
Silver nitrate is used as a titrant in food analysis to determine what food component?
Salt (sodium chloride). The silver reacts with the chloride to precipitate silver chloride in the mohr titration
What is the milk fat % in heavy cream?
At least 36%
Given in the proper order, what are the four steps in cleaning and sanitizing food equipment?
Cleaning, rinsing, sanitizing, air drying
What color is the USDA inspection legend, or inspection seal, on horse meat?
Green
A bacteria, yeast, fungi, or filamentous genetic material has been changed in nucleic aicd modification by FAO/WHO is termed what?
Genetically modified
What foodborne parasite is found in cat litter?
Toxoplasma gondii
In which dairy products is acetaldehyde a problem or defect?
Yogurt
Role of nitrous oxide in color protection
Antioxidant
what are the two types of certified food colorants
lakes (water and oil soluble) and dyes (water soluble)
What was the first type of student competition held by IFT?
undergraduate research paper forum
What is the name of the frog mascot for honey smacks?
Dig 'em
What is "latent heat of vaporization"?
The amount of energy required to convert a unit mass of liquid to gas at its boiling point.
What flavor of ice cream did Baskin-Robbins introduce to commemorate the moon landing in 1969?
Lunar Cheesecake
Most commonly consumed single cell food
Chicken egg
In what country did the Jerusalem artichoke originate?
USA
Lysine is produced by which genus of bacteria
Brevibacterium
What is the most popular ice cream flavor?
Vanilla
Which bacteria must be tested for under the final rule for pathogen reduction and HACCP? And which bacteria should meet performance standards?
generic E. coli, Salmonella
What color of ink is used to apply the red meat carcass inspection stamp?
Purple
What does IMPS stand for?
Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications
Give 2 ways to measure ethylene
There are several ways to measure ethylene: 1) gas chromatography (best but expensive); 2) kitagawa tubes, or equivalent; 3) other types of chemical sensors; or 4) another plant that is sensitive to ethylene.
what constituent or property of food does the iodine value measure
degree of unsaturation of fats or oils
At what temperature (in degrees F) does meat freeze?
28
How is fungi differentiated from algae and other higher plants?
It lacks chlorophyll
what is the difference between plate heat exchanger and tubular heat exchanger in regards to the heating/cooling medium flow?
plate heat exchangers have concurrent flow while the tubular heat exchanger have countercurrent flow
Leavening agents
Baking soda, baking powder, whipped egg whites, steam, dry yeast
EDTA and citric acid are examples of what group of additives used in foods?
metal chelators - prevent oxidation
Which USDA agency inspects red meat products at slaughter?
Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)
in unsteady state heat transfer, what is the dimensionless number used to evaluate the importance of internal and external resistance to heat transfer?
the biot number
Genus and Species of the bacteria involved in the Irish Famine
Phytophthora infestans
Why should olive oil be stored in a dark environment?
prevent photooxidation of PUFAs
The latin motto of the FAO is "fiat panes." What does the translate to?
"Let there be bread"
Turbulent flow is characterized by NRE = _______________
> 3500
Which descriptive sensory analysis technique uses consumers instead of trained judges
free choice profiling
What are mohr's titration and volhard titration used for?
determining salt concentration
ikik
astaxanthin
why do O-H covalent bonds have partial ionic character?
because the oxygen molecule is highly electronegative
What effect does ascorbate have on curing with sodium nitrite?
Faster curing action by reducing nitrate to nitrite
Extra component in dry martini
Olive brine
What are some ways to heat process food?
retort, aseptic, pasteurize, blanch, hot fill
What is the name of the viscous liquid in which legumes have been cooked?
It's called aquafaba
What is the usual protein content range of cereal grains?
8-13%
How many glucose units in beta cyclodextrin?
7
The reaction of secondary amine with nitrous acid results in the formation of powerful carcinogens called
nitrosamines
What is most abundant myofibrillar protein?
myosin
what are the three types of sensory tests
discrimination, descriptive, and affective
what is the relationship between dielectric loss factor and penetration depth?
as dielectric loss factor increase, penetration depth decreases
What are mycoses?
When molds and fungi colonize body surfaces. There are various types, categorized based on how deep into tissues they inhabit.
Give the genus and species of the organism that produces xanthan gum
Xanthamonas campestris
what are some of the advantages of a tubular heat exchanger?
few gaskets, low maintenance costs, compact units, no moving parts
What muscle hypertrophy condition in sheep, which develops approximately 3 weeks after birth, means "beautiful buttocks"?
Callipyge
what is the state of muscle when permanent cross-bridges form and prevent sliding of filaments so that the the muscle becomes inextensible?
rigor mortis
Lactic acid bacteria
gram-positive microorganisms known as the main safe industrial-scale producers of lactic acid (LA)
What does E. stand for in E. coli?
Escherichia
What pigment reaction causes the greenish sheen during spoilage of cured meat products?
Myoglobin or oxymyoglobin are subjected to reducing reactions from bacteria, acerbate or other reducing agents.
During postmortem aging of meat, the pH declines from 7.2 to approximately 5.5. Considering the biochemical pathways associated with this observation identify the primary acid that accumulates during this process
Lactic acid
another name for decimal reduction time is
D-value
Which of the following do not require pre-market approval?
structure function claims
Relating to food service, in a three compartment sink what is each sink used for?
washing, rinsing, and sanitizing
What is the name of the spice mix used in Ethiopian and interesting culture that contains ingredients like chili peppers, garlic, ginger, and fennel.
Berbere Seasoning
trans fatty acids occur naturally and what type of animal
Ruminant animals
name two plastic forming techniques
injection molding, extrusion blow molding, compression forming, vacuum forming
what is the major assumption made when dealing with CFU in microbiology
Each individual colony is originated from one original bacterial cell All the cells within each colony forming unit is homogenous
What is Capsaicin and where is it found?
Pungent flavor of hot peppers
Name a reagent used to determine the amount of reducing sugar present in food
benedict's reagent
what is the complementary nucleotide sequence to A-G-C-T?
T-C-G-A
The caloric content of a large egg is A- 50, B-70, C - 100, D - 125
b. 70
What is the name for the Italian-style sausage composed of very finely chopped, cured pork and beef with added cubes of white fat; delicately spiced with garlic, nutmeg and coriander; stuffed into larger diameter casing and sliced?
Mortadella
True or false: the name margarine comes from a fatty acid, margaric acid, named by Chevreul in 1813.
True, although later studies showed there is no such thing as margaric acid
What is the main advantage of an agitating retort over a still retort?
increase in heat transfer, decrease time for geometric center to reach desired temperature
Who is hosting the 2019 Food Disruption Challenge Pitch?
Daymon John
What is the name of the reagent used in food analysis which forms a fluorescent compound with primary amines?
Fluorescamine
Which of the following are emulsifying salts for use in the processing cheese? A - sodium tartrate, B - sodium chloride, C - Potassium chloride, D - all of the above
a. sodium tartrate
what is the distance from the surface of the food material at which the incident microwave power is reduced to 1/e of its value at the surface of the product?
penetration depth
What is the hormone released by cows that allow milk to be released?
Oxytocin
Stability of egg foam is promoted by all the following except
concentration of protein, pH of the system, the addition of water, presence of sugar
Which was the first civilization to make marshmallows?
Ancient Egypt
The Maillard reaction is a reaction between what two specific components in foods
Reducing sugar and amino acid
The Fehlings test uses CuO, which reacts with aldehydes. In glucose presence, what is the color of the precipitate formed?
Red
What is the scientific name of the honeybee?
Apis mellifera
In kJ per mol, what is the dissociation energy of the H3O+ ion?
100
Who developed the flavor profile method?
Arthur D. Little
What is another name for a single banana?
Finger
the molecular structure which makes emulsifying agents effective is _____
contain both a lipophilic part and a hydrophilic part
what is the likely source of the hemorrhagic e. coli that contaminates hamburger?
cow's cut during slaughter
What two factors largely determine the degree of thermal processing required?
pH of foods and rate of heat penetration into canned products
what causes the pH to drop during the aging of eggs?
loss of carbon dioxide through the egg shell
The degradation of what compound in cooked fish causes it to be flaky?
Collagen that is turned into gelatin
Which flavor is caused by the iron-catalyzed oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and becomes more noticeable when refrigerated, pre cooked, uncured meats are reheated?
warmed over flavor
What is the compound responsible for the pink color of cured meats?
nitrosomyoglobin
What are the main classes of flavonoids?
Neoflavonoids, isoflavonoids, bioflavonoids
How many percentage of sugar is in semi-bitter chocolate? a. 15%, b. 30%, c. 45%, d. 70%
b. 30%
pasteur effect
the rate of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions is higher than the rate under aerobic conditions. Aerobic: citric acid cycle follows glycolysis; anaerobic: fermentation occurs
What does the Karl Fischer test measure
Moisture content (usually when present in trace amounts)
In plants, what amino acid is used to synthesize ethylene?
methionine
Choke berries are high in polyphenols, procyanidins, anthocyanins, and other antioxidants. What are choke berries also known as?
Aronia berries
What is the main disadvantage of commercial sterilization of a food?
significant changes in nutritive and sensory characteristics
What condition results during thawing of muscle that frozen before it enters rigor mortis?
thaw rigor
Which comprises for 20% calorie intake in world
Rice
what are the advantages of non thermal processing over thermal processing?
prevention of thermal off flavors, better flavor, better nutrient retention
What is the act of intentionally debasing the quality of food offered for sale, either from the addition or substitution that is either from addition or substitution of inferior substances or by the removal of some valuable ingredient.
Adulteration
In a water molcule, what are the H-bond acceptor sites?
H-O bonds
Which 2 indegineous groups cultivated peanuts?
Incas and Aztecs
when cysteine in wine breaks down, what happens to the sensory quality
the wine develops a sulfurous odor
What type of heating arises from the direct conversion of electrical energy in the form of microwaves to heat within the volume of the food itself?
microwave heating
What spice from the dried leaves of an herb in the mint family gives pork sausage its typical flavor?
Sage
What is the standard against which all sweeteners are measured in terms of their quality of taste and taste profile?
sucrose (taste sugar)
What is the main components causing browning in bananas?
enzyme (ppo) and phenols
name three classes of flavonoids
anthocyanidins, isoflavones, flavonols, catechins, etc
Give two amino acids which contain two ammonium and related groups.
arginine, lysine, asparagine, glutamine
What is the common name of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, a neurological disease found in sheep?
Scrapie
what vitamin can be synthesized from tryptophan, and what disease does its deficiency cause?
niacin, pellagra
How many coffee beans does each coffee cherry normally contain?
2
What is sodium silicoaluminate used for?
An anticaking agent
Maillard reaction reactants
reducing sugars, amino groups
If capillary breakage occurs in fat, the condition is commonly referred to as what?
Fiery Fat
What sausage is probably produced in the greatest amount in the world? In some regions, the green pistachio nut is a traditional ingredient
mortadella
Identify the name of this sensory test: each subject is presented with two samples, and are asked whether the samples are the same or different.
Same/difference of simple difference tests, may also be paired comparison (lacks predictable null hypothesis)
What does "ETEC" stand for in microbiology?
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
An element found in proteins but not in carbohydrates is what?
Nitrogen
Another term for Black Spots in Shrimps
Amelanosis
what is the 12D process?
the time/temperature process that will reduce the microbe spore population (typically C. bot) by 12 log cycles
withering, rolling, fermenting and firing are all processes associated with the production of which beverage?
Tea
An enzyme the removes methanol from pectin is called what?
Pectin methylesterase
What substance is used in meat curing to counteract the harsh flavor of salt?
dextrose
Who had the 1st patent on the metal can?
Peter Durand of England
what is the coordination number of stable ice-I?
4
Loss of H2O from a gel
syneresis
Egg yolks are one of the few food that naturally contain which vitamin?
Vit D
What is the percent of non-fat solids found in whole milk?
8.25
What class of chemical compounds are responsible for the brilliant red color in paprika?
Carotenoids
Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate from glycolysis goes to what cycle in the mitochondria?
Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs Cycle/ TCA
What happens to both the coordination number and distance between nearest neighbor molecules during the transtion from ice to water?
both increase
What is the pH range of beer? a. 2-3 b. 3-5 c. 5-6 d. 6-7
b. 3-5
first in
first out, aka FIFO
In 1989, the pork industry began a national eradication program for what virus, which is nearing completion?
Pseudorabies
if 2 M NaOH solution contains 80 g of NaOH, how much NaOH does a 1 M solution contain
40 g
What substances in low quantity can be found in food?
Indirect additives
which branches of the federal government are involved in regulation of the u.s. food supply
all 3 (FDA,USDA,EPA)
In what year and by which president what the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act enacted?
FDR in 1938
Where is commercial lecithin (food additive) obtained?
soybean
Ingestion of crickets- allergen?
shell fish crustaceans
What is the name given to the propylene polymer produced by being stretched both in and across machine direction?
Bi-axially oriented polypropylene
What is kefir?
milk fermentation product from yeast and lactic acid bacteria (saccharomyces kefir)
What is the common name of a 16:0 saturated fatty acid?
Palmitic
which MAP gas has bacteriostatic/bactericidal properties
carbon dioxide
CIE L*a*b* (CIELAB) is a color space specified by the French Commission internationale de l'éclairage. What is the translation of the name of this commision in English?
International Commission on Illumination
What type of lettuce was called crisphead until the 1920's?
Iceberg lettuce
t/f an oil in water emulsion is best achieved with an emulsifier having a low HLB value
False
According to the USDA National Organic Standards, ingredients derived by biotechnology or GMOs: a- are not allowed in organic products, b - are only allowed in first generation organic products, c- are allowed in organic products, d - are only allowed if declared and identified as such on the label
Not allowed
What is the D value?
Time in minutes, at specified temperature to destroy 90% or 1 log reduction of the microorganisms in a population.
name two fermentation sources of chymosin
kluyveromyces marxianus variety lactis and e. coli
What is the act of debasing food using food additives?
Adulteration
Describe electrical stimulation and the purpose it serves in meat tenderness/toughness.
Electrical stimulation prevents severe cold shortening by accelerating the rate of the processing leading up to rigor mortis by depleting ATP. The goal is to prevent the carcass from being chilled while pre rigor or while undergoing rigor mortis. This action reduces toughness and muscle shortening.
State veg of oklahoma
Watermelon
The results of what sensory test are often plotted to give a flavor profile, with the resulting graph being referred to as a spiderweb plot?
Quantitative Descriptive Analysis
Beef was traditionally suspended using which tendon, which was also a cause of muscle shortening?
Achilles
what causes the pH drop of meat?
anaerobic metabolism post mortem leads to latic acid build up
How many years does an individual need to be a member of IFT before they can become an IFT fellow?
15 years
Term for temp at which Vapor Press= press of surrounding
Boiling pt
What do you have to correct for after total dietary fiber
nitrogen in ash fro protein
Loganberry is a cross of which two berries?
The loganberry (Rubus × loganobaccus) is a hybrid of the North American blackberry (Rubus ursinus) and the European raspberry (Rubus idaeus).
two other government agencies along with the FDA which have responsibility for ensuring the safety of imported foods are ______ and _______
USDA and U.S. Customs
What is the maximum amount of fat per RACC (reference amount customarily consumed) allowed in a product labeled "fat free"?
0.5 g
What breed of cattle produces the most beef in the United States?
Black Angus
what does the acronym NADA stand for
new animal drug application
cow's milk is considered to be an ideal food for human health being rich in vitamins and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus however milk lacks one very important mineral. Which one is that?
iron
Roquefort cheese is made from the milk of what animal?
Sheep
in cheese making, what terms describe the solid mass and the liquid phases
solid; curd; liquid:whey
Ingles coming procedure
Fiber Assay
Turbulent flow is characterized by NRE = _______________
pvD (p = density, v = flow velocity, D = orifice diameter)
What sweeteners are used in Coke Zero?
Asparatame and acesulfame potassium
CRISPR
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (enzyme used is cas9)
what is a material property that determines the distribution of energy within the material?
attenuation factor
give the order of sweetness for sucrose, maltose, trehalose, and fructose
trehalose
Multiple forms of the same enzyme in a given tissue that arise from genetically determined differences in primary amino acid sequences are called what
Isoenzyme
what organism can cause symptoms similar to appendicitis?
yersinia enterocolitica
what are the three types of emulsions?
semi permanent, permanent, and temporary
Falling number measures the activity of which enzyme in cereals?
amylase
In 2013, Wisconsin declared a new state pastry. This pastry is hand-rolled from Danish pastry dough (wienerbrød dough) that has been rested overnight before shaping, filling, and baking. Many sheets of the flaky dough are layered, then shaped into an oval. After filling with fruit, nut, or other flavor combinations, the pastry is baked and iced. What is the name of this pastry?
Kringle
What is the purpose of the heat penetration test in thermal processing?
to determine the temperature of slowest heating zone in a food container, and use the time/temperature data to calculate a thermal process that will render the product commercially sterile
what organisms are responsible for scombroid poisoning in seafood
Morganella morganii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What is the most widely eaten fish in the world?
Herring
Who comprises the executive committee of the IFTSA
Elected Officers (Voting), Area Meeting Chairs, Competitions Chairs
Which of these crops is not listed for product development competition in the NASA space program: A) peanuts B) spinach C) watermelon D) tomato?
Watermelon
What is all purpose cake flour protein content?
0.117
What are the 4P of food marketing?
Place, price, promotion, product
What is the dressing percentage of a steer that had a live weight of 1,250 lb. and a carcass weight of 800 lb.?
62-64%
What does GRAS stand for?
Generally Recognized As Safe
What are beef or lamb carcasses with a thin layer of fat covering that are chilled rapidly susceptible to?
Cold shortening
Explain how gamma rays destroy microorganisms?
Gamma rays induce free radical formation, which can interact with DNA and other cellular constituents, which would destroy the organism.
name the 2 major producers of oj concentrate
florida and brazil
vitamin D enhances the absorption of what two minerals
phosphorus and calcium
Improvement in baking quality occurs during storage of flour. What happens to color?
Yellow --> White
Name two PUFA commonly in foods
Linoleic, Linolenic
What is the pigment form that gives cured meat its typical pink color?
nitrosylhemochrome
What are the five major classes of micro organisms based on temperature?
Mesophile thermophile, psychrotroph psycrophile extremophiles
The dispersion of one liquid in another immiscible liquid is called what?
Emulsion
what are designer foods
foods fortified with health promoting ingredients
Shear stress is linearly proportional to shear strain
Newtonian fluid
Which vitamins are destroyed by alcohol?
B complex vitamins
What is polarography and how is it used in food analysis?
voltage is scanned on a dropping mercury or pulsed electrode surface. At the redox potential of the analyte, diffusion current is established as analytes diffuse to the electrode which is directly related to the concentration. It is used for many food components that exhibit oxidation-reduction behavior
PVPP, gelatin why added to beverages?
Clarification
MC: What % fat in bovine milk exists as TAGs? a. 83% b. 88% c. 93% d. 98%
d. 98%
Not found on pyschrometric chart: Enthalpy, abs humidity, wet bulb temp, thermal conductivity
thermal conductivity
In sauerkraut production, salt promotes the growth of what group of bacteria?
lactic acid bacteria
What happens to a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
a catalyst can increase the rate of a reaction but the catalyst itself remains unchanged
What are the two selected agents in Baird-Parker media?
is a medium for the enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in foods which was first reported by Baird-Parker (1962) contains Lithium chloride and tellurite
Allose
D-Allose is a rare monosaccharide, which rarely appears in the natural environment. D-Allose has an 80% sweetness relative to table sugar but is ultra-low calorie and non-toxic and is thus an ideal candidate to take the place of table sugar in food products.
the fifth taste response, activated by flavor potentiators like MSG, is called
umami
MC: What is the normal pH of milk? a. 6.2-6.4 b. 6.5-6.8 c. 7.0-7.3 d. 7.4-7.6
b. 6.5-6.8
What term refers to very low Coronary heart diseases despite a diet high in solid fat?
French paradox
lyophilization is also known as
freeze drying
When referring to color, what does BCU stand for?
Baking contrast units
what is poising capacity
apparent resistance to change in redox potential
passage of the food drug and cosmetic act of 1938 was motivated by
The tipping point came in 1937, when an untested pharmaceutical killed scores of patients, including many children, as soon as it went on the market.
What spoilage compound is associated with a medicinal off odor caused by alicyclobacillus?
Guaiacol
What viral disease in cloven-hoofed animals causes fluid-filled blisters on their mouth, tongue, teats, muzzle, and skin between their hooves?
Hoof (foot) and mouth disease
What property of a liquid provides resistance to flow?
Viscosity
Xenobiotic Definition
substances that are foreign to the body or to an ecological system
What is the scientific name of the honeybee?
Apis mellifera
The IFT annual award that recognizes research accomplishments of an individual 36 years or younger is called___________________.
Samuel Cate Prescott Award
what is deglutition
the act or process of swallowing food
PDCAAS
protein digestibility corrected amino acid score
The components of cow's milk that do not vary much with the age of the cow, diet, breed, and stage of lactation are which of the following? A) water and protein B) minerals and carbohydrate C) lipids and carotenoids
A) water and protein
Food and Drug administration is responsible for the enforcement of food additives regulation in US. Which canadian agency is responsible for the same?
CFIA (Canadian food inspection agency)
Citrus HLB is a bacterial disease. What does it stand for?
Huanglongbing or citrus greening
Which compound is the sealing layer in brik package?
PE
What term is used to describe areas where fresh food is not available?
food deserts
Chiffon, marble, and bundt are types of what?
Cake
What is the purpose of the Englis-Cummings procedure?
measure the total, soluble and insoluble fiber content
what sweetener did ira remsen discover in 1879?
Saccharine
What tendon is used when beef carcasses are hung on the rail?
Achilles
the HLB value is a number from 1 to 18 used to describe effectiveness of what?
emulsifying agents
In 2003, the National Conference on Interstate Milk Shipments (NCIMS) unveiled a new program which dramatically changed the way Grade A Milk Processing Facilities may be inspected and listed in the IMS list. What was this program?
Voluntary HACCP program
Name two journals published by IFT and how often they are published
food technology- monthly, and journal of food science - bimonthly
What innovation in beef marketing did IBP perfect in 1967 that dramatically changed the beef industry?
Break down carcass into smaller parts (vacuum packaged, bone and unwanted fats removed)
Compound associated with green color in pistachios
Chlorophyll
what are two examples of natural antioxidants
vitamin C, vitamin E, beta carotene
On what continent were potatoes first cultivated in ca. 200 AD?
South America
steer and barrow carcasses unlike heifer and gilt carcasses, have what adjacent to the posterior end of the aitch bone?
Pizzle eye
Name genus and species of most common mango fruit
Mangifera indica
What is a theoretical plate in simple distillation?
A theoretical plate is an area in the column where the recondensing liquid and the rising vapor come into equilibrium with one another
Why are fats neutralized during processing and manufacture and how is it done?
oil breakdowns to Free fatty acid & other simple compounds, lead to off flavor & off odors, Soap is formed from the fatty acids by addition of alkali to remove these undesirables.
What are the smallest and largest amino acids by MW
glycine and tryptophan
What is the difference between commercial sterilization and pasteurization
sterilization: processed at temps higher than 100 C, mainly for canning (retorting), destroys all microbes that may cause spoilage (may contain heat resistant bacteria spores such as endospores or thermophiles or flat sour bacteria), shelf life of 2+ years at room temperature, pasteurization: processed at temps lover than 100 C, typically high temperature for short time (HTST), destroys pathogenic microbes, reduces spoilage microbes, inactivates enzymes
Fermented food of Mexico
Pozole
what causes ergotism (st. anthony's fire)?
caused by eating toxic alkaloids produced by the fungus Claviceps purpurea. On wheat, barley, rye, oats, and wild grasses. Max. level of ergot allowed 0.1% dry weight in barley, oats, 0.3% dry weight in wheat and rye
Name in microbial reduction process for spices and seasonings.
Answer: irradiation
what enzyme causes browning in apples?
polyphenol oxidase
claviceps purpurea causes what type of food poisoning
ergot
True or false: the following steps should be followed for cleaning food contact equipment and utensils: 1) prerinse 2) soap and scrub (washing) 3) rinse 4) sanitize 5) air drying
True
Potassium sorbate can be applied to sausage casings before or after stuffing to retard what?
Yeast, Molds, and select bacteria
The two chemical components of a triacylglycerol are what?
glycerol and fatty acids
Name two types of insoluble fiber and a dietary source for each
Lignin- flax, rye and some vegetables; Cellulose- whole wheat, bran, seeds
The main lipid class in lean or low fat fish is ____________?
Phospholipids
what is the primary ingredient in sand?
silica (silicon dioxide)
What is the name of long chain plant waxes that are typically composed of odd carbon length?
n-alkanes of the epicuticular leaf wax
The force required to bite through something describes which sensory attribute
Hardness
What is an ideal surface which absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence, and emits the maximum possible thermal radiation at a given temperature?
blackbody
HLB values for oil in water emulsion
High value (8 to 16)
Given the highest dose of a chemical that causes no effect in rats is 300mg; what is the accepted daily intake for humans?
3 mg, (100 fold safety factor)
What is an indicator organism in food microbiology
an indicator of sanitary conditions
According to the Codex Alimentarius, what is the minimum percentage fat that required for cream and prepare creams
0.1
the portion of the cereal grain that contains starch granules and protein bodies is called
endosperm
Minimum Protein Rating in Canada
20%
what is the fibrous Italian cheese, that's name means spun curd due to the due to the unique stretching process?
Pasta filata, also known as “stretched curd” or “spun paste”, refers to the process of heating and stretching curd directly before forming a final cheese
Blue Tanner and Dungeness are types of what meat products?
Crab
what milk protein is a cofactor for the synthesis of lactose
alpha lactalbumin
The chlorophyll reaction in food processing whereby the magnesium is lost by replacement with hydrogen results in the formation of what pigment and what is the color?
pheophytin, brown
Nutmeg is indigenous to which island country
Indonesia
explain what beer's law equation is used for, state the equation, and explain what each variable is
Beer's law is used in calculations dealing with spectrophotmetric analyses. Absorbance = elc. E is the molar absorbtivity constant, L is the length of the cell holder/cuvette and c is the concentration of the solution
give the food pyramid
My pyramid includes grains, vegetables, fruits, milk and beans and excerise
what single kind of restructured meats represents the most volume and value and involves finding meat pieces into a single piece?
Sectioned and Formed
Until a few decades ago, Freon-12 was commonly used in what food processing operation?
Refrigeration
What are the polarities of the staionary and mobile phases in N-HPLC?
mobile is non-polar, stationary is polar
Thiobarbituric acid number or value,
Thiobarbituric acid– lipid oxidation
What year was Food Technology established?
1947
What type of bacteria besides Staphylococci aureous can survive on cows utters?
Micrococci
This compound is a polymer of glucose. The adult human body usually contains less than a pound. Most of it is found in the liver and muscle.
Glycogen
Enzymes that catalyze transphosphorylation are called:
Kinases
What are the 2 main methods of plate counting?
Spread and pour plating
In canning, what is come-up time?
the time it takes to reach the thermal processing temperature
name two conditions under which yeasts and molds will out compete most bacteria
low Aw (0.6-0.7) and pH <4 or >9
From what source is C. bot first isolated?
Smoked ham
What year was the federal meat grading service established?
1927
where does isoamylase attack on amylopectin?
breaks the alpha 1, 6 bond between two glucose molecules
name two refrigerants that are not CFCs
NH3 and SO2
Name of the food derived from dried maize that has undergone nixtamalization)
Cornmeal that has been soaked in an alkaline solution, e.g., limewater (a process known as nixtamalization), it is called masa harina (or masa flour),
what is a savory, usually acidic, sauce in which meat is soaked to enrich its flavor or to tenderize it?
Marinade
what are the typical organisms used in the production of cottage cheese
lactococcus lactis subsp lactis, lactococcus lactis subsp. Cremoris; homofermentative fast acid producing
Rickets is caused by
Vit D deficiency
name four molecular characteristics of proteins desirable for film and foam formation.
soluble; large; amphipathic; flexible domains; interactive regions; disposition of charged groups; retention of structure; and polar residues
rank the following in order of their tolerance to low water activity (highest resistance to least): yeasts, bacteria, molds
molds, yeasts, bacteria
what is the relationship between dielectric constant and frequency?
as frequency increases, dielectric constant decreases
to make a fermented sausage with more "tang", one should add more of what ingredient to the meat mixture
? glucose, dextrose, or sucrose (Lactic acid producing bacteria culture)
SDS-PAGE
Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
What is the most important characteristic used to determine the maturity of a veal carcass?
lean color
Name 3 uses for corn syrup solids and/or maltodextrin?
bulking agents, flow aids, flavor carriers, and encapsulation
what are the 2 main components of food that absorb far-IR energy?
water and organic compounds (such as proteins and starches)
What chemical compound is determined as an indicator of maillard browning?
hydroxymethylfurfural
Define "indirect" additive
substances that may come into contact with food as part of packaging or processing equipment, but are not intended to be added directly to food.
Who developed the process of pasteurization in the1860s?
Louis Pasteur
What is the first degree breed of dairy cattle in the US?
Holstein
According to the Beef Steak Color Guide, what end-point cooking temperature (F) is associated with medium rare degree of doneness?
145
The sun can be approximated as a blackbody at what temperature?
5800K
What is the mechanism of action for the microbial destruction by High Hydrostatic Pressure and Pulsed Electric Fields?
PEF: electroporation (the formation of pores in cell membranes by the action of high voltage electric fields). PEF inactivation via electroporation is believed to be associated with the migration and accumulation of charge across the cell membrane under the action of applied electric field; HHP: Rupture or damage to cell membrane
Who is the current IFTSA College Bowl Competition Chair and what school are they from?
Abigail Sommer; Ohio State University
What popular canned sausages, similar to frankfurters, although more bland in flavor and smaller?
vienna sausages
What do the following assays measure? Ninhydrin,
Ninhydrin– primary amines (amino acids)
what are the coenzyme forms of niacin
NAD, NADP
what three parameters determine hold tube length?
residence time, system flow rate, hold tube internal diameter
What is the minimum recommended doneness (F) for a whole chicken?
165
What is the protein coat of a virus call?
Capsids
Nam 1 method of second degree product of rancidity
TBARS, VOCs, sensory evaluation, p-anisidine value, HPLC, GC, mass spectrometry
name the two synthetic antioxidants and two natural antioxidants?
synthetic: BHA, BHT, PG, TBHQ; natural:alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, ferulic? Acid, sesamol
In 2008 and 2009, which state had the highest value of production (production multiplied by average price per pound) of honey?
North Dakota
Two reasons why pectic enzyme preparations from Aspergillus Niger are often used during fruit is production
Answer: it is to increase yield and increase clarity
What Pentose abundant wood is used to make a non-cariogenic sugar alcohol commonly used in chewing gum.
Xylitol , xylose
What sweeteners are found in Coca Cola zero sugar?
Aspartame and acesulfame K
Less starch granule damage occurs during milling of soft wheats because?
The softer wheats have a less compact starch–protein complex which results in less starch damage and lower water absorption.
Which vitamin contains cobalt?
vitamin B12 or cyanocobalamin
According to the FAO, a serving a magnesium supplement must contain a minimum of what percentage of the recommended daily intake
15%.
name two components of the SNF portion of milk
lactose, casein, and whey
What is a food intoxication?
An intoxication results when a person eats food containing toxins that cause illness
the step in which fatty acids of higher melting point are separated by cooling during edible oil manufacturer is called?
winterization
Name the main microorganism used in malolactic fermentation.
Oenococcus oeni
what is the dielectric constant?
a quantity measuring the ability of a substance to store electrical energy in an electrical field
What is the genus/species/variety for popping corn?
Zea mays everta
what is the process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor produces heat
Joule Heating
A 6D process reduces the population of the target organism by what percent?
99.9999%
what protein exhibits little or no emulsifying properties due to its unique triple helical structure, which is extremely stable and not readily solubilized?
Collagen
when the coordination number decreases during the transition from water to ice, what happens to the density?
density decreases
What are the holes in Swiss cheese caused by and what are they called?
Carbon dioxide and they are called eyes.
What is the approximate number of flavorists in the world
500
Fermented cheese named after cities of origin: Cheedar , applewood, Mozralla, Yarg
Chhedar
What is the difference between a category scale and a ratio scale?
Category scale is made up of equal intervals, Ratio scale has the judge express ratios of intensities (sample compared to reference)
Often phage or viruses are used for DNA cloning, what is the process called?
Transduction
Which fruit can be added without destroying the gel: pineapple, papaya, kiwi, strawberry, fig
Strawberry (no proteolytic enzyme)
Name 3 amino acids that can be cleaved at protein carboxylic acid end by Carboxypeptidase A
Lysine, Arginine, Prolein
What state did Colby cheese originate in?
Wisconsin
What are the six classes of IFT membership?
Premier, premier early carrier, networking and engagement, international joint membership, emeritus, student
Improvement in baking quality occurs during storage of flour. What type of chemical reaction is the cause?
Oxidation
In chemistry, what is a mixture of of two liquids with the same constant boiling point and composition throughout distillation called?
azeotrope
What is common chemical intermediate in fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism?
Acetyl CoA
What genera of gram negative, facultative anaerobe are catalase positive, oxidase negative, ubiquitous and cause foodborne illness?
Salmonella
IGTC
International global traceability center
What syndrome in swine brings an increased susceptibility to PSE (pale, soft, exudative) lean?
Porcine stress syndrome
What compound is generally used as the standard for sweetness in sensory evaluation
Sucrose or a sucrose solution.
In areas where corn was introduced as a staple crop a new disease soon developed. What is the disease and what causes it?
Pellagra, Niacin deficiency (50-80% of corn's niacin is unavailable)
Polymorphic forms of lipids in chocolate
5
In asia, to prevent the occurrence of Beriberi, rice is fortified with what nutrient
thiamine (Vitamin B1)
What is a common unit of brightness or luminous intensity?
candella
what is invert sugar
hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose
What technology is commonly used to decrease heat ring and cold shortening of beef?
Electrical Stimulation
Give the names of the essential fatty acids for human nutrition.
Linoleic and a-Linolenic acids
What is the Aw limit or requirement for filing a process when heat-processing foods in hermetically sealed containers?
0.85
In maillard browning, reducing sugar reacts with which amino acid and destroys its nutritional value
Lysine
dark cutting beef is characterized by dark color, firm and dry texture. The problem is associated with meat having: a) low ultimate pH, b)high ultimate pH, c) rapid pH decline
B
Thermal destruction of microorganisms obeys zero order, first order, or second order kinetics?
first order
Who is the current president of IFT?
Michele Perchonok
what is the function of glucagon
release glucose from storage to raise blood sugar levels (glycogenolysis)
Which food company sponsored FIFA soccer?
Coca Cola
what color is phenolphthalein under acidic conditions
colorless
which microorganisms make the following hydrocolloids
xanthan - xanthomonas campestris, curdlan - alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes, gellan - pseudomonas elodea
Polyethylene is most often used in laminated packaging materials for __________
heat sealability
what is the difference between rennet and rennin?
rennet - the commercial extract from cleaned, frozen, and dried 4th stomach of calves, kids, or lamb. Rennin - the actual enzyme (known as chymosin)
In 1994, Title 21 section 104.20a of CFR was amended by FDA, commonly referred to as jellybean rule. How does it affect food companies?
It prevents companies from fortifying junk or snack food and marketing it as healthy.
name the 4 fat soluble vitamins and deficiencies if applicable.
A, D, E, K
the first rDNA food additive sold in the USA was
recombinant chymosin
What is one advantage and one disadvantage to direct heating?
advantage: rapid heating minimizes organoleptic changes, less fouling/burn-on. disadvantage: requires culinary steam (expensive), increases volume of product (adds water from steam), bad for products containing oil (oxidizes quickly)
Mai tai meaning in Tahitian language
Out of this world
what are the three vegetables in mirepoix?
Onions carrots and celery
when testing for c. perfringens, what is the only test result that is negative suggesting a positive confirmation of c. perfringens
motility
Which food processes is acetaldehyde found in?
Foods that involve yeast fermentation, it is a metabolic byproduct from the yeast.
besides extending shelf life and preventing microbial growth, what is another benefit of reducing the water activity of a food?
a lower water content means a lower product volume, making the product easier and cheaper to transport
What is the predominant component of the Gram (+) cell wall?
Peptidoglycan
What are some of the benefits of using a conveyor system in an air impingement oven?
help cook food well/evenly, control temperature and time, control cooking, cook large amounts of food in a continuous process, shorter process times, improved product quality, can use for both heating and freezing foods
MC: This fermented cheese is named for what city in England? a. Applewood b. Cheddar c. Mozarella d. Yarg
a. Cheddar
Gator legs
avocado
What are the holes in Swiss cheese caused by and what are they called?
Carbon dioxide and they are called eyes.
what is the most accurate and sensitive method for quantitative determination of metals and metalloids
Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Atomic Absorption spectroscopy
The Baby Ruth candy bar was introduced in 1920 by the Curtis Candy Co. Who is it named after?
Eldest daughter of President Grover Cleveland (not the baseball player)
What is the Weston A. Price Foundation?
An organization that, among other things, promotes the consumption of animal fat, consumption of raw milk
what is aseptic processing
food and container are sterilized separately and then filled in a sterile environment
What are the prolamins in corn called?
Zein
What toxin causes acute liver damage?
Aflatoxin
How many hydrogen atoms benzene has?
6
Name one chemical compound that is used to sanitize food processing equipment
Hypochlorites, quaternary ammonium, Peroxyacetic Acid (PAA)
What is the function of heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria in fermented foods?
production of flavor compounds (acetaldehyde and diacetyl) (homofermenters increase acidity)
the point at which the air is saturated or the relative humidity is 100% is called what?
The dew point
What company first created condensed soup in 1897?
Campbell's
The statistical test for comparison of means from small sample size (n less than 30) based upon their distribution when the standard deviation is known as
The t-distribution or Student's t-distribution
Which amino acids are excpeotionally high in nuts
Arginine
Which U.S. President signed the Wholesome Meat Act into law?
Lyndon B. Johnson
at what pH can a food be called a low acid food?
a pH greater than 4.6
In 1998, the FDA prepared a document that lead to the development of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs). What is the name of this document?
Guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards for fresh fruits and vegetables
products of starch hydrolysis having little to no sweetness (D.E. value <20), and commonly used as cryoprotectants and fat replacers are known as: ___________?
maltodextrins
list one of the three safe methods to defrost food
refrigerator thawing, cold water thawing, microwave thawing or (cooking without thawing)
Which of the following does not have an official regulatory definition under FDA regulations?Dietary supplement, food, functional food, all of the above
functional food
what two reagents test for the presence of reducing sugars?
benedicts and fehlings
Who is the author of "The Jungle?"
Upton Sinclair
Name one method of cholesterol removal
Exercise?
How is banana oil made?
Synthetically using isoamyl acetate
mouthfeel of fat is most influenced by
solid fat content
What is the botanical name of the plant that hops are extracted from?
Humulus lupulus
What instrument is used for dough-mixer to measure torque?
Farinograph
What is Food Babe's real name?
Vani Hari
What is the scale to measure percent sugar?
Brix
what is the main water soluble component of coffee
caffeine
what additive can be legally used to restore the color of fresh meat
none
What are the units for the convective heat transfer coefficient?
W/m2C or W/m2K
What element in commerical apple juice can be fatal in large amounts?
arsenic
Name a commonly available food source of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein.
Soybeans
Below what pH can Clostridium botulinum spores no longer germinate?
below pH 4.6
Name 3 types of conventional heating
conduction, convection, and radiation
How many pecks are in a bushel? 2, 4, 8, 16
b. 4
Which common food borne bacterial pathogen is microaerophilic and requires temperatures above 32 degrees C for growth?
Campylobacter jejuni
What is the influence of the condition of a surface on volatility?
At a given temperature, more volatiles escape from a soft, porous, and humid surface than from a hard, smooth, and more dry one
In beer making, what does IBU stand for and what does it indicate?
International Bitterness Units; measures the concentration of hop compounds in beer, specifically concentration of isohumulone, an acid found in hops that gives beer its bitter taste
In a closed vessel, what happens to the density of gas when the temperature changes?
The density of gas stays the same
In the International Union of Biochemistry system of enzyme nomenclature, the first number identifies what?
General reaction type/class of the enzyme
What term is a measure of ability to store electrical energy?
dielectric constant
What are the units for the following: pressure, force, and energy?
pressure: pascal, force: newton, energy: joule
A family of glycoproteins that are the main constituent of muscle connective tissue are: A) Myosins B) Collagens C) Ligament proteins
B) Collagens
What is the definition of calorie?
The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.
Is the osmotic pressure higher or lower inside a growing cell as compared to the external environment?
Higher, Cell elongation during growth is followed by influx of water into the vacuole
What is the time necessary at a given temperature to sterilize a suspension of bacteria and their spores (if they form spores)?
Thermal death time
What is the percentage acid, by weight, in a typical cola?
Ten percent (accept 8 – 12%)
The process of placing an egg in front of a light source to reveal its physical condition is called ____________
Candling
Name 2 major fatty acids found in coffee beans.
Linoleic and palmitic acids
What was the real name of Chef Boy-ar-dee?
Ettore “Hector” Boiardi
In beer making, what is the common name for germinated barley?
Malt
Name a salt soluble meat protein.
myosin, actin
What year is food drugs and cosmetic act
1938
What are the two top selling spices in the world?
pepper and mustard
What are the Standards of Identity for high, medium, and low fat contents in chocolate/cocoa?
High fat (breakfast cocoa) – not less than 22% cocoa fat, Medium fat - less than 22% cocoa fat and not less than 10%, Low fat - less than 10% cocoa fat
What is fuzzy logic in simple terms?
A form of logic which can take many values, as opposed to 1 or 0 or True or False, in conventional Boolean Logic
what is the nonprotein portion of myoglobin
heme ring
Which vit increases Ca absorption?
Vit D
What vertebra is found in a T bone steak?
lumbar vertebra
Who is the current IFTSA past-president and what school are they from?
Morgan Von Staden, Mississippi State University
What pigment reaction causes the greenish sheen during spoilage of cured meat products?
Myoglobin or oxymyoglobin are subjected to reducing reactions from bacteria, acerbate or other reducing agents.
what are three types of food containers commonly used in retorting?
metal containers (cans), glass containers, retort pouches
what is the nonprotein portion of myoglobin
heme ring
What is the name of viscous liquid in which legumes have been washed?
Aquafaba/fava
What is the surface temperature of a block of dry ice?
-109.3 degrees Fahrenheit (-78.5 degrees C)
Pozole is a fermented soup or stew from which country?
Mexico
How many FDA regions are there in the U.S.?
5
which of the following oils would become rancid fastest? Canola, soybean, or olive
Canola
Name a bacteriocin approved for use in the US
nisin
An enzyme that catalyzes formation of hydroperoxide from fatty acids is what?
lipoxygenase
In food irradiation, what does URP stand for?
Unique Radiolytic products
Name the piece of milk processing equipment used to remove some bacteria and sediment originating from the cow's udder.
Clarifier
What flour is from dried hominy is used to make Mexican tortillas and tamales?
masa white corn flour
what is the most predominant component in milk
water
what does power dissipation measure and what are the units?
conversion of microwave energy to heat, and W/cm^2
What quantitative analysis method is based on the oxidation of reducing sugars by copper ions under alkaline conditions
Fehling's test
what scientist won a nobel prize for being the first to deduce the amino acid sequence of insulin and second for being the first to sequence DNA
frederick sanger
what is responsible for warmed over flavor
fat oxidation
Give two reasons why nitrites are added to cured meats
Impart color, flavor and inhibit Clostridium botulinum
Phytic acid has what detrimental effect?
Chelates minerals
What is specific gravity?
ratio of density of a substance to the density of water at a given temperature
What term is used when there is a percent change in length of material before pulling?
Strain or elongation
Which fatty acid would be expected to have the highest iodine value - linoleic, oleic, or ricinoleic acid?
linoleic acid
What is an anaerobic bacteria?
a bacteria that does not require oxygen for growth
Name 2 reasons why pectin is used in the processing of fruit juice.
To increase clarity and yield
What is the SI unit for pressure?
Pascal
Name two types of rancidity
Hydrolytic and oxidative
What is the unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI)
Gray
What is fuzzy logic in simple terms?
Fuzzy logic is an approach to computing based on "degrees of truth" rather than the usual "true or false" (1 or 0) Boolean logic on which the modern computer is based.
Which mineral is found in high quantities in bananas?
potassium?? It is high in Mn, Cu, and possibly other minerals- the answer is subjective- delete this question.
What is the only fruit or vegetable that is never sold processed, only fresh?
Lettuce
True or false: An oil in water emulsion is best achieved with an emulsifier having a low HLB value
False. those are for w/o emulsions
Who is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of IFT?
Christie Tarantino-Dean
Which regulatory agency has the prime responsibility for the safety, wholesomeness, and nutritional quality of food in the U.S.?
The FDA
Give the genus/species of the organism used in processing Brie and Camambert cheeses what forms a white crust
Penecillium Camambertii
In what chemical form is glucose stored in the liver and muscles?
Glycogen
What is the term for the parts of a label that is most likely to be displayed presented shown under customary conditions of display for retail sale.
Principle display panel
How many foodborne illness cases
48 million
ingestion of gradients and other insects as may cause a reaction in people allergic to which common
shellfish crustaceans
The best Vitamin A precursor that occurs in food is called
B-carotene
What relies on abrasion of meat against stainless steel rotating paddles to accomplish diffusion and binding of curing ingredients with meat?
Messaging
What is the name of a recent book that is being compared with Upton Sinclair's The Jungle Of the early 1900s because of its critical evaluation of the meat industry as well as fast food chains?
Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser
What is the name of the childhood disease that results from a deficiency in vitamin D?
Rickets
In restaurant, 86 is used for item unavailable and 68 for items that are available
Germany
What is the name given to substances that may come into contact with food as part of packaging or processing equipment, but are not intended to be added directly to food by the FDA?
Indirect Additive
In the MUG test, what enzyme from E. coli is being tested?
B-glucuronidase
What law describes the theoretical spectral distribution for the emissive power of a black body?
Planck law
What are the 3 coordinates in the Hunter-Gardner color solid?
L, a, b
The quality assurance system called HACCP stands for ...
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points
What term refers to the physical location of a gene on a strand of DNA?
Locus, plural is loci.
how many water molcules can one water molecule bind to?
4
What is cooking loss percentage of a roast that had a raw weight of 20 lbs and a cooked weight of 15 lbs?
cooking loss % = (cooked weight/raw weight) = 25 %
Give an example of a climacteric fruit and a non climacteric fruit.
Refrigeration system, vacuum system, control system, product chamber, condenser
what color is observed when red, green, and blue pigments are mixed in equal amounts
white
What newly-imported substance caused the first major outbreak of tooth decay in Europe in the 1500's
sugar
The HLB value is a number from 1 to 18 used to describe the solubility of effectiveness of what?
An emulsifying agent
There are many types of ISM bands available for dielectric heating, what does ISM stand for?
Industrial Scientific Medical
What is the most commonly used proteolytic enzyme, an extract from the papaya plant?
Papain
Who regulates alcohol?
TTB (Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau)
Arthur D Little attributed with
Development of flavor profile
primary product of fat oxidation
Acetyl CoA
What is the only meat cut rich in vitamin A?
Liver
What is the retinol equivalent?
a unit used for quantifying the vitamin A value of sources of vitamin A, includingboth preformed retinoids in animal foods and precursor carotenoids in plantfoods. RE is defined as 3.3 International Units of vitamin A. 1 retinol equivalent = 6 μg β-carotene or 1 μg retinol.
What is LD50?
The amount of an ingested substance that will kill 50% of a test sample. Expressed in milligrams of substance per kilogram of body weight.
Difference between gelato and ice cream
Gelato is the Italian word for ice cream. It starts out with a similar custard base as ice cream, but has a higher proportion of milk and a lower proportion of cream and eggs (or no eggs at all). It is churned at a much slower rate, incorporating less air and leaving the gelato denser than ice cream.
Toxic substances in unprocessed cassava roots
cyanogenic glycosides (lenamaric, lotaustralin)
What are the three most commonly used additives?
sugar, salt, corn syrup
shortening is defined as any ______ used in baked products
fat or oil
What is an emerging infectious disease (EID)?
an infectious disease whose incidence has increased in the past 20 years and could increase in the near future
What is the cheapest thickener in the U.S. and what is the most expensive?
Cheapest - unmodified corn starch ($0.18/gk) expensive - agar ($26-31/kg)
what is the term for determining the magnitude of reflection, refraction, and transmission of microwave radiation?
Fresnel equations
Which fatty acid has the longest hydrocarbon chain?
Hexadecanoic acid, tetracosinoic acid, octadecanoic acid, Triacontanoic acid (30C)
Balancing cost, speed, and ease of use, which rapid quality control for syrup is used by the industry? a. forced draft oven b. reflux distillation c. hygrometer d. NIR
c. hygrometer
what are the harmful compounds formed during hydrogenation of fatty acids
trans fatty acids
Guillain-barre syndrome caused by?
camphylobacter jejuni: ascending paralysis
Define and differentiate between the terms “thermoset” (thermally reversible) and “thermoplastic” (thermally irreversible) with regard to protein gel formation and give an example of each.
Thermoset gels form irreversible cross-links and cannot revert back to initial state like muscle proteins(myosin), egg white proteins (ovalbumin). Thermoplastic gels form gels on cooling after heating, and can revert fully or partially back to solution upon reheating like collagen (gelatin)
what are the units of basal metabolic rate.
Answer: Joule/hour/kilogram body mass or watt (joule/second) to ml O2/min
How many main effects are there in a three way ANOVA?
3
Define enhancement in the context of the interaction of stimuli presented simultaneously as mixtures.
The effect created when one substance increasing the perceived intensity of a second substance.
what is the purpose of thermal processing?
ensure food safety and extend the shelf life of food (by killing bacteria)
what general class of packaging materials is used in aseptic brick packs and pringle cans?
laminates
Improvement in baking quality occurs during storage of flour. What is this called?
Maturation or aging
What type of label claim is the following statement and example of ‘pop tarts are a good source of calcium’?
nutrient content claim
MC: Which sugar has the highest sweetness? a. lactose b. sucrose c. fructose d. maltose
c. fructose
What are two non thermal methods that are currently under investigation
pulsed electric field, and high hydrostatic pressure
what is the purpose of having a back pressure device for the hold tube?
to prevent flashing or boiling
FAO Mg supplement should have what % of RDA minimum?
0.15
In the Chinese melamine incident, what protein apporximation method was used that couldn't differentiate between protein and melamine?
The Kjeldahl method
what is the toluene distillation used for?
moisture content determination
What is a bacteriophage?
A virus that infects bacteria.
what chemical compound is determined as an indicator of maillard browning
hydroxymethylfurfural
In 1883, the brothers Oscar and Meyer lease a failing Chicago meat market and made the company, a success within five years, named the company.
Oscar Meyer.
Halo effect in sensory
Subjects rate the same attributes when they appear in a series of questions differently from when they were asked separately.
What happened when there is a white coating on the surface of choclate?
Fat/sugar bloom
What instrument is a recording dough mixer that measures and records the torque developed by the action of the blades on Joe during mixing.
Farinographs measure and record the resistance to deformation of a flour/water dough against the mixing action of blades over time and at a specific speed (rpm) and temperature.
Legally, cheese must be aged for at least how many days if produced using raw milk?
60
DFD
Dark, firm, dried
Who is the editor in chief of Food Technology magazine?
Bob Swientek
another name for thermal death time is
F value or sterilization value
Kielbasa is a polish sausage made primarily of coarsely ground pork with some amount of beef blended in. What is the typical seasoning used in Kielbasa?
Garlic
The acidulant responsible for the "flat" sourness in cola drinks is what?
phosphoric acid
What ingredient makes tonic water fluoresce?
quinine
In August of 2013 Chef, Richard McMullen, cooked what kind of food for the first time.
Hamburger that was made with lab grown meat.
What is required of the food industry under the public health security and bioterrorism preparedness and response act (aka the Bioterrorism act) of 2002?
1) Food facilities register with FDA, and 2) FDA be given advance notice on shipments of imported food.
Titles of CFR pertaining to food
Title 7, 9, 21, 27, 50
what are some positive effects of precooling of fruit and vegetables
slow degradation, reduce wilting, slow rotting
February 2021 issue of Food technology, Latent heat
Norwin Willow
5 dietery fibres
cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, ligninm guar gum
How many FDA regions are there in the U.S.?
6
What is the address for the Washington DC office of IFT?
818 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20006-2702
What US federal agency is responsible for the safety of drinking water?
EPA
What is ohmic heating?
it is where an electrical current is passed through a suitable conducting product causing it to heat
TWEEN belongs to what groups of food additives?
Emulsifiers
MC: Which describes a class 2 recall? a. minor violations not subjecto FDA action b. exposure but no health consequences c. exposure may cause health consequences d. reasonable use or exposure will causes serious health consequences
c. exposure may cause medically reversible health consequences
What spoilage organisms are most likely to be found vacuum packed, refrigerated meats held for several weeks?
clostridium perfringens
what amino acids comprise aspartame
Phenyl alanine and aspartic acid.
Explain IR radiation
it is transmitted as a wave and gets converted into heat when it impinges on the food surface
Why are corrugated boxes produced with flutes in the vertical direction
Flutes provide structural reinforcement- improve strength in terms of crushing and stacking
What European nation consumes more spicy Mexican food than any other country?
Norway
what two amino acids have the highest pKa?
arginine and asparagine
First athlete on wheaties box
Lou gerrick
Imported to Europe for the first time by Dutch traders around 1610. It was sold for the first time in England around 1660. What is it?
Tea
Who was the first person to claim that electricity made meat uncommonly tender?
Benjamin Franklin
the study of dielectric properties concerns ____ and ____ of electric and magnetic energy in materials
storage and dissipation
Why do chelating agents increase the efficiency of antioxidants?
they bind trace minerals that catalyze fat oxidation
what is the minimum temperature pork should be cooked at to kill Trichinella?
at least 145 F
What are chitterlings made from?
pork intestine
What is the meaning of the term "organoleptic testing"?
Measuring of attributes of food that individuals sense via sight, sound, taste, smell, etc.
What is the most shopliftedfood product in the world?
cheese
Original gummy bear was made in 1922 in which country?
Germany
What is the term for inverting a bottle of champagne to move sediment from the bottle to the neck?
riddling
If the freezing point of milk is closer to zero degrees C, what could be the cause?
Adulteration with water
Hydrolysis of RNA with 5-phosphodiesterase yields 5-nucleotides that are used in the food industry as ______________________.
flavor enhancers, GMP, IMP
The main salt soluble protein of meat is the molecule ______?
Myosin
Haagen Dazs is : a- the new last name of Sonja haagen after she married frank Dazs, b - a century old Dutch ice cream company that started marketing in the US in 1957, c- the name of an ice cream company originally founded by US entrepreneur Reuben Mattus, who thought up the name while taking a shower, d - an ice cream company founded by pillsbury company
C
A strawberry processor makes a "4+1" product. What do that "4" and "1" stand for?
4 parts strawberries, 1 part refined sugar
What is the artificial sweetener that was recently removed in 2000 from the carcinogen list?
Saccharin
what was the previous name of the FDA?
Food drug and insecticide administration (renamed 1931)
Ergot fungus
claviceps purpurea
Name the basic components of a mechanical refrigeration system
Compressor, condenser, evaporator, expansion valve
What type of oxygen impermeable packaging is typically used in red meat fabrication facilities?
vacuum packaging
Most carbohydrates, exist in their D form in nature, which carbohydrate is primarily found in L form.
Arabinose
What is the rate limiting step in a beer fermentation?
Beer fermentation must continue until yeast uptake the diacetyl they excreted during fermentation. Diacetyl must be lowered to between 0.1 and 0.01 mg/L
What term refers to the percentage change in length of a material due to pulling stress before breakage
elongation or strain
what are yield grades used to estimate?
Cutability
What AA comprises aspartame?
Aspartic acid and phenylalanine
Protecting consumers health and ensuring fair practices in the food trade are the goals of what international document?
Codex Alimentarius
what is the term for determining the microwave absorptivity of a material and absorbed microwave energy determines the amount of energy converted to heat?
dielectric loss factor
Name three bacteria commonly associated with food poisoning. (Does not need to be full scientific name.)
Salmonella, Norovirus, Campylobacter, E. coli, Listeria, Clostridium perfringens
What analytical method reveals the most information about a lipid? A – fat index, B – solid/ liquid ratio, C – iodine value, D – Cloud point
A
What is a substance not naturally part of a food but deliberately added to fulfill some specific purpose?
Food additive
For what part of a proximate analysis is the Soxhlet apparatus used for?
crude fat
what microorganism is used to manufacture the fermented soybean product tempeh?
rhizopus oligosporus
what is the term for when electrons occupy free orbitals of cations in a salt/water soltuion?
aqua complex
What is the Recommended Daily Allowance for Calcium?
1000 mg for adults
In which country fresh smoked kielbasa originated?
Poland
Trans fatty acids occur in what animal
Ruminant animals like cow
What is defined as an amorphous inorganic product of fusion that has been cooled into a rigid condition without crystallizing?
Glass
what value is the time required to have 1 log reduction in microorganisms or spores in a sample at a specific temperature?
D-value
What major breed of dairy cattle has the highest fat % milk?
Jersey
describe the mechanism by which CaCl2 firms plant tissues
divalent Ca++ binds the carboxyl groups of adjacent pectin polymers forming bridges and tightening the structure
Formula to calculate D-value
D1 = D2 × 10(T2 - T1)/Z
What is the thermal conductivity of ice?
2.22 - 2.35 W/m K (4 times more than water)
what does ELISA stand for?
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
What are descriptions of routine tasks in a food processing operation?
Standard operating procedures
Additional component in mass and energy balance equation in food processing
- Time sucrose +heat + acid --> Hydrolysis/inversion
What slaughter type performed according to prescribed rabbinical procedures, under supervision of authorized representatives of jewish faith?
kosher
What is the microbial gum commonly used in salad dressings?
Xanthan gum
What is "converted rice" and how is it manufactured?
Whole grain rice is parboiled or steeped in hot water prior to removal of the hulls, bran, and germ in milling. The rice loses fewer nutrients as the B vitamins and minerals from the hulls, bran, and germ are leached into the endosperm. The converted rice is then dried, milled, and polished
When and Where was the first annual feeding tomorrow for early IFT foundation fund run out
it was held in New Orleans in 2001
Who is the president elect of IFT?
Michele Perchonok
What is the term for a place where fresh healthy food is unaffordable or inaccessible?
food desert
what is the number of equivalent minutes at 121 C delivered to a container of product calculated using a z value of 10 C known as
F or sterilization process equivalent time
In 2008, what state ranked first in value of production of sweet corn, fresh market snap beans, fresh market tomatoes, and fresh market cucumbers?
Florida
When evaluating baking and frying conditions, what unit is used to quantify the lightness of the baked crust or crumb?
Baking Contrast Units, or BCU
The combination of wintergreen, vanilla, and cassis (cinnamon) make up this commonly recognized flavor
Bubblegum
what does LD50 mean?
The average amount of a drug, toxin, chemical substance/mixture or microorganism capable of killing 1/2 of the test animals exposed under specific test conditions. Median lethal dose (LD50) is commonly expressed in mg/kg, by oral intake or skin exposure.
what is responsible for the trigeminal senses
free nerve endings present in the oral and nasal cavities which are sensitive to irritants (capsaicin, acetic acid, ammonia, astringents) and act as a protection device against harmful chemicals
Goat stench or goaty flavor is due to which fatty acids (give name and number of carbons)?
Caproic (hexanoic 6:0); Caprylic (octanoic 8:0); capric (Decanoic 10:0)
What is the most abundant cytoskeletal protein in muscle?
titin
Which test would you use to determine whether Coke is sweeter than Pepsi?
Paired comparison for sweetness
In Aug 2013, Chef Richard McGeown cooked what for the first time?
Lab grown meat hamburger
What is the commercially available electronic instrument used in the food industry which has a relationship to the olfactory response of humans?
Electronic Nose
Which general class of tannins contain catechin or epicatechin as its monomeric units?
hydrolyzable tannins, condensed tannins, Non condensed tannins, phytotannins
Coliform general characteristics
rod-shaped Gram-negative nonspore forming and motile or nonmotile bacteria that can ferment lactose with the production of acid and gas when incubated at 35–37°C.
What does DE stand for in corn syrup?
dextrose equivalent
What is the benefit of HTST pasteurization?
less change in nutrient composition and sensory attributes, less change in overall food quality, continuous throughput, lower utility costs, longer shelf life
Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, gelatin, egg albumin and Icing glass are commonly added to beverages direct processing, why?
To clarify because they form complexes with tannins and polyphenols which then precipitate out.
what are five functions of surfactants in foods
emulsification, aeration and foam stabilization, prevention of starch complexing, protein interaction and fat crystal modification
The first president of IFT in 1939 - 41 was ...
Samuel C. Prescott
In 2017, IFT launched an initiative to look at how ingenuity will feed the world. What is the name of that initiative's documentary ?
Food evolution.
Name a class 2b carcinogen found in corn.
fumonisin
What are the subtractive primaries?
cyan, magenta, and yellow
Food packaging may include a claim supported with some scientific study but does not meet a standard scientific study. What is it called?
Qualified health claim
what is responsible for the trigeminal senses
free nerve endings present in the oral and nasal cavities which are sensitive to irritants (capsaicin, acetic acid, ammonia, astringents) and act as a protection device against harmful chemicals
What is the approximate per capita seafood consumption in the U.S.?
15.5 lbs in 2015
What is the interior temperature of a block of dry ice?
-78.5°C
How do microbial inhibitors work?
By acting on the whole cell, cell wall, or cell membrane in order to interfere with the genetic mechanism of the cell, interfering with the enzyme systems of the cell, or by binding to essential nutrients to kill the cell or stop reproduction.
in what year was food technology first published
1947
what value is the time required to have 1 log reduction in microorganisms or spores in a sample at a specific temperature?
D-value
What template is used in conducting real-time PCR?
DNA
The viscosity of egg white decreases with shearing force. In rheology this is called
pseudoplastic or shear thinning
what are PCB and BCB
polychlorobiphenyls, and dichloro-biphenyl
In US Standrd of butter nad margarine, what is min fat content
80% for both
What is the most commonly used polymer in the food industry?
polyethylene
what 1 bacteriocin is approved for food preservation in the US and in what product may it be used?
Nisin - pasteurized process cheese spread
What state is the pretzel making capital of the U.S.?
Pennsylvania
Launched in Dec 2022, the Del Monte zero pineapple is now available in certain markets of US and Europe. What makes it unique?
Certified carbon neutral with zero emission
Who is the president of IFT?
Cindy Stewart
the INQ or "index of nutritional quality" for a nutrient in a food is ...
a ratio between the amount of nutrient in food/calorie and the human need or allowance for that nutrient/calorie
What is the difference between folate and folic acid?
Folate is a naturally occuring B vitamin. Folic acid is the synthetic form of this vitamin.
What is required for a product to bear the label "100% organic"?
Products labeled as “100% organic” must contain only organically produced ingredients and processing aids, excluding water and salt. No other ingredients or additives are permitted.
What is the stage of fruit ripening associated with increased ethylene production and a rise in cellular respiration?
climacteric
what government agency is responsible for the inspection and grading of fish and fishery products?
the national marine fisheries service of the department of commerce?
What is the number of combinations that can be used in a triangle test?
6
name two fermentation sources of chymosin
kluyveromyces marxianus variety lactis and e. coli
What is a transformation?
Genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s).
what is the area under a lethal rate curve defined as?
lethality
what does the acronym NADA stand for
new animal drug application
what is AAS and what is the principle of its use?
atomic absorption spectroscopy; it is an analytical method for determination of elements based on absorption of radiation from a light source by the free atoms
acid coagulated cheeses
Quark
mad cow disease is also known as BSE, what does that stand for
bovine spongiform encephalopathy
What are the 3 USDA grades of eggs?
AA, A, B
according to section 403 of the FDCA, an imitation food which is not declared on the label as such is adulterated, mislabeled, or misbranded?
misbranded
In addition to protein, casein micelles contain 6-8%: A) lactose B) calcium phosphate C) lactoglobulin
B) calcium phosphate
Why is quality of food better in retort pouches than in conventional cans?
thinner profile means the less time to reach sterilizing treatment at center of pouch, saves money and time
what mycotoxin is produced by a mold that can grow on moist peanuts, pecans, corn and other foodstuffs
aflatoxin
what is the mailing address of IFT?
525 West Van Buren, Suite 1000 Chicago, IL 60607
Out of these materials, which has the lowest oxygen transmission rate: a. LDPE b. HDPE c. PET d. PVC
PET.
name three functions of nitrate in cured meats
anti c. bot, stabilize myoglobin, flavor
In a water molecule, what are the H-bond acceptor sites?
unshared oxygen electrons
In a HACCP plan, an undeclared allergen contamination is considered as what type of hazard?
Chemical
why are phytates considered to be anti-nutritional?
phytates bind/complex with metal ions and make the metals less bioavailable, most commonly with divalent ions (Ca, Fe, etc)
what is an incipient contaminant?
naturally present on the food product
which is not Protected cheeses by EU: cheddar, feta, roquefortii, camamberti
Cheddar
IFT is celebrating an anniversary of CFS certification. What anniversary of CFS is taking place in 2018, and what milestone is being reached with the number of certified food scientists?
5 year anniversary, 2000 CFSs
When counting bacterial colonies, the acronym TNTC stands for what?
Too numerous to count
How does a bimetallic thermometer work?
there is a bimetallic strip that converts a temperature change into a mechanical displacement. There is a mechanical displacement because the strip is formed from two different metals that expand at different rates when heated
Alcohol insoluble solids content in vegetables is indicator of
Maturity and ripeness
pernicious anemia is the Vitamin _____ deficiency disease and results from a lack of _________
b12; intrinsic factor
Why does water have a high specific heat?
Stabilizing effect of hydrogen bonding
What fat soluble vitamin has antioxidant properties
Vit E
An important group of non-starch polysaccharides that contributes to the baking quality of rye flour is what?
pentosans
what is the purpose of adding extenders, binders and fillers ot meat? Give three examples
Extenders were originally used to reduce costs but they were later used to make meat products more healthy by adding dietary fiber, or to improve the texture
The FDA action level for mercury in shark and swordfish is: A) zero B) 20 ppb C) 1 ppm D) 10 ppm
C) 1 ppm
What does the % overrun measure in whipping cream and ice cream?
The amount of incorporated air into the product.
What percent of the Earth's water is potable, or fresh-water?
2.5%
Name the 4Ps of food marketing
product, price, place, promotion
the carboxy end of the fatty acid is called the _____ position
alpha
What does SPC stand for in microbiology?
Standard Plate Count
What causes the yellow – green pigment of skim milk and whey?
Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
what type of sensors have resistance characteric fall off with increasing temperature?
negative temperature coefficient
What is the name of the mascot for Frosted Flakes cereal?
Tony the Tiger
Which approved sweetener has the greatest sweetness relative to sugar?
Neotame (8000x ave.)
what is the ideal pork color described in the pork quality standards?
reddish pink
Which act established Land grant universities in 1862?
Land-Grant College Act
in this discrimination test of sensory evaluation panelists must choose whether or not two coded samples are different
paired comparison
What is the unit of expansion of transmittance of spectrophotometry?
% T (percent Transmittence)
Tonka beans toxin
Coumarin (1-3%)
What is an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water?
Catalase
what type of botulism is mainly involved in seafood?
type e
soy protein isolates have at least what percent protein?
90
Ratio of viscous/elastic portion in rheology
tan delta or damping factor
What does FSIS recommend as the minimum degree of doneness (F) for ground beef?
160
Who was the French inventor of airtight food preservation, and is also known as the "father of canning"?
Nicolas Appert
In North America, what is the standard size of the pallets used in the Dairy industry?
40"x 40"
Sanitation and inspection recommendations for adoption by state and local regulatory agencies for inspection of food retail and food service facilities are in the ________
FDA Food Code
Why is "Japanese" or "short grain" rice more sticky than "indian" or "long grain" rice after cooking?
waxy variety (high amylopectin). Long grain rice has more amylose, and gives off less starch than short grain, high amylopectin rice.
A vitamin that is a 6-carbon compound with a very similar structure to glucose and is found in fruits and vegetables is what?
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
In July 1996, USDA-FSIS made a final ruling that all meat processors must implement what?
HACCP
define "microencapsulation"
Microencapsulation is the science of trapping components (core or active) into a secondary material (encapsulant, wall material, carrier, or cover), producing small solid particles (1–500 μm in size). These particles are able to release their contents at a specified rate or under specific conditions.
What pH distinguishes the difference between low acid and high acid foods
pH 4.6
What food characteristics influence microwave heating?
dielectric properties, thermal properties (specific heat), size and shape of food, food orientation in microwave, physical state of water (ice and water), moisture content, salt content, oil content
What type of flask is used for the flotation, separation and analysis of extraneous matter?
wildman trap flask
What flavor attribute does milk that has been UHT processed typically have?
cooked flavor
What is the term for electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of charged particles in matter?
thermal radiation
How does food irradiation kill pathogens
Genetic material is disrupted
Muscle proteins are degraded during aging by what enzymes?
Calpains
What foodborne parasites is also commonly found in used cat litter?
Answer: toxoplasma gondii
what is the lethal rate used to calculate?
converts the thermal death time at temperature T to equivalent thermal death time at a reference temperature in order to destroy the same population of spores
EPA and DHA number of unsaturation and carbon number and name
EPA: Ecosapentanoic acid, C20H30O2, DHA: Docosahexanoic acid, C22H32O2, Both are w3
Which form of mercury is associated with sea food toxicity?
Methyl or organic mercury
name one bacterium that is in the nodules of roots of leguminous plants?
rhizobium
Outbreaks of Salmonellosis from consumption of raw almonds in 2000 and 2004 were caused by rare phage types of Salmonella Enteritidis. What were these two rare phage types?
PT 30 in 2000 and PT 9c in 2004
What is the scientific name of the muscle from which canadian bacon is manufactured?
Longissimus dorsi
Name two diamines responsible for the odor in meats (spoiled)?
cadaverine, putrescine
Which of the following are not part of a can double seam? A - cover hook, B - body hook, C - overlap, D - cover slip
d – cover slip
what are the two types of certified food colorants
lakes (water and oil soluble) and dyes (water soluble)
Three steps of Kjeldahl method
Digestion, distillation, titration
give the significance of the following dates for U.S. food law: 1785, 1850, 1862, 1906
1785-The Massachusetts “Act Against Selling Unwholesome Provisions,” 1906- Pure Food and Drugs Act was signed by President Roosevelt 1862- President Abraham Lincoln founded the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
What is the aleurone layer?
protein rich layer surrounding the endosperm of cereals
In August 2013, Chef Richard McGeown cooked what for the first time?
A hamburger from lab-grown meat
in indirect heating, what is heat regeneration?
using sterilized product to heat sterilized product and thereby cooling the sterilized product
According to WHO Food and agriculture organization, most commonly consumed meat in world? Chicken, goat/sheep, beef, pork
Pork
What beef hide defect costs the industry millions of dollars, but is a law some states ?
Branding
In cheese making, the "cheddar" process involves: A) adding lactic acid to milk B) adding rennet C) turning and piling the curds D) chopping the curds and adding salt
C) turning and piling the curds
What year is nutritional labelling act passed
1990
what is condensing plastic?
a plastic that can be reduced to its monomeric form, cleaned, and polymerized to be used again
true or false? Milk homogenization slows creaming by changing oil droplets radius
True
Ingestion of high levels of mercury (or mercury intoxication) interferes with the function of which essential mineral in the brain?
Selenium
What is the difference between recombinant bovine growth hormone and natural bovine? growth hormone.
Recombinant version has an additional Methionine
Give the name of the product made from dired, fermented, smoked, skipjack tuna.
bonito flakes
What are 2 sources of cholesterol in human blood?
your diet and your liver (endogenous synthesis)
Different types of difference tests in sensory
Descriptive, affective, effective
SI unit for Power & dimensions
W (J/s)
Tissues or ingredients that have a binding index lower than 50 are called what?
fillers
For the D configuration of sugars, the reference hydroxyl group is on the _________ side in fischer projection formulas
right
The stable, bright pink-red color of cured meats is caused by the reaction of what two compounds?
nitrite and myoglobin (nitrosomyoglobin)
What flavor compound is responsible for the flavor of the Italian liquor Amarreto?
Benzaldehyde and taste a little bit like cherries.
Who is the Editor of the Journal of Food Science?
Amanda Fergusun
What is the temperature and time range for commercial sterilization?
116-121 C (240-250 F) for 50-90 min
Which city was the birthplace of kool-aid?
Hastings, Nebraska, Kool-Aid is an American brand of flavored drink mix owned by Kraft Heinz based in Chicago, Illinois.
According to Codex Al, min fat % in creams?
0.1
which of the following foods should a sulfite-sensitive individual avoid
wine, frozen hash brown potatoes, fruit cocktail with maraschino cherries, sauerkraut (ALL)
What is another name for Sodium Lauryl Sulfate?
Sodium dodecyl sulfate
What are the advantages of traditional thermal processing over non-thermal processing
Thermal processing can destroy spores
What type of HACCP hazard would jewelry be considered?
Physical
the USDA FSIS requires that the internal muscle temperature of poultry be decreased to what temperature © or lower within 8 hours of slaughter?
40 F
What method used for protein analysis aids the researcher in determining relative percentage of alpha helix and beta sheets in a single protein?
IR spectroscopy, circular dichroism, Xray crystallography
flavor impact component of grapefruit?
nootkatone
the hydrolysis of a specific bond in kappa casein (phe 105 - Met 106) results in what?
destabilization of the casein micelles (cheese curd formation)
What are the units for basal metabolic rate?
J/hkg bodymass
Name three artificial sweeteners that are approved for use in the U.S.
Aspartame, Saccharin, Acesulfame K + others
What breakfast food gets its name from the German word for ring or bracelet?
Bagel
how does heating of a dielectric material via dipole rotation occur?
frictional heat between dipoles (e.g., dipoles in water) while rotating to orient themselves to the rapidly oscullating electric field
How long is the average lactation cycle of a cow?
The cycle is split into four phases, the early, mid and late lactation (each of about 120 days, or d) and the dry period (which should last as long as 65 d). In an ideal world, cows calve every 12 months
Give the name and type of food borne illness where the pathogens are consumed, take up residence in the intestinal walls and produce a toxin inside the body, and give an example
food toxicoinfection.. E. coli O157: H7
what meant standing in old french but now means tough bread
stale
A physical change in an amorphous material promoted by the addition of heat and the uptake of low molecular weight substances called plasticizers is called what?
glass transition
What disease is currently devastating the Florida Citrus Industry?
Citrus Greening or HLB
Who won the calvert wiley award for distinguished service to IFT in 2017?
V.M. Balasubramaniam
What is the main assumption made when dealing with CFUs in microbiology?
every colony is separate and founded by a single viable microbial cell.
Using the USDA approved calculation; determine the percent of added water in a cooked sausage having a proximate composition of 64% moisture, 22% protein, and 19% fat?
20% added water, {64 – 4(11)} * 100 = 20
Why do you have to blanch fruits and vegetables before canning?
soften texture, remove oxygen, inactivate enzymes, cleans surface (removes dirt and organisms), brightens color, helps reduce loss of vitamins
What compound is produced by lactobacillus San Francisco (Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis) that is important to making sourdough bread
lactic acid
Who is the current director of the FDA?
Dr. Stephen M. Hahn was sworn in as the 24th Commissioner of Food and Drugs on December 17, 2019.
What does "TA" mean in regards to spoilage of canned food?
Thermophilic anaerobic
In which country did Reisling originate?
Germany
When was the Federal Meat Inspection Act passed?
1906
What is the highest designation of wine quality in Italy?
DOCG
In 2010, how many calories are in a McDonald's' Big Mac?
540
Cleavage of K-casein gives
para kappa casein, glycomacropeptide
What is the world's oldest and most common form of food preservation?
Drying
Name one amino acid that contributes significantly to the absorbance of light at 280nm?
Tryptophan
What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?
anabolism = synthesis; catabolism = breakdown
What is the name given to a mixture of flour and water that are used for manufacture of extruded pasta products ?
Alimentary pastes (do not accept batters)
Vitamin B6 supplement contain the chemical form of which vitamin?
Pyridoxine
in genetics, what is transduction?
Transduction is the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another. Viruses called bacteriophages are able to infect bacterial cells and use them as hosts (living cell) to make more viruses.
Recommended storage temperature for potatoes is more than 25 degrees C, why?
lower temperatures result in more reducing sugar formation creating the potential for browning when fried, also if stored at a temperature too hot they can form spores
Species that didn’t ferment lactose
Leuconostoc
With regards to dairy products, RBSA stands for?
Recombinant bovine serum albumin
What is the major alkaloid saponin in the Irish potato?
Solanine
What family of glycoproteins is the main constituent of muscle connective tissue?
Collagens
What is the average lifespan of a taste bud?
7 days
How many ribs are in a beef forequarter?
12
In cocoa processing, what does NARS stand for?
Nibs alkalizing roasting and sterilizing
What is the common name of the bones that resemble the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae ?
feather bones
what are the units for absolute humidity?
grams of water vapor per cubic meter volume of air
What is defined as any substance or agent present in food in an amount that renders the food unacceptable or potentially harmful to consumers?
contaminant or adulterant
the mash obtained in the fermentation of soy to produce soy sauce is called
miso
What is the causative organism for flaccid paralysis?
c. botulinum
Which muscle protein must bind calcium for muscle contraction?
Troponin
What phenomena in wine is a visualization of the Gibbs-Marangoni effect?
Tears on the wine legs
What is the name of propylene polymer stretched in various directions?
Biaxial-PP
How many incisors does a cow have in its upper mouth?
zero
What fruit has the highest fat content?
Avocado
In intelligent packaging, what is TTI
Time temperature indicator
at which frequency, 915 or 2450 MHz will the penetration depth be larger?
915 MHz
Probiotic + prebiotic
synbiotic
What herb is considered a key component of a traditional American turkey stuffing?
sage
In whiskey making, wetting the barley grains to stimulate germination is called:
Malting
What are the two components of muscle contribute most to the sensory perception of juiciness in meat?
water and intramuscular fat (marbling)
What do you have to correct for after total dietary fiber
nitrogen in ash fro protein
HTST
72.8 C, 15 sec
which vitamin is prevented from being absorbed by raw egg whites?
biotin (vitamin B7)
Why does a hold tube have an upward slope?
to eliminate air pockets and ensure self draining
Why should you store olive oil in a dark environment?
light oxidation
A retort temperature of 250 F is achieved with how many pounds of pressure?
15
What are 3 reasons for piling blocks of curd during the cheddaring process?
Acid development, texture development, uniform heating
why is AL layer used in retort pouches>
keep out light and for gas impermeability
What is the primary alkaloid found in cocoa and chocolate?
theobromine (theobromine in cocoa toxic to dog)
what is the indicator organism used for thermal processing?
Bacillus stearothermophilus
What 3 monosaccharides make up raffinose?
glucose, galactose, fructose
what is the active enzyme in rennet? And what does it do to milk?
chymosin - breaks down the milk protein casein to paracasein which combines with ca to form calcium paracaseinate which separates out
What does the Fiske-Subbarow assay measure?
Levels of inorganic phosphate in biological samples
In the 1920s, which company developed the method for the use of refrigeration to reduce the temperature of the food below the point of ice crystallization?
Birdseye
What is the difference between Fischer and Haworth projections of carbohydrates?
Fischer projections are straight chains, while Haworth projections are cyclical
Which of the following is a major determinant of the fermentation of cellulose in the gut?
ratio of lignin to cellulose
What pigment results when fresh meat (oxymyoglobin) is oxidised?
metmyoglobin
Under what conditions is the formation of lysinoalanine favored in foods?
alkaline treatment of proteins
What award is IFT's highest honor?
Nicolas Appert Award
What is the nutritional claim that can be made when a product serving is less than 140 mg of sodium?
Low sodium
What compound is formed when glycerol is heated?
acrolein
4 cups
quart
Typical mutton carcasses always have ___ joints on their front shanks
spool
rank the following lipoproteins by size: HDL, VLDL< IDL, chylomicrons
chylomicrons>VLDL>IDL>LDL>HDL
The first digit of an enzyme's EC number assigned by the international union of biochemistry identifies ________________.
General reaction type that they catalyze.
What minor compound in bovine milk is used as a standard in protein assays?
BSA
Milk: Micelles contain protein and 6 – 8% of this salt.
Calcium phosphate
What does Thiobarbituric acid number or value tell you?
degree of lipid oxidation
What time and temperature combo for food service operators to safely cool cooked foods?
7°C in 2 hours, 41°C in 4 hours
What was the live weight of a lamb with a "hide off, head on" carcass weight of 60 lb and a dressing percentage of 50.0?
120
what value measures the heat resistance of a microorganism?
D-value
What does TBHQ stand for and what is its function in food?
Tertiary butylhydroquinone, it is used as an antioxidant in fats and oils
Which bacteria must be tested for under the final rule for pathogen reduction and HACCP? And which bacteria should meet performance standards?
generic E. coli, Salmonella
What innovation in beef marketing did IBP perfect in 1967 that dramatically changed the beef industry?
boxed beef
Name any 1 mold (either in spore form, germinated cells, mycelium) that can be found in blue cheese.
Penicillium roqueforti, P. glaucum, Penicillium stilton, Penicillium gorgonzola
Nutritionist refer to beta – carotene as ...
Pro – vitamin A
Name two emulsifying salts used to make processed cheese?
disodium phosphate, sodium citrate, sodium tartrate, sodium pyrophosphate, trisodium phosphate, sodium potassium tartrate
This important packaging material was patented in 1810 by Peter Durand of England.
Tin can
Name the four classes of proteolytic enzymes based on active site.
Serine, metallo, aspartyl, cysteine
Which artery is used when a ham is artery pumped?
Femoral
Name 2 natural surfactants
lecithin, whey protein
What is the shape of the federal inspection stamp for exotic meat?
A triangle
Eureka and Lisbon are the two most common varieties of what fruit?
Lemon
What is the most heat resistant pathogen found in milk?
coxiella burnetii
What british desert shares a name with an early atomic model.
plum pudding
How are bacteria grouped according to Bergey’s Manual?
gram reaction, morphology (rod or cocci), growth with or without oxygen, by familia
Black-eyed peas and not peas. What are they?
Beans
What is the fish most commonly used for making Surimi?
Alaskan Pollock
name the microorganism responsible for tequila fermentation
zymomonas mobilis
the occupational safety and health administration enforces standards on safety in the workplace through ______ and __________
inspection and penalties
anions form hydration shells in water by what type of interaction?
ion-dipole
Name 3 enzymes that work on pectin
Polygalacturonase, Pectin lyase, Pectin methyl easterase
Which of the following is flavor enhancer: MSG, citric acid, mono potassium glutamate (MSG)
MSG
What foodborne pathogen can cause peptic ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
What is the most heat resistant pathogen found in milk?
Coxiella burnetii
What is the difference between somesthesis and kinesthesis?
somesthesis = tactile sense, skin feel; Kinesthesis = deep pressure sense of proprioception
When was the Bureau of Chemistry, later the FDA, founded?
1906
What two metal wires compose a T-type thermocouple?
copper and constantan
MYCOSIS
disease resulting from the invasion of living cells by a fungi
what is kwashiorkor>
protein malnutrition in the presence of adequate calories
what kind of an emulsion is mayonnaise
oil in water (o/w)
Cloud stability in products like tomato and orange juice is favored by which of the following? A) Inactivation of polygalacturonase B) Inactivation of PME C) Addition of PME
B) Inactivation of PME
Too much iron
hemochromatosis
How to express in concentration, ppm equivalent as weight per volume
mg/L or microg/ mL
which lipoprotein transports triacylglycerols and cholesterol from the intestine to other parts of the body
chylomicrons
What month is designated as National Meat Month?
January
% fat content existing as TAG in dairy
98%
Why add K(ALSO4)2 to a pickle mix?
To keep the pickles firm (the AL3+acts as a cross linker between pectin polymers)
to standardize the names of retail cuts, the meat industry has adopted a common list of names called what?
Uniform retail meat identity standards (URMIS)
What food additive allows Morton salt to say, "When it rains, it pours?"
Calcium silicate
what is the relationship between wavelength and frequency
wavelength= speed of light / frequency or speed of light = frequency * wavelength
enzymatic browning is caused by the oxidation of what type of compounds? Name the enzyme
polyphenols; Polyphenoloxidase/phenolase
What are the names of the three gnomes tha represent Kellog's Rice Krispy Cereal?
Snap, Crackle, and Pop
What sweeteners are used in Coca Cola zero sugar
Aspartame and acesulfame K
The chlorophyll reaction in food processing whereby the magnesium is lost by replacement with hydrogen results in the formation of what pigment and what is the color?
Pheophytin – dull olive – brown
Amino acids absorb light at 190-240 nm because of which bond?
peptide
cooked flavor of milk after thermal processing
release of sulfur compounds
What percentage of US food sales are organic foods?
0.04
Describe stimulus error
This occurs when panelists notice otherwise irrelevent factors regarding samples or their presentation which modifies their perception.
What is the name of the robotic tool for assessing Beer sensory attributes?
RoboBeer
Palatability of beef refers to what three main attributes?
Tenderness, Juiciness, & Flavor
MC: Which one of the followin values would give you the most information about the melting properites and mouthfeel of fats? a. oil stability index b. solid fat index c. IV d. cloud point
solid fat content
What are psychrophiles?
Bacteria or archae that grow over the range of sub zero to 20 C with an optimum around 15 C
Given a closed vessel of an ideal gas at room temperature, what happens to the density of the gas when the temperature of the vessel is raised to 100 C?
the density remains the same.
Which microorganism creates a heat stable toxin?
Staphylococcus aureus
Postmortem pH change in meat
7.2 to 5.5, lactic acid formation
What vitamin, when fed to cattle, has increased retail case-life of fresh beef?
Vitamin E
Why are chelating agents used in dairy products?
de-aggregate casein complexes
Give an example of fats/oils classed as Oleic-Linoleic Acid fats?
Peanut, sunflower, safflower, olive, sesame, soybean
What is the temperature the air needs to be cooled to (at constant pressure) in order to achieve a relative humidity (RH) of 100%.
dew-point
Anti nutritional factor in rhubarb and spinach that prohibits calcium absorption?
Oxalic acid
Name the compound responsible for pungency in mustard, horse radish, wasabi, radish?
Alloisothiocynate
What organizations or agencies publish the following reference texts? A)bacteriological analytical manual; b) compendium of methods in the microbiological examination of foods; c) standard methods for the examination of dairy products
a) Food and Drug Administration (FDA), b&c) American Public Health Association (APHA)
what term is given to the organs of the thoracic cavity which include the heart, lungs, and trachea of a sheep?
Pluck
What is the name for chopped fresh and/or frozen beef, with or without added beef fat and/or seasonings? Additionally, it does not contain more than 30% fat, and shall not contain added water, binders, or extenders.
hamburger
Name of material from ground recycled glass use to make glass material
Cullet
Who is the president of the Washington DC IFT?
Sarah Levy
Name the genera of Downy mildew disease and fruits and vegetables
Sclerospora and Bremia
The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence of a ray of light on the surface separating two media to the sine of its angle of refraction is called
refractive index
True or False: Yeast contains glutamic acid
True, 8-10% of whole yeast
This sweetener has about 150-250 times the sweetness power of sucrose and is a dipeptide of aspartic acid and phenylalanine 1-methyl ester
Aspartame
Green Vegetables turn dull "olive green" or brown in thermal processing due to what chemical reaction?
conversion of chlorophyll to the pheophytin due to loss of the magnesium in the structure. (Heat causes a magnesium atom at the center of each chlorophyll molecule to detach and be replaced by hydrogen atoms. This chemical change in chlorophyll molecules changes their bright green color to a dull gray-green.)
Which red meat animal species has the lowest average dressing percent?
Sheep
Describe expectation error
Subjects anticipate the sensation and report their response before it is applicable.
In 1928, the first automatic bread slicer, developed by Otto Rohwedder was put into service at Frank Bench’s Chillicothe Baking Company. What state did this take place in?
Missouri
Describe error of habituation
Tendency to continue to give the same response when a series of slowly increasing or decreasing stimuli are presented
The extraction technique used by the meat industry to remove fats from most by-products that have no better market potential is called what?
rendering
Who is the publisher of Food Technology magazine?
Christie Tarantino-Dean
Name one drink that is named for the wormwood plant?
Vermouth and absinthe
In Reverse phase HPLC, what component retains highly hydrophobic impurities from going onto the analytical column and permanently interacting with the stationary phase which ultimately prolongs the analytical column's capacity?
Guard column
what government agency is responsible for the inspection and grading of fish and fishery products?
the national marine fisheries service of the department of commerce?
What protein structure is formed by linear proteins folding into complex?
tertiary
Name three materials used for edible films.
Proteins, cellulose, starches, dextrins, plant hydrocolloids, waxes, other fatty materials
What is the full name of the founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken?
Colonel Harland Sanders
Hook's law
F = -kx (k = spring constant, x = spring elongation, F = force)
Name two methods for irradiation foods?
Cobalt 60, x-rays, or E-beam
how many vitamins are there in all?
13
What is the term for the ratio of carbon dioxide evolved to oxygen consumed?
respiratory quotient
What are two fats/oils in the class known as Lauric Acid fats because it has high content of Lauric Acid (Dodecanoic 12:0).
Coconut oil and palm kernel oil
What red meat has been marketed as "the other white meat"?
Pork
what is the most popular fish in alaska?
coho salmon
G protein couple receptors detect what three tastes?
Bitter, sweet, umami
What are the three types of junctions in a thermocouple?
Exposed, ungrounded, grounded.
How many radians are there in 360 degrees
2 pi
what are the two general types of adulteration of foods?
economic adulteration; addition of foreign material
What are some advantages of indirect heating?
easier to control food temperatures, process viscous products without causing food to burn, conserves energy by heat regeneration
how can paper be loaded in laminating/packaging machine?
along the grain or perpendicular to the grain
2 piece cans for low acid foods are made in what? a. impact exit b. draw + iron c. draw redraw(?) d. welding
c. draw-redraw
What is the amount of antibiotics allowed in milk?
zero
another name for thermal resistance constant is
z-value
When is croquembouche?
French Christmas cake, puff pastry that they assemble into a cone or tree shape
an example of a "saturated" fatty acid is the 16 carbon molecule called ____________?
palmitic acid
Which fruit was called the "pommes d'amour," or love apple, during 18th century France?
The tomato
Describe logical error
When two or more characteristics of the samples are associated in the minds of the assessors. Knowledge that a darker beer tends to be more flavorful, or that darker mayonnaise tends to be stale, causes the observer to modify his verdict, thus disregarding his own perceptions
Identify the name of this sensory test: five samples are presented and panelists are instructed that two are of one kind and three are of another. The panelists are then asked to identify the two different samples.
Two out of five test
what is the difference between accuracy and precision
accuracy is how close the experimental value is to the true value, precision is how close experimental values are to themselves
Ergotism is thought to be the cause of which 17th century event
the Salem witchcraft panic of 1692
name the sulfur containing essential amino acids
methionine
What vegetable oils are approved for use in butter manufacture?
None
What is the IMVIC test?
Indole Methyl Red Voges-Proskauer Citrate
What is the difference in a wild and controlled fermentation?
Controlled adds microorganism and wild uses those already present
What beer style do you need sour cheeries to?
Lambic
80% of milk protein
casein
what are some of the disadvantages of a liquid-in-glass thermometer?
large sensing element, not possible for continuous or automatic readout, long time constant
What is the second most predominant fatty acid in beef and pork?
palmitic acid
How many square centimeters in a standard Petri dish?
35mm--area of 8.55 square cm. 50 mm or 5 cm--area of 19.60 square cm. 100 mm or 9 cm-- area of 56.75 square cm. 135 mm-- area of 143 square cm.
What was the impact of the FDA Modernization Act (FDAMA) of 1997 on food additive evaluation and approval?
As a result of FDAMA, certain indirect food additives (those that meet the definition of food contact substances) are approved by a premarket notification process rather than the traditional petition process.
what two grains make up crispix
rice and corn
What is the Calvert L. Award presented for?
distinguished service to IFT
what is the difference between traditional thermal processing and aseptic processing?
traditional: food is packaged then sterilized, ex canning. aseptic: food is sterilized and packaged in a sterile container and is only practical for liquid or fluid products
Which vegetable was considered an object of worship in ancient Egypt and was often buried in the tombs of Pharaohs?
Onion
What might the Doppler effect be used to measure in food settings?
Flow velocity or food intake
Name three metabolic products of heterofermentative microorganisms.
acetic acid, ethanol, formic acid, and CO2
Starvation due to a lack of food is called
Marasmus
Term for %age increase in volume of ice cream after incorporation of air
Overrun
What is an achromatic color?
– A color that has no hue (white, gray or black)
True or false: Dark meats tend to have a higher fat content than white meats.
True
What is the common name obtained from laurel tree often used to flavor soups, sauces?
Bay leaves
What fruit has its seeds on the outside?
Strawberry
Naturally occurring and synthetic agents that are used in food processing for production and stabilization of dispersions are called what?
surface active agents (surfactants)
Name two unripened cheeses?
Cottage, cream, ricotta, farmers Neufchatel, mozzarella, queso blanco, quark, camorra, bakers
Unfermented beer
wort
Steam table disease is caused by consumption of meat dishes adequately cooked but held at 50-55 degrees C for several hours. the causative agent is _____________.
Clostridium perfringens
The organism that causes 'flat sours' in canned tomatoes is
bacillus stearothermophilus
What fruit is used to make 'tarte au sucre'?
None, there is no fruit in tarte au sucre
Mathematical model, d prime, in sensory descriptive determination test
Thrustonian model
what is the chemical reaction in which hydrogen ions from an acid react with hydroxide ions from a base to produce water.
neutralisation
maltol and ethyl maltol are effective at sparing what common food ingredient
sugar
for the following saturated fatty acids, give the systematic name or molecular formula: Palmitic acid, Stearic acid and acetic acid
palmitic: n-hexadecanoic, C16 H32 O2; stearic, acetic acid: Ethanoic acid C2 H4 O2; Stearic acid: Octadecanoic acid, C18 H36 O2
What is the typical color of fast twitch muscles?
white
From what source was Clostridium botulinum first isolated
Answer: Smoked ham
Cassava plant source
roots
Baird parker mediums are used to detect and enumerate which organism or groups of organisms?
Staphylococcus aureus or staphylococci
Which food is caramel coloring added to in Southeast Asian cuisine?
soy sauce
The most commonly used commercial method for freezing meat products is what?
Blast Freezing-the air blast freezer is one the oldest and commonly used freezing equipment due to its temperature stability and versatility for several product types.
Which sarcoplasmic muscle protein is primarily responsible for meat color?
Myoglobin
What is the cause of the stale flavor in milk?
Oxidation
The thermal conductivity of ice is approximately how many times greater than that water?
four times
Inulin is a polysaccharide found in some plants. What is the monosaccharide that makes up this polymer?
Fructose
Top graded red and white wine
Judgement of Paris
What are two factors that determine meat quality grade?
Degree of maturity, degree of marbling
What is the SI unit for power and what are the respective dimensions?
Watts, joules per second
What is depleted from muscle before slaughter to produce dark cutting beef?
Glycogen
What is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi and can cause unnatural or "deleterious biological changes in plants, animals, humans, or microorganisms?
mycotoxin
Name the government organizations responsible for regulating seafood.
FDA, EPA, CDC
Why is glucose oxidase sometimes added to egg whites before dehydration?
removes glucose and reduces browning
Name one genus of bacteria that can cause ileocecitus, a disease that mimicks appendicitis.
Yersenia, Camplyobacter, Salmonella
In Planck Distribution, At a given wavelength, what happens to the emissive power as the temperature increases?
emissive power also increases
What 1967 act specifies that all meat sold must have been slaughtered and processed at a facility that was federally inspected or inspected in a state whose meat inspection laws were as strict as federal standards?
Wholesome Meat Act
A positive catalase test shows the formation of _______ when hydrogen peroxide is added?
Effervescence due to the in vitro Oxygen production
What fat soluble vitamin has a well-known role as an antioxidant.
Vitamin E
In 1946, BBC aired the first-ever cooking show, called "Cookery". What was the first dish ever cooked on television?
Lobster vol-au-vents
Identify three types of fungi commonly consumed in foods.
Yeast, molds and mushrooms
What temperature (F) should water in sterilizers at meat processing facilities be kept?
180
The fifth taste response, whose substance are often called flavor potentiators like MSG is called
Umami
What does the acronym ISO stand for?
ISO means equal under International Organization for Standards
In Canada, what is the minimum protein rating as a source of protein?
20
What does each of the following IFT awards recognize? Nicolas Appert, William Cruess, Samuel Prescott
Nicolas Appert – preeminence and contributions to food technology, William Cruess – excellence in teaching, Samuel Prescott – outstanding ability in research
What three cereal grains contribute more than 50% of all calories consumed by humans worldwide?
Rice wheat and corn
What two amino acids make up aspartame?
phenylalanine and aspartic acid
The principle lipid component in milk is the class called which of the following: A) steroids B) phospholipids C) triacylglycerides
C) triacylglycerides
Per Codex in order for a food to be called semi bitter chocolate, what percentage of its weight must be made up of chocolate solids
a. 15% b. 30% c. 45% d. 70%
the part of the beer making process that involves heating malt and water to 60 C to facilitate enzymatic reactions is called
mashing
Depot fats and related animal fats are characterized by their high content of which fatty acids?
primarily C16 – C18 saturated, and C18:1 and C18:2
What unstable intermediate of monosaccharides mutarotate?
hemiacetal
Name one of the 3 most popular condiments in German restaurants?
Mustard, Horseradish, Würze, Curry, Ketchup, Sauces
What is the cooking loss percentage of a roast that had a raw weight of 20 lbs and a cooked weight of 15 lbs?
25%
Which thermoduric, acidophilic, spore forming bacterial species is an emerging spoilage issue for juice and beverage processors?
Alicyclobacillus
what is the inverse of attenuation factor?
penetration depth
a process of cell–cell communication that allows bacteria to share information about cell density and adjust gene expression accordingly.
quorum sensing
the main salt soluble protein of meat is the molecule
myosin (actomyosin post rigor)
Why were hops originally used in beer?
they are a natural preservative
What military leader offered a prize to scientists to develop preserved foods for the armies of France?
Napoleon Bonaparte [Napoleon's Food Preservation Prize (1795)]
the packaging material used to make plastic soft drink bottles
PET (polyethylene terephthalate)
JAR in sensory
Just about right
what are the two general types of adulteration of foods?
economic adulteration; addition of foreign material
What two beef wholesale cuts yield "middle meats"?
ribeye roll, lip-on; tenderloin; strip loin; top sirloin butt
What are the 2 main functions of the pancreas?
exocrine function: aids in digestion, endocrine function: regulates blood sugar levels
What is an intermediate moisture food?
contains 10-50% water with an Aw of 0.60 - 0.90
at what temp does a solution of 20% amylose and 80% water boil?
100 C
The oxidation of the iron in myoglobin to the ferric state results in the brown pigment called...
metmyoglobin (before cooking in fresh; if it is after cooking, its called dentaured metmyoglobin)
What is the term for farming and grazing practices that, among other benefits, reverse climate change by rebuilding soil organic matter and restoring degraded soil biodiversity resulting in carbon drawdown and improving the water cycle?
Regenerative Agriculture
The decrease in pH that occurs in postmortem muscle is caused by?
Hydrolysis of ATP
A high intake of which vitamin can mask a vitamin B12 deficiency?
Folate
Give 2 examples of emulsifiers
SPAN, TWEEN, Lecithin, egg white
what organism is used in the manufacture of blue cheese?
penicillium Roqueforti and Penicillium Glaucum
Eversweet was developed by which company?
Cargill
name the common method used to detoxify aflatoxin in corn
treatment with ammonia
A nutrient which is needed by the body but is not produced by the body is called what?
An essential nutrient
What is the medical term or name given to the condition where bacteria are actively multiplying in the bloodstream?
Septicemia
In which cities will IFT annual meeting event First be hosted for the following years. 2022 2023 2024 and 2025
Chicago for a while.
Which single bacteriocin is approved for food preservation in the US? Which product is it used in?
Nisin, for pasteurized cheese product.
what are the 2 types of food poisioning possibly recieved from consuming fish?
ciguatera and scombroid
What is the typical shelf life of pasteurized milk held under refrigeration?
12-16 days
What is a monosaccharide. A) polyalcohol b) poly acid c) polyether d) all of the above
A
what is the percent RNA and protein in a ribosome
60% RNA, 40% protein
how many regional sections does IFT have?
8
What's the equation for Planck-Einstein relation with respect to radiation?
E = h * (nu)
When can one-tailed test be used for sensory testing?
Never
What is the largest national trade association representing the meat packing and processing industry and has the initials NAMI?
North American Meat Institute
what does AOAC stand for
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid is the precursor of what plant hormone?
ethylene
What is the processing difference between fresh pack and salt stock (genuine) pickles?
Fresh pack pickles are only marinated (with vinegar and salt and sometimes sugar) , whereas salt stock pickles are fermented.
What is the date mandated by the FDA for food companies to comply with the new Nutrition Facts Label Format?
July 26 2018, additional year for companies with annual sales < $ 10 Million
What flavor compound in amaretto?
Benzaldehyde
polar groups form hydration shells in water by what type of interactions?
dipole-dipole or H-bridges
What type of enzymes are commonly added to fruit prior to juice production?
pectic enzymes (specifically polygalacturonase, pectinesterase, and cellulases, and other enzymes)
Couscous is made from what?
Semolina, durum wheat
How has the Food Quality Protection Act changed food regulations?
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will change how they evaluate pesticides in setting tolerances for raw agricultural commodities. Pesticides will no longer be subject to the strict zero tolerance of the Delaney Clause.
What company produces SPAM and Cure81 Hams?
Hormel Foods
What causes the haze defect in iced tea?
”[Polyphenols tend to interact with proteins, caffeine, and metal cations to form colloidal suspensions of haze and ‘tea cream’, which are detrimental to product appearance and taste.4 While haze formation can affect color and impair aesthetic appeal, it can also diminish both the shelf-life and the health-promoting properties of the tea.
What month is designated as National Meat Month?
January
what are some of the benefits of a thermistor?
they are preferable in simple applications due to their low cost and simple electronic circuitry, also they can be produced in very small designs with a fast response and low thermal mass
What type of enzymes are commonly added to fruit prior to juice production?
pectic enzymes (specifically polygalacturonase, pectinesterase, and cellulases, and other enzymes)
Name four functions of edible film.
inhibit mass transfer, carry ingredients, improve mechanical integrity, improve appearance
What part of pig is Boston butt?
Shoulder
What is the spectrum range for thermal radiation?
0.1 um to 1000 um (1 mm)
the mash obtained in the fermentation of soy to produce soy sauce is called
miso
MC: The Ames test is used to identify which organism? a. E. coli b. Staph aureus c. Salmonella __? d. Salmonella typhimurium
D. Salmonella typhimurium
How many different amino acids are there?
20
What two spices are derived from the fruit of the nutmeg tree?
Nutmeg and Mace
Name 2 food ingredients that are used as flavor enhancers
MSG, inosine phosphate, guava nectar, maltitol, neotame, yeast extract, etc.
With regard to chemical structure, what do seed gums (locust bean, guar, arabic, mesquite) all have in common?
They are galactomannans
Ruhemann's purple is formed by what reaction used in food analysis?
Reaction of Ninhydrin with amine group of amino acids.
what are the X and Y axis on a lineWeaver Burk plot?
X=1/[S] (substrate concentration) and Y=1/v (velocity (reaction speed)
what are the three major genera of mycotoxin producing fungi?
aspergillus, penicillium, fusarium
Name fermented milk drink
kefir
What is the difference between food infection and food intoxication?
Intoxication: Toxin is produced in the food before it is ingested. Infection: Viable cells must be consumed and the pathogens must grow inside the body to cause symptoms
Why do you add aluminum sulfate to pickles?
It can improve the crispness of the pickle (it's a firming agent)
In general, red meat is a good source of what three minerals?
iron, phosphorus, and zinc
Integration of lethality will determine which value
F- value
Name, a non digestible food ingredient that may affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and or activity of one or limited number of beneficial bacteria in the colon.
Prebiotics
What are the 3 types of still retorts?
vertical, horizontal, and hydrostatic
Which lipoprotein transports triglycerides from the liver to adipose tissue?
VLDL
Why are linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids considered essential fatty acids?
n-6 and n-3 cannot be synthesized in the human body
According to FDA, what is the only fish that produces real caviar?
Sturgeon
The single most important phase of a sterile canning operation is what?
retorting
Stoke's law
F = 6(pi)r(eta)v; Drag force = 6(pi)sphere radius.fluid viscosity.velocity of the sphere
The sterilization value, also known as F sub zero describes what?
the integrated impact of time and temperature on the microbial population, expressed as time at the reference temperature, calculated by using the lethal rate times heating time
The principal sugar formed by the action of B-amylase on starch is _____________.
Maltose
Bitter compounds in coffee after roasting
Chlorogenic acid, phenyl indane
Beta cyclodextrin is a cyclic malto oligo saccharide that forms inclusion complexes with various organic compounds. How many glucose units comprise one molecule of beta cyclodextrin?
Seven
What do sec, demi sec and brut describe?
The sweetness of champagne or wine
What is the process of staling of bread?
Retrogradation
Which muscle type is multinucleated?
skeletal
Heterofermentative bacteria
Leuconostoc
what vitamin is a necessary cofactor for transamination reactions
pyridoxine (vitamine b6)
What will a successful injunction action by the FDA do to your company?
The injuction is a civil judicial process that will stop or prevent violation of the law, by halting the flow of the product in insterstate commerce, and to correct the condition that caused the violation
Name 2 carbohydrates in soy that cause flatulence
verbascose, stachyose, raffinose
What is the state fruit of Texas?
Texas Red Grapefruit
What does URP stand for?
unique radiolytic product
What is the quantitative analysis for the oxidation of reducing sugars by Cu+ ions under alkaline condition?
Benedict's test
What does the Italian word linguine mean?
Little tongue.
what are sweetbreads?
(1) stomach sweetbreads (also known as heart or belly sweetbreads), which are an animal’s pancreas. (2) neck (throat or gullet) sweetbreads, an animal’s thymus gland.
What are the Standards of Identity for high, medium, and low fat contents in chocolate/cocoa?
High fat (breakfast cocoa) – not less than 22% cocoa fat, Medium fat - less than 22% cocoa fat and not less than 10%, Low fat - less than 10% cocoa fat
from what amino acid is serotonin derived
L-tryptophan
In dairy, what is PMO?
Pasteurized Milk Ordinance
if you have 8 panelists who will try all 4 samples, what type of experimental design would you use and how many degrees of variance would you have?
randomized complete block design; degrees of variance 8-4 = 4
Which gas often removed from packaging in thermal processes?
O2
Muscle proteins are degraded during aging by what enzymes?
Calpains
What component of carbonated beverages is responsible for the "sparkle" and "zest" (or the bubbles)?
Carbon dioxide gas
Which disease caused by niacin deficiency is designated by dermatitis?
pellagra
What is a bacteriophage composed of?
A nucleic acid molecule surrounded by a protein structure.
Canadian bacon
Back/ loin of the pork
Name one of the three amino acids that can not be cleaved by carboxylpeptidase A at the free carboxyl end.
lysine, arginine, proline
what are the parameters that are controlled during post harvest preservation of fruits and vegetables?
temperature and humidity
what is the major law in the U.S. which controls the safety of food, drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics?
the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic act of 1938
Nonthermal process called as purple blow torch, inactivates 99% of norovirus on fruit surface
Cold plasma
when can a regional section be established
when 25 or more members live within the same geographical area
what are the 2 types of food poisoning possibly received from consuming fish?
ciguatera and scombroid
Who pays for USDA meat grading services?
Grading for quality is voluntary, and the service is requested and paid for by meat and poultry producers/processors.
The Codex general standards for labeling, what is the only situation that ingredient list is not needed?
if it is single ingredient
Name a dielectric material that is composed of weakly bonded molecules that reorient so their symmetry axis aligns to the field?
glass is dielectric
What chemical compound in market saltwater fish and shellfish give them a fishy or fish house odor
trimethylamine
what protein in eggs can kill bacteria?
lysozyme
What is the spontaneous loss of fluid from a food gel is called?
syneresis
Which lactic acid producing bacteria found in sourdough bread takes its name from a California city?
Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis
What organization publishes standards for the design and manufacture of milk processing equipment?
3-A Sanitary Standards, Inc.
What type of packaging often has been filled with nitrogen or carbon dioxide gas?
modified atmosphere packaging
true or false? Milk homogenization slows creaming by changing oil droplets radius
True
sharp freezing can be described as ___________?
still air freezing
Describe how a material is heated using radio frequency heating
the radio frequency generator creates an alternating high frequency electric field between two electrodes (or capacitor), the material being heated is conveyed between the electrodes causing power water molecules in the material to continuously reorient to face opposite electrodes. the friction from the molecular movement causes the material to rapidly heat volumetrically
By volume which country is number one in butter and ghee?
India
Amino acid found exclusively in animal based protein and milk is considered essential to cats and infants?
Taurine
Who is the current IFTSA president and what school are they from?
Elizabeth Clark, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
what are the 2 classes of food colorants
certified and noncertified
Why does water heat rapidly in a microwave oven?
Water is a dipole molecule. As the microwave field oscillates, the dipole of water will try to oscillate to follow the field
In 1990, Hershey's sent 144,000 heat-resistant candy bars to GIs in which operation?
Desert Storm
what elements does glutathione transferase require?
selenium
t/f dark meats tend to have a higher fat content than white meats
true
In 2020, the FDA removed the standard of identity in which pie?
cherry pie
Toxins produced by molds are called _________?
mycotoxins
What is the only essential vitamin not found in the white potato?
Vitamin E
What are two types of fruit and vegetable peelers?
caustic or lye; steam; hot water; abrasive
What vitamin contains cobalt?
Answer: vitamin B 12
How does Food irradiation kill pathogens?
The ionizing radiation sends enough energy into the bacterial or mold cells in the food to break chemical bonds.
Excessive amounts of nitrite in meat cures may result in a green pigment. What is this often referred to as?
nitrite burn
Name the genus and species of bottom fermentation in lager beer.
Sacchromyces pastorianus
what is the sea foods division of the IFT now known as?
aquatic food products division
in enzymology, what is turnover number
moles of substate converted to product by an enzyme molecule (activation site) in a given time period
On what binomial probability is triangle-test based?
0.33
In restaurants, 86 is used when an item on the menu is no longer available. What number is used when the item is available again?
68
The main lipid class in lean or low fat fish is ____________?
Phospholipids
what is active and passive modified atmosphere packaging
Active - respiration of product will produce the intended or necessary store environment, that is, the storage atmosphere changes over time; passive: intended atmosphere is applied and stays the same through the storage period
What inorganic compound, found in red meat, is needed for hemoglobin production?
Iron
What type of heat exchanger is preferable for high viscosity sauces/foods in an aseptic process system?
scraped-surface
what is the z value of Clostridium botulinum?
10 C or 18 F
What common purpose is sodium metasilicate, Sodium hexametaphosphate, and sodium pyrophosphate is served in the food industry.
alkaline cleaners.
what is the difference between direct and indirect heating systems?
direct: having steam condense into a product (directly contacts product). indirect: the use of equipment to exchange heat between the surface that is heated and the product
what type of temperature sensor is made from certain metal oxides whose resistance decreases with increasing temperature?
thermistor
The irreversible interaction of actin and myosin that is caused by the depletion of ATP in postmortem muscle is:
Rigor mortis
Protein coat of virus
Pepsid
does the FDA extend the provisions of the delaney clause to pesticide chemicals?
no
What is raffinose?
Raffinose is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose
what would be the internal temperature (degrees C) of a steak cooked to a medium degree of doneness?
60-63C
Okara is a by-product of what processing?
Soy
In what year was the poultry products inspection act passed, and what did it do?
1957, made poultry inspection mandatory for any processor that ships products in interstate commerce
What is used to rephosphorylate ADP to ATP during the onset phase of rigor?
Creatine phosphate or Phosphocreatine
what are some viruses that cause foodborne human illness
hepatitis, rotavirus, norovirus virus
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